NSF Impacts | NSF - National Science Foundation

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href="https://baam.nsf.gov/s/"> <span>Baam.nsf.gov</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item our-directorates--offices"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/about/directorates-offices"> <span>Our Directorates & Offices</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item manage-your-award"> <button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mega-nav-section-2"> <span>Manage Your Award</span> </button> <div id="basic-mega-nav-section-2" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden=""> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-3"> <div class="usa-col "> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-item-dupe-parent">Guidance For Awardees</span> </div> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item getting-started"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/awards"> <span>Getting Started</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item request-a-change-to-your-award"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/awards/request-a-change"> <span>Request a Change to Your Award</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item report-your-outcomes"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/awards/report-your-outcomes"> <span>Report Your Outcomes</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item proposal--award-policies--procedures-guide-pappg"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/policies/pappg"> <span>Proposal & Award Policies & Procedures Guide (PAPPG)</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="usa-col "> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-item-dupe-parent">Additional Resources</span> </div> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item who-to-contact-about-your-award"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/awards/who-to-contact"> <span>Who to Contact About Your Award</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item researchgov"> <a href="https://www.research.gov/"> <span>Research.gov</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item nsf-public-access-repository-par"> <a href="https://par.nsf.gov/"> <span>NSF Public Access Repository (PAR)</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item our-directorates--offices"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/about/directorates-offices"> <span>Our Directorates & Offices</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item search-funded-projects-awards"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/"> <span>Search Funded Projects (Awards)</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item focus-areas"> <button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mega-nav-section-3"> <span>Focus Areas</span> </button> <div id="basic-mega-nav-section-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden=""> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-3"> <div class="usa-col "> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-item-dupe-parent">Areas We Fund</span> </div> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item arctic--antarctic"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas/arctic-antarctic"> <span>Arctic & Antarctic</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item astronomy--space"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas/astronomy-space"> <span>Astronomy & Space</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item biology"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas/biology"> <span>Biology</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item broadening-participation-in-stem"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/funding/initiatives/broadening-participation"> <span>Broadening Participation in STEM</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item chemistry"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas/chemistry"> <span>Chemistry</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item computing"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas/computing"> <span>Computing</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item earth--environment"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas/earth-environment"> <span>Earth & Environment</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item education--training"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas/education"> <span>Education & Training</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item engineering"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas/engineering"> <span>Engineering</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item facilities--infrastructure"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas/infrastructure"> <span>Facilities & Infrastructure</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item materials-research"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas/materials"> <span>Materials Research</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item mathematics"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas/mathematics"> <span>Mathematics</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item people--society"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas/people-society"> <span>People & Society</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item physics-"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas/physics"> <span>Physics </span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item research-partnerships"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas/research-partnerships"> <span>Research Partnerships</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item technology"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas/technology"> <span>Technology</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item explore-all-focus-areas"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/focus-areas"> <span>Explore all Focus Areas</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="usa-col "> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-item-dupe-parent">Additional Resources</span> </div> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item explore-our-impacts"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/impacts"> <span>Explore Our Impacts</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item search-funded-projects-awards"> <a href="https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/"> <span>Search Funded Projects (Awards)</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item nsf-by-the-numbers"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/about/about-nsf-by-the-numbers"> <span>NSF by the Numbers</span> </a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item our-directorates--offices"> <a href="https://new.nsf.gov/about/directorates-offices"> <span>Our Directorates & Offices</span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item news--events"> <button type="button" class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link " aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="basic-mega-nav-section-4"> <span>News & Events</span> </button> <div id="basic-mega-nav-section-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu" hidden=""> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-3"> <div class="usa-col "> <div class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <span class="usa-nav__submenu-item-dupe-parent">News</span> </div> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item 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22.2222h2.6666v-6.008c0-4.6693-4.9813-4.4996-6.2222-2.2009v-1.5689h-2.6666v9.7778h2.6666v-4.9813c0-2.7672 3.5556-2.9938 3.5556 0v4.9813Z" fill="#0076D6"/></svg></span></a><a class="a2a_button_email"><span class="a2a_svg a2a_s__default a2a_s_email" style="background-color: #0076d6; width: 24px; height: 24px;"><span class="visually-hidden">Email</span><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="24"><path d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none"/><path d="M20 4H4c-1.1 0-1.99.9-1.99 2L2 18c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h16c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V6c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zm0 4l-8 5-8-5V6l8 5 8-5v2z" fill="#0076D6"/></svg></span></a></span> </div> </div> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-extra-field-blockgroupsubsitecontent-moderation-control"> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-text nsf-component"> <section class="text__container"> <div class="body-1"><p>Next time you talk on a cell phone, hear a weather report, search the web, or get an MRI, remember the U.S. National Science Foundation helped make that all possible, and more.</p></div> <div class="text__content text-formatted"><p>Since 1950, NSF has invested in ideas and innovations that have shaped the modern world — pushing the boundaries of what's possible and deepening humanity's understanding of the world.</p><p>On this page you can explore NSF-supported research across all fields of science and engineering that power the American economy and touch everyone's lives.</p></div> </section> </div> <div class="block block-nsf-custom block-table-of-contents-block"> <div class="table-of-contents"> <h2 class="table-of-contents__title"> <img class="icon-document" src="/themes/custom/nsf_theme/components/images/icons/document.svg" alt="" /> On this page </h2> <nav aria-label="Table of Contents" class="table-of-contents__items"> <ul> <li> <a href="#brought-to-you-by-nsf-467" > Brought to you by NSF</a> </li> <li> <a href="#nsf-investments-62f" > NSF investments</a> </li> <li> <a href="#keep-exploring-ee5" > Keep exploring</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="palette palette--light-gray layout-container--wrapper nsf-layout nsf-layout--threecol full-browser-width"> <div class="nsf-layout--outer"> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--headline"> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-text nsf-component"> <section class="text__container"> <h2 id="brought-to-you-by-nsf-467" class="text__title">Brought to you by NSF</h2> <div class="text__content text-formatted"><p>Explore innovations and discoveries made possible through NSF support.</p></div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder 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data-entity-uuid="175be528-40b1-4df1-b80d-1dc340839a36" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Birth of the Commercial Internet">The internet</a></h3> <p>Drawing on DARPA's pioneering support for early computer networking projects, NSF funding catalyzed the creation of today's internet.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" data-media-id="11812" data-is-footer-caption-credit data-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/2023-12/MIT_3D-Genome-01-press.jpg?VersionId=2hIp425rS.hoOqMot4v6kh9F07WxhlCv" data-footer-caption-credit-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/image_credit_caption_block_130x78_/s3/2023-12/MIT_3D-Genome-01-press.jpg?VersionId=fOg_shudbaaVTvrV4WX3vqtyJVmgr8Rt&amp;itok=3baPjG_F" data-caption="A new technique developed by MIT engineers analyzes the 3D organization of the genome at a resolution 100 times higher than before." data-credit="Melanie Gonick/MIT" data-component-id="nsf_theme:cta"> <div class="cta__image"> <img class="cta__img--full" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/cta_image/s3/2023-12/MIT_3D-Genome-01-press.jpg?VersionId=SkVtWIy1QX0_CmxGICqLZn1CjHYC.5JO&itok=kUwzv1bO" alt="" /> </div> <div class="cta__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-cta-body"><h3><a href="/impacts/polymerase-chain-reaction" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="abf9c868-02fa-495e-84ef-3c5f13cff941" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="PCR: The Technology That Launched Biotechnology">DNA amplification</a></h3> <p>Polymerase chain reaction, a lab technique that powers today's biotechnology sector, traces its roots to NSF funding.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--third"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" data-media-id="11601" data-is-footer-caption-credit data-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/2023-11/FOOD-014-20.jpg?VersionId=rm7gkX0KdQOBnLy3mo5ieQkh_5KqUspa" data-footer-caption-credit-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/image_credit_caption_block_130x78_/s3/2023-11/FOOD-014-20.jpg?VersionId=P2Y_U_y5JGvkycf3tP0kkBdSIcpSpUzY&amp;itok=1wDa85aF" data-caption="Peanut butter being extruded onto graham cracker during the assembly of a 3D-printed cheesecake." data-credit="Jonathan Blutinger/Columbia Engineering" data-component-id="nsf_theme:cta"> <div class="cta__image"> <img class="cta__img--full" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/cta_image/s3/2023-11/FOOD-014-20.jpg?VersionId=9WbrADkEb1L0sPZ3vFNf1LwyVJm2iiLX&itok=hiM56amn" alt="" /> </div> <div class="cta__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-cta-body"><h3><a href="/impacts/3d-printing" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="c910e0b3-5c46-42a5-bcbe-d95dcb349ea8" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="3D Printing: Fabricating the Future">3D printing</a></h3> <p>3D printing is spurring a manufacturing revolution in the U.S. thanks to decades of NSF investments.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="palette palette--light-gray layout-container--wrapper nsf-layout nsf-layout--threecol full-browser-width"> <div class="nsf-layout--outer"> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> </div> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" data-media-id="38512" data-is-footer-caption-credit data-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/media_hub/shutterstock_1524884312.jpg?VersionId=oSgh69sn89iRnvrtGzpTCi.Lpb2AWL.5" data-footer-caption-credit-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/image_credit_caption_block_130x78_/s3/media_hub/shutterstock_1524884312.jpg?VersionId=JyoTNCQQUBaIfW6pNi8Y_F.ajZxxx.ui&amp;itok=129pplN_" data-caption="Sunset view of weather station (the Bay Area NEXRAD weather radar) close to the top of Mt Umunhum, San Jose, Santa Cruz mountains, south San Francisco bay area, California" data-credit="Sundry Photography/Shutterstock" data-component-id="nsf_theme:cta"> <div class="cta__image"> <img class="cta__img--full" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/cta_image/s3/media_hub/shutterstock_1524884312.jpg?VersionId=OnErTSqq6bNjYXTHFMufF.4wTmqawmcA&itok=skfy_Mdz" alt="" /> </div> <div class="cta__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-cta-body"><h3><a href="/impacts/doppler" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="4845bb14-938a-410f-a804-1d68d3865813" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Reading the Skies With Doppler">Doppler radar</a></h3> <p>Decades of NSF–funded research have improved the capabilities of the national Doppler radar network.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" data-media-id="38507" data-is-footer-caption-credit data-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/media_hub/Gallaudet%20University_002.jpg?VersionId=lnsNcUoTJlV4i79esKBAjV5MN0i8o0vB" data-footer-caption-credit-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/image_credit_caption_block_130x78_/s3/media_hub/Gallaudet%20University_002.jpg?VersionId=Jyle.bSb64rG3pYKkRR3YY0OxcRf69x0&amp;itok=Mi8kt5Oh" data-caption="Collaborators (Melissa Malzkuhn and Lorna Quandt) discuss the development of SAIL" data-credit="Lorna Quandt/VL2 Center, Gallaudet University" data-component-id="nsf_theme:cta"> <div class="cta__image"> <img class="cta__img--full" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/cta_image/s3/media_hub/Gallaudet%20University_002.jpg?VersionId=f_LzJuDD4.fhGHmuTueQsdYpQAvQmcO1&itok=mBrJHhyA" alt="" /> </div> <div class="cta__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-cta-body"><h3><a href="/impacts/asl" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="06267f90-6d0d-4600-87c1-452baa1a526e" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Cataloging American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></h3> <p>NSF funding revolutionized education for deaf and hard-of-hearing individuals in the United States.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--third"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" data-media-id="8607" data-is-footer-caption-credit data-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/media_hub/2blackholes.jpg?VersionId=8TvSfparu.8bYXPTZvVmNnGlz0FYC2ZS" data-footer-caption-credit-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/image_credit_caption_block_130x78_/s3/media_hub/2blackholes.jpg?VersionId=OmbZ7FRNGje.LqMdWAC1OhI__qISFen3&amp;itok=R1aMfgK4" data-caption="Computer simulation of black holes colliding. In a new study, MIT physicists say that models rather than data have influenced views of black hole formation." data-credit="Simulating eXtreme Spacetimes (SXS) project, CC BY NC 2.5" data-component-id="nsf_theme:cta"> <div class="cta__image"> <img class="cta__img--full" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/cta_image/s3/media_hub/2blackholes.jpg?VersionId=eQIig_B4Y24avk4s6gidSj2TTqXth9aM&itok=V_i_SrgK" alt="" /> </div> <div class="cta__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-cta-body"><h3><a href="/impacts/space-time" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="9b1a5c16-b3be-44ac-bbb4-3146f8908108" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Exploring Space-Time With NSF LIGO">Detecting gravitational waves</a></h3> <p>Opened in 1999, NSF LIGO was the first to detect gravitational waves: ripples in space-time.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="palette palette--light-gray layout-container--wrapper nsf-layout nsf-layout--threecol full-browser-width"> <div class="nsf-layout--outer"> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> </div> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" data-media-id="11593" data-is-footer-caption-credit data-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/2023-11/SM_GIS_layers.jpg?VersionId=m3U8opDYx_BD9ro.O5U2B0Cqnh0ss5gs" data-footer-caption-credit-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/image_credit_caption_block_130x78_/s3/2023-11/SM_GIS_layers.jpg?VersionId=XB9erIbyNUCvENchpUZ_Hk2WyeDKUXJH&amp;itok=KUkPhVh2" data-caption="" data-credit="Alice Kitterman/U.S. National Science Foundation" data-component-id="nsf_theme:cta"> <div class="cta__image"> <img class="cta__img--full" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/cta_image/s3/2023-11/SM_GIS_layers.jpg?VersionId=Z5ApNpP2h33lwKGnZJjv9wpH88Nbt9p3&itok=7ggkCUOb" alt="" /> </div> <div class="cta__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-cta-body"><h3><a href="/science-matters/mapping-science-how-gis-transformed-our-view-world" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8b2cbf1d-70c2-4e06-aec8-f605af0e522c" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Mapping science: How GIS transformed our view of the world">Geographic Information Systems (GIS)</a></h3> <p>NSF investments helped chart the course for the technologies that use spatial data to make people's lives more convenient.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" data-media-id="38578" data-is-footer-caption-credit data-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/media_hub/shutterstock_253534771.jpg?VersionId=1bN7x1jZLNd1tA.feVxGZgw2D31_UrGj" data-footer-caption-credit-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/image_credit_caption_block_130x78_/s3/media_hub/shutterstock_253534771.jpg?VersionId=vvjFXVacrsE..1k5Hp9n5JezvBGd4dQW&amp;itok=ojHdhPHk" data-caption="MRI of the brain." data-credit="Triff/Shutterstock" data-component-id="nsf_theme:cta"> <div class="cta__image"> <img class="cta__img--full" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/cta_image/s3/media_hub/shutterstock_253534771.jpg?VersionId=Qb4n1siQC3EFWLOM0dJAffaYWpWydfZj&itok=cSNC-sdE" alt="" /> </div> <div class="cta__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-cta-body"><h3><a href="/impacts/mri" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3a7f277a-82bc-46d8-96bc-691301c46e66" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="MRI: Imaging Living Tissue">Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</a></h3> <p>One of the most widely used medical imaging technologies is rooted in decades of NSF-powered research.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--third"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" data-media-id="38583" data-is-footer-caption-credit data-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/media_hub/shutterstock_2400800807.jpg?VersionId=QcDWf7cfNgx4UejWzquBZqvDSx1XGMHT" data-footer-caption-credit-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/image_credit_caption_block_130x78_/s3/media_hub/shutterstock_2400800807.jpg?VersionId=7uThtu30BZx8OgPhQ1hd5KWkP9pUchch&amp;itok=jUM90A3S" data-caption="December 14, 2023, Brazil. In this photo illustration, the reCAPTCHA logo is displayed on a smartphone screen." data-credit="rafapress/Shutterstock" data-component-id="nsf_theme:cta"> <div class="cta__image"> <img class="cta__img--full" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/cta_image/s3/media_hub/shutterstock_2400800807.jpg?VersionId=DhtcU.C1UZSaixINiUbamy0CaVcejR70&itok=-YHSGbOh" alt="" /> </div> <div class="cta__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-cta-body"><h3><a href="/impacts/captcha" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="e37dd85a-196d-499a-8e25-1128b79f348f" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="CAPTCHA and reCAPTCHA">CAPTCHA and reCAPTCHA</a></h3> <p>The tools that keep badly behaving bots from taking over the internet were invented by NSF-funded researchers.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="palette palette--light-gray layout-container--wrapper nsf-layout nsf-layout--threecol full-browser-width"> <div class="nsf-layout--outer"> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> </div> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" data-media-id="38533" data-is-footer-caption-credit data-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/media_hub/shutterstock_2374428523.jpg?VersionId=3gB9lABsbG21A8LaFvHfdBUGPUiVGUbH" data-footer-caption-credit-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/image_credit_caption_block_130x78_/s3/media_hub/shutterstock_2374428523.jpg?VersionId=8CZzHv5i1o_upyrlzQ4IkxQPZrS6Nl9g&amp;itok=vc0QVlVY" data-caption="Surgery, team and mask on face with glasses for medical, healthcare and working in operation room. Surgeon, teamwork and people in hospital or clinic for healing, treatment or kidney transplant" data-credit="PeopleImages.com - Yuri A/Shutterstock" data-component-id="nsf_theme:cta"> <div class="cta__image"> <img class="cta__img--full" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/cta_image/s3/media_hub/shutterstock_2374428523.jpg?VersionId=_TWT4vmQShD7HSAh78nXV0FLjKYRpHlk&itok=0pobc_sW" alt="" /> </div> <div class="cta__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-cta-body"><h3><a href="/impacts/kidney-exchanges" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="2e140191-e6a4-48ef-888d-0d2a9a6c19a9" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="From Matching Theory to Matching Kidneys ">Kidney matching</a></h3> <p>Decades of NSF funding for economic and algorithm research has facilitated thousands of lifesaving kidney transplants every year.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" data-media-id="38589" data-is-footer-caption-credit data-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/media_hub/MED-RES_actual_EHT_blackhole_image.jpg?VersionId=NV6R3IlRSQtCxCwNSED4wT7RlCx.Xs8A" data-footer-caption-credit-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/image_credit_caption_block_130x78_/s3/media_hub/MED-RES_actual_EHT_blackhole_image.jpg?VersionId=d.poEdz.uDM7nvZjQGUQo5MXI97djaC6&amp;itok=qWv301w-" data-caption="The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) — a planet-scale array of eight ground-based radio telescopes forged through international collaboration — was designed to capture images of a black hole. In coordinated press conferences across the globe, EHT researchers revealed that they succeeded, unveiling the first direct visual evidence of the supermassive black hole in the centre of Messier 87 and its shadow. The shadow of a black hole seen here is the closest we can come to an image of the black hole itself, a completely dark object from which light cannot escape. The black hole’s boundary — the event horizon from which the EHT takes its name — is around 2.5 times smaller than the shadow it casts and measures just under 40 billion km across. While this may sound large, this ring is only about 40 microarcseconds across — equivalent to measuring the length of a credit card on the surface of the Moon. Although the telescopes making up the EHT are not physically connected, they are able to synchronize their recorded data with atomic clocks — hydrogen masers — which precisely time their observations. These observations were collected at a wavelength of 1.3 mm during a 2017 global campaign. Each telescope of the EHT produced enormous amounts of data – roughly 350 terabytes per day – which was stored on high-performance helium-filled hard drives. These data were flown to highly specialised supercomputers — known as correlators — at the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy and MIT Haystack Observatory to be combined. They were then painstakingly converted into an image using novel computational tools developed by the collaboration." data-credit="EHT Collaboration" data-component-id="nsf_theme:cta"> <div class="cta__image"> <img class="cta__img--full" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/cta_image/s3/media_hub/MED-RES_actual_EHT_blackhole_image.jpg?VersionId=HxPX.pgr7Q1_npvPyoDZNv9_LQoDSS_g&itok=HUJ6vbhd" alt="" /> </div> <div class="cta__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-cta-body"><h3><a href="/news/astronomers-capture-first-image-black-hole">Seeing black holes</a></h3> <p>Thanks to NSF support, international researchers have now captured images of two black holes, including the one at the center of the <a href="/news/we-got-it-astronomers-reveal-first-image-black" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="f283be78-4f1a-4217-b1a7-ab032befefd4" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="We got it! Astronomers reveal first image of the black hole at the heart of our galaxy">Milky Way galaxy</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--third"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" data-media-id="38527" data-is-footer-caption-credit data-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/media_hub/shutterstock_2134384985.jpg?VersionId=SDs9uSNHc7OHzaF8mFHtw_J8CsMYDYVs" data-footer-caption-credit-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/image_credit_caption_block_130x78_/s3/media_hub/shutterstock_2134384985.jpg?VersionId=bG7IuzA1Rpgpu2Bmn9uNOXQdDVMiDnDI&amp;itok=rt0WBaqA" data-caption="Girl in the park holding a smartphone with Duolingo language-learning app on the screen. Rustic wooden table. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. March 2022" data-credit="Diego Thomazini/Shutterstock" data-component-id="nsf_theme:cta"> <div class="cta__image"> <img class="cta__img--full" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/cta_image/s3/media_hub/shutterstock_2134384985.jpg?VersionId=TOLZbEeNvhyjmdRqtzvgN_Bu7usaj3JR&itok=igskO_zL" alt="" /> </div> <div class="cta__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-cta-body"><h3><a href="/science-matters/nsf-gave-duolingo-its-wings" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="3b37a880-07ea-447f-8fe1-e69251413660" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="NSF gave Duolingo its wings!">Duolingo</a></h3> <p>One of the most popular language-learning tools got its start from NSF funding.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="palette palette--light-gray layout-container--wrapper nsf-layout nsf-layout--threecol full-browser-width"> <div class="nsf-layout--outer"> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> </div> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" data-media-id="39255" data-is-footer-caption-credit data-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/media_hub/230112_Juhasz_4236.jpg?VersionId=aFcHVEJCHExvX67SOZ3WY5W.hc74atPl" data-footer-caption-credit-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/image_credit_caption_block_130x78_/s3/media_hub/230112_Juhasz_4236.jpg?VersionId=zbXzZCJdhZgrHmFeCdXGujWDBx7KHrNs&amp;itok=wCK3tdXp" data-caption="Juhasz, a professor of ophthalmology and biomedical engineering at UC Irvine, won a 2022 Golden Goose Award for helping to develop the widely used LASIK surgery device." data-credit="Steve Zylius, UC Irvine" data-component-id="nsf_theme:cta"> <div class="cta__image"> <img class="cta__img--full" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/cta_image/s3/media_hub/230112_Juhasz_4236.jpg?VersionId=UP6kIPrjPxmLpHICLwMX0zF3cHTCGj6k&itok=PBtoxkhq" alt="" /> </div> <div class="cta__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-cta-body"><h3><a href="/science-matters/invention-impact-story-lasik-eye-surgery" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="cf4c5019-d2a7-4c7a-b39f-7b9b7d01311c" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Invention to Impact: The story of LASIK eye surgery">LASIK eye surgery</a></h3> <p>Decades of NSF funding supported the development of bladeless LASIK, which uses a laser instead of a scalpel to reshape a patient's cornea and improve their vision.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" data-media-id="9798" data-is-footer-caption-credit data-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/2023-04/PF7195_graphics-AT40-01_LL-a7s2-Roll_4-_DSC2179.jpg?VersionId=Ud0PkZGcmOXVp_J3FMmxAHYMgaHRQLAl" data-footer-caption-credit-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/image_credit_caption_block_130x78_/s3/2023-04/PF7195_graphics-AT40-01_LL-a7s2-Roll_4-_DSC2179.jpg?VersionId=GEJS4B5wRkLQsYMQyB82KPz4HbqR4S8r&amp;itok=yfDJPd0G" data-caption="Commissioned in June 1964, Alvin is the world’s oldest deep-sea research submersible capable of carrying two scientists and a pilot to depths reaching 6,500 meters on dives lasting up to twelve hours." data-credit="Luis Lamar/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution" data-component-id="nsf_theme:cta"> <div class="cta__image"> <img class="cta__img--full" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/cta_image/s3/2023-04/PF7195_graphics-AT40-01_LL-a7s2-Roll_4-_DSC2179.jpg?VersionId=r9Zg7X11dHxN0oyjnVv0NHqlGaAhthvi&itok=VuheX1ns" alt="" /> </div> <div class="cta__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-cta-body"><h3><a href="/impacts/oceans" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="39358b7e-93d9-4e71-8b44-25fd90393b02" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Exploring Hidden Depths: The Seafloor and Below">Deep-ocean exploration</a></h3> <p>Decades of NSF-funded deep-sea research and subseafloor ocean drilling reveal fundamental knowledge about the entire Earth system.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--third"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" data-media-id="41524" data-is-footer-caption-credit data-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/media_hub/FB7A0899.jpg?VersionId=85LaRI_E5a.Af3PP9gCo9AScMRTiQnXe" data-footer-caption-credit-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/image_credit_caption_block_130x78_/s3/media_hub/FB7A0899.jpg?VersionId=.1BnGDxZoX4gkz9iqs1RBRKinO.GAjKE&amp;itok=bouI1J0i" data-caption="Visitors enjoying The World Around Us exhibit at the Kentucky Science Center." data-credit="Kaley Lucas/Kentucky Science Center" data-component-id="nsf_theme:cta"> <div class="cta__image"> <img class="cta__img--full" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/cta_image/s3/media_hub/FB7A0899.jpg?VersionId=6BLNEhBYanb_zjIDBPVMpW4NMny7fd69&itok=Fdp6unjN" alt="" /> </div> <div class="cta__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-cta-body"><h3><a href="/impacts/beyond-the-classroom" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="cf664008-6d13-419c-a619-45e1fcd512f3" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Beyond the Classroom">Learning beyond the classroom</a></h3> <p>Throughout its history, NSF has made the excitement of scientific discovery available to everyone by investing in children's TV programming, movies, museum exhibits and apps.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="palette palette--light-gray layout-container--wrapper nsf-layout nsf-layout--threecol full-browser-width"> <div class="nsf-layout--outer"> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> </div> <div class="nsf-layout--inner"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="cta block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-cta nsf-component" data-media-id="8936" data-is-footer-caption-credit data-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/2023-05/Seedfund-TIP.jpg?VersionId=fOMipngRX38H0RvltSFMWo54qFUK1Cwu" data-footer-caption-credit-src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/image_credit_caption_block_130x78_/s3/2023-05/Seedfund-TIP.jpg?VersionId=xPLaCBj4AXbbtKM4u5PsgdUeefKNXDZw&amp;itok=l7H-o6xU" data-caption="" data-credit="" data-component-id="nsf_theme:cta"> <div class="cta__image"> <img class="cta__img--full" src="https://nsf-gov-resources.nsf.gov/styles/cta_image/s3/2023-05/Seedfund-TIP.jpg?VersionId=b.k176yPcTXZr246kvWZxBPy0Sr_lqRu&itok=N0ZGLMhW" alt="" /> </div> <div class="cta__content"> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-block-cta-body"><h3><a href="/impacts/small-business" data-entity-type="node" data-entity-uuid="8d151528-442e-43c1-8513-c0ffa5126425" data-entity-substitution="canonical" title="Bolstering Small Business">Bolstering small business</a></h3> <p>From artificial intelligence and energy to medical devices and semiconductors, NSF invests in deep-tech startups and small businesses working across all fields of science and technology.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="block block-layout-builder block-inline-blockcomponent-text nsf-component"> <section class="text__container"> </section> </div> </div> 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