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color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Sechelt</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">shíshálh</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">she shashishalhem</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sec-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʃáʃíʃáɬ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1,200 <a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_Nation" title="Shíshálh Nation">shíshálh people</a> (2014, <a href="/wiki/First_Peoples%27_Cultural_Council" title="First Peoples' Cultural Council">FPCC</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">4 (2014, <a href="/wiki/First_Peoples%27_Cultural_Council" title="First Peoples' Cultural Council">FPCC</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_languages" title="Coast Salish languages">Coast Salish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Central<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Sechelt</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c0dde6;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/sec" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:sec">sec</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/sech1246">sech1246</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/1527">She shashishalhem (Sechelt)</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sechelt01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="By User:Nikater - Own work by Nikater, submitted to the public domain. Background map courtesy of Demis, www.demis.nl, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=3031930" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sechelt01.png/320px-Sechelt01.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sechelt01.png/480px-Sechelt01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sechelt01.png/640px-Sechelt01.png 2x" data-file-width="1814" data-file-height="1196" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The swiya (world, "Territory") of the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_Nation" title="Shíshálh Nation">shíshálh Nation</a>, where the language is most spoken.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/320px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/480px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Lang_Status_20-CR.svg/640px-Lang_Status_20-CR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Sechelt is classified as Critically Endangered by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_Nation" title="Shíshálh Nation">shíshálh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">she sháshíshálhem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">shíshálh swíya</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sechelt language</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sec-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[siʃɜlt]</a></span>), <i>sháshíshálh</i> or <i>she shashishalhem</i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sec-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ʃáʃíʃáɬəm]</a></span>), is a <a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Salish language">Coast Salish language</a> that originates and is spoken within the <i>swiya</i> (world, "Territory") of the <a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_Nation" title="Shíshálh Nation">shíshálh Nation</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Coast_(British_Columbia)" title="Sunshine Coast (British Columbia)">Sunshine Coast</a> in southwestern <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada. </p><p>In 1999, the language was spoken by fewer than forty elderly people.<sup id="cite_ref-mithun2001_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mithun2001-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A grammar guide for the language was published by linguist Ron Beaumont in 1985,<sup id="cite_ref-beaumont1985_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beaumont1985-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the Sechelt language course he helped design for local high schools participating in the Native Environmental Studies Program.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, he further published a one thousand-page dictionary. </p><p>As of 2019, only two elderly fluent speakers remained.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many teachers are working with children and adults to revitalize the language in local schools, from preschool to post-secondary. Both <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capilano_University" title="Capilano University">Capilano University</a> offer Sechelt language courses, along with Kinnikinnick Elementary School and Chatelech Secondary School.<sup id="cite_ref-null_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-null-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the Coastal Corridor Consortium, "an entity made up of board members from First Nations and educational partners to improve aboriginal access to and performance in postsecondary education and training", created a Sechelt Nation language certificate that is offered at Capilano University Sunshine Coast Campus in Sechelt.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sechelt is most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halkomelem_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Halkomelem language">Halkomelem</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack</a>. </p><p>Although critically endangered,<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the shíshálh people, with help from others, have reclaimed 603 phrases and 5659 words in total<sup id="cite_ref-null_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-null-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have a published dictionary and grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><i>a ch chʼ e h i k kʼ kw kwʼ ḵ ḵʼ ḵw ḵwʼ l lh m n p pʼ s sh t tʼ tlʼ ts tsʼ u w x xw x̱ x̱w y ˀ ʔ</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For those IPA symbols that do not match their orthographic counterparts, the orthographic representation is in brackets. This is based on the alphabet created by Randy Bouchard in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable IPA" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a></small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Sibilant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibilant consonant">sibilant</a></small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">rounded</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small></th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">rounded</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> ⟨ch⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʷ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> ⟨ḵ⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qʷ</span> ⟨ḵw⟩ </td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span> ⟨tl⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a></span> ⟨ch'⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʷʼ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> ⟨ḵ'⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qʷʼ</span> ⟨ḵw'⟩ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> ⟨lh⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> ⟨sh⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">xʷ</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> ⟨x̱⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">χʷ</span> ⟨x̱w⟩ </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> ⟨y⟩ </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The four vowels have numerous allophones when in certain phonetic contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the /i/ is between voiced back consonants and /ʔ/ it is realized as [e], while when it is between two other consonants it is realized as [i]. If it is between a combination of the two groups it is realized as a vowel in between [i] and [e], usually closer to [e]. The vowel is also realized as [e] when the syllable is unstressed. </p><p>The /ə/ is realized as [ɪ] when after ⟨y, ch, ch', sh, k, k'⟩. After consonants with lip rounding it is realized as [ʊ], and after ⟨h, k, ḵ', m, p', t', tl', x̱, ʔ⟩ it is realized as [ʌ]. When /ə/ is in an unstressed syllable between two voiceless consonants it is also voiceless. </p><p>The /o/ is realized as a [u] when preceded or followed by a consonant with lip rounding. </p><p>The /a/ is realized as [ɒ] when preceded by a consonant with lip rounding and realized as [æ] after the consonants ⟨y, ch, ch', sh, k, k'⟩.<sup id="cite_ref-beaumont1985_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beaumont1985-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vowels may also be subject for lengthening, but this is purely for rhetorical purposes. The longer a vowel is held, the more emphatic or dramatic the intended meaning is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress_and_Syllable_Structure">Stress and Syllable Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stress and Syllable Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All Sechelt words have at least one <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stressed syllable</a>, but some words have stress on every syllable. This gives the language its characteristic "choppy" cadence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Sechelt, no word can start with a vowel. The <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> is used at the beginning of words that would otherwise start with vowels. Further, there can never be two vowel sounds in a row. The glottal stop is often inserted between the two consecutive vowels, such as at the end of a word root and beginning of a suffix. Another solution for consecutive vowels is to omit whichever vowel is unstressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other members of the <a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salish language family</a>, Sechelt is <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutinative</a> with affixes added to nouns and verbs. </p><p>For verbs, suffixes are added to mark the subject and tense, as well as to make the statement a question or add adverbial information. All pronouns in Sechelt are suffixes, while adverbs may be suffixes or their own word that comes before the verb and can take on suffixes of its own. This can be exemplified by two different wordings of the question “Were you afraid?”, with the first one emphasizing the word “afraid” and the second emphasizing that it happened in the past. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">1.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ch’ásxém</p><p style="margin: 0px;">afraid</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-ulh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="completive aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">COMPL</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-á</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-chexw?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-you?</p></div><p style="display: none;">ch’ásxém -ulh -á -chexw?</p><p style="display: none;">afraid -COMPL -Q -you?</p><p style="clear: left;">'Were you <b>afraid</b>?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">2.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ku</p><p style="margin: 0px;"><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-á</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-chexw</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-you</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ch’asxém?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">afraid?</p></div><p style="display: none;">ku -á -chexw ch’asxém?</p><p style="display: none;">PST -Q -you afraid?</p><p style="clear: left;">'<b>Were</b> you afraid?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>For nouns and verbs, lexical markers are used to convey related meanings. This can be seen in variations on the verb <span title="Sechelt-language text"><i lang="sec">ts'exw</i></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">get clean/washed</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">3.</div><div>ts'exwálits'á</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ts'exw</p><p style="margin: 0px;">get.clean/washed</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-ál-its'á </p><p style="margin: 0px;">-clothes</p></div><p style="display: none;">ts'exw -ál-its'á </p><p style="display: none;">get.clean/washed -clothes</p><p style="clear: left;">'wash clothes; laundry, washing'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">4.</div><div>ts'ixwálits'áten</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ts'ixwálits'á</p><p style="margin: 0px;">laundry</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-ten</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-device/container</p></div><p style="display: none;">ts'ixwálits'á -ten</p><p style="display: none;">laundry -device/container</p><p style="clear: left;">washing machine; washtub'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">5.</div><div>ts'exwámten</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ts'exw</p><p style="margin: 0px;">get.clean</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-am</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dish</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-ten</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-device/container</p></div><p style="display: none;">ts'exw -am -ten</p><p style="display: none;">get.clean dish -device/container</p><p style="clear: left;">'dishpan, sink'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">6.</div><div>ts'exwáwtxw</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ts'exw</p><p style="margin: 0px;">get.clean</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-áwtxw</p><p style="margin: 0px;">-room</p></div><p style="display: none;">ts'exw -áwtxw</p><p style="display: none;">get.clean -room</p><p style="clear: left;">'bathroom; washroom'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>For nouns, possessive markers can be separate words, suffixes, or be both prefixes and suffixes. Forms may differ due to the object's gender and whether it is visible or invisible.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">7.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nelh</p><p style="margin: 0px;">It</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">ten</p><p style="margin: 0px;">my</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sila.</p><p style="margin: 0px;">grandfather.</p></div><p style="display: none;">nelh ten sila.</p><p style="display: none;">It my grandfather.</p><p style="clear: left;">'It's my grandfather'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">8.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nelh-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">That-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tl'ems-tan-s</p><p style="margin: 0px;">house-her</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">lhems</p><p style="margin: 0px;">our</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sila?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">grandma</p></div><p style="display: none;">nelh-a tl'ems-tan-s lhems sila?</p><p style="display: none;">That-Q house-her our grandma</p><p style="clear: left;">'Is that our grandmother's house?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">9.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nelh-a</p><p style="margin: 0px;">it-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="question word" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">Q</abbr></p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">?e</p><p style="margin: 0px;">your</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">s-ch'enu-elap?</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dog-your?</p></div><p style="display: none;">nelh-a ?e s-ch'enu-elap?</p><p style="display: none;">it-Q your dog-your?</p><p style="clear: left;">'Is this your dog?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infixes">Infixes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Infixes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commonly in Sechelt, there is no suffix on the verb to convey that the subject is third person singular or plural. However, if the speaker would like to emphasize that the subject is plural they may add <span title="Sechelt-language text"><i lang="sec">-áw-</i></span> or <span title="Sechelt-language text"><i lang="sec">-íw-</i></span> as an <a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">infix</a> in the middle of the verb or <span title="Sechelt-language text"><i lang="sec">-aw</i></span> after the verb. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">10.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">‘é’ílhten</p></div><p style="display: none;">‘é’ílhten</p><p style="clear: left;">he/she is eating</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:4em"><div style="position:absolute;left:1em">11.</div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p lang="sec" style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">‘é’ílh-⟨íw⟩-ten</p></div><p style="display: none;">‘é’ílh-⟨íw⟩-ten</p><p style="clear: left;">they are eating</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Word_Order">Word Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Word Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sechelt has a <a href="/wiki/Verb%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93object_word_order" title="Verb–subject–object word order">Verb-Subject-Object word order</a>, with only select adverbs that are able to go before the verb in a sentence. There is no <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case marking</a> in the language and a noun's role in the sentence is determined by word order. </p><p>While there are both transitive and intransitive verbs in Sechelt, transitive forms are often derived from intransitive forms and have a different ending.<sup id="cite_ref-beaumont1985_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beaumont1985-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the word “kánám” means “to listen” while the word “kánám-mít” means “to listen to/hear.” You can see this below in this sentence that illustrates the word order. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kánám-mít</p><p style="margin: 0px;">hear(trans)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-chen</p><p style="margin: 0px;">I</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">che</p><p style="margin: 0px;">the</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">xwch’énam</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dogs</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">wéwúm</p><p style="margin: 0px;">barking</p></div><p style="display: none;">kánám-mít -chen che xwch’énam wéwúm</p><p style="display: none;">hear(trans) I the dogs barking</p><p style="clear: left;">'I hear the dogs barking'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">kánám</p><p style="margin: 0px;">listen(intrans)</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-á</p><p style="margin: 0px;">question-mkr</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">-chexw</p><p style="margin: 0px;">you</p></div><p style="display: none;">kánám -á -chexw</p><p style="display: none;">listen(intrans) question-mkr you</p><p style="clear: left;">'Are you listening?'</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div><p>While there is no conjugation in Sechelt, nouns can be differentiated based on gender (male or female) and whether the object is visible. This only affects articles and possessive pronouns. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_Nation" title="Shíshálh Nation">shíshálh Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sechelt,_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sechelt, British Columbia">Sechelt, British Columbia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/sec/">Sechelt</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mithun2001-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mithun2001_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMithun2001" class="citation book cs1">Mithun, Marianne (2001). <i>The Languages of Native North America</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 487. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29875-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29875-9"><bdi>978-0-521-29875-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+Native+North+America&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=487&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29875-9&rft.aulast=Mithun&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beaumont1985-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beaumont1985_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beaumont1985_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beaumont1985_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont1985" class="citation book cs1">Beaumont, Ron (1985). <i>She Shashishalhem, The Sechelt Language: Language, Stories, and Sayings of the Sechelt Indian people of British Columbia</i>. Penticton, B. C.: Theytus Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=She+Shashishalhem%2C+The+Sechelt+Language%3A+Language%2C+Stories%2C+and+Sayings+of+the+Sechelt+Indian+people+of+British+Columbia&rft.place=Penticton%2C+B.+C.&rft.pub=Theytus+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPidgeonMunozKirknessArchibald2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pidgeon, Michelle; Munoz, Marissa; Kirkness, Verna J.; Archibald, Jo-Ann (10 December 2021). "Indian Control of Indian Education: Reflections and Envisioning the Next 40 Years". <i>Canadian Journal of Native Education</i>. <b>36</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14288%2Fcjne.v36i1.196585">10.14288/cjne.v36i1.196585</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1523947656">1523947656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Native+Education&rft.atitle=Indian+Control+of+Indian+Education%3A+Reflections+and+Envisioning+the+Next+40+Years&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2021-12-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14288%2Fcjne.v36i1.196585&rft.aulast=Pidgeon&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rft.au=Munoz%2C+Marissa&rft.au=Kirkness%2C+Verna+J.&rft.au=Archibald%2C+Jo-Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coastreporter.net/local-news/shishalh-language-remembered-amid-loss-of-most-fluent-speakers-3410223">"Shíshálh language remembered amid loss of most fluent speakers"</a>. <i>Coast Reporter</i>. 7 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coast+Reporter&rft.atitle=Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh+language+remembered+amid+loss+of+most+fluent+speakers&rft.date=2019-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coastreporter.net%2Flocal-news%2Fshishalh-language-remembered-amid-loss-of-most-fluent-speakers-3410223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-null-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-null_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-null_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFnull" class="citation web cs1">null, null. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstvoices.com/en/she-shashishalhem">"she shashishalhem Community Portal"</a>. <i>www.firstvoices.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.firstvoices.com&rft.atitle=she+shashishalhem+Community+Portal&rft.aulast=null&rft.aufirst=null&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstvoices.com%2Fen%2Fshe-shashishalhem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2014" class="citation news cs1">Wood, Stephanie (January 22, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straight.com/news/572066/despite-limited-resources-indigenous-language-programs-persevere-bc">"Despite limited resources, indigenous-language programs persevere in B.C."</a> <i>Georgia Straight, Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Straight%2C+Vancouver%27s+News+%26+Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=Despite+limited+resources%2C+indigenous-language+programs+persevere+in+B.C.&rft.date=2014-01-22&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.straight.com%2Fnews%2F572066%2Fdespite-limited-resources-indigenous-language-programs-persevere-bc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2010" class="citation book cs1">Moseley, Christopher, ed. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/endangered-languages/atlas-of-languages-in-danger/"><i>Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</i></a>. Memory of Peoples (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104096-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104096-2"><bdi>978-92-3-104096-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+World%27s+Languages+in+Danger&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Memory+of+Peoples&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=UNESCO+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-92-3-104096-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fthemes%2Fendangered-languages%2Fatlas-of-languages-in-danger%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont2011" class="citation book cs1">Beaumont, Ronald C. (2011). <i>Sechelt Dictionary</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sechelt+Dictionary&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Ronald+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstvoices.com/she-shashishalhem">First Voices</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sh%C3%ADsh%C3%A1lh_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ydli.org/langs/sechelt.htm">First Nations Languages of British Columbia Sechelt page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.language-archives.org/language/sec">OLAC resources in and about the Sechelt language</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Salishan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salishan_languages" title="Template:Salishan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salishan_languages" title="Template talk:Salishan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salishan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salishan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salishan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bella Coola</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuxalk_language" title="Nuxalk language">Nuxálk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_languages" title="Coast Salish languages">Coast Salish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klallam_language" title="Klallam language">Klallam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lushootseed" title="Lushootseed">Lushootseed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nooksack_language" title="Nooksack language">Nooksack</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Straits_Salish_language" title="North Straits Salish language">Northern Straits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lummi_dialect" title="Lummi dialect">Lummi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhees_dialect" title="Songhees dialect">Songhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samish_dialect" title="Samish dialect">Samish</a></li> <li><i>Semiahmoo</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%27Sou-ke_dialect" title="T'Sou-ke dialect">T'Sou-ke</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentlatch_language" title="Pentlatch language">Pentlatch</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twana_language" title="Twana language">Twana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsamosan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cowlitz_language" title="Cowlitz language">Cowlitz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lower_Chehalis_language" title="Lower Chehalis language">Lower Chehalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Upper_Chehalis_language" title="Upper Chehalis language">Upper Chehalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quinault_language" title="Quinault language">Quinault</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tillamook</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tillamook_language" title="Tillamook language">Tillamook</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interior_Salish_languages" title="Interior Salish languages">Interior Salish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson River Salish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeur_d%27Alene_language" title="Coeur d'Alene language">Coeur d’Alene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia-Moses_language" title="Columbia-Moses language">Columbia-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Colville-Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish%E2%80%93Spokane%E2%80%93Kalispel_language" title="Salish–Spokane–Kalispel language">Montana Salish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Canada" title="French language in Canada">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_language" title="Abenaki language">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algonquin_language" title="Algonquin language">Algonquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree_language" title="Cree language">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_language" title="Innu language">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malecite-Passamaquoddy_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite-Passamaquoddy language">Malecite-Passamaquoddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaq_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaq language">Miꞌkmaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskapi_language" title="Naskapi language">Naskapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babine-Witsuwit%CA%BCen_language" title="Babine-Witsuwitʼen language">Babine-Witsuwitʼen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_language" title="Carrier language">Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsilhqot%CA%BCin_language" title="Tsilhqotʼin language">Chilcotin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipewyan_language" title="Chipewyan language">Chipewyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogrib_language" title="Dogrib language">Dogrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%CA%BCin_language" title="Gwichʼin language">Gwichʼin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n_language" title="Hän language">Hän</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaska_language" title="Kaska language">Kaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_language" title="Nicola language">Nicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekani_language" title="Sekani language">Sekani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavey_language" title="Slavey language">Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagish_language" title="Tagish language">Tagish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahltan_language" title="Tahltan language">Tahltan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsuut%CA%BCina_language" title="Tsuutʼina language">Tsuutʼina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutchone_language" title="Tutchone language">Tutchone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuinnaqtun" title="Inuinnaqtun">Inuinnaqtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut" title="Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inupiat_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inupiat language">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvialuktun" title="Inuvialuktun">Inuvialuktun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_language" title="Mohawk language">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_language" title="Oneida language">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_language" title="Onondaga language">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_language" title="Tuscarora language">Tuscarora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Coola_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bella Coola language">Bella Coola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comox_language" title="Comox language">Comox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkomelem" title="Halkomelem">Halkomelem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillooet_language" title="Lillooet language">Lillooet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okanagan_language" title="Okanagan language">Okanagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saanich_dialect" title="Saanich dialect">Saanich</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">shíshálh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuswap_language" title="Shuswap language">Shuswap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squamish_language" title="Squamish language">Squamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_language" title="Thompson language">Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ditidaht_language" title="Ditidaht language">Ditidaht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haisla_language" title="Haisla language">Haisla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiltsuk-Oowekyala_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Heiltsuk-Oowekyala language">Heiltsuk-Oowekyala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwak%CA%BCwala" title="Kwakʼwala">Kwakʼwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_language" title="Nuu-chah-nulth language">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_language" title="Stoney language">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_language" title="Sioux language">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine_language" title="Assiniboine language">Assiniboine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk_language" title="Beothuk language">Beothuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit_language" title="Tlingit language">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Tsimshian_dialect" title="Coast Tsimshian dialect">Coast Tsimshian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins, creoles and mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian%E2%80%93Basque_pidgin" title="Algonquian–Basque pidgin">Algonquian–Basque pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Slavey" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Slavey">Broken Slavey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungi_Creole" class="mw-redirect" title="Bungi Creole">Bungee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinook_Jargon" title="Chinook Jargon">Chinook Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Inuit_Pidgin_French" title="Labrador Inuit Pidgin French">Labrador Inuit Pidgin French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michif" title="Michif">Michif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Filipino)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Gaelic" title="Canadian Gaelic">Canadian Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterite_German" title="Hutterite German">Hutterite German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor_Russian" title="Doukhobor Russian">Doukhobor Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Newfoundland" title="Irish language in Newfoundland">Newfoundland Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennsylvania German">Pennsylvania German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plautdietsch" title="Plautdietsch">Plautdietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Ukrainian" title="Canadian Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Sign_Language" title="Quebec Sign Language">Quebec Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Sign_Language" title="Inuit Sign Language">Inuk Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Sign_Language" title="Maritime Sign Language">Maritime Sign Language</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada#Canadian_style_guides" title="Bibliography of Canada">Canadian style guides</a> - <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_English_dictionaries" title="List of Canadian English dictionaries">Canadian dictionaries 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