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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercial_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Commercial photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Landscape photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News,_history_and_nature_through_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News,_history_and_nature_through_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>News, history and nature through cameras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News,_history_and_nature_through_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provincial_and_missionary_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_and_missionary_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Provincial and missionary life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_and_missionary_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_disasters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_disasters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Natural disasters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_disasters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Industrialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Relationship to anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_Filipino_photographer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Filipino_photographer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>First Filipino photographer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Filipino_photographer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_era" class="vector-toc-list-item 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filipino_life,_culture,_and_identity_through_images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Filipino life, culture, and identity through images</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filipino_life,_culture,_and_identity_through_images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> The <b>pioneers of photography in the Philippines</b> were <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> photographers, mostly from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>. The practice of <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">taking photographs</a> and the opening of the first photo <a href="/wiki/Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Studios">studios</a> in Spanish Philippines, from the 1840s to the 1890s, were driven by the following reasons: photographs were used as a medium of news and information about the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colony">colony</a>, as a tool for <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, as an fork <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, as a means for asserting social status, as an implement for historical documentation, as a team for communication, as materials for <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, and as a source of ideas for <a href="/wiki/Illustrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrations">illustrations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a>. The practice of photography in the Philippines was not without the influence and influx of Western-art concepts into the colonized archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-SEACEX_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEACEX-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_era">Spanish era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Spanish era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinayavatar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pinayavatar.jpg/150px-Pinayavatar.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pinayavatar.jpg/225px-Pinayavatar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pinayavatar.jpg/300px-Pinayavatar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption><i>Indígena de clase rica</i> (Mestiza Sangley-Filipina, 18 x 24 cm), an 1875 photograph taken by the Dutch photographer, Francisco van Camp.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_photography">Commercial photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Commercial photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginnings of photography in the Philippines date back to the 1840s with two preserved daguerreotypes, one of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramuros, Manila">Intramuros, Manila</a> showing a flag and a portrait of the photographer himself named W. W. Wood. Although known as the oldest preserved photographs of the Philippines, their exact date remains unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first written record of the employ of photography in the Philippines, however, was mentioned in an 1843 book written by a <a href="/wiki/Spaniard" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaniard">Spaniard</a> traveler, diplomat and poet, <a href="/wiki/Sinibaldo_de_Mas" title="Sinibaldo de Mas">Sinibaldo de Mas</a>. It is believed that de Mas used a <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> camera in 1841. The use of photography became more common in Manila and the rest of the Philippines from the year 1860 onwards. Although it is believed that the first photography studios were opened in the Philippines in the 1850s, the first known actively operational photo studio was that of the <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> photographer Albert Honnis. Recognized as a resident photographer in the Philippines since 1865 through the 1870s, Honnis was a popular producer of commercial “visiting cards” and “aesthetic” picture portraits. Honnis’ assignment as a commissioned photographer of the Russell & Sturgis Company, a prominent sugar-cane corporation of the time, enabled him to compile panoramic photographs of Spanish Manila and the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a> (<i>Vistas de Manila</i>, or Views of Manila). Other pioneers of the photography business in the Philippines – apart from Sinibaldo de Mas and W. W. Wood – were a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> photographer named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_van_Kamp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco van Kamp (page does not exist)">Francisco van Kamp</a>, Manuel Maidin, Pedro Picón, a German photographer named Enrique Schüren, C. Bonifás, E. M. Barretto, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pertierra" title="Francisco Pertierra">Francisco Pertierra</a>, Manuel Arias Rodriquez, L. González, and an American photographer named <a href="/wiki/Dean_Conant_Worcester" title="Dean Conant Worcester">Dean Conant Worcester</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SEACEX_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEACEX-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_photography">Landscape photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Landscape photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first evidence of the use of photography in the Philippine panorama as the basis for illustrations in printed publications, such as magazines and travel guides, was in the 1875 book by <a href="/wiki/Fedor_Jagor" title="Fedor Jagor">Fedor Jagor</a>. Translated into Spanish, Jagor's <i>Reisen in den Philippinen</i>, it was considered as one of the best <a href="/wiki/Travel_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel books">travel books</a>. It recounted his travels to the Philippines in 1859 and in 1860.<sup id="cite_ref-SEACEX_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEACEX-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News,_history_and_nature_through_cameras"><span id="News.2C_history_and_nature_through_cameras"></span>News, history and nature through cameras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: News, history and nature through cameras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fusilamiento_de_rizal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fusilamiento_de_rizal.jpg/250px-Fusilamiento_de_rizal.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fusilamiento_de_rizal.jpg/375px-Fusilamiento_de_rizal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Fusilamiento_de_rizal.jpg/500px-Fusilamiento_de_rizal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="2170" /></a><figcaption>The execution by firing squad of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>, December 30, 1896. This photograph (<i>Fusilamiento de José Rizal</i>) was taken by Manuel Arias Rodriguez, a Spanish creole.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Provincial_and_missionary_life">Provincial and missionary life</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Provincial and missionary life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Everyday life of early Filipinos and foreign missionaries were epitomized in the <i>Provincia de Cagayan</i> (Cagayan Province), an album lodged at Madrid's <i>Museo Nacional de Antropología</i> (National Museum of Anthropology). The album, believed to have been published between 1874 and 1880, documented 19th century tobacco farming methods in <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>. There were also photographs depicting local customs, pastimes and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-SEACEX_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEACEX-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the difficulty in imposing Spanish dominion over Islamic <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, Spaniards were able to produce the albums <i>Recuerdos de Mindanao</i> (Memories of Mindanao) and the 1892 <i>Vistas de las poblaciones de Cottabato, Rio Grande de Mindanao, Joló, Liangan, Monungam,… y de tipos indigenas, asi como de tropas españolas en Filipinas</i> (Views of the towns of <a href="/wiki/Cotabato" title="Cotabato">Cotabato</a>, River Grande in Mindanao, <a href="/wiki/Jolo" title="Jolo">Jolo</a>, Liangan, Monungam, and of indigenous types, as well as of Spanish troops in the Philippines). These pictures were able to illustrate Mindanao landscapes, <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">sultanate</a> settlements, and the living situations of Filipino Muslims and Spanish soldiers and missionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-SEACEX_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEACEX-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_disasters">Natural disasters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Natural disasters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Photography in 19th century Philippines also preserved visual records of the callous living conditions in the tropics. The existence of cameras and photographers, both professionals and amateurs, confirmed the reality of natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, landslides, forest fires, floods, typhoons and tornadoes in the Philippines. The aftermath of an 1863 earthquake was witnessed and recorded by Martinez Hébert, a photographer of the Spanish Royal Household, while the devastation caused by the seismic activities that occurred on July 14, 18, 20 and 22, 1880 were captured by the lenses of the Dutch photographer Francisco Van Camp.<sup id="cite_ref-SEACEX_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEACEX-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrialization">Industrialization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Industrialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Status of public works in the Philippines were catalogued in the 1887 album, <i>Obras del Puerto de Manila</i> (Works of Manila Harbor) and in an 1896 book published by the Board of Manila Harbor. Operational and under-construction lighthouses spanning the years 1889–1893 in the Philippines were also catalogued in the <i>Obras públicas: Faros</i> (Public Works: Lighthouses) by Madrid's Archive of the Royal Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-SEACEX_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEACEX-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_to_anthropology">Relationship to anthropology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relationship to anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The invention of photographs lessened the need for anthropologists to travel to places such as the Philippines for the sake of their work. Photographs became one of the important secondary sources of anthropologists for their case studies. However, despite the advantages, this photography business also created the tendency of photographers and the anthropologist themselves to manipulate their pictures and subjects such as employing staged scenes for scientific ends. Another accompanying problem of this “manipulation” would be the installation of stereotype human beings into the psyche of Western scientific groups. And also the tendency to produce “<a href="/wiki/Voyeuristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Voyeuristic">voyeuristic</a>” specimens as evidenced by the great number of native women with exposed upper bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-SEACEX_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEACEX-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_Filipino_photographer">First Filipino photographer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: First Filipino photographer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the first photographers of <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipino</a> nationality was <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Laureano" title="Félix Laureano">Félix Laureano</a>. His pictorial compositions, such as <i>En el baño</i> (In the Bathroom) and <i>Cuadrilleros</i> (Laborers), focused on <a href="/wiki/Human_figure" class="mw-redirect" title="Human figure">human forms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">cockfights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bullfights" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullfights">bullfights</a> in the Philippines. He also became the first photographer to publish a book of photographs about the Philippines (<i>Recuerdos de Filipinas</i>, or Memories of the Philippines) in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> in 1895. Laureano was also regarded as “the first Filipino artist to consciously use photography as a medium for art”.<sup id="cite_ref-SEACEX_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEACEX-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_era">American era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: American era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filipino_officers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Filipino_officers.jpg/150px-Filipino_officers.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Filipino_officers.jpg/225px-Filipino_officers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Filipino_officers.jpg/300px-Filipino_officers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An 1899 photograph of Filipino military officers.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Thomasites">The Thomasites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Thomasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Spanish–American War, the Philippines was ceded to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Photographing the Philippines was continued by <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a>, such as soldiers and the <a href="/wiki/Thomasites" title="Thomasites">Thomasites</a>. One Thomasite who took pictures of early twentieth century Philippines was <a href="/wiki/Philinda_Rand" title="Philinda Rand">Philinda Rand</a>. During her tenure as an English-language teacher in the Philippines, Rand took photographs that show many aspects of Filipino life in <a href="/wiki/Silay" title="Silay">Silay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lingayen,_Pangasinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayen, Pangasinan">Lingayen</a> where she resided. Her pictures included people, students, missionaries, buildings, animals, and sceneries from 1901 to 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvard_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvard-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categories">Categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Photography in the Philippines during American colonialism in the country produced two categories of photographic genre: the colonial <b>American-centered photography</b> and <b>Filipino-centered photography</b>:<sup id="cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digicoll2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_American-centered_images">Colonial American-centered images</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Colonial American-centered images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this category, photographs taken by Americans of Filipinos portrayed Filipino men and women and sceneries or backgrounds as a part of scientific or anthropological study or as a stimulator of curiosity.<sup id="cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digicoll2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1900 to 1914, the American expeditioners became fascinated with Filipino hill tribes known as the <a href="/wiki/Igorots" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorots">Igorots</a>, a native group that composed an eight of the Filipino population at the time. The trend of photography in the Philippines during the American era was to present colonial or imperial superiority<sup id="cite_ref-Digicoll3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digicoll3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to differentiate racial status, skin hue, body size, cultural context, dress codes and dressing habits compared to American ways and physical features. An example was the head hunting practice of the Igorots, a tribal practice engaged in by these tribes to settle social conflicts through individual revenge rather than mass warfare, which was sensationalized in American-produced images of skulls.<sup id="cite_ref-Digi1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digi1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In relation to the mode of dressing, American colonialists used the amount of garments worn by tribal Filipinos as an indicator of levels of Philippine social development.<sup id="cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digicoll2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to show skull shapes.<sup id="cite_ref-Digicoll3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digicoll3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Filipino tribespeople were also presented as domestic servants<sup id="cite_ref-Digicoll3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digicoll3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as human exhibits.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1900s also became the source of some of the first <a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornography in the Philippines">pornographic and erotic pictures</a> of Filipino women, such as the nude photographs of Philippine tribal women produced by <a href="/wiki/Dean_Conant_Worcester" title="Dean Conant Worcester">Dean Conant Worcester</a>, an American photographer and former Secretary of the Interior of the colonial government of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digicoll2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Filipino-centered_photography">Filipino-centered photography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Filipino-centered photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Filipinos during the American era who were given the opportunity to “control their appearance” in front of cameras of formal picture-taking studios presented a “media persona” that was distinguishably different from what were presented in images taken by Americans who have scientific and anthropological aims. During these personal and formal photographic moments, Filipino women were able to demonstrate female “virtue and refinement” by being garbed in fashionable and “religious” garments of the time; while the <a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot people</a> were given that chance to show off their status and prestige by standing straight, firm, and wearing their tribal coats and hand-held canes.<sup id="cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digicoll2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filipino_life,_culture,_and_identity_through_images"><span id="Filipino_life.2C_culture.2C_and_identity_through_images"></span>Filipino life, culture, and identity through images</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Filipino life, culture, and identity through images"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoking_the_family_cigar,_Northern_Luzon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Smoking_the_family_cigar%2C_Northern_Luzon.JPG/150px-Smoking_the_family_cigar%2C_Northern_Luzon.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Smoking_the_family_cigar%2C_Northern_Luzon.JPG/225px-Smoking_the_family_cigar%2C_Northern_Luzon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Smoking_the_family_cigar%2C_Northern_Luzon.JPG/300px-Smoking_the_family_cigar%2C_Northern_Luzon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption><i>Smoking the Family Cigar</i>, an early photograph of a Filipino family living in Northern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>. Photograph taken by James David Givens and published by Hicks-Judd Company in 1912. This picture could have been taken earlier than 1912.</figcaption></figure> <p>As a tool for presenting Philippine culture and identity, photography revealed that Filipinos during the Spanish period and American colonialism had a distinct society of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digicoll2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 1800s, both elite Spanish and Filipino members of Philippine society employed photographs as recorders of social lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-Digicoll3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digicoll3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before American colonialism took hold of the Philippine Islands, an American photographer shot photos of the people and life in the City of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> in 1886. Without the influence of American colonialistic attitude, the photographer was able to record the actual and uncontrolled street life of Filipino people living in the city, including cleanly dressed vendors with “religious necklaces” and a young Filipino lad collecting water from a public pump. The photographer's images presented Filipinos exuding natural grace and self-confidence in front of his camera, without any sign of being intimidated by the photograph taker's technological instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-WMB_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, photography was incorporated it by Filipinos to become an “indigenized” part of Philippine culture and society. Examples of this cultural incorporation include photographing of weddings, wakes, portraits of Filipino beauty pageant queens, politicians, cult leaders, and popular Philippine sceneries and panorama. From 1935 to 1941 – the Philippine Commonwealth period – Filipino politicians utilized photography as a means for propaganda and election agenda. Later on, the boom in Philippine photography, resulted to photographic albums bound and collected by Filipino families that preserved recorded baptisms, school life, family reunions, social gatherings and outings, <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in the Philippines">marriages</a>, wedding anniversaries, wakes, and funerals.<sup id="cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digicoll2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For them, photography has become a tool for preserving familial genealogy and societal history, recorded imageries that are handed down continuously from one generation to another.<sup id="cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digicoll2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Filipinos developed their own unique character of posing in front of the camera. Because they are sensitive and self-conscious to how they should present and portray themselves through photographs, Filipino individuals or groups are not passive posers. Photographically, they are able to project a “certain style (…) or aspect” of themselves. In viewing images, Filipinos find “layers of meaning about the (…) character and persona” of the subject, or subjects, caught in the photograph.<sup id="cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Digicoll2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine history">Philippine history</a></li> <li>PinoyCentric</li></ul> <dl><dt>Legal issues surrounding photography in the Philippines</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law#Philippines" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law#Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_panorama_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of panorama in the Philippines">Freedom of panorama in the Philippines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-SEACEX-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SEACEX_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEACEX_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEACEX_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEACEX_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEACEX_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEACEX_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEACEX_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEACEX_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SEACEX_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_22_ingles.pdf">Guardiola, Juan. The Philippine Imaginary, Sociedad Española de Acción Cultural en el Exterior (SEACEX), Casa Asia and Seacex.es (undated)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927093219/http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_22_ingles.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved on: August 11, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juan Guardiola, The Colonial Imaginary, pg 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvard-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harvard_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/~sch00428">Anglemyer, Philinda Parsons Rand, 1876-1972. Papers, 1901-1909: A Finding Aid, Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902103740/http://oasis.harvard.edu:10080/oasis/deliver/~sch00428">Archived</a> 2006-09-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Call No. 86-M74--86-M130, Repository: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radcliffe.edu/schles/">Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute; These papers of Philinda Parsons (Rand) Anglemyer were given to the Schlesinger Library by her daughters, Katharine and Mary Anglemyer, in May and July 1986), Radcliffe College, July 1986</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509153246/http://www.radcliffe.edu/schles/">Archived</a> 2012-05-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved on: August 11, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Digicoll2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Digicoll2_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/SEAiT/PhilMatClass.html#own">In Their Own Image: Filipinos as They Saw Themselves</a>, digicoll.library.wisc.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Digicoll3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Digicoll3_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Digicoll3_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Digicoll3_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Digicoll3_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/SEAiT/PhilMatClass.html#raj">An American "Raj": The Philippines as Stage for Colonial Grandeur</a>, digicoll.library.wisc.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Digi1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Digi1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/SEAiT/PhilMatClass.html#encounter">"Lesser Breeds": America Encounters Filipino Hill Tribes</a>, digicoll.library.wisc.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Board-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Board_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/SEAiT/PhilMatClass.html#board2">Filipinos at the St. Louis World's Fair, 1904</a>, digicoll.library.wisc.edu</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMB-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMB_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/SEAiT/PhilMatClass.html#burden">"White Man's Burden": Uplifting Filipinos Through Education and Without Empire: American Views of Filipinos Before Colonial Rule</a>, digicoll.library.wisc.edu</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_04_foto.pdf">Philippine portraits (Spanish era)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927093232/http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_04_foto.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Seacex.es</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_03_imagen.pdf">Colonial Philippines photographs (Spanish era)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927092955/http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_03_imagen.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Seacex.es</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_05_paisaje.pdf">Philippine panorama photographs (Spanish era)</a> at Seacex.es)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_06_manila.pdf">Manila and disaster photographs (Spanish era)</a> at Seacex.es)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_07_calors.pdf">Buildings and other views (Spanish era)</a> at Seacex.es</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_08_vida.pdf">Provincial life images (Spanish era)</a> at Seacex.es</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_09_problema.pdf">Mindanao images (Spanish era)</a> at Seacex.es</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_10_antro.pdf">Anthropology-related images (Spanish era)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927092927/http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_10_antro.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Seacex.es</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_11_imperio.pdf">Structures, interiors and people (Spanish era)</a> at Seacex.es</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_12_educacion.pdf">Philippine schools images (Spanish era)</a> at Seacex.es</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927092857/http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_13_identidad.pdf">Individual and group portraits (Spanish era)</a> at Seacex.es</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seacex.es/documentos/imag_colonial_14_motin.pdf">More panoramas and portraits (Spanish era)</a> <a rel="nofollow" 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href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography_in_Asia410" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Photography in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Egypt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Egypt (page does not exist)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Indonesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Indonesia (page does not exist)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Iran (page does not exist)">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Jordan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Jordan (page does not exist)">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Malaysia (page does not exist)">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Myanmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Myanmar (page does not exist)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Pakistan (page does not exist)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Saudi_Arabia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Saudi Arabia (page does not exist)">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Sri_Lanka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Sri Lanka (page does not exist)">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Syria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Syria (page does not exist)">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Timor-Leste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Timor-Leste (page does not exist)">Timor-Leste (East Timor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Hong_Kong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Hong Kong (page does not exist)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Photography_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photography in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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