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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istòria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Istòria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Periòde_preclassic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periòde_preclassic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Periòde preclassic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periòde_preclassic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periòde_classic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periòde_classic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Periòde classic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periòde_classic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Desvolopament_e_apogèu_de_la_civilizacion_maia_classica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desvolopament_e_apogèu_de_la_civilizacion_maia_classica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Desvolopament e apogèu de la civilizacion maia classica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desvolopament_e_apogèu_de_la_civilizacion_maia_classica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afondrament_de_la_civilizacion_classica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afondrament_de_la_civilizacion_classica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Afondrament de la civilizacion classica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afondrament_de_la_civilizacion_classica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periòde_post-classic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periòde_post-classic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Periòde post-classic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periòde_post-classic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_conquista_espanhòla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_conquista_espanhòla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>La conquista espanhòla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_conquista_espanhòla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persisténcia_de_la_cultura_maia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persisténcia_de_la_cultura_maia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Persisténcia de la cultura maia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persisténcia_de_la_cultura_maia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizacions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizacions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Organizacions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizacions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Organizacions</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organizacions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organizacion_politica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizacion_politica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Organizacion politica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizacion_politica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizacion_economica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizacion_economica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Organizacion economica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizacion_economica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sciéncias_e_tecnologias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sciéncias_e_tecnologias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sciéncias e tecnologias</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sciéncias_e_tecnologias-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Sciéncias e tecnologias</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sciéncias_e_tecnologias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agricultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Agricultura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terralha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terralha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Terralha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terralha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escritura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escritura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Escritura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escritura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matematicas_e_astronòmia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matematicas_e_astronòmia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Matematicas e astronòmia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matematicas_e_astronòmia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Calendiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Cultura</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arquitectura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arquitectura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Arquitectura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arquitectura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Escultura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pèira" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pèira"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Pèira</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pèira-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estuc" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estuc"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Estuc</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estuc-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fusta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fusta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Fusta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fusta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pintura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pintura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Pintura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pintura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Musica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dança" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dança"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Dança</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dança-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liames_intèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liames_intèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Liames intèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liames_intèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Taula de continguts" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Civilizacion maia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 127 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">127 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja" title="Maja - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Maja" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya" title="Maya - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Maya" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_maya" title="Cultura maya - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cultura maya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="حضارة المايا - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حضارة المايا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="মায়া সভ্যতা - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মায়া সভ্যতা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n_maya" title="Civilización maya - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Civilización maya" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayya_sivilizasiyas%C4%B1" title="Mayya sivilizasiyası - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mayya sivilizasiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="ماییا مدنیتی - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ماییا مدنیتی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F_(%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Майя (цивилизация) - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Майя (цивилизация)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya-Klassik" title="Maya-Klassik - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Maya-Klassik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maj%C4%93" title="Majē - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Majē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Цывілізацыя мая - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цывілізацыя мая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Мая - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мая" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Цивилизация на маите - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цивилизация на маите" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="মায়া সভ্যতা - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মায়া সভ্যতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="གནའ་རབས་མ་ཡ། - tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གནའ་རབས་མ་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenadurezh_vaya" title="Sevenadurezh vaya - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sevenadurezh vaya" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maje" title="Maje - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Maje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%91%D0%BB" title="Майя соёл - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Майя соёл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilitzaci%C3%B3_maia" title="Civilització maia - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Civilització maia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_%C3%B9ng-m%C3%ACng" title="Maya ùng-mìng - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Maya ùng-mìng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F_(%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8)" title="Майя (цивилизаци) - chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Майя (цивилизаци)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="شارستانیەتیی مایا - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شارستانیەتیی مایا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_tsivilizatsiyas%C4%B1" title="Maya tsivilizatsiyası - tàtar de Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Maya tsivilizatsiyası" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tàtar de Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maysk%C3%A1_civilizace" title="Mayská civilizace - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mayská civilizace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwareiddiad_y_Maya" title="Gwareiddiad y Maya - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwareiddiad y Maya" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya" title="Maya - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Maya" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya-Zivilisation" title="Maya-Zivilisation - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maya-Zivilisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Πολιτισμός των Μάγια - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιτισμός των Μάγια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Maya civilization" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majaoj" title="Majaoj - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Majaoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_maya" title="Cultura maya - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura maya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiade_tsivilisatsioon" title="Maiade tsivilisatsioon - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maiade tsivilisatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maien_zibilizazioa" title="Maien zibilizazioa - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maien zibilizazioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="تمدن مایا - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمدن مایا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayojen_korkeakulttuuri" title="Mayojen korkeakulttuuri - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mayojen korkeakulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayar%C3%ADki%C3%B0" title="Mayaríkið - feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mayaríkið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation_maya" title="Civilisation maya - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Civilisation maya" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya" title="Maya - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Maya" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_M%C3%A1ighigh" title="Na Máighigh - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Máighigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%ACobhaltas_nam_Maya" title="Sìobhaltas nam Maya - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sìobhaltas nam Maya" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilizaci%C3%B3n_maia" title="Civilización maia - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Civilización maia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A4%D9%86" title="مايا تمدؤن - gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="مايا تمدؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majaku%C3%A9ra" title="Majakuéra - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Majakuéra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%94" title="מאיה - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="माया सभ्यता - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="माया सभ्यता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_sabhyata" title="Maya sabhyata - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Maya sabhyata" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Indijanci" title="Maya Indijanci - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maya Indijanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja_civiliz%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Maja civilizáció - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Maja civilizáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մայաների քաղաքակրթություն - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մայաների քաղաքակրթություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82_%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8" title="Մայաներու քաղաքակրթութիւնը - arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մայաներու քաղաքակրթութիւնը" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civilisation_Maya" title="Civilisation Maya - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Civilisation Maya" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peradaban_Maya" title="Peradaban Maya - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peradaban Maya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya" title="Maya - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Maya" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majaveldi%C3%B0" title="Majaveldið - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Majaveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya" title="Maya - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Maya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%A4%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="マヤ文明 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マヤ文明" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მაიას ცივილიზაცია - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაიას ცივილიზაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya" title="Maya - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Maya" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F_%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Майя өркениеті - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Майя өркениеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86" title="ಮಾಯಾ ನಾಗರಿಕತೆ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಾಯಾ ನಾಗರಿಕತೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%95%BC_%EB%AC%B8%EB%AA%85" title="마야 문명 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마야 문명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Mayana" title="Cultura Mayana - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cultura Mayana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayas" title="Mayas - ladin" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Mayas" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maia_(sivilia)" title="Maia (sivilia) - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Maia (sivilia)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya" title="Maya - ladí" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Maya" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="ladí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majai" title="Majai - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Majai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maiju_civiliz%C4%81cija" title="Maiju civilizācija - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Maiju civilizācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilizasi%C3%B4na_Maia" title="Sivilizasiôna Maia - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sivilizasiôna Maia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мајанска цивилизација - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мајанска цивилизација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="മായൻ സംസ്കാരം - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മായൻ സംസ്കാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%B0" title="Маяа - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Маяа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="माया संस्कृती - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="माया संस्कृती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamadun_Maya" title="Tamadun Maya - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tamadun Maya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maja" title="Maja - maltés" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Maja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebeliza%C3%A7on_maia" title="Cebelizaçon maia - mirandés" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cebelizaçon maia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9A%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80" title="မာယာ ယဉ်ကျေးမှု လောက - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မာယာ ယဉ်ကျေးမှု လောက" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مایا - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مایا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_(Indianers)" title="Maya (Indianers) - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Maya (Indianers)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olde_maja-beskaving" title="Olde maja-beskaving - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Olde maja-beskaving" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="माया लहना - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="माया लहना" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayacultuur" title="Mayacultuur - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mayacultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayaer" title="Mayaer - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mayaer" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayakulturen" title="Mayakulturen - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mayakulturen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%AD%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE" title="ମାୟା ସଭ୍ୟତା - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମାୟା ସଭ୍ୟତା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮਾਇਆ ਸੱਭਿਅਤਾ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਾਇਆ ਸੱਭਿਅਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cywilizacja_Maj%C3%B3w" title="Cywilizacja Majów - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cywilizacja Majów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivilt%C3%A0_Maya" title="Siviltà Maya - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Siviltà Maya" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B1%DB%81%D8%AA%D9%84" title="مایا رہتل - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مایا رہتل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86" title="مایا تمدن - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مایا تمدن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_maia" title="Civilização maia - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Civilização maia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_hawaykawsay" title="Maya hawaykawsay - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Maya hawaykawsay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civiliza%C8%9Bia_maya%C8%99%C4%83" title="Civilizația mayașă - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Civilizația mayașă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F_(%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Майя (цивилизация) - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Майя (цивилизация)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tziviltade_Maya" title="Tziviltade Maya - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tziviltade Maya" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_ceevilisation" title="Maya ceevilisation - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Maya ceevilisation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="مايا تهذيب - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مايا تهذيب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya" title="Maya - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Maya" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA" title="මායා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මායා ශිෂ්ටාචාරය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayan_civilization" title="Mayan civilization - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mayan civilization" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maysk%C3%A1_civiliz%C3%A1cia" title="Mayská civilizácia - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mayská civilizácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maji" title="Maji - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qytet%C3%ABrimi_Maja" title="Qytetërimi Maja - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qytetërimi Maja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Цивилизација Маја - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цивилизација Маја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya" title="Maya - saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Maya" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peradaban_Maya" title="Peradaban Maya - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Peradaban Maya" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayakulturen" title="Mayakulturen - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mayakulturen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya" title="Maya - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மாயா நாகரிகம் - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாயா நாகரிகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="อารยธรรมมายา - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อารยธรรมมายา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabihasnang_Maya" title="Kabihasnang Maya - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kabihasnang Maya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_uygarl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Maya uygarlığı - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maya uygarlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8F_(%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Майя (цивилизация) - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Майя (цивилизация)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F_(%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Мая (цивілізація) - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мая (цивілізація)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AA%DB%81%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="مایا تہذیب - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مایا تہذیب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_sivilizatsiyasi" title="Maya sivilizatsiyasi - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Maya sivilizatsiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya" title="Maya - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Maya" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_minh_Maya" title="Văn minh Maya - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Văn minh Maya" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_(civiliz%C3%A5cion)" title="Maya (civilizåcion) - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Maya (civilizåcion)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibilisasyon_Maya" title="Sibilisasyon Maya - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sibilisasyon Maya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E9%9B%85%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="玛雅文明 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玛雅文明" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მაიაშ ცივილიზაცია - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაიაშ ცივილიზაცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מאיא ציוויליזאציע - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאיא ציוויליזאציע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%9B%85%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="瑪雅文明 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瑪雅文明" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%9B%85" title="馬雅 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="馬雅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_b%C3%BBn-b%C3%AAng" title="Maya bûn-bêng - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Maya bûn-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E9%9B%85%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="瑪雅文明 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="瑪雅文明" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q28567#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Civilizacion_maia" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discutir:Civilizacion_maia" rel="discussion" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Civilizacion_maia"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. 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top"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat" title="Wikipèdia:Articles de qualitat"><img alt="Wikipèdia:Articles de qualitat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/15px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/23px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/30px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-style: italic;font-size: 12px;">Legissètz un «<i><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat" title="Wikipèdia:Articles de qualitat">article de qualitat</a></i>» </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:El_Castillo_Stitch_2008_Edit_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/El_Castillo_Stitch_2008_Edit_1.jpg/220px-El_Castillo_Stitch_2008_Edit_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/El_Castillo_Stitch_2008_Edit_1.jpg/330px-El_Castillo_Stitch_2008_Edit_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/El_Castillo_Stitch_2008_Edit_1.jpg/440px-El_Castillo_Stitch_2008_Edit_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4945" data-file-height="3155" /></a><figcaption>Piramida de Kukultan de <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>, lo simbòl actuau de la civilizacion maia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Mesoamerica_-_Esqu%C3%A8ma_generau.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mesoamerica_-_Esqu%C3%A8ma_generau.png/250px-Mesoamerica_-_Esqu%C3%A8ma_generau.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mesoamerica_-_Esqu%C3%A8ma_generau.png/330px-Mesoamerica_-_Esqu%C3%A8ma_generau.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mesoamerica_-_Esqu%C3%A8ma_generau.png/500px-Mesoamerica_-_Esqu%C3%A8ma_generau.png 2x" data-file-width="2410" data-file-height="1556" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Civilizacion" title="Civilizacion">Civilizacions</a> principalas de <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> dau sègle IV au sègle XVI.</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>civilizacion maia</b> foguèt una <a href="/wiki/Civilizacion" title="Civilizacion">civilizacion</a> <a href="/wiki/America_precolombiana" title="America precolombiana">precolombiana</a> de <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> que se formèt au milleni I avC e dispareguèt a la fin dau <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XVII" title="Sègle XVII">sègle XVII</a>. En causa de sei conoissenças avançadas en <a href="/wiki/Escritura_maia" title="Escritura maia">escritura</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura">arquitectura</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas">matematicas</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronomia</a>, fa partida dei <a href="/wiki/Civilizacion" title="Civilizacion">civilizacions</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">mesoamericanas</a> pus estudiadas. </p><p>Èra situada sus lei territòris dau sud de <a href="/wiki/Mexic" title="Mexic">Mexic</a>, especialament la <a href="/wiki/Peninsula_de_Yucatan" title="Peninsula de Yucatan">peninsula de Yucatan</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a> e dau <a href="/wiki/Lo_Salvador" title="Lo Salvador">Salvador</a>. Seis originas <a href="/wiki/Pre%C3%AFst%C3%B2ria" title="Preïstòria">preïstòricas</a> se situan entre lo milleni VII avC e lo milleni III avC amb la sedentarizacion de populacions de caçaires culheires. A partir dau milleni II avC, la societat maia venguèt pus complèxa amb l'aparicion de <a href="/wiki/Classa_sociala" title="Classa sociala">classas socialas</a> diferenciadas. Entre 1000 e 400 avC, la division sociala se desvolopèt e de ciutats-estats comencèron de s'organizar. Lei principalas foguèron <a href="/w/index.php?title=Copan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copan (la pagina existís pas)">Copan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palenque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palenque (la pagina existís pas)">Palenque</a>. Conoguèron son apogèu entre lei sègles VI e IX apC mai deguèron faciar una crisi que sei causas son desconegudas. A la fin d'aqueu periòde, aquò entraïnèt l'abandon de la màger part dei centres urbans. </p><p>Après lo sègle IX, certanei ciutats-estats contunièron de se desvolopar mai lo declin de la civilizacion maia contunièt. Ansin, la màger part dei sites importants èra abandonada quand lei <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conquistador (la pagina existís pas)">conquistadors</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">espanhòus</a> arribèron dins la region au sègle XVI. <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanha</a> ne'n comencèt la conquista après la casuda de l'<a href="/wiki/Civilizacion_ast%C3%A8ca" title="Civilizacion astèca">Empèri Astèc</a> en <a href="/wiki/1521" class="mw-redirect" title="1521">1521</a>. Pasmens, maugrat una superiotat <a href="/wiki/Tecnologia" title="Tecnologia">tecnologica</a> importanta, se turtèron a una resisténcia acarnada après una premiera campanha aisada còntra lei Maias de Guatemala. Quatre guèrras foguèron necessàrias per rompre aquela resisténcia e lo <a href="/wiki/Tayasal" title="Tayasal">darrier estat maia independent</a> capitulèt solament en <a href="/wiki/1697" class="mw-redirect" title="1697">1697</a> après doas guèrras suplementàrias. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Istòria"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periòde_preclassic"><span id="Peri.C3.B2de_preclassic"></span>Periòde preclassic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Periòde preclassic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Periòde preclassic"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La data precisa d'aparicion de la civilizacion maia – e, indirèctament, lo començament dau periòde preclassic – es encara l'objècte de debats entre <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istorians</a> car la transicion entre populacions <a href="/wiki/Pre%C3%AFst%C3%B2ria" title="Preïstòria">preïstoricas</a> e maias es mau coneguda. Lo site maia pus ancian qu'es conegut a l'ora d'ara es <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuello&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuello (la pagina existís pas)">Cuello</a> que data de 2 600 avC. </p><p>Dins lo corrent dei sègles seguents, d'autrei regions conoguèron un procès progressiu d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urbanizacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urbanizacion (la pagina existís pas)">urbanizacion</a>. En <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonusco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonusco (la pagina existís pas)">Sonusco</a>, de vilatges apareguèron vèrs 1 800 avC. Leis abitants i avián lo mestritge de l'<a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a> e de la <a href="/wiki/Terralha" title="Terralha">terralha</a>. Dins lei tèrras bassas, la premiera vila vertadiera coneguda es <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nakbe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nakbe (la pagina existís pas)">Nakbe</a> onte d'infrastructuras importantas foguèron bastidas vèrs <a href="/wiki/-750" class="mw-redirect" title="-750">750 avC</a>. De mai, d'elements permèton de pensar la preséncia de densitats de populacion fòrça importantas dins aquela region durant lo meteis periòde. Per exemple, la ciutat d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Mirador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Mirador (la pagina existís pas)">El Mirador</a> i agantèt una superficia d'aperaquí 16 km²<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dins lei tèrras autas e la region <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Pacific" title="Ocean Pacific">pacifica</a>, l'emergéncia de vilas foguèt pus lenta mai èra realizada en <a href="/wiki/-400" class="mw-redirect" title="-400">400 avC</a> a l'entorn de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaminaljuyu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaminaljuyu (la pagina existís pas)">Kaminaljuyu</a> dins lo premier cas<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takalik_Abaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takalik Abaj (la pagina existís pas)">Takalik Abaj</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chocol%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chocolá (la pagina existís pas)">Chocolá</a> dins lo segond<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Lo periòde preclassic s'acabèt dins lo corrent dau sègle I apC. Per de rasons desconegudas<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, lei vilas foguèron abandonadas e la civilizacion maia conoguèt una crisi grèva que durèt fins au sègle III apC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periòde_classic"><span id="Peri.C3.B2de_classic"></span>Periòde classic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Periòde classic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Periòde classic"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Desvolopament_e_apogèu_de_la_civilizacion_maia_classica"><span id="Desvolopament_e_apog.C3.A8u_de_la_civilizacion_maia_classica"></span>Desvolopament e apogèu de la civilizacion maia classica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Desvolopament e apogèu de la civilizacion maia classica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Desvolopament e apogèu de la civilizacion maia classica"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo periòde classic (sègle III-IX) de la civilizacion maia correspònd a una epòca importanta d'urbanizacion e de construccions. La màger part dei vestigis e deis inscripcions maias coneguts a l'ora d'ara data d'aquelei sègles. Sa caracteristica principala foguèt la dominacion dau modèl de la <a href="/wiki/Ciutat-estat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciutat-estat">ciutat-estat</a> dirigida per un <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A8i" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rèi">rèi</a> ò una <a href="/wiki/Aristocracia" title="Aristocracia">aristocracia</a> guerriera. Un autre aspècte major dau periòde foguèt la <a href="/wiki/Demografia" title="Demografia">demografia</a> importanta dei regions maias amb plusors aglomeracions de 50 000 e 120 000 abitants liadas entre elei per de rets relativament dens de <a href="/wiki/Rota" title="Rota">rotas</a>. </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istòria</a> dei Maias classics es relativament ben coneguda gràcias ais estèlas gravadas durant aqueu periòde. Comencèt amb una influéncia marcada de l'ensemble dei regions maias per a <a href="/wiki/Civilizacion" title="Civilizacion">civilizacion</a> de <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> (situada dins la vau de <a href="/wiki/Mexic" title="Mexic">Mexic</a>). D'efèct, en despiech de la distància, <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> capitèt de reversar lo rèi de la ciutat de <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> e d'i installar una dinastia favorabla a seis interès. Aquò permetèt a <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> d'obtenir un important sostèn e de venir la principala poissança maia dins lei tèrras bassas. Pasmens, se turtèt a la resisténcia de <a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a> e lei doas ciutats desvolopèron d'importanteis alianças e se liurèron mai d'una guèrra<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Dins lo sud-èst, la poissança principala èra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cop%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copán (la pagina existís pas)">Copán</a> que sei senhors, eissits d'una dinastia fondada en <a href="/wiki/426" class="mw-redirect" title="426">426</a>, establiguèron de liames fòrts ambé <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pet%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petén (la pagina existís pas)">Petén</a> – una autra cituat-estat maia importanta – <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> e <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Agantèt son apogèu durant lo rèine de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uaxaclajuun_Ub%27aah_K%27awiil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil (la pagina existís pas)">Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil</a> (<a href="/wiki/695" class="mw-redirect" title="695">695</a>-<a href="/wiki/738" class="mw-redirect" title="738">738</a>). Pasmens, la captura e l'execucion d'aqueu darrier per son vassau, <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%27ak%27_Tiliw_Chan_Yopaat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat (la pagina existís pas)">K'ak' Tiliw Chan Yopaat</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quirigu%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quiriguá (la pagina existís pas)">Quiriguá</a>, marquèt son declin de la ciutat<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Enfin, dins leis autrei regions, lei ciutats de remarca foguèron <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palenque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palenque (la pagina existís pas)">Palenque</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yaxchilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yaxchilan (la pagina existís pas)">Yaxchilan</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Usumacinta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Usumacinta (la pagina existís pas)">Usumacinta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaminaljuyu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaminaljuyu (la pagina existís pas)">Kaminaljuyu</a> dins lei tèrras autas e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coba (la pagina existís pas)">Coba</a> dins lo nòrd de <a href="/wiki/Yucatan" title="Yucatan">Yucatan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Afondrament_de_la_civilizacion_classica">Afondrament de la civilizacion classica</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Afondrament de la civilizacion classica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Afondrament de la civilizacion classica"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afondrament_de_la_civilizacion_maia_classica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afondrament de la civilizacion maia classica (la pagina existís pas)">Afondrament de la civilizacion maia classica</a>.</div> <p>La civilizacion maia classica conoguèt una grèva crisi dins lo corrent dau sègle IX qu'entraïnèt son afondrament politic e l'abandon de la màger part dei ciutats. Sei causas son totjorn pas clarament identificadas mai plusors elements, sovent liats entre elei, son generalament avançats coma una demenicion de la produccion <a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricòla</a>, una populacion tròp importanta a respècte dei ressorsas disponiblas e lei consequéncias dei guèrras quasi permanentas entre vilas<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquela crisi foguèt pasmens pas unifòrma e lei ciutats dau nòrd de <a href="/wiki/Yucatan" title="Yucatan">Yucatan</a>, coma <a href="/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá">Chichén Itzá</a> e <a href="/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal">Uxmal</a>, foguèron pas abandonadas e venguèron de centres poderós durant aqueu periòde. </p><p>En revènge, dins lo sud, leis inscripcions venguèron pus raras e mens precisas e lei construccions novèlas de monuments demeniguèron avans de s'arrestar. En particular, dins lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ba%C3%A7in_de_Pet%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baçin de Petén (la pagina existís pas)">baçin de Petén</a>, lei ciutats pus poderosas, coma <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> e <a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a>, foguèron totalament abandonadas en 50 a 100 ans e lei rets marchands contornejèron d'ara endavant l'endrech. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periòde_post-classic"><span id="Peri.C3.B2de_post-classic"></span>Periòde post-classic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Periòde post-classic" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Periòde post-classic"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo periòde post-classic durèt dau sègle X au sègle XV. Maugrat son declin, la civilizacion maia se redreiçèt dins lei tèrras bassas dau nòrd de <a href="/wiki/Yucatan" title="Yucatan">Yucatan</a>, onte de vilas novèlas se formèron, e dins quauqueis endrechs isolats dei tèrras autas dau sud. De migracions <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolt%C3%A8c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toltèc (la pagina existís pas)">toltècas</a>, qu'influencièron fòrça lei Maias post-classics, sostenguèron probablament aquela renaissença. Pasmens, la populacion demorèt d'ara endavant concentrada a l'entorn dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B2nt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fònt (la pagina existís pas)">fònts</a> e lei tèrras abandonadas foguèron pas tornadas poblar. </p><p>Ansin, dau sègle X au començament dau sègle XVI, lei ciutats pus importantas foguèron <a href="/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá">Chichén Itzá</a> (sègles X a XII<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayapan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayapan (la pagina existís pas)">Mayapan</a> (sègles XIII a XV<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Se fau egalament nòtar la preséncia, dins lo sud, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Q%27umarkaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Q'umarkaj (la pagina existís pas)">Q'umarkaj</a> qu'èra la capitala dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%27iche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K'iche (la pagina existís pas)">K'iche</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De mai, durant aqueu periòde, la civilizacion maia foguèt influenciada per de migracions <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tolt%C3%A8c&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toltèc (la pagina existís pas)">toltècas</a> a l'origina de plusors dinastias localas. </p><p>Dins aquò, lei crisis contunièron e lei vilas importantas foguèron a cha pauc abandonadas. Aqueleis episòdis semblan fòrça similars a la crisi finala dau periòde classic mai an una escala pus reducha. En particular, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayapan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayapan (la pagina existís pas)">Mayapan</a> foguèt abandonada en <a href="/wiki/1448" class="mw-redirect" title="1448">1448</a> en causa de problemas politics, environamentaus e sociaus. Aquò marquèt la disparacion de la darriera granda vila maia e entraïnèt una guèrra violenta e generalizada per l'egemonia entre leis <a href="/wiki/Estat" title="Estat">estats</a> subrevivents. Dins lo sud, lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%27iche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="K'iche (la pagina existís pas)">K'iche</a> foguèron atacats per lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaqchikel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaqchikel (la pagina existís pas)">Kaqchikel</a> que venguèron pauc a pauc la principala poissança maia<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_conquista_espanhòla"><span id="La_conquista_espanh.C3.B2la"></span>La conquista espanhòla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : La conquista espanhòla" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=7" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: La conquista espanhòla"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquista_espanh%C3%B2la_de_Yucatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conquista espanhòla de Yucatan (la pagina existís pas)">Conquista espanhòla de Yucatan</a>.</div> <p>Au contrari de <a href="/wiki/Civilizacion_ast%C3%A8ca" title="Civilizacion astèca">l'Empèri Astèc</a>, la conquista dei territòris maias per leis <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanhòus</a> foguèt lònga e malaisada. Comencèt en <a href="/wiki/1521" class="mw-redirect" title="1521">1521</a>, après la casuda de <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>, quand <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> mandèt una armada dirigida per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_de_Alvarado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro de Alvarado (la pagina existís pas)">Pedro de Alvarado</a> en direccion de <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>. Aquela fòrça enregistrèt de succès importants amb la presa de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Q%27umarkaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Q'umarkaj (la pagina existís pas)">Q'umarkaj</a> (<a href="/wiki/1524" class="mw-redirect" title="1524">1524</a>) e la somission dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaqchikel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaqchikel (la pagina existís pas)">Kaqchikel</a> (<a href="/wiki/1525" class="mw-redirect" title="1525">1525</a>). En revènge, lei ciutats maias dau nòrd resistiguèron d'un biais acarnat e enregistrèron mai d'una victòria. Ansin, foguèron pas vencudas avans <a href="/wiki/1546" class="mw-redirect" title="1546">1546</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Enfin, lo baçin de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pet%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petén (la pagina existís pas)">Petén</a>, vengut una region fòrça isolada, poguèt aprofichar sei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jungla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jungla (la pagina existís pas)">junglas</a> per mantenir son <a href="/wiki/Independ%C3%A9ncia" title="Independéncia">independéncia</a> fins a la presa de <a href="/wiki/Tayasal" title="Tayasal">Tayasal</a> en <a href="/wiki/1697" class="mw-redirect" title="1697">1697</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persisténcia_de_la_cultura_maia"><span id="Persist.C3.A9ncia_de_la_cultura_maia"></span>Persisténcia de la cultura maia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Persisténcia de la cultura maia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=8" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Persisténcia de la cultura maia"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Se la conquista de <a href="/wiki/Yucatan" title="Yucatan">Yucatan</a> e dau <a href="/wiki/Bacin_de_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Bacin de Petén">bacin de Petén</a> entraïnèt la disparicion de la civilizacion maia urbana e d'una partida importanta de sa cultura, plusors <a href="/wiki/Vilatge" title="Vilatge">vilatges</a> demorèron isolats deis autoritats <a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">colonialas</a>. Aquò permetèt lo mantenement de la cultura e dei conoissenças maias, compres dins lo domeni religiós (maugrat leis esfòrç dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Missionari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Missionari (la pagina existís pas)">missionaris</a> <a href="/wiki/Catolicisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Catolicisme">catolics</a>). Ansin, lo <a href="/wiki/Calendi%C3%A8r" title="Calendièr">calendier</a> rituau de 260 <a href="/wiki/Jorn" title="Jorn">jorns</a> demorèt en usatge e, uei, aperaquí un milion de locutors de lengas maias vivon totjorn en <a href="/wiki/Yucatan" title="Yucatan">Yucatan</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizacions">Organizacions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Organizacions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=9" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Organizacions"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizacion_politica">Organizacion politica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Organizacion politica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=10" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Organizacion politica"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Au contrari deis <a href="/wiki/Civilizacion_ast%C3%A8ca" title="Civilizacion astèca">Astècs</a> e deis <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Inca">Incas</a>, la zòna culturala maia foguèt jamai politicament unificada. En plaça, i aguèt una multitud de <a href="/wiki/Ciutat-estat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciutat-estat">ciutats-estats</a> qu'èran pas totjorn organizadas de la meteissa maniera. Pasmens, d'un biais generau, dins lei vilas majoras, lo rèi èra lo centre dau poder coma cap de l'armada, de l'administracion, de l'economia, de la justícia e de la religion<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La justificacion d'un tal poder èra de natura religiosa e de rites religiós frequents permetián de lo renfòrçar publicament<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Entre elei, lei ciutats pus poderosas èran liadas per un ret complèx d'alianças destinadas a protegir seis interès sociaus e economics<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lei relacions entre lei vilas principalas e lei ciutats segondàrias èran de tipe <a href="/wiki/Feudalitat" title="Feudalitat">feodau</a>. Lei caps d'aquelei vilas podián de còps èsser chausits per lo rèi, siá au sen de sa familha siá entre sei fidèus. Segon leis endrechs, la natura dau poder d'aquelei vassaus sembla variar d'un estatut de sobeiran de drech divin – similar ai caps dei vilas majoras – a aqueu de governador militar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=11" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Religion"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coma leis autrei pòbles <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">mesoamericans</a>, lei Maias èran <a href="/wiki/Polite%C3%AFsme" title="Politeïsme">politeïstas</a> e avián un panteon fòrça ric. De mai, lo <a href="/wiki/Subrenaturau" title="Subrenaturau">subrenaturau</a> aviá un ròtle important dins la vida quotidiana de cada abitant e totei leis aspèctes de la societat e de la natura èran divinizats<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, en causa dei destruccions entraïnadas per la conquista, la religion maia es mau coneguda. </p><p>Segon lei descubèrtas <a href="/wiki/Arqueologia" title="Arqueologia">arqueologicas</a> e <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istoricas</a>, èra dirigida per un <a href="/wiki/Clergat" title="Clergat">clergat</a> poderós que formava un grop reduch eissit de l'elèit. Menava de rites complèxs, compres de sacrificis umans, e fòrça codificats. De mai, èran en carga dei mesuras <a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronomicas</a> que permetián de mantenir lei calendiers. Existiá pereu de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaman (la pagina existís pas)">chamans</a> qu'èran utilizats per la populacion per establir de liames dirècts amb lei divinitats gràcias a de rites basadas sus la consumacion de plantas allucinogènas<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Enfin, i aviá una gròssa importància donada a un culte dei mòrts ò deis ancians que permetiá d'afichar l'estatut de la familha<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La <a href="/wiki/Cosmogonia" title="Cosmogonia">cosmogonia</a> associada ai crèires maias èra fòrça estructurada. Lo mond i èra devesit entre un paradís de 13 nivèus, un mond sosterrenh de 9 nivèus e un endrech intermediari que correspondiá au plan d'existéncia dei mortaus. Cada nivèu aviá quatre ponchs cardinaus, identificats amb un <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>, qu'èran associats ai divinitats principalas. Fòrça nombrós, lei dieus presentavan, en mai d'aquò, d'aspèctes diferents segon lei nivèus e l'ora de la jornada<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> . Lei pus importants èran : </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itzamna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Itzamna (la pagina existís pas)">Itzamna</a>, dieu dau cèu, de la <a href="/wiki/Nuech" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuech">nuech</a> e dau <a href="/wiki/Jorn" title="Jorn">jorn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinich_Ahau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinich Ahau (la pagina existís pas)">Kinich Ahau</a>, dieu dau <a href="/wiki/Solelh" class="mw-redirect" title="Solelh">Soleu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaac" title="Chaac">Chaac</a>, dieu de la <a href="/wiki/Plu%C3%A8ja" title="Pluèja">plueja</a> e dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tr%C3%B2n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tròn (la pagina existís pas)">tròn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bolon_Dzacab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolon Dzacab (la pagina existís pas)">Bolon Dzacab</a>, dieu de la mòrt violenta.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ek_Chuah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ek Chuah (la pagina existís pas)">Ek Chuah</a>, dieu dei marchands e de la prosperitat.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ixchel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ixchel (la pagina existís pas)">Ixchel</a>, dieu dei vengudas deis aigas, de la <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8rra" title="Tèrra">Tèrra</a>, de la <a href="/wiki/Luna" title="Luna">Luna</a> e dei chavanas.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizacion_economica">Organizacion economica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : Organizacion economica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=12" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Organizacion economica"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'organizacion economica dei Maias es mau coneguda car lei tèxtes ancians ne'n parlan pas. Leis <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanhòus</a> s'interessèron tanben gaire au subjècte e sei rareis observacions son estacadas a un periòde de declin avançat de la civilizacion maia. Pasmens, l'<a href="/wiki/Arqueologia" title="Arqueologia">arqueologia</a> an permés de trobar plusors indicis mostrant una activitat economica intensa<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>L'<a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Norrigatge" class="mw-redirect" title="Norrigatge">norrigatge</a> (sustot lo <a href="/wiki/Can" class="mw-redirect" title="Can">can</a> e lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dindon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dindon (la pagina existís pas)">dindon</a>), la <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a" title="Caça">caça</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8rvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cèrvi">cèrvi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pecari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pecari (la pagina existís pas)">pecari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapir</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monina (la pagina existís pas)">monina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auc%C3%A8l" class="mw-redirect" title="Aucèl">aucèu</a>...) e la <a href="/wiki/Pesca" title="Pesca">pesca</a> n'èran la basa. Se lei metòdes agricòlas èran avançats (brutladís complèx, bancaus...), lei païsans maias aviá ges d'otís de <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metau</a>. </p><p>De cambis comerciaus importants avián luòc entre ciutats, compres amb de vilas situats dins d'autrei regions de <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo transpòrt èra realizat per d'òmes (sur lei <a href="/wiki/Rota" title="Rota">rotas</a>) ò per de <a href="/wiki/Naviri" title="Naviri">naviris</a> leugiers (sus lei cors d'aiga). La <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B2da" title="Ròda">ròda</a> èra probablament coneguda mai foguèt pas utilizada per lo transpòrt. De favas de cacau e de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Campaneta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campaneta (la pagina existís pas)">campanetas</a> de <a href="/wiki/Coire" title="Coire">coire</a> èran utilizadas coma <a href="/wiki/Moneda" title="Moneda">moneda</a>. Lei bens principaus qu'èran cambiats èran de metaus preciós (<a href="/wiki/Aur" title="Aur">aur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argent" class="mw-redirect" title="Argent">argent</a> e <a href="/wiki/Coire" title="Coire">coire</a>), de <a href="/wiki/Cacau" class="mw-redirect" title="Cacau">cacau</a>, de plumas de <a href="/wiki/Quetzal" title="Quetzal">quetzal</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Gema" title="Gema">gemas</a> (sustot lo <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>), de <a href="/wiki/Terralha" title="Terralha">terralhas</a>, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=M%C3%B2ble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mòble (la pagina existís pas)">mòbles</a> e divèrseis objèctes de luxe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sciéncias_e_tecnologias"><span id="Sci.C3.A9ncias_e_tecnologias"></span>Sciéncias e tecnologias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Sciéncias e tecnologias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=13" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Sciéncias e tecnologias"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultura">Agricultura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Agricultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=14" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Agricultura"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per norrir una populacion importanta, lei Maias deguèron desvolopar divèrsei metòdes <a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricòlas</a> destinadas a maximizar sa produccion. L'usatge dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brutlad%C3%ADs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brutladís (la pagina existís pas)">brutladís</a> n'èra la basa. Per aquò, lei païsans cremavan lei brossalhas d'una parcèla mai i laissavan en plaça leis <a href="/wiki/Arbre" title="Arbre">aubres</a>. Après quauqueis ans d'utilizacion, l'endrech èra laissat en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garach (la pagina existís pas)">garach</a> e leis aubres n'acceleravan la regeneracion. </p><p>Lei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brutlad%C3%ADs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brutladís (la pagina existís pas)">brutladís</a> foncionavan ben dins lei regions <a href="/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan">volcanicas</a> e drudas dei Tèrras Autas. Pasmens, dins lei Tèrras Bassas, la fertilitat èra febla e d'autrei tecnicas foguèron necessàrias. Ansin, lei Maias bastiguèron de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bancau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bancau (la pagina existís pas)">bancaus</a> per aparar lei tenements còntra l'<a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> e de camps subreauçats dins lei regions <a href="/wiki/Palun" title="Palun">palun</a>ósas<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De rets d'aigatge permetián de provesir l'aiga necessària<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De mai, la fanja que blocava lei canaus èra utilizada per remplaçar la tèrra perduda dins lei bancaus ò contuniar de subreauçar lei montets. </p><p>Lei culturas maias principalas èran lo <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B2s_blat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gròs blat">gròs blat</a>, lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fai%C3%B2u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faiòu (la pagina existís pas)">faiòu</a> e la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocorda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocorda (la pagina existís pas)">cocorda</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aqueleis aliments permèton d'aver un regime alimentari quasi equilibrat que necessita pauc de complements <a href="/wiki/Carn" title="Carn">carnats</a>. Aquò permetiá de limitar l'importància de la <a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%A7a" title="Caça">caça</a> (practica dins la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jungla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jungla (la pagina existís pas)">jungla</a>) e de la <a href="/wiki/Pesca" title="Pesca">pesca</a> (practicada dins lei canaus d'aigatge). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terralha">Terralha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : Terralha" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=15" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Terralha"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Installats dins una region rica de <a href="/wiki/Minerau" title="Minerau">mineraus</a> fòrça variats gràcias au <a href="/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan">volcanisme</a> e a una gròssa diversitat d'argiela, lei Maias desvolopèron un mestritge de remarca de la fabricacion de <a href="/wiki/Terralha" title="Terralha">terralhas</a>. Cinc periòdes principaus de produccion son generalament identificadas per leis <a href="/wiki/Arqueologia" title="Arqueologia">arqueològs</a>. Durant lo Preclassic (fins 250 avC) e lo Preclassic Tardiu (250 avC - 250 apC), lei terralhas an unicament una foncion utilitària e una forma de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cocorda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cocorda (la pagina existís pas)">cocorda</a> destinada au transpòrt d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a> ò de manjar. Aquela forma particulara indica probable l'utilizacion anteriora de cocordas cavadas coma recipient. L'ornamentacion d'aquelei terralhas èra simpla (emprentas de calhau, gravaduras simplas...). Pasmens, vèrs la fin dau Preclassic Tardiu, comencèron d'aparéisser de formas pus complèxs coma de terralhas tetrapòdas de color roja. </p><p>Durant lo Classic Aut (<a href="/wiki/250" class="mw-redirect" title="250">250</a>-<a href="/wiki/550" class="mw-redirect" title="550">550</a>), la cultura de <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> agantèt lei país maias. La <a href="/w/index.php?title=Policromia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Policromia (la pagina existís pas)">policromia</a> apareguèt e lei tecnicas de fabricacion venguèron omogenèas dins tot l'ensems maia – au contrari dei dos periòdes precedents. Certanei terralhas, especialament aquelei ambé plusors colors, venguèron de bens de luxe reservats a l'elèit. Aquela tendància contunièt durant lo periòde seguent (dich Classic) que veguèt tanben una diversificacion dei formas e l'aparicion de scenas figurativas. </p><p>Enfin, après la fin de l'èra classica, apareguèron de terralhas en partida inspiradas per lei Toltècs amb una color arange (<a href="/wiki/975" class="mw-redirect" title="975">975</a>-<a href="/wiki/1200" class="mw-redirect" title="1200">1200</a>) puei roja (<a href="/wiki/1200" class="mw-redirect" title="1200">1200</a>-<a href="/wiki/1540" class="mw-redirect" title="1540">1540</a>). L'art maia de la terralha dispareguèt après la conquista <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">espanhòla</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escritura">Escritura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Escritura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=16" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Escritura"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Escritura_maia" title="Escritura maia">Escritura maia</a>.</div> <p>Utilizada dau sègle III avC au sègle XVII apC, l'<a href="/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura">escritura</a> maia èra formada de <a href="/wiki/Glif" title="Glif">glifs</a> que representavan de <a href="/wiki/Mot" title="Mot">mots</a> ò de <a href="/wiki/Sillaba" title="Sillaba">sillabas</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Una <a href="/wiki/Sillaba" title="Sillaba">sillaba</a> podiá èsser escricha de plusors manieras diferentas e un mot podiá ansin aver plusors representacions : un glif « ideografic », de glifs sillabics ò una combinason de glifs ideografics e sillabics. Una classa d'escribas, que fasiá partida de l'elèit de la societat, aviá lo mestritge d'aqueu sistèma – relativament complèx – e sa comprenença per lo rèsta de la populacion es desconeguda. Pasmens, permetèt la creacion d'una literatura rica, largament destrucha per leis <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanhòus</a>. </p><p>En despiech dei destruccions de la conquista <a href="/wiki/Colonialisme" title="Colonialisme">coloniala</a>, plusors tèxtes maias an subreviscut, especialament gràcias ais estelas gravadas per celebrar d'eveniments importants. De mai, lo monge <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_de_Landa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego de Landa (la pagina existís pas)">Diego de Landa</a> (<a href="/wiki/1529" class="mw-redirect" title="1529">1529</a>-<a href="/wiki/1579" class="mw-redirect" title="1579">1579</a>), qu'aviá assaiat d'anientar lei vestigis de la civilizacion maia, aviá paradoxalament laissat una mena de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sillabari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sillabari (la pagina existís pas)">sillabari</a>. Son utilizacion foguèt malaisada e la traduccion de l'escritura maia avancèt pas fins ai trabalhs dau <a href="/wiki/URSS" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">Sovietic</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Knorozov" title="Yuri Knorozov">Yuri Knorozov</a> (<a href="/wiki/1922" class="mw-redirect" title="1922">1922</a>-<a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aqueu darrier descubirguèt la natura sillabica dei glifs. Puei, l'<a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">Estatsunidenc</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Stuart&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Stuart (la pagina existís pas)">David Stuart</a> (nascut en <a href="/wiki/1965" class="mw-redirect" title="1965">1965</a>) descurbiguèt la natura ideografic de certanei glifs<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Amb aperaquí 800 glifs identificats a l'ora d'ara, aquò a permés de tradurre 80% dei tèxtes maias coneguts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matematicas_e_astronòmia"><span id="Matematicas_e_astron.C3.B2mia"></span>Matematicas e astronòmia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : Matematicas e astronòmia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=17" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Matematicas e astronòmia"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Maya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/220px-Maya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/330px-Maya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/440px-Maya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Chifras maias.</figcaption></figure> <p>Per de rasons probablament <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religiosas</a>, lei Maias desvolopèron l'estudi dei <a href="/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas">matematicas</a> e de l'<a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronomia</a> amb de resultats relativament impressionants en comparason dau nivèu <a href="/wiki/Tecnologia" title="Tecnologia">tecnologic</a> feble de sa <a href="/wiki/Civilizacion" title="Civilizacion">civilizacion</a>. Per aquò, utilizèron lo sistèma de basa 20 qu'existiá en <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a><sup id="cite_ref-Foster_2002_p._249_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster_2002_p._249-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dotat d'un element <a href="/wiki/0_(nombre)" title="0 (nombre)">zèro</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, aqueu sistèma matematic foguèt conjugat amb de representacions graficas per permetre lo manejament de chifras importants, compres de calculs a l'<a href="/wiki/Infinit" title="Infinit">infinit</a><sup id="cite_ref-Foster_2002_p._249_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foster_2002_p._249-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Leis aplicacions pus conegudas d'aquelei conoissenças son <a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronomicas</a>. En particular, permetèron de mesuras fòrça precisas dei posicions deis astres. Per exemple, lei Maias avián estimat la durada d'un an a 365,2420 jorns còntra 365,2422 per leis astronòms modèrnes (e 365,2425 per lo calendier gregorian). De mai, èran capables d'estudiar e de preveire lo movement de la <a href="/wiki/Luna" title="Luna">Luna</a> e dei <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planetas</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calendiers">Calendiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Calendiers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=18" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Calendiers"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei Maias utilizavan plusors <a href="/wiki/Calendi%C3%A8r" title="Calendièr">calendiers</a> basats sus sei calculs <a href="/wiki/Astronomia" title="Astronomia">astronomics</a>. Lei dos principaus èran lo <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tzolk%27in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tzolk'in (la pagina existís pas)">tzolk'in</a></i> e lo <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haab (la pagina existís pas)">haab</a></i>. Lo premier èra utilizat per de questions <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religiosas</a> e èra fach de combinasons de 20 jorns e 13 chifras<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo segond èra un calendier civiu de 365 jorns devesits en 18 mes de 20 jorns completats per 5 jorns addicionaus<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Pasmens, lo <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tzolk%27in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tzolk'in (la pagina existís pas)">tzolk'in</a></i> e lo <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haab (la pagina existís pas)">haab</a></i> permetián pas de datar corrèctament un eveniment car seis ans èran pas numerotats. Per aquò, lei Maias desvolopèron lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B2mpte_l%C3%B2ng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Còmpte lòng (la pagina existís pas)">còmpte lòng</a> que permetiá d'establir un liame entre lei dos calendiers e d'i posicionar una data <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istorica</a>. De còps, èra completat per de donadas eissidas de l'observacion dei movements de la <a href="/wiki/Luna" title="Luna">Luna</a>. </p><p>En mai d'aquò, lei Maias avián d'autrei metòdes per mesurar lo temps. En particular, podián utilizar lei cicles <a href="/wiki/Solelh" class="mw-redirect" title="Solelh">solars</a> (equinocis e solsticis) e lei cicles de <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A8nus_(planeta)" title="Vènus (planeta)">Vènus</a>. D'efiech, lei movements d'aquela <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planeta</a> èran sovent associats amb lo <a href="/wiki/Mau" title="Mau">mau</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultura">Cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : Cultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=19" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Cultura"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arquitectura">Arquitectura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : Arquitectura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=20" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Arquitectura"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/wiki/Arquitectura" title="Arquitectura">arquitectura</a> maia èra inspirada per l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Arquitectura_mesoamericana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arquitectura mesoamericana (la pagina existís pas)">arquitectura mesoamericana</a> e per lei concepcions maias de l'<a href="/wiki/Univ%C3%A8rs" title="Univèrs">Univèrs</a>. En particular, lei ciutats respectan l'imatge maia dau <a href="/wiki/Cosm%C3%B2s" class="mw-disambig" title="Cosmòs">cosmòs</a>, çò que permetèt ai sobeirans d'afiermar sa legitimitat divina durant lei rites e lei ceremònias <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religiosas</a>. Sei principis generaus son l'existéncia d'un còr urban format d'un centre ceremoniau, reservat a l'elèit, enviroutat dei quartiers irregulars restats per lo pòble<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Lei centres ceremoniaus èran bastits segon d'estiles monumentaus. Seis infrastructuras son pas totjorn aisadas d'identificar en despiech de vestigis sovent importants. Pasmens, entre lei construccions pus frequentas, l'òm pòu citar : </p> <ul><li>lei plataformas qu'èran utilizadas per realizar certanei ceremònias ò coma fondacion per d'autrei bastiments.</li> <li>lei palais, sovent fòrça decorats, que semblan sovent a d'<a href="/wiki/Acrop%C3%B2li" title="Acropòli">acropòlis</a>. Pasmens, aqueu ròtle de <a href="/wiki/Fortificacion" title="Fortificacion">fortificacion</a> es pas clar. En revènge, lei palais èran sovent utilizats coma <a href="/wiki/Necrop%C3%B2li" title="Necropòli">necropòli</a> per l'<a href="/wiki/Aristocracia" title="Aristocracia">aristocracia</a>.</li> <li>lei « grops E » es una estructura complèxa que se tròba dins lei regions meridionalas e centralas. Son fachs d'una piramida e d'una plataforma. Sa foncion precisa es desconeguda mai l'ipotèsi principala imagina un ròtle d'<a href="/wiki/Observat%C3%B2ri_astronomic" title="Observatòri astronomic">observatòri astronomic</a>.</li> <li>lei « grops triadics » son formats d'un bastiment principau, de dos annèxas lateralas e d'una plataforma. Caracteristica dau Preclassic Tardiu, son ròtle es desconegut.</li> <li>lei piramidas amb un temple a sa cima. Reservadas ai dieus pus importants, aquelei construccions devián aver una geometria fòrça precisa per respectar la <a href="/wiki/Cosmologia" title="Cosmologia">cosmologia</a> maia. Ansin, certanei piramidas, especialament aquelei dedicadas a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kukulkan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kukulkan (la pagina existís pas)">Kukulkan</a>, èran probable utilizadas coma observatòris astronomics.</li> <li>lei jòcs de bala.</li></ul> <p>En causa de l'istòria lònga dei Maias e dei particularismes regionaus marcats, l'arquitectura maia presenta d'estiles diferents segon leis epòcas e leis endrechs. Lei materiaus utilizats èran generalament la <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> e la <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8ira" class="mw-redirect" title="Pèira">pèira</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, dins certanei regions, coma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comalcalco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comalcalco (la pagina existís pas)">Comalcalco</a>, leis abitants utilizèron tanben de bricas d'argiela (benlèu en causa de la manca de pèira<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). L'abséncia d'otís de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a> e de mejans de transpòrt animaus èra gaire un problema car lei materiaus de construccion èran fòrça comuns, especialament lo <a href="/wiki/Calcari" title="Calcari">calcari</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Leis <a href="/wiki/Ostal" title="Ostal">ostaus</a> de la populacion generala èran fachs de materiaus passadís coma de ramèus trenats cubèrts d'argiela. La teulissa èra realizada amb de fuelhas de pauma. De clujadas podián tanben èsser utilizadas. Aqueu tipe d'ostau existís totjorn en <a href="/wiki/Yucatan" title="Yucatan">Yucata</a>n. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Palenque_-_El_Palacio_-_Rekonstruktion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Reconstitucion dau palais de Palenque."><img alt="Reconstitucion dau palais de Palenque." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Palenque_-_El_Palacio_-_Rekonstruktion.jpg/120px-Palenque_-_El_Palacio_-_Rekonstruktion.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Palenque_-_El_Palacio_-_Rekonstruktion.jpg/180px-Palenque_-_El_Palacio_-_Rekonstruktion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Palenque_-_El_Palacio_-_Rekonstruktion.jpg/240px-Palenque_-_El_Palacio_-_Rekonstruktion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Reconstitucion dau palais de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palenque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palenque (la pagina existís pas)">Palenque</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:TempleOfMasks_Uaxactun.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="« Grop E » d'Uaxactun"><img alt="« Grop E » d'Uaxactun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/TempleOfMasks_Uaxactun.JPG/120px-TempleOfMasks_Uaxactun.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/TempleOfMasks_Uaxactun.JPG/180px-TempleOfMasks_Uaxactun.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/TempleOfMasks_Uaxactun.JPG/240px-TempleOfMasks_Uaxactun.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2530" data-file-height="1488" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">« Grop E » d'Uaxactun</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:0140_Palenque.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Temple de Palenque situat a la cima d'una piramida."><img alt="Temple de Palenque situat a la cima d'una piramida." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/0140_Palenque.JPG/120px-0140_Palenque.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/0140_Palenque.JPG/180px-0140_Palenque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/0140_Palenque.JPG/240px-0140_Palenque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Temple de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palenque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palenque (la pagina existís pas)">Palenque</a> situat a la cima d'una piramida.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Chichen_Itza_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="El Castillo, piramida de Chichen Itza."><img alt="El Castillo, piramida de Chichen Itza." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg/120px-Chichen_Itza_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg/180px-Chichen_Itza_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Chichen_Itza_3.jpg/240px-Chichen_Itza_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9771" data-file-height="5197" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">El Castillo, piramida de <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Chichen_itza_ballcourt.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jòc de bala de Chichen Itza."><img alt="Jòc de bala de Chichen Itza." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chichen_itza_ballcourt.jpg/120px-Chichen_itza_ballcourt.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chichen_itza_ballcourt.jpg/180px-Chichen_itza_ballcourt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Chichen_itza_ballcourt.jpg/240px-Chichen_itza_ballcourt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jòc de bala de <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escultura">Escultura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : Escultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=21" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Escultura"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pèira"><span id="P.C3.A8ira"></span>Pèira</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Pèira" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=22" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Pèira"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'escultura maia, probablament eissida de l'escultura <a href="/wiki/Civilizacion_olm%C3%A8ca" title="Civilizacion olmèca">olmèca</a>, èra un art major. Apareguda tre lo Periòde Preclassic, donèt naissença a divèrsei tipes d'objèctes : </p> <ul><li>leis estelas son de blòts de <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B2ca" title="Ròca">ròca</a> escultats e gravats, sovent acompanhadas per d'autars. Principalament bastidas a l'iniciativa dei sobeirans dau Periòde Classic, èran destinadas a celebrar d'eveniments importants. Illustran lo mestritge dei detalhs e de l'observacion dau còrs uman deis artistas maias.</li> <li>lei lindaus, lei panèus e lei tauletas plaçats sus lei pòrtas, lei muralhas e lei costats dei plataformas. Permetián sovent la realizacion de bas-relèus depintant de scenas amb plusors personatges. Per exemple, es lo cas en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palenque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palenque (la pagina existís pas)">Palenque</a>, amb plusors tauletas depintant un <a href="/wiki/Palais" title="Palais">palais</a> ò d'<a href="/wiki/Esclavatge" title="Esclavatge">esclaus</a>.</li> <li>leis escaliers monumentaus qu'èran generalament cubèrts de motius ieroglifics, de tèxtes e de scenas (jòc de bala... etc.).</li> <li>d'autars, rebons ò rectangulars, qu'èran fòrça ornats. I aviá pereu d'esculturas zoomòrfas que tenián una foncion similara.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Copan_St_H.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Estelas de Copán."><img alt="Estelas de Copán." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Copan_St_H.jpg/61px-Copan_St_H.jpg" decoding="async" width="61" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Copan_St_H.jpg/91px-Copan_St_H.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Copan_St_H.jpg/122px-Copan_St_H.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1838" data-file-height="3617" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Estelas de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cop%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copán (la pagina existís pas)">Copán</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Stela18TakalikAbaj.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Estelas autar de Takalik Abaj."><img alt="Estelas autar de Takalik Abaj." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Stela18TakalikAbaj.jpg/90px-Stela18TakalikAbaj.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Stela18TakalikAbaj.jpg/135px-Stela18TakalikAbaj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Stela18TakalikAbaj.jpg/180px-Stela18TakalikAbaj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Estelas autar de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Takalik_Abaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takalik Abaj (la pagina existís pas)">Takalik Abaj</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Stele51CalakmulMuseum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Estela de Calakmul."><img alt="Estela de Calakmul." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Stele51CalakmulMuseum.JPG/62px-Stele51CalakmulMuseum.JPG" decoding="async" width="62" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Stele51CalakmulMuseum.JPG/93px-Stele51CalakmulMuseum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Stele51CalakmulMuseum.JPG/124px-Stele51CalakmulMuseum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="1113" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Estela de <a href="/wiki/Calakmul" title="Calakmul">Calakmul</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Cancuenpanel3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panèu escultat en Cancuén."><img alt="Panèu escultat en Cancuén." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cancuenpanel3.jpg/120px-Cancuenpanel3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cancuenpanel3.jpg/180px-Cancuenpanel3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cancuenpanel3.jpg/240px-Cancuenpanel3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="1541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panèu escultat en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cancu%C3%A9n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cancuén (la pagina existís pas)">Cancuén</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Ossuary_stairs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Escaliers de Chichen Itza."><img alt="Escaliers de Chichen Itza." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ossuary_stairs.jpg/120px-Ossuary_stairs.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ossuary_stairs.jpg/180px-Ossuary_stairs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ossuary_stairs.jpg/240px-Ossuary_stairs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Escaliers de <a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" class="mw-redirect" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Estuc">Estuc</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Estuc" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=23" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Estuc"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lei Maias aprenguèron d'utilizar l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Estuc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estuc (la pagina existís pas)">estuc</a> dins lo corrent dau Periòde Preclassic Tardiu. Se'n serviguèron principalament per curbir e protegir sei construccions ò per empegar de panèus de pèira escultada sus una muralha. Pasmens, èran tanben capables de l'adoptar per realizar dirèctament d'<a href="/wiki/Escultura" title="Escultura">esculturas</a> complèxas qu'èran de còps <a href="/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura">pintadas</a>. Per exemple, foguèt lo cas dins lo temple dau rèi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yax_K%27uk%27_Mo%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yax K'uk' Mo' (la pagina existís pas)">Yax K'uk' Mo'</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cop%C3%A1n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copán (la pagina existís pas)">Copán</a>. </p><p>Lei tecnicas de trabalh d'aqueu materiau èran variadas mai, sovent, lei Maias realizavan de serias de panèus qu'èran per la seguida associats per formar una frisa ò un ensems pus complèx. Lo nivèu de detalh agantat per leis artesans trabalhant l'estuc, quasi identic an aqueu deis artistas de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Roman">Empèri Roman</a>, demorèt inegalat en <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:PyramideDesMasquesKohunlich.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Escultura d'estuc sus una muralha."><img alt="Escultura d'estuc sus una muralha." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/PyramideDesMasquesKohunlich.jpg/120px-PyramideDesMasquesKohunlich.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/PyramideDesMasquesKohunlich.jpg/250px-PyramideDesMasquesKohunlich.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="761" data-file-height="571" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Escultura d'estuc sus una muralha.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I_v2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Retrach d'estuc d'un sobeiran maia."><img alt="Retrach d'estuc d'un sobeiran maia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I_v2.jpg/71px-K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I_v2.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I_v2.jpg/106px-K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I_v2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I_v2.jpg/141px-K%27inich_Janaab_Pakal_I_v2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="2273" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Retrach d'estuc d'un sobeiran maia.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fusta">Fusta</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : Fusta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=24" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Fusta"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'escultura de la <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> èra probablament fòrça frequenta mai pauc d'exemples an subreviscut a la conquista <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">espanhòla</a> e ais efiechs dau <a href="/wiki/Temps" title="Temps">temps</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, quauqueis esculturas e lei testimònis dei <i>conquistadors</i> permèton d'identificar un usatge comun, compres dins lei <a href="/wiki/Palais" title="Palais">palais</a> e lei <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a>. En particular, una escultura de fusta descubèrta en <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> mòstra un rèi amb una figura protectritz. Plusors lintaus de fusta, gravats e ornats, foguèron pereu trobats per leis <a href="/wiki/Arqueologia" title="Arqueologia">arqueològs</a> dins aquela ciutat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pintura">Pintura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modificar la seccion : Pintura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=25" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Pintura"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pintura_maia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pintura maia (la pagina existís pas)">Pintura maia</a>.</div> <p>En causa de l'umiditat dau <a href="/wiki/Clima" title="Clima">clima</a>, la màger part dei <a href="/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura">pinturas</a> maias es perduda. Pasmens, lei descubèrtas arqueologicas permèton d'afiermar l'importància d'aquel art au sen de l'elèit de la societat<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En particular, lei bastiments importants e leis ensems funeraris èran ornats de pinturas muralas que podián representar de motius <a href="/wiki/Geometria" title="Geometria">geometrics</a>, de scenas de la vida vidanta, de scenas <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria" title="Istòria">istoricas</a> (sovent accompanhadas de tèxtes) e de scenas mitologicas representant de <a href="/wiki/Dieu" title="Dieu">divinitats</a>. </p><p>L'autre aspècte important de la pintura maia qu'es conegut a l'ora d'ara es son utilizacion per la decoracion dei <a href="/wiki/Terralha" title="Terralha">terralhas</a> de luxe qu'èran cambiats per l'<a href="/wiki/Aristocracia" title="Aristocracia">aristocracia</a>. D'efiech, aquelei terralhas pòrtan sovent de scenas istoricas ò mitologias, de tèxtes e de motius geometrics realizats amb un suenh extrèm<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Bonampak_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pintura murala de Bonampak."><img alt="Pintura murala de Bonampak." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bonampak_painting.jpg/120px-Bonampak_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bonampak_painting.jpg/180px-Bonampak_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bonampak_painting.jpg/240px-Bonampak_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pintura murala de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonampak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonampak (la pagina existís pas)">Bonampak</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:SBmural.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pintura murala de San Bartolo."><img alt="Pintura murala de San Bartolo." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/SBmural.jpg/81px-SBmural.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/SBmural.jpg/122px-SBmural.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/SBmural.jpg/162px-SBmural.jpg 2x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="433" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pintura murala de <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Bartolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Bartolo (la pagina existís pas)">San Bartolo</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Codex_vase_Collection_Henry_Law_154.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Codèx pintat sus una terralha."><img alt="Codèx pintat sus una terralha." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Codex_vase_Collection_Henry_Law_154.jpg/90px-Codex_vase_Collection_Henry_Law_154.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Codex_vase_Collection_Henry_Law_154.jpg/135px-Codex_vase_Collection_Henry_Law_154.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Codex_vase_Collection_Henry_Law_154.jpg/180px-Codex_vase_Collection_Henry_Law_154.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="3300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Codèx pintat sus una terralha.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Sacul_vase.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terralha pintada representant una scena amb un tèxte."><img alt="Terralha pintada representant una scena amb un tèxte." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sacul_vase.jpg/59px-Sacul_vase.jpg" decoding="async" width="59" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sacul_vase.jpg/89px-Sacul_vase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Sacul_vase.jpg/119px-Sacul_vase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terralha pintada representant una scena amb un tèxte.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musica">Musica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modificar la seccion : Musica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=26" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Musica"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La musica maia es coneguda gràcias a de descripcions realizadas per d'<a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanhòus</a> e a de tèxtes datant dau Periòde Classic. Aquò a permés d'identificar mai d'un instrument e de mostrar l'importància de la musica au sen de la societat maia. En revènge, la notacion musicala es totalament perduda. </p><p>Leis instruments principaus èran lei <a href="/wiki/Trompeta" title="Trompeta">trompetas</a>, lei <a href="/wiki/Maraca" title="Maraca">maracas</a> e lei <a href="/wiki/Tambor" title="Tambor">tambors</a>. Segon lei <a href="/wiki/Pintura" title="Pintura">pinturas</a> representant de scenas de <a href="/wiki/Musica" title="Musica">musica</a>, lei trompetas èran fòrça utilizadas per anonciar l'arribada dau rèi e per comunicar a la caça ò sus lo prat batalhier. Lei maracas èran a l'origina realizats a partir de cocorda mai leis arqueològs an tanben descubèrt de modèls pus avançats qu'èran fachs de terralha. Enfin, lei tambors avián de formas e de concepcions variadas. La màger part èran de <a href="/wiki/Fusta" title="Fusta">fusta</a> mai d'autrei materiaus, coma de coirassas de <a href="/wiki/Tortuga" class="mw-redirect" title="Tortuga">tortuga</a>, foguèron de còps adoptats. Seis usatges èran nombrós e leis Espanhòus l'observèron coma mejan de comunicacion durant la conquista de <a href="/wiki/Yucatan" title="Yucatan">Yucatan</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Bonampak_painting%2Bcontrast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pintura representant de musicians."><img alt="Pintura representant de musicians." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bonampak_painting%2Bcontrast.jpg/120px-Bonampak_painting%2Bcontrast.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bonampak_painting%2Bcontrast.jpg/180px-Bonampak_painting%2Bcontrast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bonampak_painting%2Bcontrast.jpg/240px-Bonampak_painting%2Bcontrast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pintura representant de musicians.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Jaina_flute_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flaüta maia de terralha dau Periòde Classic."><img alt="Flaüta maia de terralha dau Periòde Classic." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jaina_flute_1.jpg/49px-Jaina_flute_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="49" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jaina_flute_1.jpg/74px-Jaina_flute_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Jaina_flute_1.jpg/99px-Jaina_flute_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="569" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Fla%C3%BCta" title="Flaüta">Flaüta</a> maia de <a href="/wiki/Terralha" title="Terralha">terralha</a> dau Periòde Classic.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literatura">Literatura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modificar la seccion : Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=27" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Literatura"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La literatura maia apareguèt vèrs <a href="/wiki/-300" class="mw-redirect" title="-300">300 avC</a> e dispareguèt ambé la conquista espanhòla ai sègles XVI e XVII. Es en partida desconeguda car lei <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquistador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conquistador (la pagina existís pas)">conquistador</a></i>s e lei prèires espanhòus organizèron sa destruccion sistematica. Pasmens, quatre libres e un nombre important d'estelas e de terralhas escrichas subrevisquèron. Aquò permetèt de comprendre l'importància de la literatura maia que foguèt probablament la pus sofisticada de <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>. </p><p>Lei tèxtes coneguts tractan de religion e d'istòria. Depintan lo mond maia ò d'eveniments importants coma la construccion d'un monument ò la victòria d'un rèi còntra un rivau. En revènge, lei tèxtes scientifics e filosofics son perduts<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Paris_Codex,_pages_4-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paginas dau Codèx de Paris, un dei quatre libres maias coneguts a l'ora d'ara."><img alt="Paginas dau Codèx de Paris, un dei quatre libres maias coneguts a l'ora d'ara." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Paris_Codex%2C_pages_4-5.jpg/120px-Paris_Codex%2C_pages_4-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Paris_Codex%2C_pages_4-5.jpg/180px-Paris_Codex%2C_pages_4-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Paris_Codex%2C_pages_4-5.jpg/240px-Paris_Codex%2C_pages_4-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1021" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Paginas dau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cod%C3%A8x_de_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codèx de Paris (la pagina existís pas)">Codèx de Paris</a>, un dei quatre libres maias coneguts a l'ora d'ara.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Dresden_codex,_page_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Codèx de Dresden."><img alt="Codèx de Dresden." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg/55px-Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg/83px-Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg/110px-Dresden_codex%2C_page_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2254" data-file-height="4886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cod%C3%A8x_de_Dresden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codèx de Dresden (la pagina existís pas)">Codèx de Dresden</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Ethnologisches_Museum_Berlin_Mesoamerika_019.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tèxte escrich sus una terralha."><img alt="Tèxte escrich sus una terralha." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnologisches_Museum_Berlin_Mesoamerika_019.JPG/120px-Ethnologisches_Museum_Berlin_Mesoamerika_019.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnologisches_Museum_Berlin_Mesoamerika_019.JPG/180px-Ethnologisches_Museum_Berlin_Mesoamerika_019.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnologisches_Museum_Berlin_Mesoamerika_019.JPG/240px-Ethnologisches_Museum_Berlin_Mesoamerika_019.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tèxte escrich sus una terralha.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Cancuenpanel3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tèxte escrich sus una estela."><img alt="Tèxte escrich sus una estela." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cancuenpanel3.jpg/120px-Cancuenpanel3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cancuenpanel3.jpg/180px-Cancuenpanel3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cancuenpanel3.jpg/240px-Cancuenpanel3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="1541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tèxte escrich sus una estela.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dança"><span id="Dan.C3.A7a"></span>Dança</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modificar la seccion : Dança" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=28" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Dança"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dan%C3%A7a_maia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dança maia (la pagina existís pas)">Dança maia</a>.</div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Dan%C3%A7a" title="Dança">dança</a> èra fòrça importanta dins tota la societat maia (dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobeiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobeiran (la pagina existís pas)">sobeirans</a> ai <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%A8ba" title="Plèba">plebeus</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Lo <a href="/wiki/Glif" title="Glif">glif</a> designant la dança foguèt identificat en <a href="/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a> e lei tèxtes parlant de dança illustran l'importància dau subjècte. Pasmens, en causa de la destruccion dei <a href="/wiki/Libre" title="Libre">libres</a> maias per leis <a href="/wiki/Espanha" title="Espanha">Espanhòus</a>, la màger part d'aquel <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> es uei perduda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liames_intèrnes"><span id="Liames_int.C3.A8rnes"></span>Liames intèrnes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Modificar la seccion : Liames intèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=29" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Liames intèrnes"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afondrament_de_la_civilizacion_maia_classica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afondrament de la civilizacion maia classica (la pagina existís pas)">Afondrament de la civilizacion maia classica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agricultura_mesoamericana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agricultura mesoamericana (la pagina existís pas)">Agricultura mesoamericana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conquista_espanh%C3%B2la_de_Yucatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conquista espanhòla de Yucatan (la pagina existís pas)">Conquista espanhòla de Yucatan</a> : <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Premiera_Gu%C3%A8rra_Ispanomaia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Premiera Guèrra Ispanomaia (la pagina existís pas)">Premiera Guèrra Ispanomaia</a> (<a href="/wiki/1519" class="mw-redirect" title="1519">1519</a>-<a href="/wiki/1521" class="mw-redirect" title="1521">1521</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_Ispanomaia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Segonda Guèrra Ispanomaia (la pagina existís pas)">Segonda Guèrra Ispanomaia</a> (<a href="/wiki/1523" class="mw-redirect" title="1523">1523</a>-<a href="/wiki/1525" class="mw-redirect" title="1525">1525</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tresena_Gu%C3%A8rra_Ispanomaia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tresena Guèrra Ispanomaia (la pagina existís pas)">Tresena Guèrra Ispanomaia</a> (<a href="/wiki/1530" class="mw-redirect" title="1530">1530</a>-<a href="/wiki/1535" class="mw-redirect" title="1535">1535</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quatrena_Gu%C3%A8rra_Ispanomaia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quatrena Guèrra Ispanomaia (la pagina existís pas)">Quatrena Guèrra Ispanomaia</a> (<a href="/wiki/1540" class="mw-redirect" title="1540">1540</a>-<a href="/wiki/1545" class="mw-redirect" title="1545">1545</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rev%C3%B2uta_maia_de_1546-1547&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revòuta maia de 1546-1547 (la pagina existís pas)">Revòuta maia de 1546-1547</a> (<a href="/wiki/1546" class="mw-redirect" title="1546">1546</a>-<a href="/wiki/1547" class="mw-redirect" title="1547">1547</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiera_Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Tayasal" title="Premiera Guèrra de Tayasal">Premiera Guèrra de Tayasal</a> (<a href="/wiki/1622" class="mw-redirect" title="1622">1622</a>-<a href="/wiki/1624" class="mw-redirect" title="1624">1624</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Segonda_Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Tayasal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Segonda Guèrra de Tayasal (la pagina existís pas)">Segonda Guèrra de Tayasal</a> (<a href="/wiki/1685" class="mw-redirect" title="1685">1685</a>-<a href="/wiki/1697" class="mw-redirect" title="1697">1697</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dan%C3%A7a_maia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dança maia (la pagina existís pas)">Dança maia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_mesoamericana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatura mesoamericana (la pagina existís pas)">Literatura mesoamericana</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=30" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Bibliografia"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>(es)</b> Alfredo López Austin e Leonardo López Luján, « La periodización de la historia mesoamericana », dins <i>Arqueología Mexicana</i>, n°12, setembre de 2002, pp. 6-15.</li> <li><b>(en)</b> Susan Toby Evans, « Ancient Mexico & Central America », Thames and Hudson, 2004.</li> <li><b>(en)</b> Matthew G. Looper, <i>To be like Gods</i>, University of Texas Press, 2009.</li> <li><b>(en)</b> Robert J. Sharer, <i>The Ancient Maya</i>, Stanford University Press, 2005.</li> <li><b>(en)</b> Robert J. Sharer e Loa P. Traxler, <i>The Ancient Maya</i>, Stanford University Press, 2006.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&action=edit&section=31" title="Editar lo còdi de la seccion seguenta: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(fr)</b> Nikolai Grube, <i>Les Mayas : art et civilisation</i>, Könemann, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Edwin M. Shook, « The Present Status of Research on the Preclassic Horizons in Guatemala », dins <i>In The Civilizations of Ancient America</i>, Proceedings of the 29th International Congress of Americanists, vol. 1, University of Chicago Press, 1951, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Michael Love, « Recent Research in the Southern Highlands and Pacific Coast of Mesoamerica », <i>Journal of Archaeological Research</i>, Springer Netherlands, vol. 15, n°4, pp. 291-292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Simon Martin e Nikolai Grube, <i>Chronicle of the Maya Kings and Queens : deciphering the dynasties of the ancient Maya</i>, Thames & Hudson, 2008, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leis eveniments d'aqueu conflicte son una fònt importanta d'estèlas e d'inscripcions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Robert J. Sharer e Loa P. Traxler, <i>The Ancient Maya</i>, Stanford University Press, 2006, pp. 322 e 333-338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Mary Ellen Miller, <i>Maya Art and Architecture</i>, Thames & Hudson, 1999, pp. 134-135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> David Stuart e George Stuart, <i>Palenque. Eternal City of the Maya</i>, Thames & Hudson, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> David Webster, <i>The Fall of the Ancient Maya</i>, Thames & Hudson, 2002, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Rafael Cobos Palma, « Chichén Itzá: Settlement and Hegemony During the Terminal Classic Period », dins Arthur A. Demarest, Prudence M. Rice e Don S. Rice (dir.), <i>The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition, and Transformation</i>, University Press of Colorado, 2005, pp. 531-533.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Marilyn Masson e Carlos Peraza Lope, <i>Kukulcan's Realm: Urban Life at Ancient Mayapán</i>, University Press of Colorado, 2014, capitól 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Robert J. Sharer, <i>The ancient Maya</i>, Stanford University Press, 2006, pp. 4 e 621-622.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Linda Schele e Peter Mathews, <i>The Code of Kings: The language of seven Maya temples and tombs</i>, Simon & Schuster, 1999, p. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Robert J. Sharer e Loa P. Traxler, <i>The Ancient Maya</i>, Stanford University Press, 2006, p. 772.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Lynn V. Foster, <i>Handbook to life in the ancient Maya world, Oxford University Press</i>, 2005, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Lewis, M. Paul, Gary F. Simons e Charles D. Fennig (dir.). « Maya, Yucatec », Languages of the World, SIL International, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Robert J. Sharer e Loa P. Traxler, <i>The Ancient Maya</i>, Stanford University Press, 2006, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Francis Oakley e Benjamin B. Rubin, « Sacral Kingship and the Origins of Religious, Social, and Political Orders », dins Patrick McNamara e Wesley J. Wildman (dir.), <i>Science and the World's Religions: Origins and Destinies</i>, vol. 1, Praeger/ABC-CLIO, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Arlen F. Chase e Diane Z. Chase, « Complex Societies in the Southern Maya Lowlands: Their Development and Florescence in the Archaeological Record », dins Deborah L. Nichols e Christopher A. Pool (dir.), <i>The Oxford Handbook of Mesoamerican Archaeology</i>, Oxford University Press, p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Robert J. Sharer e Loa P. Traxler, <i>The Ancient Maya</i>, Stanford University Press, 2006, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> William A. Emboden, « Nymphaea ampla and other Narcotics in Maya Ritual and Shamanism », <i>Mexicon</i>, vol. 1 , n° 4, 1979, pp. 50–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Robert J. Sharer e Loa P. Traxler, <i>The Ancient Maya</i>, Stanford University Press, 2006, pp. 91-92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Arthur Demarest, <i>Ancient Maya: The Rise and Fall of a Forest Civilization</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Bruce H. Dahlin, Christopher T. Jensen, Richard E. Terry, David R. Wright e Timothy Beach, « In Search of an Ancient Maya Market », <i>Latin American Antiquity</i>, vol. 18, n° 4, 2007, pp. 363–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Antonia E. Foias, <i>Ancient Maya Political Dynamics</i>, University Press of Florida, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Robert J. Sharer e Loa P. Traxler, <i>The Ancient Maya</i>, Stanford University Press, 2006, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Arthur Demarest, Ancient Maya: <i>The Rise and Fall of a Forest Civilization</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2004, pp. 130-138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> R. E. W. Adams, W. E. Brown e T. Patrick Culbert, « Radar mapping, Archaeology, and Ancient Maya Land Use », <i>Science</i>, New Series, vol. 213, n° 4515, 1981, pp. 1457–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Patricia Colunga-García Marín e Daniel Zizumbo-Villarreal, « Domestication of Plants in Maya Lowlands », <i>Economic Botany</i>, vol. 58, Supplement, 2004, pp. S101–S110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Yuki Tanaka, <i>A Comparative Study of Maya Hieroglyphic Writing and Japanese Orthography in the Quirigua Hieroglyphic Corpus</i>, Ann Arbor, 2008, pp. 30 e 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(fr)</b> Julia Kristeva, <i>Langage, cet inconnu (Le)</i>, Points, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Michael D. Coe, <i>Breaking the Maya Code</i>, Thames & Hudson, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foster_2002_p._249-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Foster_2002_p._249_33-0">33,0</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Foster_2002_p._249_33-1">33,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Lynn Foster, <i>Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World</i>, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Anna Blume, « Maya Concepts of Zero », <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i>, vol. 155, n° 1, 2011, pp. 51–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Lynn Foster, <i>Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World</i>, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Lynn Foster, <i>Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World</i>, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Lynn Foster, <i>Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World</i>, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Bertina Olmedo Vera, A. Arellano Hernández et al.,. <i>The Mayas of the Classic Period</i>, Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes (CONACULTA), 1997, p.34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Lynn Foster, <i>Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World</i>, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Lynn Foster, <i>Handbook to Life in the Ancient Maya World</i>, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(es)</b> Hohmann-Vogrin, « Unidad de espacio y tiempo: la arquitectura Maya », dins Nikolai Grube (dir.), <i>Los Mayas: Una Civilización Milenaria</i>, Tandem Verlag, 2011, p. 211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Mary Miller, <i>Maya Art and Architecture</i>, Thames & Hudson, 2009, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Robert J. Sharer e Loa P. Traxler, <i>The Ancient Maya</i>, Stanford University Press, 6<sup>a</sup> edicion, 2006, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Robert J. Sharer e Loa P. Traxler, <i>The Ancient Maya</i>, Stanford University Press, 6<sup>a</sup> edicion, 2006, p. 378.<br /><b>(en)</b> David Drew, <i>The Lost Chronicles of the Maya Kings</i>, Phoenix Press, 1999, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Michael D. Coe, <i>The Maya</i>, Thames and Hudson, 4<sup>a</sup> ed., 1987, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>(en)</b> Matthew G. Looper, <i>To be like Gods</i>, University of Texas Press, 2009.</span> </li> </ol> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&oldid=2447206">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civilizacion_maia&oldid=2447206</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P%C3%A0gines_amb_mides_d%27imatge_que_contenen_px_addicionals" title="Categoria:Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals">Pàgines amb mides d'imatge que contenen px addicionals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_redigit_en_proven%C3%A7au" title="Categoria:Article redigit en provençau">Article redigit en provençau</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Civilizacion_maia" title="Categoria:Civilizacion maia">Civilizacion maia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 25 agost de 2024 a 09.47.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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