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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Intendo" title="Intendo">Intendo</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style>Nintendo Co., Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a> is a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> company headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>. It develops, publishes and releases both video games and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>. <table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Nintendo Co., Ltd.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Logo in white on red background since 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/220px-Nintendo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/330px-Nintendo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/440px-Nintendo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="200"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Logo used since 2016</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.,_Ltd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Headquarters in Kyoto, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg/220px-Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg/330px-Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg/440px-Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Headquarters in Kyoto, Japan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Trade_name" title="Trade name">Trade name</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Nintendo</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native name</div></th><td class="infobox-data">任天堂株式会社</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanized</a> name</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Nintendō kabushiki gaisha</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Nintendo Koppai (1889)</li><li><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Other former names</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Yamauchi Nintendo (1889–1933) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Yamauchi Nintendo & Co. (1933–1947) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Marufuku Co., Ltd. (1947–1951) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Nintendo Playing Card Co. Ltd. (1951–1963) </li></ul> </div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_company" title="Public company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">TYO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.jpx.co.jp/tseHpFront/StockSearch.do?callJorEFlg=1&method=topsearch&topSearchStr=7974">7974</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/TOPIX" title="TOPIX">TOPIX</a> Core30 component</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nikkei_225" title="Nikkei 225">Nikkei 225</a> component</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="external text" href="https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=JP3756600007">JP3756600007</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">Video games</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">Electronics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">23 September 1889; 135 years ago (1889-09-23) in <a href="/wiki/Shimogy%C5%8D-ku,_Kyoto" title="Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto">Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto</a>, Japan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Fusajiro_Yamauchi" title="Fusajiro Yamauchi">Fusajiro Yamauchi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label">11–1 Kamitoba Hokodatecho, <div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Minami-ku,_Kyoto" title="Minami-ku, Kyoto">Minami-ku, Kyoto</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">Japan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuntaro_Furukawa" title="Shuntaro Furukawa">Shuntaro Furukawa</a> (president)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">executive fellow</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nintendo_products" title="List of Nintendo products">List of products</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production output</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Hardware <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 17.97 million</li><li>Software <img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 213.96 million</li></ul></div> (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Brands</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Video game series</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Animal_Crossing" title="Animal Crossing">Animal Crossing</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Art_Style" title="Art Style">Art Style</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Big_Brain_Academy" title="Big Brain Academy">Big Brain Academy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Bit_Generations" title="Bit Generations">bit Generations</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/BoxBoy!_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="BoxBoy! (series)">BoxBoy!</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Brain_Age" title="Brain Age">Brain Age</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Chibi-Robo!" title="Chibi-Robo!">Chibi-Robo!</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Cruis%27n" title="Cruis'n">Cruis'n</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Custom_Robo" title="Custom Robo">Custom Robo</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong" title="Donkey Kong">Donkey Kong</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dr._Mario_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Mario (series)">Dr. Mario</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Excitebike_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitebike (series)">Excite</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/F-Zero" title="F-Zero">F-Zero</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Famicom_Detective_Club" title="Famicom Detective Club">Famicom Detective Club</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fire_Emblem" title="Fire Emblem">Fire Emblem</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fossil_Fighters" title="Fossil Fighters">Fossil Fighters</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Golden_Sun" title="Golden Sun">Golden Sun</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kid_Icarus_(series)" title="Kid Icarus (series)">Kid Icarus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Kirby_(series)" title="Kirby (series)">Kirby</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">The Legend of Zelda</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/The_Legendary_Starfy" title="The Legendary Starfy">The Legendary Starfy</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mario_(franchise)" title="Mario (franchise)">Mario</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Kart" title="Mario Kart">Mario Kart</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Party" title="Mario Party">Mario Party</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Metroid" title="Metroid">Metroid</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mother_(video_game_series)" title="Mother (video game series)">Mother</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pikmin" title="Pikmin">Pikmin</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pilotwings" title="Pilotwings">Pilotwings</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(video_game_series)" title="Pokémon (video game series)">Pokémon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Punch-Out!!" title="Punch-Out!!">Punch-Out!!</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Puzzle_League" title="Puzzle League">Puzzle League</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_Heaven_(series)" title="Rhythm Heaven (series)">Rhythm Heaven</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Splatoon" title="Splatoon">Splatoon</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Star_Fox" title="Star Fox">Star Fox</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Super_Mario" title="Super Mario">Super Mario</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros." title="Super Smash Bros.">Super Smash Bros.</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Touch!_Generations" title="Touch! Generations">Touch! Generations</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wario_(series)" title="Wario (series)">Wario</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wars_(series)" title="Wars (series)">Wars</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wii_(video_game_series)" title="Wii (video game series)">Wii</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Xenoblade_Chronicles" title="Xenoblade Chronicles">Xenoblade Chronicles</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yoshi_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Yoshi video games">Yoshi</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/My_Nintendo" title="My Nintendo">My Nintendo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_Online" title="Nintendo Switch Online">Nintendo Switch Online</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">¥</a>1.601 trillion (<a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>13.923 billion) (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> ¥504.3 billion (US$3.678 billion) (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> ¥432.7 billion (US$3.156 billion) (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> ¥2.662 trillion (US$21.866 billion) (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> ¥2.069 trillion (US$16.995 billion) (2023)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owners</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Master_Trust_Bank_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="The Master Trust Bank of Japan">The Master Trust Bank of Japan</a> (17%)</li><li><a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase" title="JPMorgan Chase">JPMorgan Chase</a> (10%)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund" title="Public Investment Fund">Public Investment Fund</a> (8%)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Custody_Bank_of_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Custody Bank of Japan (page does not exist)">Custody Bank of Japan</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:日本カストディ銀行">ja</a>] (6%)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,724<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Division_(business)" title="Division (business)">Divisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nintendo_development_teams#Business_Development_Division_(BDD)" title="List of Nintendo development teams">Business Development</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Planning_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development">Entertainment Planning & Development</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Platform_Technology_Development" title="Nintendo Platform Technology Development">Platform Technology Development</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/1-Up_Studio" title="1-Up Studio">1-Up Studio</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/IQue" title="IQue">iQue</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Mario_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Mario Club">Mario Club</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Monolith_Soft" title="Monolith Soft">Monolith Soft</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Next_Level_Games" title="Next Level Games">Next Level Games</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Cube" title="Nintendo Cube">Nintendo Cube</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_European_Research_%26_Development" title="Nintendo European Research & Development">Nintendo European Research & Development</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Pictures" title="Nintendo Pictures">Nintendo Pictures</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Sales" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Sales">Nintendo Sales</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Software_Technology" title="Nintendo Software Technology">Nintendo Software Technology</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Systems">Nintendo Systems</a> (80%) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Technology_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Technology Development">Nintendo Technology Development</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Retro_Studios" title="Retro Studios">Retro Studios</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Shiver_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiver Entertainment">Shiver Entertainment</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Systems_Research_%26_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Research & Development">SRD</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nintendo.com">nintendo.com</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Footnotes / references <a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_Profile-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_History-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Consolidated_Results_for_the_Years_Ended_March_31,_2021_and_2022-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-IR_Information_:_Stock_Information_-_Status_of_Shares-8">[7]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Nintendo was founded in 1889 as Nintendo Koppai<a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a> by craftsman <a href="/wiki/Fusajiro_Yamauchi" title="Fusajiro Yamauchi">Fusajiro Yamauchi</a> and originally produced handmade <a href="/wiki/Hanafuda" title="Hanafuda">hanafuda</a> playing cards. After venturing into various lines of business during the 1960s and acquiring legal status as a public company, Nintendo distributed its first console, the <a href="/wiki/Color_TV-Game" title="Color TV-Game">Color TV-Game</a>, in 1977. It gained international recognition with the release of <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(1981_video_game)" title="Donkey Kong (1981 video game)">Donkey Kong</a> in 1981 and the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros." title="Super Mario Bros.">Super Mario Bros.</a> in 1985. Since then, Nintendo has produced some of the most successful consoles in the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">video game industry</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a>. It has created or published numerous major franchises, including <a href="/wiki/Mario_(franchise)" title="Mario (franchise)">Mario</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong" title="Donkey Kong">Donkey Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">The Legend of Zelda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metroid" title="Metroid">Metroid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_Emblem" title="Fire Emblem">Fire Emblem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirby_(series)" title="Kirby (series)">Kirby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_Fox" title="Star Fox">Star Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Smash_Bros." title="Super Smash Bros.">Super Smash Bros.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_Crossing" title="Animal Crossing">Animal Crossing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pikmin" title="Pikmin">Pikmin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenoblade_Chronicles" title="Xenoblade Chronicles">Xenoblade Chronicles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Splatoon" title="Splatoon">Splatoon</a>, and Nintendo's mascot, <a href="/wiki/Mario" title="Mario">Mario</a>, is internationally recognized, as well as other characters like <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(character)" title="Donkey Kong (character)">Donkey Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Link_(The_Legend_of_Zelda)" title="Link (The Legend of Zelda)">Link</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samus_Aran" title="Samus Aran">Samus Aran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirby_(character)" title="Kirby (character)">Kirby</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pikachu" title="Pikachu">Pikachu</a>. The company has sold more than 5.592 billion video games and over 836 million <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_video_game_consoles" title="Nintendo video game consoles">hardware units</a> globally, as of March 2023. Nintendo has multiple subsidiaries in Japan and abroad, in addition to business partners such as <a href="/wiki/HAL_Laboratory" title="HAL Laboratory">HAL Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Systems" title="Intelligent Systems">Intelligent Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_Freak" title="Game Freak">Game Freak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Pok%C3%A9mon_Company" title="The Pokémon Company">The Pokémon Company</a>. Nintendo and its staff have received awards including <a href="/wiki/Technology_%26_Engineering_Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Technology & Engineering Emmy Award">Emmy Awards for Technology & Engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Game_Awards" title="The Game Awards">Game Awards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_Developers_Choice_Awards" title="Game Developers Choice Awards">Game Developers Choice Awards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Games_Awards" title="British Academy Games Awards">British Academy Games Awards</a>. It is one of the wealthiest and most valuable companies in the Japanese market. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#1889%E2%80%931972:_Early_history">1.1 1889–1972: Early history</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#1889%E2%80%931932:_Origin_as_a_playing_card_business">1.1.1 1889–1932: Origin as a playing card business</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#1933%E2%80%931968:_Incorporation,_expansion,_and_diversification">1.1.2 1933–1968: Incorporation, expansion, and diversification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#1969%E2%80%931972:_Classic_and_electronic_toys">1.1.3 1969–1972: Classic and electronic toys</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#1973%E2%80%93present:_History_in_electronics">1.2 1973–present: History in electronics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#1973%E2%80%931978:_Early_video_games_and_Color_TV-Game">1.2.1 1973–1978: Early video games and Color TV-Game</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#1979%E2%80%931987:_Game_and_Watch,_arcade_games,_and_Nintendo_Entertainment_System">1.2.2 1979–1987: Game and Watch, arcade games, and Nintendo Entertainment System</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#1988%E2%80%931992:_Game_Boy_and_Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System">1.2.3 1988–1992: Game Boy and Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#1993%E2%80%931998:_Nintendo_64,_Virtual_Boy,_and_Game_Boy_Color">1.2.4 1993–1998: Nintendo 64, Virtual Boy, and Game Boy Color</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#1999%E2%80%932003:_Game_Boy_Advance_and_GameCube">1.2.5 1999–2003: Game Boy Advance and GameCube</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#2004%E2%80%932009:_Nintendo_DS_and_Wii">1.2.6 2004–2009: Nintendo DS and Wii</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#2010%E2%80%932016:_Nintendo_3DS,_Wii_U,_and_mobile_ventures">1.2.7 2010–2016: Nintendo 3DS, Wii U, and mobile ventures</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#2017%E2%80%93present:_Nintendo_Switch_and_expansion_to_other_media">1.2.8 2017–present: Nintendo Switch and expansion to other media</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Products">2 Products</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Toys_and_cards">2.1 Toys and cards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Video_game_consoles">2.2 Video game consoles</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Video_games">2.3 Video games</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Corporate_structure">3 Corporate structure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Entertainment_Planning_and_Development_(EPD)">3.1 Entertainment Planning and Development (EPD)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Platform_Technology_Development_(PTD)">3.2 Platform Technology Development (PTD)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Business_Development_(NBD)">3.3 Business Development (NBD)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Branches">3.4 Branches</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Nintendo_Co.,_Ltd.">3.4.1 Nintendo Co., Ltd.</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Nintendo_of_America">3.4.2 Nintendo of America</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Nintendo_of_Europe">3.4.3 Nintendo of Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Nintendo_Australia">3.4.4 Nintendo Australia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Nintendo_of_Korea">3.4.5 Nintendo of Korea</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Subsidiaries">3.5 Subsidiaries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Additional_distributors">3.6 Additional distributors</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Bergsala">3.6.1 Bergsala</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Tencent">3.6.2 Tencent</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Tor_Gaming">3.6.3 Tor Gaming</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Marketing">4 Marketing</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Trademark">4.1 Trademark</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Logos">4.2 Logos</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Policy">5 Policy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Content_guidelines">5.1 Content guidelines</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#License_guidelines">5.2 License guidelines</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Intellectual_property_protection">5.3 Intellectual property protection</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Seal_of_Quality">5.4 Seal of Quality</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-42"><a href="#NTSC_regions">5.4.1 NTSC regions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#PAL_regions">5.4.2 PAL regions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Charitable_projects">5.5 Charitable projects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Environmental_record">5.6 Environmental record</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#Legacy">6 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-48"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-49"><a href="#References">9 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Bibliography">9.1 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nintendo" title="History of Nintendo">History of Nintendo</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1889–1972:_Early_history">1889–1972: Early history</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1889–1932:_Origin_as_a_playing_card_business">1889–1932: Origin as a playing card business</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:377px;max-width:377px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nintendo_1889.jpg/181px-Nintendo_1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1225"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 181px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nintendo_1889.jpg/181px-Nintendo_1889.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="181" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nintendo_1889.jpg/272px-Nintendo_1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nintendo_1889.jpg/362px-Nintendo_1889.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Original Nintendo headquarters (1889–1930) and workshop in <a href="/wiki/Shimogy%C5%8D-ku,_Kyoto" title="Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto">Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1889. The right section was eventually rebuilt (pictured below), and the left section was reportedly demolished in 2004.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:NintendoCards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NintendoCards.jpg/188px-NintendoCards.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="1295"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 188px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NintendoCards.jpg/188px-NintendoCards.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="188" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NintendoCards.jpg/282px-NintendoCards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NintendoCards.jpg/376px-NintendoCards.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Nintendo <a href="/wiki/Karuta" title="Karuta">karuta</a> poster from the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></div></div></div></div>Nintendo was founded as Nintendo Koppai<a href="#cite_note-11">[d]</a> on 23 September 1889<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_is_founded,_September_23,_1889-12">[8]</a> by craftsman <a href="/wiki/Fusajiro_Yamauchi" title="Fusajiro Yamauchi">Fusajiro Yamauchi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shimogy%C5%8D-ku,_Kyoto" title="Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto">Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto</a>, Japan, as an unincorporated establishment, to produce and distribute <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">playing cards</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Karuta" title="Karuta">karuta</a> (かるた, from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> carta, 'card'), most notably <a href="/wiki/Hanafuda" title="Hanafuda">hanafuda</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%8A%B1%E6%9C%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:花札">花札</a>, 'flower cards').<a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_Profile-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_History-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_Probably_Doesn't_Mean_What_You_Think_It_Does-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Traditional_Beauty_Of_Nintendo's_Playing_Cards-14">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff199914-15">[11]</a> The name "Nintendo" is commonly assumed to mean "leave luck to heaven",<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo's_1955_Cameo_In_The_New_York_Times-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff199914-15">[11]</a> but the assumption lacks historical validation; it has also been suggested to mean "the temple of free hanafuda", but even descendants of Yamauchi do not know the true intended meaning of the name.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_Probably_Doesn't_Mean_What_You_Think_It_Does-13">[9]</a> Hanafuda cards had become popular after Japan banned most forms of gambling in 1882, though tolerated hanafuda. Sales of hanafuda cards were popular with the <a href="/wiki/Yakuza" title="Yakuza">yakuza</a>-run gaming parlors in Kyoto. Other card manufacturers had opted to leave the market not wanting to be associated with criminal ties, but Yamauchi persisted without such fears to become the primary producer of hanafuda within a few years.<a href="#cite_note-The_birthplace_of_Nintendo-17">[13]</a> With the increase of the cards' popularity, Yamauchi hired assistants to <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">mass-produce</a> to satisfy the demand.<a href="#cite_note-Before_Mario:_Nintendo's_Playing_Cards,_Toys_And_Love_Hotels-18">[14]</a> Even with a favorable start, the business faced financial struggle due to operating in a <a href="/wiki/Niche_market" title="Niche market">niche market</a>, the slow and expensive manufacturing process, high product price, alongside long durability of the cards, which impacted sales due to the low replacement rate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a16-19">[15]</a> As a solution, Nintendo produced a cheaper and lower-quality line of playing cards, Tengu, while also conducting product offerings in other cities such as <a href="/wiki/Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a>, where card game profits were high. In addition, local merchants were interested in the prospect of continuous renewal of decks, thus avoiding the suspicions that reusing cards would generate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a17-20">[16]</a> According to Nintendo, the business' first western-style card deck was put on the market in 1902,<a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_History-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> although other documents postpone the date to 1907, shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a19-21">[17]</a> Although the cards were initially meant for export, they quickly gained popularity not only abroad but also in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_History-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> During this time, the business styled itself as Marufuku Nintendo Card Co.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo's_oldest_playing_cards?_Marufuku_No._1-22">[18]</a> The war created considerable difficulties for companies in the leisure sector, which were subject to new levies such as the <a href="/wiki/Karuta" title="Karuta">Karuta</a> Zei ("playing cards tax").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a20-23">[19]</a> Nintendo subsisted and, in 1907, entered into an agreement with Nihon Senbai—later known as the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Tobacco" title="Japan Tobacco">Japan Tobacco</a>—to market its cards to various cigarette stores throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a21-24">[20]</a> A Nintendo promotional calendar from the <a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a> dated to 1915 indicates that the business was named Yamauchi Nintendo<a href="#cite_note-25">[e]</a> but still used the Marufuku Nintendo Co. brand for its playing cards.<a href="#cite_note-100_year_old_Nintendo_promotional_calendar-26">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japanese culture</a> stipulated that for Nintendo to continue as a family business after Yamauchi's retirement, Yamauchi had to adopt his son-in-law so that he could take over the business. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Sekiryo_Kaneda" title="Sekiryo Kaneda">Sekiryo Kaneda</a> adopted the Yamauchi surname in 1907 and headed the business in 1929. By that time, Nintendo was the largest playing card business in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff201131%E2%80%9332-27">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1933–1968:_Incorporation,_expansion,_and_diversification">1933–1968: Incorporation, expansion, and diversification</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:377px;max-width:377px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg/175px-Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2239"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 175px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg/175px-Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="175" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg/263px-Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg/350px-Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Former Nintendo headquarters (1933–1959), rebuilt from the right section of the original building</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg/194px-Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1260"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 194px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg/194px-Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="194" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg/291px-Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg/388px-Nintendo_former_headquarter_plate_Kyoto.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">English company information plate in the former Nintendo headquarters</div></div></div></div></div> In 1933, Sekiryo Kaneda established the company as a <a href="/wiki/General_partnership" title="General partnership">general partnership</a> named Yamauchi Nintendo & Co., Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-28">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> investing in the construction of a new corporate headquarters located next to the original building,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff2011-29">[23]</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Toba-kaid%C5%8D_Station" title="Toba-kaidō Station">Toba-kaidō train station</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a> Because Sekiryo's marriage to Yamauchi's daughter produced no male heirs, he planned to adopt his son-in-law Shikanojo Inaba, an artist in the company's employ and the father of his grandson <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Yamauchi" title="Hiroshi Yamauchi">Hiroshi</a>, born in 1927. However, Inaba abandoned his family and the company, so Hiroshi was made Sekiryo's eventual successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a22-31">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> negatively impacted the company as Japanese authorities prohibited the diffusion of foreign card games, and as the priorities of Japanese society shifted, its interest in recreational activities waned. During this time, Nintendo was partly supported by a financial injection from Hiroshi's wife Michiko Inaba, who came from a wealthy family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a23-32">[26]</a> In 1947, Sekiryo founded the distribution company Marufuku Co., Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-33">[g]</a> responsible for Nintendo's sales and marketing operations, which would eventually go on to become the present-day Nintendo Co., Ltd., in Higashikawara-cho, Imagumano, <a href="/wiki/Higashiyama-ku,_Kyoto" title="Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto">Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_History-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_Probably_Doesn't_Mean_What_You_Think_It_Does-13">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:377px;max-width:377px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hiroshi_Yamauchi,_Nintendo_president.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hiroshi_Yamauchi%2C_Nintendo_president.jpg/114px-Hiroshi_Yamauchi%2C_Nintendo_president.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="990"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 114px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hiroshi_Yamauchi%2C_Nintendo_president.jpg/114px-Hiroshi_Yamauchi%2C_Nintendo_president.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="114" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hiroshi_Yamauchi%2C_Nintendo_president.jpg/171px-Hiroshi_Yamauchi%2C_Nintendo_president.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hiroshi_Yamauchi%2C_Nintendo_president.jpg/228px-Hiroshi_Yamauchi%2C_Nintendo_president.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Yamauchi" title="Hiroshi Yamauchi">Hiroshi Yamauchi</a>, former Nintendo president (1949–2002)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:257px;max-width:257px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_1949_New_Year_staff_commemoration.webp" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nintendo_1949_New_Year_staff_commemoration.webp/255px-Nintendo_1949_New_Year_staff_commemoration.webp.png" decoding="async" width="255" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1055"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 255px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nintendo_1949_New_Year_staff_commemoration.webp/255px-Nintendo_1949_New_Year_staff_commemoration.webp.png" data-alt="" data-width="255" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nintendo_1949_New_Year_staff_commemoration.webp/383px-Nintendo_1949_New_Year_staff_commemoration.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Nintendo_1949_New_Year_staff_commemoration.webp/510px-Nintendo_1949_New_Year_staff_commemoration.webp.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">1949 New Year Nintendo staff commemoration</div></div></div></div></div> In 1950, due to Sekiryo's deteriorating health,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a24-34">[27]</a> Hiroshi Yamauchi assumed the presidency and headed manufacturing operations.<a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_History-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> His first actions involved several important changes in the operation of the company: in 1951, he changed the company name to Nintendo Playing Card Co., Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-35">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_History-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vooks-36">[28]</a> and in the following year, he centralized the manufacturing facilities dispersed in Kyoto, which led to the expansion of the offices in Kamitakamatsu-cho, Fukuine, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto.<a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_History-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a25-37">[29]</a> In 1953, Nintendo became the first company to succeed in mass-producing plastic playing cards in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_History-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> Some of the company's employees, accustomed to a more cautious and conservative leadership, viewed the new measures with concern, and the rising tension led to a call for a <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a>. However, the measure had no major impact, as Hiroshi resorted to the dismissal of several dissatisfied workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a26-38">[30]</a> In 1959, Nintendo moved its headquarters to Kamitakamatsu-cho, Fukuine, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. The company entered into a partnership with <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a> to incorporate its characters into playing cards, which opened it up to the children's market and resulted in a boost to Nintendo's playing card business.<a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_History-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vooks-36">[28]</a> Nintendo automated the production of Japanese playing cards using backing paper, and also developed a distribution system that allowed it to offer its products in toy stores.<a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_History-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff2011-29">[23]</a> By 1961, the company had established a Tokyo branch in <a href="/wiki/Chiyoda,_Tokyo" title="Chiyoda, Tokyo">Chiyoda, Tokyo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_History-5">[4]</a> and sold more than 1.5 million card packs, holding a high <a href="/wiki/Market_share" title="Market share">market share</a>, for which it relied on televised advertising campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a28-39">[31]</a> In 1962, Nintendo became a public company by listing stock on the second section of the <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Exchange" title="Osaka Exchange">Osaka Securities Exchange</a> and the Kyoto Stock Exchange.<a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_History-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> In the following year, the company adopted its current name, Nintendo & Co., Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-40">[i]</a> and started manufacturing games in addition to playing cards.<a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_History-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> In 1964, Nintendo earned ¥150 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a29-41">[32]</a> Although the company was experiencing a period of economic prosperity, the Disney cards and derived products made it dependent on the children's market. The situation was exacerbated by the falling sales of its adult-oriented playing cards caused by Japanese society gravitating toward other hobbies such as <a href="/wiki/Pachinko" title="Pachinko">pachinko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowling" title="Bowling">bowling</a>, and nightly outings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a28-39">[31]</a> When Disney card sales began to decline, Nintendo realized that it had no real alternative to alleviate the situation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a29-41">[32]</a> After the 1964 <a href="/wiki/1964_Summer_Olympics" title="1964 Summer Olympics">Tokyo Olympics</a>, Nintendo's stock price plummeted to its lowest recorded level of ¥60.<a href="#cite_note-42">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[34]</a> In 1965, Nintendo hired <a href="/wiki/Gunpei_Yokoi" title="Gunpei Yokoi">Gunpei Yokoi</a> to maintain the assembly-line machines used to manufacture its playing cards.<a href="#cite_note-gi116-44">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1969–1972:_Classic_and_electronic_toys">1969–1972: Classic and electronic toys</h4></div> Yamauchi's experience with the previous initiatives led him to increase Nintendo's investment in a research and development department in 1969, directed by Hiroshi Imanishi, a long-time employee of the company.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> Yokoi was moved to the newly created department and was responsible for coordinating various projects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff2011-29">[23]</a> Yokoi's experience in manufacturing electronic devices led Yamauchi to put him in charge of the company's games department, and his products would be mass-produced.<a href="#cite_note-BusinessInsider2019-45">[36]</a> During this period, Nintendo built a new production plant in <a href="/wiki/Uji" title="Uji">Uji</a>, just outside of Kyoto,<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> and distributed classic <a href="/wiki/Tabletop_game" title="Tabletop game">tabletop games</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shogi" title="Shogi">shogi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">go</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mahjong" title="Mahjong">mahjong</a>, and other foreign games under the Nippon Game brand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a32-46">[37]</a> The company's restructuring preserved a couple of areas dedicated to playing card manufacturing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a33-47">[38]</a> In 1970, the company's stock listing was promoted to the first section of the Osaka Stock Exchange,<a href="#cite_note-Corporate_Information_:_Company_History-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> and the reconstruction and enlargement of its corporate headquarters was completed.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> The year represented a watershed moment in Nintendo's history as it released Japan's first electronic toy—the Beam Gun, an <a href="/wiki/Optoelectronics" title="Optoelectronics">optoelectronic</a> pistol designed by <a href="/wiki/Masayuki_Uemura" title="Masayuki Uemura">Masayuki Uemura</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> In total, more than a million units were sold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff2011-29">[23]</a> Nintendo partnered with <a href="/wiki/Magnavox" title="Magnavox">Magnavox</a> to provide a <a href="/wiki/Light_gun" title="Light gun">light gun</a> controller based on the Beam Gun design for the company's new home video game console, the <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a>, in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-gamestudies_geemu-48">[39]</a> Other popular toys released at the time included the <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Hand" title="Ultra Hand">Ultra Hand</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Machine" title="Ultra Machine">Ultra Machine</a>, the Ultra Scope, and the <a href="/wiki/Love_Tester" title="Love Tester">Love Tester</a>, all designed by Yokoi. More than 1.2 million units of Ultra Hand were sold in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Before_Mario:_Nintendo's_Playing_Cards,_Toys_And_Love_Hotels-18">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1973–present:_History_in_electronics">1973–present: History in electronics</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1973–1978:_Early_video_games_and_Color_TV-Game">1973–1978: Early video games and Color TV-Game</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Color_TV-Game#History" title="Color TV-Game">History of Color TV-Game</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-Color-TV-Game-Blockbreaker-FL.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nintendo-Color-TV-Game-Blockbreaker-FL.png/220px-Nintendo-Color-TV-Game-Blockbreaker-FL.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4599" data-file-height="2640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 126px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nintendo-Color-TV-Game-Blockbreaker-FL.png/220px-Nintendo-Color-TV-Game-Blockbreaker-FL.png" data-width="220" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nintendo-Color-TV-Game-Blockbreaker-FL.png/330px-Nintendo-Color-TV-Game-Blockbreaker-FL.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Nintendo-Color-TV-Game-Blockbreaker-FL.png/440px-Nintendo-Color-TV-Game-Blockbreaker-FL.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Color_TV-Game" title="Color TV-Game">Color TV-Game</a></figcaption></figure> The growing demand for Nintendo's products led Yamauchi to further expand the offices, for which he acquired the surrounding land and assigned the production of cards to the original Nintendo building. Meanwhile, Yokoi, Uemura, and new employees such as <a href="/wiki/Genyo_Takeda" title="Genyo Takeda">Genyo Takeda</a>, continued to develop innovative products for the company.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff2011-29">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Laser_Clay_Shooting_System" title="Laser Clay Shooting System">Laser Clay Shooting System</a> was released in 1973 and managed to surpass bowling in popularity. Though Nintendo's toys continued to gain popularity, the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> caused both a spike in the cost of plastics and a change in consumer priorities that put essential products over pastimes, and Nintendo lost several billion yen.<a href="#cite_note-vice_yokoi-49">[40]</a> In 1974, Nintendo released <a href="/wiki/Wild_Gunman" title="Wild Gunman">Wild Gunman</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Skeet_shooting" title="Skeet shooting">skeet shooting</a> arcade simulation consisting of a <a href="/wiki/16_mm_film" title="16 mm film">16 mm</a> image projector with a sensor that detects a beam from the player's <a href="/wiki/Light_gun" title="Light gun">light gun</a>. Both the Laser Clay Shooting System and Wild Gunman were successfully exported to Europe and North America.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> However, Nintendo's production speeds were still slow compared to rival companies such as <a href="/wiki/Bandai" title="Bandai">Bandai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomy" title="Tomy">Tomy</a>, and their prices were high, which led to the discontinuation of some of their light gun products.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a36-50">[41]</a> The subsidiary Nintendo Leisure System Co., Ltd., which developed these products, was closed as a result of the economic impact dealt by the oil crisis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a183-51">[42]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shigeru_Miyamoto_GDC_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Shigeru_Miyamoto_GDC_2007.jpg/110px-Shigeru_Miyamoto_GDC_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="519" data-file-height="725"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Shigeru_Miyamoto_GDC_2007.jpg/110px-Shigeru_Miyamoto_GDC_2007.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Shigeru_Miyamoto_GDC_2007.jpg/165px-Shigeru_Miyamoto_GDC_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Shigeru_Miyamoto_GDC_2007.jpg/220px-Shigeru_Miyamoto_GDC_2007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a> joined Nintendo in 1977.</figcaption></figure> Yamauchi, motivated by the successes of <a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a> and Magnavox with their <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff2011-29">[23]</a> acquired the Japanese distribution rights for the Magnavox Odyssey in 1974,<a href="#cite_note-BusinessInsider2019-45">[36]</a> and reached an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Electric" title="Mitsubishi Electric">Mitsubishi Electric</a> to develop similar products between 1975 and 1978, including the first <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> for video games systems, the <a href="/wiki/Color_TV-Game" title="Color TV-Game">Color TV-Game</a> series, and an arcade game inspired by <a href="/wiki/Reversi" title="Reversi">Othello</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> During this period, Takeda developed the video game <a href="/wiki/EVR_Race" class="mw-redirect" title="EVR Race">EVR Race</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[43]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a> joined Yokoi's team with the responsibility of designing the casing for the Color TV-Game consoles.<a href="#cite_note-CBS,_Names-53">[44]</a> In 1978, Nintendo's research and development department was split into two facilities, <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Research_%26_Development_1" title="Nintendo Research & Development 1">Nintendo Research & Development 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Research_%26_Development_2" title="Nintendo Research & Development 2">Nintendo Research & Development 2</a>, respectively managed by Yokoi and Uemura.<a href="#cite_note-54">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[46]</a> Shigeru Miyamoto brought distinctive sources of inspiration, including the <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a> and regional culture of <a href="/wiki/Sonobe,_Kyoto" title="Sonobe, Kyoto">Sonobe</a>, popular culture influences like <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Westerns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_detective_fiction" title="Japanese detective fiction">detective fiction</a>, along with folk <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> practices and <a href="/wiki/Christian_media" title="Christian media">family media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker_2020-56">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Japan_Powered_2015-57">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walls_2011_p.-58">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Priestman_2015-59">[50]</a> These would each be seen in most of Nintendo's major franchises which developed following Miyamoto's creative leadership.<a href="#cite_note-The_Father_of_Modern_Video_Games-60">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1979–1987:_Game_and_Watch,_arcade_games,_and_Nintendo_Entertainment_System">1979–1987: Game and Watch, arcade games, and Nintendo Entertainment System</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch#Origin_and_design" title="Game & Watch">History of Game & Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="History of the Nintendo Entertainment System">History of Nintendo Entertainment System</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:377px;max-width:377px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Game_and_watch_parachute.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Game_and_watch_parachute.JPG/171px-Game_and_watch_parachute.JPG" decoding="async" width="171" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3306" data-file-height="2068"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 171px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Game_and_watch_parachute.JPG/171px-Game_and_watch_parachute.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="171" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Game_and_watch_parachute.JPG/257px-Game_and_watch_parachute.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Game_and_watch_parachute.JPG/342px-Game_and_watch_parachute.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch" title="Game & Watch">Game & Watch</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:NES-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/198px-NES-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5560" data-file-height="3020"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 198px;height: 108px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/198px-NES-Console-Set.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="198" data-height="108" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/297px-NES-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/396px-NES-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a></div></div></div></div></div> Two key events in Nintendo's history occurred in 1979: its American subsidiary was opened in New York City, and a new department focused on arcade game development was created. In 1980, one of the first <a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">handheld video game systems</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch" title="Game & Watch">Game & Watch</a>, was created by Yokoi from the technology used in portable calculators.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-vice_yokoi-49">[40]</a> It became one of Nintendo's most successful products, with over 43.4 million units sold worldwide during its production period, and for which 59 games were made in total.<a href="#cite_note-61">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donkey_Kong_arcade_at_the_QuakeCon_2005.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Donkey_Kong_arcade_at_the_QuakeCon_2005.png/110px-Donkey_Kong_arcade_at_the_QuakeCon_2005.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="228" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 228px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Donkey_Kong_arcade_at_the_QuakeCon_2005.png/110px-Donkey_Kong_arcade_at_the_QuakeCon_2005.png" data-width="110" data-height="228" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Donkey_Kong_arcade_at_the_QuakeCon_2005.png/165px-Donkey_Kong_arcade_at_the_QuakeCon_2005.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Donkey_Kong_arcade_at_the_QuakeCon_2005.png/220px-Donkey_Kong_arcade_at_the_QuakeCon_2005.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(1981_video_game)" title="Donkey Kong (1981 video game)">Donkey Kong</a> miniature arcade cabinet</figcaption></figure> Nintendo entered the <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video game</a> market with <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_(video_game)" title="Sheriff (video game)">Sheriff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radar_Scope" title="Radar Scope">Radar Scope</a>, released in Japan in 1979 and 1980 respectively. Sheriff, also known as Bandido in some regions, marked the first original video game made by Nintendo, was published by <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> and developed by <a href="/wiki/Genyo_Takeda" title="Genyo Takeda">Genyo Takeda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Father_of_Modern_Video_Games-60">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bankhurst_2019-62">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Calvert_2015-63">[54]</a> Radar Scope rivaled <a href="/wiki/Galaxian" title="Galaxian">Galaxian</a> in Japanese arcades but failed to find an audience overseas and created a financial crisis for the company.<a href="#cite_note-high_score_nintendo_arcade_start-64">[55]</a> To try to find a more successful game, they put Miyamoto in charge of their next arcade game design, leading to the release of <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(1981_video_game)" title="Donkey Kong (1981 video game)">Donkey Kong</a> in 1981, one of the first <a href="/wiki/Platform_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform game">platform video games</a> that allowed the player character to jump.<a href="#cite_note-65">[56]</a> The character Jumpman would later become <a href="/wiki/Mario" title="Mario">Mario</a> and Nintendo's official <a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">mascot</a>. Mario was named after <a href="/wiki/Mario_Segale" title="Mario Segale">Mario Segale</a>, the landlord of Nintendo's offices in <a href="/wiki/Tukwila,_Washington" title="Tukwila, Washington">Tukwila, Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-donjames1-66">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-donjames2-67">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[59]</a> Donkey Kong was a financial success for Nintendo both in Japan and overseas, and led Coleco to fight Atari for licensing rights for porting to home consoles and personal computers.<a href="#cite_note-high_score_nintendo_arcade_start-64">[55]</a> In 1983, Nintendo opened a new production facility in Uji and was listed in the first section of the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Stock_Exchange" title="Tokyo Stock Exchange">Tokyo Stock Exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> Uemura, taking inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/ColecoVision" title="ColecoVision">ColecoVision</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[60]</a> began creating a new video game console that would incorporate a <a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">ROM cartridge</a> format for video games as well as both a <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Picture_processing_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture processing unit">picture processing unit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-SevenThings-71">[62]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Family Computer</a>, or Famicom, was released in Japan in July 1983 along with three games adapted from their original arcade versions: Donkey Kong, <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Jr." title="Donkey Kong Jr.">Donkey Kong Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popeye_(video_game)" title="Popeye (video game)">Popeye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2001279,_285-72">[63]</a> Its success was such that in 1984, it surpassed the market share held by <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s <a href="/wiki/SG-1000" title="SG-1000">SG-1000</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Retro163-73">[64]</a> That success also led to Nintendo leaving the Japanese arcade market in late 1985.<a href="#cite_note-74">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[66]</a> At this time, Nintendo adopted a series of guidelines that involved the validation of each game produced for the Famicom before its distribution on the market, agreements with developers to ensure that no Famicom game would be adapted to other consoles within two years of its release, and restricting developers from producing more than five games per year for the Famicom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2001308,_372,_440%E2%80%93441-76">[67]</a> In the early 1980s, several video game consoles proliferated in the United States, as well as low-quality games produced by <a href="/wiki/Third_party_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party developer">third-party developers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[68]</a> which oversaturated the market and led to the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983" title="Video game crash of 1983">video game crash of 1983</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[69]</a> Consequently, a recession hit the American <a href="/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry">video game industry</a>, whose revenues went from over $3 billion to $100 million between 1983 and 1985.<a href="#cite_note-79">[70]</a> Nintendo's initiative to launch the Famicom in America was also impacted. To differentiate the Famicom from its competitors in America, Nintendo rebranded it as an entertainment system and its <a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">cartridges</a> as Game Paks, with a design reminiscent of a <a href="/wiki/Videocassette_recorder" title="Videocassette recorder">VCR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SevenThings-71">[62]</a> Nintendo implemented a <a href="/wiki/CIC_(Nintendo)" title="CIC (Nintendo)">lockout chip</a> in the Game Paks for control on its third party library to avoid the market saturation that had occurred in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-takiff19860620-80">[71]</a> The result is the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>, or NES, which was released in North America in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> The landmark games <a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros." title="Super Mario Bros.">Super Mario Bros.</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda_(video_game)" title="The Legend of Zelda (video game)">The Legend of Zelda</a> were produced by Miyamoto and <a href="/wiki/Takashi_Tezuka" title="Takashi Tezuka">Takashi Tezuka</a>. Composer <a href="/wiki/Koji_Kondo" title="Koji Kondo">Koji Kondo</a> reinforced the idea that musical themes could act as a complement to game mechanics rather than simply a miscellaneous element.<a href="#cite_note-81">[72]</a> Production of the NES lasted until 1995,<a href="#cite_note-82">[73]</a> and production of the Famicom lasted until 2003.<a href="#cite_note-FamicomEnd-83">[74]</a> In total, around 62 million Famicom and NES consoles were sold worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-ConsolidatedSales-84">[75]</a> During this period, Nintendo created a copyright infringement protection in the form of the Official Nintendo Seal of Quality, added to their products so that customers may recognize their authenticity in the market.<a href="#cite_note-85">[76]</a> By this time, Nintendo's network of electronic suppliers had extended to around thirty companies, including <a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a> (Nintendo's main source for <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductors</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Corporation" title="Sharp Corporation">Sharp Corporation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff2011-29">[23]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1988–1992:_Game_Boy_and_Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System">1988–1992: Game Boy and Super Nintendo Entertainment System</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy#History" title="Game Boy">History of Game Boy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System#History" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">History of Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:377px;max-width:377px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:92px;max-width:92px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Game-Boy-Original.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Game-Boy-Original.jpg/90px-Game-Boy-Original.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Game-Boy-Original.jpg/90px-Game-Boy-Original.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="90" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Game-Boy-Original.jpg/135px-Game-Boy-Original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Game-Boy-Original.jpg/180px-Game-Boy-Original.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:281px;max-width:281px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg/279px-SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="279" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="2840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 279px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg/279px-SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="279" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg/419px-SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg/558px-SNES-Mod1-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super NES</a></div></div></div></div> In 1988, Gunpei Yokoi and his team at <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Research_%26_Development_1" title="Nintendo Research & Development 1">Nintendo R&D1</a> conceived the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a>, the first handheld video game console made by Nintendo. Nintendo released the Game Boy in 1989. In North America, the Game Boy was bundled with the popular third-party game <a href="/wiki/Tetris" title="Tetris">Tetris</a> after a difficult negotiation process with <a href="/wiki/Elektronorgtechnica" title="Elektronorgtechnica">Elektronorgtechnica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[77]</a> The Game Boy was a significant success. In its first two weeks of sale in Japan, its initial inventory of 300,000 units sold out, and in the United States, an additional 40,000 units were sold on its first day of distribution.<a href="#cite_note-87">[78]</a> Around this time, Nintendo entered an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> to develop the <a href="/wiki/Super_NES_CD-ROM" title="Super NES CD-ROM">Super Famicom CD-ROM Adapter</a>, a peripheral for the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Famicom</a> capable of playing <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[79]</a> However, the collaboration did not last as Yamauchi preferred to continue developing the technology with <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, which would result in the <a href="/wiki/CD-i" title="CD-i">CD-i</a>,<a href="#cite_note-89">[80]</a> and Sony's independent efforts resulted in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation console</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[81]</a> The first issue of <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Power" title="Nintendo Power">Nintendo Power</a> magazine, which had an annual circulation of 1.5 million copies in the United States, was published in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-1990BuyersGuide-91">[82]</a> In July 1989, Nintendo held the first <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Space_World" title="Nintendo Space World">Nintendo Space World</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade fair">trade show</a> with the name Shoshinkai to announce and demonstrate upcoming Nintendo products.<a href="#cite_note-92">[83]</a> That year, the first World of Nintendo <a href="/wiki/Store-within-a-store" title="Store-within-a-store">stores-within-a-store</a>, which carried official Nintendo merchandise, were opened in the United States. According to company information, more than 25% of homes in the United States had an NES in 1989.<a href="#cite_note-1990BuyersGuide-91">[82]</a> In the late 1980s, Nintendo's dominance slipped with the appearance of <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/TurboGrafx-16" title="TurboGrafx-16">PC Engine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Mega Drive</a>, <a href="/wiki/16-bit_computing" title="16-bit computing">16-bit</a> game consoles with improved graphics and audio compared to the NES.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2001413%E2%80%93414-93">[84]</a> In response to the competition, Uemura designed the <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Famicom</a>, which launched in 1990. The first batch of 300,000 consoles sold out in hours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2001422%E2%80%93431-94">[85]</a> The following year, as with the NES, Nintendo distributed a modified version of the Super Famicom to the United States market, titled the Super Nintendo Entertainment System.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2001432-95">[86]</a> Launch games for the Super Famicom and Super NES include <a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_World" title="Super Mario World">Super Mario World</a>, <a href="/wiki/F-Zero_(video_game)" title="F-Zero (video game)">F-Zero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilotwings_(video_game)" title="Pilotwings (video game)">Pilotwings</a>, <a href="/wiki/SimCity_(1989_video_game)" title="SimCity (1989 video game)">SimCity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gradius_III" title="Gradius III">Gradius III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[87]</a> By mid-1992, over 46 million Super Famicom and Super NES consoles had been sold.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> The console's life cycle lasted until 1999 in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-97">[88]</a> and until 2003 in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FamicomEnd-83">[74]</a> In March 1990, the first <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_World_Championships" title="Nintendo World Championships">Nintendo World Championship</a> was held, with participants from 29 American cities competing for the title of "best Nintendo player in the world".<a href="#cite_note-1990BuyersGuide-91">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[89]</a> In June 1990, the subsidiary Nintendo of Europe was opened in <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fostheim" title="Großostheim">Großostheim</a>, Germany; in 1993, subsequent subsidiaries were established in the Netherlands (where <a href="/wiki/Bandai" title="Bandai">Bandai</a> had previously distributed Nintendo's products), France, the United Kingdom, Spain, Belgium, and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> In 1992, Nintendo acquired a majority stake in the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Mariners" title="Seattle Mariners">Seattle Mariners</a> baseball team, and sold most of its shares in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-99">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[91]</a> On July 31, 1992, Nintendo of America announced it would cease manufacturing arcade games and systems.<a href="#cite_note-101">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[93]</a> In 1993, <a href="/wiki/Star_Fox_(1993_video_game)" title="Star Fox (1993 video game)">Star Fox</a> was released, which marked an industry milestone by being the first video game to make use of the <a href="/wiki/Super_FX" title="Super FX">Super FX</a> chip.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> The proliferation of graphically violent video games, such as <a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_(1992_video_game)" title="Mortal Kombat (1992 video game)">Mortal Kombat</a>, caused controversy and led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Association" title="Entertainment Software Association">Interactive Digital Software Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board" title="Entertainment Software Rating Board">Entertainment Software Rating Board</a>, in whose development Nintendo collaborated during 1994. These measures also encouraged Nintendo to abandon the content guidelines it had enforced since the release of the NES.<a href="#cite_note-103">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2001461%E2%80%93480-104">[95]</a> Commercial strategies implemented by Nintendo during this time include the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Gateway_System" title="Nintendo Gateway System">Nintendo Gateway System</a>, an in-flight entertainment service available for airlines, cruise ships and hotels,<a href="#cite_note-105">[96]</a> and the "Play It Loud!" advertising campaign for Game Boys with different-colored casings. The Advanced Computer Modeling graphics used in <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Country" title="Donkey Kong Country">Donkey Kong Country</a> for the Super NES and <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_Land" title="Donkey Kong Land">Donkey Kong Land</a> for the Game Boy were technologically innovative, as was the <a href="/wiki/Satellaview" title="Satellaview">Satellaview</a> <a href="/wiki/Satellite_modem" title="Satellite modem">satellite modem</a> peripheral for the Super Famicom, which allowed the digital transmission of data via a <a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">communications satellite</a> in space.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1993–1998:_Nintendo_64,_Virtual_Boy,_and_Game_Boy_Color">1993–1998: Nintendo 64, Virtual Boy, and Game Boy Color</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64#History" title="Nintendo 64">History of Nintendo 64</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Boy#History" title="Virtual Boy">History of Virtual Boy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Color#History" title="Game Boy Color">History of Game Boy Color</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:377px;max-width:377px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg/288px-Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5900" data-file-height="2700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 288px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg/288px-Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="288" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg/432px-Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg/576px-Nintendo-64-wController-L.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a>, released in 1996</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:131px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Game-Boy-Color-Purple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Game-Boy-Color-Purple.jpg/81px-Game-Boy-Color-Purple.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="2580"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 81px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Game-Boy-Color-Purple.jpg/81px-Game-Boy-Color-Purple.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="81" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Game-Boy-Color-Purple.jpg/122px-Game-Boy-Color-Purple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Game-Boy-Color-Purple.jpg/162px-Game-Boy-Color-Purple.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Color" title="Game Boy Color">Game Boy Color</a>, released in 1998</div></div></div></div></div> In mid-1993, Nintendo and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a> announced a strategic alliance to develop the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, and Sharp also contributed technology to the console.<a href="#cite_note-108">[99]</a> The Nintendo 64 was marketed as one of the first consoles to be designed with <a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a> architecture.<a href="#cite_note-109">[100]</a> As part of an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Midway_Games" title="Midway Games">Midway Games</a>, the arcade games <a href="/wiki/Killer_Instinct_(1994_video_game)" title="Killer Instinct (1994 video game)">Killer Instinct</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cruis%27n_USA" title="Cruis'n USA">Cruis'n USA</a> were ported to the console.<a href="#cite_note-110">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-arcadehits1-111">[102]</a> Although the Nintendo 64 was planned for release in 1995, the production schedules of third-party developers influenced a delay,<a href="#cite_note-Fisher-112">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a> and the console was released in June 1996 in Japan, September 1996 in the United States and March 1997 in Europe. By the end of its production in 2002, around 33 million Nintendo 64 consoles were sold worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-ConsolidatedSales-84">[75]</a> and it is considered one of the most recognized video game systems in history.<a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a> 388 games were produced for the Nintendo 64 in total,<a href="#cite_note-115">[106]</a> some of which – particularly <a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_64" title="Super Mario 64">Super Mario 64</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Ocarina_of_Time" title="The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time">The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time</a>, and <a href="/wiki/GoldenEye_007_(1997_video_game)" title="GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)">GoldenEye 007</a> – have been distinguished as <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_considered_the_best" title="List of video games considered the best">some of the greatest of all time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg/110px-Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="140" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="3380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 140px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg/110px-Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="140" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg/165px-Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg/220px-Virtual-Boy-Set.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a>, released in 1995</figcaption></figure> In 1995, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Boy" title="Virtual Boy">Virtual Boy</a>, a console designed by <a href="/wiki/Gunpei_Yokoi" title="Gunpei Yokoi">Gunpei Yokoi</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic graphics</a>. Critics were generally disappointed with the quality of the games and red-colored graphics, and complained of gameplay-induced headaches.<a href="#cite_note-117">[108]</a> The system sold poorly and was quietly discontinued.<a href="#cite_note-118">[109]</a> Amid the system's failure, Yokoi formally retired from Nintendo.<a href="#cite_note-119">[110]</a> In February 1996, <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red_and_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokémon Red and Blue">Pocket Monsters Red and Green</a>, known internationally as Pokémon Red and Blue, developed by <a href="/wiki/Game_Freak" title="Game Freak">Game Freak</a> was released in Japan for the Game Boy, and established the popular <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a> franchise.<a href="#cite_note-Game_On!-120">[111]</a>: 191 The game went on to sell 31.37 million units,<a href="#cite_note-121">[112]</a> with the video game series exceeding a total of 300 million units in sales as of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-122">[113]</a> In 1997, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Rumble_Pak" title="Rumble Pak">Rumble Pak</a>, a plug-in device that connects to the Nintendo 64 controller and produces a vibration during certain moments of a game.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> In 1998, the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Color" title="Game Boy Color">Game Boy Color</a> was released. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a> with Game Boy games, the console's similar capacity to the NES resulted in select adaptations of games from that library, such as <a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros._Deluxe" title="Super Mario Bros. Deluxe">Super Mario Bros. Deluxe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KillTheGameBoy-123">[114]</a> Since then, over 118.6 million Game Boy and Game Boy Color consoles have been sold worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-GameBoySales-124">[115]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1999–2003:_Game_Boy_Advance_and_GameCube">1999–2003: Game Boy Advance and GameCube</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance#History" title="Game Boy Advance">History of Game Boy Advance</a> and <a href="/wiki/GameCube#History" title="GameCube">History of GameCube</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:377px;max-width:377px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg/165px-Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 165px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg/165px-Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="165" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg/248px-Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg/330px-Nintendo-Game-Boy-Advance-Purple-FL.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a>, released in 2001</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:114px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:GameCube-Console-Set.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GameCube-Console-Set.png/204px-GameCube-Console-Set.png" decoding="async" width="204" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3760" data-file-height="2110"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 204px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GameCube-Console-Set.png/204px-GameCube-Console-Set.png" data-alt="" data-width="204" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GameCube-Console-Set.png/306px-GameCube-Console-Set.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GameCube-Console-Set.png/408px-GameCube-Console-Set.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a>, released in 2001</div></div></div></div></div> In May 1999, with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[116]</a> Nintendo entered an agreement with <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> to develop the <a href="/wiki/128-bit_computing" title="128-bit computing">128-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Gekko_(microprocessor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gekko (microprocessor)">Gekko processor</a> and the DVD drive to be used in Nintendo's next home console.<a href="#cite_note-126">[117]</a> Meanwhile, a series of administrative changes occurred in 2000 when Nintendo's corporate offices were moved to the Minami-ku neighborhood in Kyoto, and Nintendo Benelux was established to manage the Dutch and Belgian territories.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:377px;max-width:377px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:226px;max-width:226px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.,_Ltd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg/224px-Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg" decoding="async" width="224" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 224px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg/224px-Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="224" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg/336px-Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg/448px-Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Nintendo headquarters since 2000</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:168px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Iwata-e3-2006_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Iwata-e3-2006_crop.jpg/145px-Iwata-e3-2006_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="698"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 145px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Iwata-e3-2006_crop.jpg/145px-Iwata-e3-2006_crop.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="145" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Iwata-e3-2006_crop.jpg/218px-Iwata-e3-2006_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Iwata-e3-2006_crop.jpg/290px-Iwata-e3-2006_crop.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Satoru_Iwata" title="Satoru Iwata">Satoru Iwata</a>, former Nintendo president (2002–2015)</div></div></div></div></div> In 2001, two new Nintendo consoles were introduced: the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a>, which was designed by Gwénaël Nicolas with stylistic departure from its predecessors,<a href="#cite_note-127">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[119]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[120]</a> During the first week of the Game Boy Advance's North American release in June 2001, over 500,000 units were sold, making it the fastest-selling video game console in the United States at the time.<a href="#cite_note-130">[121]</a> By the end of its production cycle in 2010, more than 81.5 million units had been sold worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-GameBoySales-124">[115]</a> As for the GameCube, even with such distinguishing features as the <a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">miniDVD</a> format of its games and Internet connectivity for a few games,<a href="#cite_note-131">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[123]</a> its sales were lower than those of its predecessors, and during the six years of its production, 21.7 million units were sold worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-133">[124]</a> The GameCube struggled against its rivals in the market,<a href="#cite_note-134">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[126]</a> and its initial poor sales led to Nintendo posting a first half fiscal year loss in 2003 for the first time since the company went public in 1962.<a href="#cite_note-136">[127]</a> In 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Mini" title="Pokémon Mini">Pokémon Mini</a> was released. Its dimensions were smaller than that of the Game Boy Advance and it weighed 70 grams, making it the smallest video game console in history.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> Nintendo collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> and <a href="/wiki/Namco" title="Namco">Namco</a> to develop <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sega_arcade_system_boards" title="List of Sega arcade system boards">Triforce</a>, an arcade board to facilitate the conversion of arcade titles to the GameCube.<a href="#cite_note-137">[128]</a> Following the European release of the GameCube in May 2002,<a href="#cite_note-138">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Yamauchi" title="Hiroshi Yamauchi">Hiroshi Yamauchi</a> announced his resignation as the president of Nintendo, and <a href="/wiki/Satoru_Iwata" title="Satoru Iwata">Satoru Iwata</a> was selected by the company as his successor. Yamauchi would remain as advisor and director of the company until 2005,<a href="#cite_note-139">[130]</a> and he died in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a> Iwata's appointment as president ended the Yamauchi succession at the helm of the company, a practice that had been in place since its foundation.<a href="#cite_note-141">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[133]</a> In 2003, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_SP" title="Game Boy Advance SP">Game Boy Advance SP</a>, an improved version of the Game Boy Advance with a foldable case, an illuminated display, and a rechargeable battery. By the end of its production cycle in 2010, over 43.5 million units had been sold worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-GameBoySales-124">[115]</a> Nintendo also released the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Player" title="Game Boy Player">Game Boy Player</a>, a peripheral that allows Game Boy and Game Boy Advance games to be played on the GameCube. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2004–2009:_Nintendo_DS_and_Wii">2004–2009: Nintendo DS and Wii</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS#History" title="Nintendo DS">History of Nintendo DS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wii#History" title="Wii">History of Wii</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:377px;max-width:377px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:195px;max-width:195px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-DS-Fat-Blue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Nintendo-DS-Fat-Blue.jpg/193px-Nintendo-DS-Fat-Blue.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="2420"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 193px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Nintendo-DS-Fat-Blue.jpg/193px-Nintendo-DS-Fat-Blue.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="193" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Nintendo-DS-Fat-Blue.jpg/290px-Nintendo-DS-Fat-Blue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Nintendo-DS-Fat-Blue.jpg/386px-Nintendo-DS-Fat-Blue.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:178px;max-width:178px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wii-Console.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wii-Console.png/176px-Wii-Console.png" decoding="async" width="176" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 176px;height: 176px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wii-Console.png/176px-Wii-Console.png" data-alt="" data-width="176" data-height="176" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wii-Console.png/264px-Wii-Console.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Wii-Console.png/352px-Wii-Console.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a></div></div></div></div> In 2004, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a>, which featured such innovations as dual screens – one of which is a <a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">touchscreen</a> – and wireless connectivity for multiplayer play.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[134]</a> Throughout its lifetime, more than 154 million units were sold, making it the most successful handheld console and the second bestselling console in history.<a href="#cite_note-GameBoySales-124">[115]</a> In 2005, Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Micro" title="Game Boy Micro">Game Boy Micro</a>, the last system in the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Game Boy line">Game Boy line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-KillTheGameBoy-123">[114]</a> Sales did not meet Nintendo's expectations,<a href="#cite_note-144">[135]</a> with 2.5 million units being sold by 2007.<a href="#cite_note-gamepro-145">[136]</a> In mid-2005, the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_New_York" title="Nintendo New York">Nintendo World Store</a> was inaugurated in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-146">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reggie_Fils-Aime_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2011_-_Day_2_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Reggie_Fils-Aime_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2011_-_Day_2_%281%29.jpg/110px-Reggie_Fils-Aime_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2011_-_Day_2_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Reggie_Fils-Aime_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2011_-_Day_2_%281%29.jpg/110px-Reggie_Fils-Aime_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2011_-_Day_2_%281%29.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Reggie_Fils-Aime_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2011_-_Day_2_%281%29.jpg/165px-Reggie_Fils-Aime_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2011_-_Day_2_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Reggie_Fils-Aime_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2011_-_Day_2_%281%29.jpg/220px-Reggie_Fils-Aime_-_Game_Developers_Conference_2011_-_Day_2_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Reggie_Fils-Aim%C3%A9" title="Reggie Fils-Aimé">Reggie Fils-Aimé</a> is the former Nintendo of America president (2006–2019).</figcaption></figure> Nintendo's next home console was conceived in 2001, although development commenced in 2003, taking inspiration from the Nintendo DS.<a href="#cite_note-147">[138]</a> Nintendo also considered the relative failure of the GameCube and instead opted to take a "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Ocean_Strategy" title="Blue Ocean Strategy">Blue Ocean Strategy</a>" by developing a reduced performance console in contrast to the high-performance consoles of Sony and Microsoft to avoid directly competing with them.<a href="#cite_note-148">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> was released in November 2006,<a href="#cite_note-149">[140]</a> with a total of 33 launch games.<a href="#cite_note-150">[141]</a> With the Wii, Nintendo sought to reach a broader demographic than its <a href="/wiki/Seventh_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Seventh generation of video game consoles">seventh-generation</a> competitors,<a href="#cite_note-151">[142]</a> with the intention of also encompassing the "non-consumer" sector.<a href="#cite_note-152">[143]</a> To this end, Nintendo invested in a $200 million advertising campaign.<a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a> The Wii's innovations include the <a href="/wiki/Wii_Remote" title="Wii Remote">Wii Remote</a> controller, equipped with an <a href="/wiki/Accelerometer" title="Accelerometer">accelerometer</a> system and infrared sensors that allow it to detect its position in a three-dimensional environment with the aid of a sensor bar;<a href="#cite_note-154">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[146]</a> the Nunchuk peripheral that includes an analog controller and an accelerometer;<a href="#cite_note-156">[147]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wii_MotionPlus" title="Wii MotionPlus">Wii MotionPlus</a> expansion that increases the sensitivity of the main controller with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Gyroscope" title="Gyroscope">gyroscopes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[148]</a> By 2016, more than 101 million Wii consoles had been sold worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-Wii3DSSales-158">[149]</a> making it the most successful console of its generation, a distinction that Nintendo had not achieved since the 1990s with the Super NES.<a href="#cite_note-159">[150]</a> Several accessories were released for the Wii from 2007 to 2010, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wii_Balance_Board" title="Wii Balance Board">Wii Balance Board</a>, the Wii Wheel and the <a href="/wiki/WiiWare" title="WiiWare">WiiWare</a> download service. In 2009, Nintendo Iberica S.A. expanded its commercial operations to <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> through a new office in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> By that year, Nintendo held a 68.3% share of the worldwide handheld gaming market.<a href="#cite_note-160">[151]</a> In 2010, Nintendo celebrated the 25th anniversary of Mario's debut appearance, for which certain allusive products were put on sale. The event included the release of <a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_All-Stars_25th_Anniversary_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Mario All-Stars 25th Anniversary Edition">Super Mario All-Stars 25th Anniversary Edition</a> and special editions of the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DSi_XL" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo DSi XL">Nintendo DSi XL</a> and Wii.<a href="#cite_note-161">[152]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010–2016:_Nintendo_3DS,_Wii_U,_and_mobile_ventures">2010–2016: Nintendo 3DS, Wii U, and mobile ventures</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS#History" title="Nintendo 3DS">History of Nintendo 3DS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wii_U#History" title="Wii U">History of Wii U</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_mobile_games#History" title="Nintendo mobile games">History of Nintendo mobile games</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:377px;max-width:377px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:116px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png/128px-Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2080"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 128px;height: 116px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png/128px-Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png" data-alt="" data-width="128" data-height="116" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png/192px-Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png/256px-Nintendo-3DS-AquaOpen.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:243px;max-width:243px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:116px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png/241px-Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png" decoding="async" width="241" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="1400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 241px;height: 116px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png/241px-Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png" data-alt="" data-width="241" data-height="116" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png/362px-Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png/482px-Wii_U_Console_and_Gamepad.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a></div></div></div></div> Following an announcement in March 2010,<a href="#cite_note-162">[153]</a> Nintendo released the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_3DS" title="Nintendo 3DS">Nintendo 3DS</a> in 2011. The console produces <a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">stereoscopic</a> effects without 3D glasses.<a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a> By 2018, more than 69 million units had been sold worldwide;<a href="#cite_note-164">[155]</a> the figure increased to 75 million by the start of 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Wii3DSSales-158">[149]</a> In 2011, Nintendo celebrated the 25th anniversary of The Legend of Zelda with the orchestra concert tour <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Symphony_of_the_Goddesses" title="The Legend of Zelda: Symphony of the Goddesses">The Legend of Zelda: Symphony of the Goddesses</a> and the video game <a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Skyward_Sword" title="The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword">The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a> In 2012 and 2013, two new Nintendo game consoles were introduced: the <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a>, with high-definition graphics and a <a href="/wiki/Wii_U_GamePad" title="Wii U GamePad">GamePad</a> controller with <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">near-field communication</a> technology,<a href="#cite_note-166">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[158]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_2DS" title="Nintendo 2DS">Nintendo 2DS</a>, a version of the 3DS that lacks the clamshell design of Nintendo's previous handheld consoles and the stereoscopic effects of the 3DS.<a href="#cite_note-168">[159]</a> With 13.5 million units sold worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-Wii3DSSales-158">[149]</a> the Wii U is the least successful video game console in Nintendo's history.<a href="#cite_note-169">[160]</a> In 2014, a new product line was released consisting of figures of Nintendo characters called <a href="/wiki/Amiibo" title="Amiibo">amiibos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_History-6">[5]</a> On 25 September 2013, Nintendo announced its acquisition of a 28% stake in PUX Corporation, a subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>, to develop <a href="/wiki/Facial_recognition_system" title="Facial recognition system">facial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">voice</a>, and text recognition for its video games.<a href="#cite_note-170">[161]</a> Due to a 30% decrease in company income between April and December 2013, Iwata announced a temporary 50% cut to his salary, with other executives seeing reductions by 20%–30%.<a href="#cite_note-171">[162]</a> In January 2015, Nintendo ceased operations in the Brazilian market due in part to high import <a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">duties</a>. This did not affect the rest of Nintendo's Latin American market due to an alliance with Juegos de Video Latinoamérica.<a href="#cite_note-172">[163]</a> Nintendo reached an agreement with NC Games for Nintendo's products to resume distribution in Brazil by 2017,<a href="#cite_note-173">[164]</a> and by September 2020, the Switch was released in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-174">[165]</a> On 11 July 2015, Iwata died of <a href="/wiki/Cholangiocarcinoma" title="Cholangiocarcinoma">bile duct cancer</a>, and after a couple of months in which Miyamoto and Takeda jointly operated the company, <a href="/wiki/Tatsumi_Kimishima" title="Tatsumi Kimishima">Tatsumi Kimishima</a> was named as Iwata's successor on 16 September 2015.<a href="#cite_note-175">[166]</a> As part of the management's restructuring, Miyamoto and Takeda were respectively named creative and technological advisors.<a href="#cite_note-176">[167]</a> The financial losses caused by the Wii U, along with Sony's intention to release its video games to other platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">smart TVs</a>, motivated Nintendo to rethink its strategy concerning the production and distribution of its properties.<a href="#cite_note-177">[168]</a> In 2015, Nintendo formalized agreements with <a href="/wiki/DeNA" title="DeNA">DeNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Parks_%26_Resorts" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Parks & Resorts">Universal Parks & Resorts</a> to extend its presence to <a href="/wiki/Smart_device" title="Smart device">smart devices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement parks</a> respectively.<a href="#cite_note-178">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo,_Presentation-179">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:App-augmented-reality-game-gps-163042_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/App-augmented-reality-game-gps-163042_%28cropped%29.jpg/110px-App-augmented-reality-game-gps-163042_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="3206"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 186px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/App-augmented-reality-game-gps-163042_%28cropped%29.jpg/110px-App-augmented-reality-game-gps-163042_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="110" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/App-augmented-reality-game-gps-163042_%28cropped%29.jpg/165px-App-augmented-reality-game-gps-163042_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/App-augmented-reality-game-gps-163042_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-App-augmented-reality-game-gps-163042_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Go" title="Pokémon Go">Pokémon Go</a> in the sign-up menu</figcaption></figure> In March 2016, Nintendo's first <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile app</a> for the <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Miitomo" title="Miitomo">Miitomo</a>, was released.<a href="#cite_note-181">[172]</a> Since then, Nintendo has produced other similar apps, such as <a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Run" title="Super Mario Run">Super Mario Run</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_Emblem_Heroes" title="Fire Emblem Heroes">Fire Emblem Heroes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_Crossing:_Pocket_Camp" title="Animal Crossing: Pocket Camp">Animal Crossing: Pocket Camp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Kart_Tour" title="Mario Kart Tour">Mario Kart Tour</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Go" title="Pokémon Go">Pokémon Go</a>, the last being developed by <a href="/wiki/Niantic_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niantic (company)">Niantic</a> and having generated $115 million in revenue for Nintendo.<a href="#cite_note-182">[173]</a> In March 2016, the <a href="/wiki/Loyalty_program" title="Loyalty program">loyalty program</a> <a href="/wiki/My_Nintendo" title="My Nintendo">My Nintendo</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Club_Nintendo" title="Club Nintendo">Club Nintendo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[174]</a> The <a href="/wiki/NES_Classic_Edition" title="NES Classic Edition">NES Classic Edition</a> was released in November 2016. The console is a version of the NES based on emulation, <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a>, and the Wii remote.<a href="#cite_note-184">[175]</a> Its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Super_NES_Classic_Edition" title="Super NES Classic Edition">Super NES Classic Edition</a>, was released in September 2017.<a href="#cite_note-185">[176]</a> By October 2018, around ten million units of both consoles combined had been sold worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-186">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2017–present:_Nintendo_Switch_and_expansion_to_other_media">2017–present: Nintendo Switch and expansion to other media</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch#History" title="Nintendo Switch">History of Nintendo Switch</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:377px;max-width:377px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-Switch-Console-Docked-wJoyConRB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nintendo-Switch-Console-Docked-wJoyConRB.jpg/186px-Nintendo-Switch-Console-Docked-wJoyConRB.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4900" data-file-height="2800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 186px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nintendo-Switch-Console-Docked-wJoyConRB.jpg/186px-Nintendo-Switch-Console-Docked-wJoyConRB.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="186" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nintendo-Switch-Console-Docked-wJoyConRB.jpg/279px-Nintendo-Switch-Console-Docked-wJoyConRB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nintendo-Switch-Console-Docked-wJoyConRB.jpg/372px-Nintendo-Switch-Console-Docked-wJoyConRB.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">In "TV mode", with the <a href="/wiki/Joy-Con" title="Joy-Con">Joy-Con</a> attached to a grip and the main unit docked</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:185px;max-width:185px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo-Switch-wJoyCons-BlRd-Standing-FL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nintendo-Switch-wJoyCons-BlRd-Standing-FL.jpg/183px-Nintendo-Switch-wJoyCons-BlRd-Standing-FL.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4650" data-file-height="2700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 183px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nintendo-Switch-wJoyCons-BlRd-Standing-FL.jpg/183px-Nintendo-Switch-wJoyCons-BlRd-Standing-FL.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="183" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nintendo-Switch-wJoyCons-BlRd-Standing-FL.jpg/275px-Nintendo-Switch-wJoyCons-BlRd-Standing-FL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nintendo-Switch-wJoyCons-BlRd-Standing-FL.jpg/366px-Nintendo-Switch-wJoyCons-BlRd-Standing-FL.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">In "Handheld mode", with the Joy-Con attached to its sides</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_video_game_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid video game console">hybrid video game console</a>, released in 2017</div></div></div></div> The Wii U's successor in the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Eighth generation of video game consoles">eighth generation of video game consoles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a>, was released in March 2017. The Switch features a hybrid design as a home and handheld console, <a href="/wiki/Joy-Con" title="Joy-Con">Joy-Con</a> controllers that each contain an accelerometer and gyroscope, and the simultaneous wireless networking of up to eight consoles.<a href="#cite_note-187">[178]</a> To expand its library, Nintendo entered alliances with several third-party and independent developers;<a href="#cite_note-188">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[180]</a> by February 2019, more than 1,800 Switch games had been released.<a href="#cite_note-190">[181]</a> Worldwide sales of the Switch exceeded 55 million units by March 2020.<a href="#cite_note-191">[182]</a> In April 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Labo" title="Nintendo Labo">Nintendo Labo</a> line was released, consisting of cardboard accessories that interact with the Switch and the Joy-Con controllers.<a href="#cite_note-192">[183]</a> More than one million units of the Nintendo Labo Variety Kit were sold in its first year on the market.<a href="#cite_note-193">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Super_Nintendo_World_Theme_Park_at_USJ_Osaka_Evening_Sky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Super_Nintendo_World_Theme_Park_at_USJ_Osaka_Evening_Sky.jpg/220px-Super_Nintendo_World_Theme_Park_at_USJ_Osaka_Evening_Sky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2538"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 138px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Super_Nintendo_World_Theme_Park_at_USJ_Osaka_Evening_Sky.jpg/220px-Super_Nintendo_World_Theme_Park_at_USJ_Osaka_Evening_Sky.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="138" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Super_Nintendo_World_Theme_Park_at_USJ_Osaka_Evening_Sky.jpg/330px-Super_Nintendo_World_Theme_Park_at_USJ_Osaka_Evening_Sky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Super_Nintendo_World_Theme_Park_at_USJ_Osaka_Evening_Sky.jpg/440px-Super_Nintendo_World_Theme_Park_at_USJ_Osaka_Evening_Sky.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_World" title="Super Nintendo World">Super Nintendo World</a> at <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Japan" title="Universal Studios Japan">Universal Studios Japan</a>, opened in 2021</figcaption></figure> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Shuntaro_Furukawa" title="Shuntaro Furukawa">Shuntaro Furukawa</a> replaced Kimishima as company president,<a href="#cite_note-194">[185]</a> and in 2019, <a href="/wiki/Doug_Bowser" title="Doug Bowser">Doug Bowser</a> succeeded Nintendo of America president <a href="/wiki/Reggie_Fils-Aim%C3%A9" title="Reggie Fils-Aimé">Reggie Fils-Aimé</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a> In April 2019, Nintendo formed an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a> to distribute the Nintendo Switch in China starting in December.<a href="#cite_note-196">[187]</a> The theme park area <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_World" title="Super Nintendo World">Super Nintendo World</a> opened at <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Japan" title="Universal Studios Japan">Universal Studios Japan</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-197">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[189]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KANDA_SQUARE-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KANDA_SQUARE-3.jpg/170px-KANDA_SQUARE-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="3840"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 302px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KANDA_SQUARE-3.jpg/170px-KANDA_SQUARE-3.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="302" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KANDA_SQUARE-3.jpg/255px-KANDA_SQUARE-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/KANDA_SQUARE-3.jpg/340px-KANDA_SQUARE-3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Nintendo's Tokyo branch office, located in the 8th floor, since 2020</figcaption></figure> In early 2020, Plan See Do, a hotel and restaurant development company, announced that it would refurbish the former Nintendo headquarters from the 1930s as a hotel, with plans to add 20 guest rooms, a restaurant, a bar, and a gym. The building is owned by Yamauchi Co., Ltd., an asset management company of Nintendo's founding family.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo's_Old_Headquarters_Will_Be_Turned_Into_A_Hotel-199">[190]</a> The hotel later opened in April 2022, with 18 guest rooms, and named Marufukuro in a homage to Nintendo's previous name - Marufuku.<a href="#cite_note-The_Old_Nintendo_Headquarters_Hotel_Looks_Stunning_Inside-200">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Take_a_look_inside_the_former_Nintendo_HQ_%E2%80%93_now_a_luxury_hotel-201">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-About_MARUFUKURO%EF%BD%9C_Kyoto_Gojo_Hotel-202">[193]</a> In April 2020, Reuters reported that <a href="/wiki/ValueAct_Capital" title="ValueAct Capital">ValueAct Capital</a> had acquired over 2.6 million shares in Nintendo stock worth US$1.1 billion over the course of a year, giving them an overall stake of 2% in Nintendo.<a href="#cite_note-Exclusive:_ValueAct_eyes_Nintendo_with_stake_of_over_%241.1_billion_-_letter-203">[194]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> caused delays in the production and distribution of some of Nintendo's products, the situation "had limited impact on business results"; in May 2020, Nintendo reported a 75% increase in income compared to the previous fiscal year, mainly contributed by the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_Online" title="Nintendo Switch Online">Nintendo Switch Online</a> service.<a href="#cite_note-Consolidated_Results_for_the_Years_Ended_March_31,_2019_and_2020-204">[195]</a> The year saw some changes to the company's management: outside director Naoki Mizutani retired from the board, and was replaced by Asa Shinkawa; and Yoshiaki Koizumi was promoted to senior executive officer, maintaining its role as deputy general manager of Nintendo EPD.<a href="#cite_note-Consolidated_Results_for_the_Years_Ended_March_31,_2019_and_2020-204">[195]</a> By August, Nintendo was named the richest company in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_Officially_Named_The_Richest_Company_In_Japan_In_2020-205">[196]</a> In June 2021, the company announced plans to convert its former Uji Ogura plant, where it had manufactured playing and hanafuda cards, into a museum tentatively named "Nintendo Gallery", targeted to open by March 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Official_'Nintendo_Gallery'_Museum_to_Open_in_Japan_by_March_2024-206">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-News_Release_:_Jun._2,_2021_Utilization_of_the_land_of_the_Nintendo_Uji_Ogura_Plant-207">[198]</a> In the following year, historic remains of a <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a> village were discovered in the construction site.<a href="#cite_note-Historic_Village_Remains_Found_On_Nintendo_Museum_Construction_Site-208">[199]</a> Nintendo co-produced an animated film <a href="/wiki/The_Super_Mario_Bros._Movie" title="The Super Mario Bros. Movie">The Super Mario Bros. Movie</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illumination_(company)" title="Illumination (company)">Illumination</a>, with Miyamoto and Illumination CEO <a href="/wiki/Chris_Meledandri" title="Chris Meledandri">Chris Meledandri</a> acting as producers.<a href="#cite_note-209">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[201]</a> In 2021, Furukawa indicated Nintendo's plan to create more animated projects based on their work outside the Mario film,<a href="#cite_note-211">[202]</a> and by 29 June, Meledandri joined the board of directors as a non-executive outside director.<a href="#cite_note-212">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Consolidated_Results_for_the_Years_Ended_March_31,_2020_and_2021-213">[204]</a> According to Furukawa, the company's expansion toward animated production is to keep "[the] business [of producing video games] thriving and growing", realizing the "need to create opportunities where even people who do not normally play on video game systems can come into contact with Nintendo characters". That day, Miyamoto said that "[Meledandri] really came to understand the Nintendo point of view" and that "asking for [his] input, as an expert with many years of experience in Hollywood, will be of great help to" Nintendo's transition into film production.<a href="#cite_note-Melendandri-214">[205]</a> Later, in July 2022, Nintendo acquired Dynamo Pictures, a Japanese CG company founded by Hiroshi Hirokawa on 18 March 2011. Dynamo had worked with Nintendo on digital shorts in the 2010s, including for the Pikmin series, and Nintendo said that Dynamo would continue their goal of expanding into animation. Following the completion of the acquisition in October 2022, Nintendo renamed Dynamo as <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Pictures" title="Nintendo Pictures">Nintendo Pictures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[207]</a> In February 2022, Nintendo announced the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Systems_Research_%26_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Research & Development">SRD Co., Ltd.</a> (Systems Research and Development) after 40 years, a major contributor of Nintendo's first-party games such as Donkey Kong and The Legend of Zelda until the 1990s, and then support studio since.<a href="#cite_note-SRD_ac-217">[208]</a> In May 2022, Reuters reported that <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Public_Investment_Fund" title="Public Investment Fund">Public Investment Fund</a> had purchased a 5% stake in Nintendo,<a href="#cite_note-Saudi_Arabia's_wealth_fund_takes_5%_Nintendo_stake-218">[209]</a> and by January 2023, its stake in the company had increased to 6.07%.<a href="#cite_note-Saudi_Arabia's_wealth_fund_raises_Nintendo_stake_to_6%-219">[210]</a> It was raised to 7.08% by February 2023, and in the same week by 8.26%, making it the biggest external investor.<a href="#cite_note-Saudi_Arabia's_wealth_fund_raises_Nintendo_stake_to_7%-220">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[212]</a> In November 2024, Saudi Arabia's PIF dropped back to 6.3%.<a href="#cite_note-222">[213]</a> In early 2023, the Super Nintendo World theme park area in <a href="/wiki/Universal_Studios_Hollywood" title="Universal Studios Hollywood">Universal Studios Hollywood</a> opened.<a href="#cite_note-223">[214]</a> The Super Mario Bros. Movie was released on 5 April 2023, and has grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide, setting box-office records for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_openings_for_animated_films" title="List of highest-grossing openings for animated films">biggest worldwide opening weekend for an animated film</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_based_on_video_games" title="List of highest-grossing films based on video games">highest-grossing film based on a video game</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films" title="List of highest-grossing films">the 15th-highest-grossing film of all-time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-224">[215]</a> Nintendo reached an agreement with <a href="/wiki/Embracer_Group" title="Embracer Group">Embracer Group</a> in May 2024 to acquire 100% of the shares in Shiver Entertainment, a company that has specialized in porting triple-A games like <a href="/wiki/Hogwarts_Legacy" title="Hogwarts Legacy">Hogwarts Legacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_1" title="Mortal Kombat 1">Mortal Kombat 1</a> to the Switch, making it a wholly owned subsidiary of Nintendo, subject to closing conditions.<a href="#cite_note-225">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[217]</a> In October 2024 Nintendo announced <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Music" title="Nintendo Music">Nintendo Music</a>, an application enabling one to listen to soundtracks from Nintendo games on the Nintendo Switch.<a href="#cite_note-227">[218]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Products">Products</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nintendo_products" title="List of Nintendo products">List of Nintendo products</a></div> Nintendo's central focus is the research, development, production, and distribution of entertainment products—primarily video game software and hardware and card games. Its main markets are Japan, America, and Europe, and more than 70% of its total sales come from the latter two territories.<a href="#cite_note-228">[219]</a> As of March 2023, Nintendo has sold more than 5.592 billion video games<a href="#cite_note-:0-229">[220]</a> and over 836 million <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_video_game_consoles" title="Nintendo video game consoles">hardware units</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-230">[221]</a> globally. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toys_and_cards">Toys and cards</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nintendo_products#Toys_and_cards" title="List of Nintendo products">List of Nintendo products § Toys and cards</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_game_consoles">Video game consoles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_video_game_consoles" title="Nintendo video game consoles">Nintendo video game consoles</a></div> Since the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Color_TV-Game" title="Color TV-Game">Color TV-Game</a> in 1977, Nintendo has produced and distributed home, handheld, dedicated, and hybrid consoles. Each has a variety of accessories and controllers, such as the <a href="/wiki/NES_Zapper" title="NES Zapper">NES Zapper</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Camera" title="Game Boy Camera">Game Boy Camera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Super_NES_Mouse" title="Super NES Mouse">Super NES Mouse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rumble_Pak" title="Rumble Pak">Rumble Pak</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wii_MotionPlus" title="Wii MotionPlus">Wii MotionPlus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wii_U_Pro_Controller" title="Wii U Pro Controller">Wii U Pro Controller</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch_Pro_Controller" title="Nintendo Switch Pro Controller">Switch Pro Controller</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nintendo_products" title="List of Nintendo products">List of Nintendo products</a></div> Nintendo's first electronic games are arcade games. EVR Race (1975) was the company's first <a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">electromechanical</a> game, and <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(1981_video_game)" title="Donkey Kong (1981 video game)">Donkey Kong</a> (1981) was the first <a href="/wiki/Platform_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform game">platform game</a> in history. Since then, both Nintendo and other development companies have produced and distributed an extensive catalog of video games for Nintendo's consoles. Nintendo's games are sold in both <a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">removable media</a> formats such as <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_optical_discs" title="Nintendo optical discs">optical disc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System_Game_Pak" title="Nintendo Entertainment System Game Pak">cartridge</a>, and online formats which are <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">distributed</a> via services such as the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_eShop" title="Nintendo eShop">Nintendo eShop</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Network" title="Nintendo Network">Nintendo Network</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Corporate_structure">Corporate structure</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nintendo_development_teams" title="List of Nintendo development teams">List of Nintendo development teams</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nintendo" title="Special:EditPage/Nintendo">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Nintendo%22">"Nintendo"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Nintendo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Nintendo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Nintendo%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Nintendo%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Nintendo%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (January 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Nintendo's internal <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> operations are divided into three main divisions: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Planning_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development">Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development</a> (or EPD),<a href="#cite_note-231">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[224]</a> the main software development and production division of Nintendo, which focuses on video game and software development, production, and supervising;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Platform_Technology_Development" title="Nintendo Platform Technology Development">Nintendo Platform Technology Development</a> (or PTD), which focuses on <a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">home</a> and <a href="/wiki/Handheld_video_game_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld video game console">handheld video game console</a> hardware development; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Business_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Business Development">Nintendo Business Development</a> (or NBD), which focuses on refining business strategy for dedicated game system business and is responsible for overseeing the <a href="/wiki/Smart_device" title="Smart device">smart device</a> arm of the business.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_Planning_and_Development_(EPD)">Entertainment Planning and Development (EPD)</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Planning_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development">Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development</a> division is the primary software development, production, and supervising division at Nintendo, formed as a merger between their former <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Analysis_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development">Entertainment Analysis & Development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Software_Planning_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Software Planning & Development">Software Planning & Development</a> divisions in 2015. Led by Shinya Takahashi, the division holds the largest concentration of staff at the company, housing more than 800 engineers, producers, directors, coordinators, planners, and designers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platform_Technology_Development_(PTD)">Platform Technology Development (PTD)</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Platform_Technology_Development" title="Nintendo Platform Technology Development">Nintendo Platform Technology Development</a> division is a combination of Nintendo's former <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Integrated_Research_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Integrated Research & Development">Integrated Research & Development</a> (or IRD) and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_System_Development" title="Nintendo System Development">System Development</a> (or SDD) divisions. Led by Ko Shiota, the division is responsible for designing hardware and developing Nintendo's <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, developer environment, and internal network, and maintenance of the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Network" title="Nintendo Network">Nintendo Network</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_Development_(NBD)">Business Development (NBD)</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Business_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Business Development">Nintendo Business Development</a> division was formed following Nintendo's foray into software development for <a href="/wiki/Smart_device" title="Smart device">smart devices</a> such as mobile phones and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablets</a>. It is responsible for refining Nintendo's business model for the dedicated video game system business and overseeing development for smart devices. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Branches">Branches</h3></div> Notable board members include <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satoru_Shibata" title="Satoru Shibata">Satoru Shibata</a> and Outside Director <a href="/wiki/Chris_Meledandri" title="Chris Meledandri">Chris Meledandri</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Illumination_(company)" title="Illumination (company)">Illumination Entertainment</a>; notable executive officers include <a href="/wiki/Yoshiaki_Koizumi" title="Yoshiaki Koizumi">Yoshiaki Koizumi</a>, Deputy general manager of <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Planning_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development">Entertainment Planning & Development</a> division, <a href="/wiki/Takashi_Tezuka" title="Takashi Tezuka">Takashi Tezuka</a> and Senior officer of Entertainment Planning & Development division. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nintendo_Co.,_Ltd.">Nintendo Co., Ltd.</h4></div> Headquartered in Kyoto, Japan since the beginning, Nintendo Co., Ltd. oversees the organization's global operations and manages Japanese operations specifically. The company's two major subsidiaries, Nintendo of America and Nintendo of Europe, manage operations in North America and Europe respectively. Nintendo Co., Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-234">[225]</a> later moved from its original Kyoto location to a new office in <a href="/wiki/Higashiyama-ku,_Kyoto" title="Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto">Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto</a>; this became the <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> building in 2000 when the head office relocated to its present<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nintendo&action=edit">[update]</a> location in <a href="/wiki/Minami-ku,_Kyoto" title="Minami-ku, Kyoto">Minami-ku, Kyoto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[226]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Nintendo's <a href="/wiki/Corporate_headquarters" title="Corporate headquarters">corporate headquarters</a> throughout history</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_1889.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1889-1933, in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto"><noscript><img alt="1889-1933, in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nintendo_1889.jpg/180px-Nintendo_1889.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1638" data-file-height="1225"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nintendo_1889.jpg/180px-Nintendo_1889.jpg" data-alt="1889-1933, in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto" data-width="180" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nintendo_1889.jpg/270px-Nintendo_1889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Nintendo_1889.jpg/360px-Nintendo_1889.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1889-1933, in <a href="/wiki/Shimogy%C5%8D-ku,_Kyoto" title="Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto">Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1933-1959, in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto"><noscript><img alt="1933-1959, in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg/180px-Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="2239"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg/180px-Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg" data-alt="1933-1959, in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto" data-width="180" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg/270px-Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg/360px-Nintendo_Former_Headquarters_Building.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1933-1959, in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_Kyoto_Research_Center_(Former_headquarters)_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1959-2000, in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto"><noscript><img alt="1959-2000, in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nintendo_Kyoto_Research_Center_%28Former_headquarters%29_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Nintendo_Kyoto_Research_Center_%28Former_headquarters%29_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 109px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nintendo_Kyoto_Research_Center_%28Former_headquarters%29_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-Nintendo_Kyoto_Research_Center_%28Former_headquarters%29_-_panoramio.jpg" data-alt="1959-2000, in Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto" data-width="180" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nintendo_Kyoto_Research_Center_%28Former_headquarters%29_-_panoramio.jpg/270px-Nintendo_Kyoto_Research_Center_%28Former_headquarters%29_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Nintendo_Kyoto_Research_Center_%28Former_headquarters%29_-_panoramio.jpg/360px-Nintendo_Kyoto_Research_Center_%28Former_headquarters%29_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">1959-2000, in <a href="/wiki/Higashiyama-ku,_Kyoto" title="Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto">Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.,_Ltd.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="2000–present, in Minami-ku, Kyoto"><noscript><img alt="2000–present, in Minami-ku, Kyoto" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg/180px-Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg/180px-Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg" data-alt="2000–present, in Minami-ku, Kyoto" data-width="180" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg/270px-Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg/360px-Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">2000–present, in <a href="/wiki/Minami-ku,_Kyoto" title="Minami-ku, Kyoto">Minami-ku, Kyoto</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nintendo_of_America">Nintendo of America</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg/220px-Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg/220px-Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg/330px-Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg/440px-Nintendo_of_America_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Nintendo of America headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond, Washington</a></figcaption></figure> Nintendo founded its North American subsidiary in 1980 as Nintendo of America (NoA). <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Yamauchi" title="Hiroshi Yamauchi">Hiroshi Yamauchi</a> appointed his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Minoru_Arakawa" title="Minoru Arakawa">Minoru Arakawa</a> as president, who in turn hired his own wife and Yamauchi's daughter Yoko Yamauchi as the first employee. The Arakawa family moved from <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia to select an office in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, New York, due to its central status in American commerce. Both were from extremely affluent families, their goals were set more by prestige than money. The seed capital and product inventory were supplied by the parent corporation in Japan, with a launch goal of entering the existing $8 billion-per-year <a href="/wiki/Coin-op" class="mw-redirect" title="Coin-op">coin-op</a> <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video game</a> market and the largest entertainment industry in the US, which had already outclassed movies and television combined. During the couple's arcade research excursions, NoA hired gamer youths to work in the filthy, hot, ratty warehouse in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> to receive and service game hardware from Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff199494%E2%80%93103-236">[227]</a> In late 1980, NoA contracted the Seattle-based arcade sales and distribution company Far East Video, consisting solely of experienced arcade salespeople Ron Judy and Al Stone. The two had already built a decent reputation and a distribution network, founded specifically for the independent import and sales of games from Nintendo because the Japanese company had for years been the under-represented maverick in America. Now as direct associates to the new NoA, they told Arakawa they could always clear all Nintendo inventory if Nintendo produced better games. Far East Video took NoA's contract for a fixed per-unit commission on the exclusive American distributorship of Nintendo games, to be settled by their Seattle-based lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Lincoln" title="Howard Lincoln">Howard Lincoln</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff199494%E2%80%93103-236">[227]</a> Based on favorable test arcade sites in Seattle, Arakawa wagered most of NoA's modest finances on a huge order of 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Radar_Scope" title="Radar Scope">Radar Scope</a> cabinets. He panicked when the game failed in the fickle market upon its arrival from its four-month boat ride from Japan. Far East Video was already in financial trouble due to declining sales and Ron Judy borrowed his aunt's life savings of $50,000, while still hoping Nintendo would develop its first <a href="/wiki/Pac-Man" title="Pac-Man">Pac-Man</a>-sized hit. Arakawa regretted founding the Nintendo subsidiary, with the distressed Yoko trapped between her arguing husband and father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994103%E2%80%93105-237">[228]</a> Amid financial threat, Nintendo of America relocated from Manhattan to the Seattle metro to remove major stressors: the frenetic New York and New Jersey lifestyle and commute, and the extra weeks or months on the shipping route from Japan as was suffered by the Radar Scope disaster. With the Seattle harbor being the US's closest to Japan at only nine days by boat, and having a lumber production market for arcade cabinets, Arakawa's real estate scouts found a 60,000-square-foot (5,600 m2) warehouse for rent containing three offices—one for Arakawa and one for Judy and Stone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994105%E2%80%93106-238">[229]</a> This warehouse in the <a href="/wiki/Tukwila,_Washington" title="Tukwila, Washington">Tukwila</a> suburb was owned by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Segale" title="Mario Segale">Mario Segale</a>, after whom the <a href="/wiki/Mario" title="Mario">Mario</a> character would be named,<a href="#cite_note-donjames1-66">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-donjames2-67">[58]</a> and was initially managed by former Far East Video employee Don James.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994109-239">[230]</a> After one month, James recruited his college friend <a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(consultant)" title="Howard Phillips (consultant)">Howard Phillips</a> as an assistant, who soon took over as warehouse manager.<a href="#cite_note-MGC_2019_Howard-240">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ninterview:_Howard-241">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-Firestone2011-242">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_Frenzy-243">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Journey_from_Warehouse-244">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-5_questions_for_Howard-245">[236]</a> The company remained at fewer than 10 employees for some time, handling sales, marketing, advertising, distribution, and limited manufacturing<a href="#cite_note-Ultimate_History-246">[237]</a>: 160 of arcade cabinets and <a href="/wiki/Game_%26_Watch" title="Game & Watch">Game & Watch</a> handheld units, all sourced and shipped from Nintendo. Arakawa was still panicked over NoA's ongoing financial crisis. With the parent company having no new game ideas, he had been repeatedly pleading for Yamauchi to reassign some top talent away from existing Japanese products to develop something for America—especially to redeem the massive dead stock of Radar Scope cabinets. Since all of Nintendo's key engineers and programmers were busy, and with NoA representing only a tiny fraction of the parent's overall business, Yamauchi allowed only the assignment of <a href="/wiki/Gunpei_Yokoi" title="Gunpei Yokoi">Gunpei Yokoi</a>'s young assistant who had no background in engineering, <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Miyamoto" title="Shigeru Miyamoto">Shigeru Miyamoto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994106-247">[238]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on the fortuitous conversion: <a href="/wiki/Radar_Scope" title="Radar Scope">Radar Scope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(1981_video_game)#Development" title="Donkey Kong (1981 video game)">Donkey Kong</a></div> NoA's staff—except the sole young gamer Howard Phillips—were uniformly revolted at the sight of the freshman developer Miyamoto's debut game, which they had imported in the form of emergency conversion kits for the overstock of Radar Scope cabinets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994109-239">[230]</a> The kits transformed the cabinets into NoA's massive <a href="/wiki/Windfall_gain" title="Windfall gain">windfall gain</a> of $280 million from Miyamoto's smash hit <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(1981_video_game)" title="Donkey Kong (1981 video game)">Donkey Kong</a> in 1981–1983 alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994111-248">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[240]</a> They sold 4,000 new arcade units each month in America, making the 24-year-old Phillips "the largest volume shipping manager for the entire Port of Seattle".<a href="#cite_note-Journey_from_Warehouse-244">[235]</a> Arakawa used these profits to buy 27 acres (11 ha) of land in Redmond in July 1982<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994113-250">[241]</a> and to perform the $50 million launch of the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a> in 1985 which revitalized the entire video game industry from its <a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983" title="Video game crash of 1983">devastating 1983 crash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Here's_how-251">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-In_Their_Words-252">[243]</a> A second warehouse in Redmond was soon secured, and managed by Don James. The company stayed at around 20 employees for some years. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="History of the Nintendo Entertainment System">History of the Nintendo Entertainment System</a> and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(consultant)" title="Howard Phillips (consultant)">Howard Phillips (consultant)</a></div> The organization was reshaped nationwide in the following decades, and those core sales and marketing business functions are now directed by the office in <a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City, California</a>. The company's distribution centers are Nintendo Atlanta in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, Georgia, and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_North_Bend" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo North Bend">Nintendo North Bend</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Bend,_Washington" title="North Bend, Washington">North Bend, Washington</a>. As of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nintendo&action=edit">[update]</a>, the 380,000-square-foot (35,000 m2) Nintendo North Bend facility processes more than 20,000 orders a day to Nintendo customers, which include <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail stores</a> that sell Nintendo products in addition to consumers who <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">shop</a> Nintendo's website.<a href="#cite_note-253">[244]</a> Nintendo of America operates two retail stores in the United States: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_New_York" title="Nintendo New York">Nintendo New York</a> on <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Plaza">Rockefeller Plaza</a> in New York City, which is open to the public; and Nintendo Redmond, co-located at NoA headquarters in Redmond, Washington, which is open only to Nintendo employees and invited guests. Nintendo of America's Canadian branch, Nintendo of Canada, is based in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, British Columbia with a <a href="/wiki/Distribution_center" title="Distribution center">distribution center</a> in Toronto.<a href="#cite_note-254">[245]</a> Nintendo Treehouse is NoA's localization team, composed of around 80 staff who are responsible for translating text from Japanese to English, creating videos and marketing plans, and quality assurance.<a href="#cite_note-255">[246]</a> Nintendo of America announced in October 2021 that it will be closing its offices in Redwood City, California, and Toronto and merging its operations with its Redmond and Vancouver offices.<a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a> In April 2022, an anonymous QA worker filed a complaint with the <a href="/wiki/National_Labor_Relations_Board" title="National Labor Relations Board">National Labor Relations Board</a>, alleging Nintendo of America and contractor Aston Carter had engaged in union-busting activities and surveillance. The employee had been fired for mentioning unionizing efforts in the industry during a company meeting.<a href="#cite_note-257">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[249]</a> The companies agreed to a settlement with the employee in October 2022.<a href="#cite_note-259">[250]</a> In March 2024, Nintendo of America restructured its product testing teams, resulting in the elimination of over 100 contractor roles. Some of the affected contractors were given full-time roles.<a href="#cite_note-260">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nintendo_of_Europe">Nintendo of Europe</h4></div> Nintendo's European subsidiary was established in June 1990,<a href="#cite_note-NOE,_History-261">[252]</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fostheim" title="Großostheim">Großostheim</a>, Germany.<a href="#cite_note-262">[253]</a> The company handles operations across Europe (excluding <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, where operations are handled by <a href="/wiki/Bergsala" title="Bergsala">Bergsala</a> on behalf of NOE),<a href="#cite_note-ign_lie-263">[254]</a> as well as South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-NOE,_History-261">[252]</a> Nintendo of Europe's United Kingdom branch (Nintendo UK)<a href="#cite_note-264">[255]</a> handles operations in that country and in Ireland from its headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor, Berkshire</a>. In June 2014, NOE initiated a reduction and consolidation process, yielding a combined 130 layoffs: the closing of its office and warehouse, termination of all employment, in Großostheim; and the consolidation of all of those operations into, and terminating some employment at, its <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> location.<a href="#cite_note-265">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a> As of July 2018, the company employs 850 people.<a href="#cite_note-267">[258]</a> In 2019, NoE signed with Tor Gaming Ltd. for official distribution in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-:4-268">[259]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248256098"><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Nintendo of Europe headquarters</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gro%C3%9Fostheim_Nintendo_20110127.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Nintendo of Europe headquarters in Großostheim, Germany, until 2014"><noscript><img alt="Former Nintendo of Europe headquarters in Großostheim, Germany, until 2014" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gro%C3%9Fostheim_Nintendo_20110127.jpg/180px-Gro%C3%9Fostheim_Nintendo_20110127.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4572" data-file-height="2963"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 117px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gro%C3%9Fostheim_Nintendo_20110127.jpg/180px-Gro%C3%9Fostheim_Nintendo_20110127.jpg" data-alt="Former Nintendo of Europe headquarters in Großostheim, Germany, until 2014" data-width="180" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gro%C3%9Fostheim_Nintendo_20110127.jpg/270px-Gro%C3%9Fostheim_Nintendo_20110127.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Gro%C3%9Fostheim_Nintendo_20110127.jpg/360px-Gro%C3%9Fostheim_Nintendo_20110127.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former Nintendo of Europe headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fostheim" title="Großostheim">Großostheim</a>, Germany, until 2014</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Nintendo of Europe headquarters in Frankfurt, Germany"><noscript><img alt="Old Nintendo of Europe headquarters in Frankfurt, Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg/119px-Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2643" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 119px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg/119px-Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg" data-alt="Old Nintendo of Europe headquarters in Frankfurt, Germany" data-width="119" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg/178px-Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg/238px-Frankfurt_Herriotstra%C3%9Fe_4.20130511.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Nintendo of Europe headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, Germany</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Edificio_Adamastor_Fernando_Guerra_%26_S%C3%A9rgio_Guerra_%E2%80%93_Fotografia_de_Arquitectura.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Nintendo Iberica office in Lisbon, Portugal"><noscript><img alt="Nintendo Iberica office in Lisbon, Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Edificio_Adamastor_Fernando_Guerra_%26_S%C3%A9rgio_Guerra_%E2%80%93_Fotografia_de_Arquitectura.JPG/83px-Edificio_Adamastor_Fernando_Guerra_%26_S%C3%A9rgio_Guerra_%E2%80%93_Fotografia_de_Arquitectura.JPG" decoding="async" width="83" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="1492"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 83px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Edificio_Adamastor_Fernando_Guerra_%26_S%C3%A9rgio_Guerra_%E2%80%93_Fotografia_de_Arquitectura.JPG/83px-Edificio_Adamastor_Fernando_Guerra_%26_S%C3%A9rgio_Guerra_%E2%80%93_Fotografia_de_Arquitectura.JPG" data-alt="Nintendo Iberica office in Lisbon, Portugal" data-width="83" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Edificio_Adamastor_Fernando_Guerra_%26_S%C3%A9rgio_Guerra_%E2%80%93_Fotografia_de_Arquitectura.JPG/125px-Edificio_Adamastor_Fernando_Guerra_%26_S%C3%A9rgio_Guerra_%E2%80%93_Fotografia_de_Arquitectura.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Edificio_Adamastor_Fernando_Guerra_%26_S%C3%A9rgio_Guerra_%E2%80%93_Fotografia_de_Arquitectura.JPG/167px-Edificio_Adamastor_Fernando_Guerra_%26_S%C3%A9rgio_Guerra_%E2%80%93_Fotografia_de_Arquitectura.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nintendo Iberica office in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nintendo_Australia">Nintendo Australia</h4></div> Nintendo's Australian subsidiary is based in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. It handles the publishing, distribution, sales, and marketing of Nintendo products in Australia and New Zealand. It also manufactured some Wii games locally. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nintendo_of_Korea">Nintendo of Korea</h4></div> Nintendo's South Korean subsidiary was established on 7 July 2006 and is based in Seoul.<a href="#cite_note-269">[260]</a> In March 2016, the subsidiary was heavily downsized due to a corporate restructuring after analyzing shifts in the current market, laying off 80% of its employees, leaving only ten people, including CEO Hiroyuki Fukuda. This did not affect any games scheduled for release in South Korea, and Nintendo continued operations there as usual.<a href="#cite_note-270">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsidiaries">Subsidiaries</h3></div> Although most of the research and development is being done in Japan, there are some <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">R&D</a> facilities in the United States, Europe, and China that are focused on developing software and hardware technologies used in Nintendo products. Although they all are subsidiaries of Nintendo (and therefore first-party), they are often referred to as external resources when being involved in joint development processes with Nintendo's internal developers by the Japanese personnel involved. This can be seen in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Iwata_Asks_interviews" title="List of Iwata Asks interviews">Iwata Asks</a> interview series.<a href="#cite_note-272">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Software_Technology" title="Nintendo Software Technology">Nintendo Software Technology</a> (NST) and Nintendo Technology Development (NTD) are located in <a href="/wiki/Redmond,_Washington" title="Redmond, Washington">Redmond, Washington</a>, United States, while <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_European_Research_%26_Development" title="Nintendo European Research & Development">Nintendo European Research & Development</a> (NERD) is located in Paris, France, and Nintendo Network Service Database (NSD) is located in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan. Most external <a href="/wiki/First-party_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="First-party developer">first-party</a> software development is done in Japan, because the only overseas subsidiaries are <a href="/wiki/Retro_Studios" title="Retro Studios">Retro Studios</a> and Shiver Entertainment in the United States (acquired in 2002<a href="#cite_note-273">[264]</a> and 2024,<a href="#cite_note-274">[265]</a> respectively) and <a href="/wiki/Next_Level_Games" title="Next Level Games">Next Level Games</a> in Canada (acquired in 2021).<a href="#cite_note-275">[266]</a> Although these studios are all subsidiaries of Nintendo, they are often referred to as external resources when being involved in joint development processes with Nintendo's internal developers by the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_Planning_%26_Development" title="Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development">Nintendo Entertainment Planning & Development</a> (EPD) division. <a href="/wiki/1-Up_Studio" title="1-Up Studio">1-Up Studio</a> and <a href="/wiki/NDcube" class="mw-redirect" title="NDcube">NDcube</a> are located in Tokyo, Japan, and <a href="/wiki/Monolith_Soft" title="Monolith Soft">Monolith Soft</a> has one studio located in Tokyo and another in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>. Nintendo also established <a href="/wiki/The_Pok%C3%A9mon_Company" title="The Pokémon Company">The Pokémon Company</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Creatures_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creatures (company)">Creatures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_Freak" title="Game Freak">Game Freak</a> to manage the <a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a> brand. Similarly, Warpstar, Inc. was formed through a joint investment with <a href="/wiki/HAL_Laboratory" title="HAL Laboratory">HAL Laboratory</a>, which was in charge of the <a href="/wiki/Kirby:_Right_Back_at_Ya!" title="Kirby: Right Back at Ya!">Kirby: Right Back at Ya!</a> animated series as well as the web series It's Kirby Time. Both companies are investments from Nintendo, with Nintendo holding 32% of the shares of The Pokémon Company and 50% of the shares of Warpstar, Inc. Other notable subsidiaries include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IQue" title="IQue">iQue</a> (China) Ltd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_Research_%26_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Systems Research & Development">SRD Co., Ltd.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Pictures" title="Nintendo Pictures">Nintendo Pictures</a></li> <li>Nintendo Systems</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_distributors">Additional distributors</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bergsala">Bergsala</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Bergsala" title="Bergsala">Bergsala</a>, a third-party company based in Sweden, exclusively handles Nintendo operations in the Nordic region. Bergsala's relationship with Nintendo was established in 1981 when the company sought to distribute Game & Watch units to Sweden, which later expanded to the NES console by 1986. Bergsala was the only non-Nintendo owned distributor of Nintendo's products,<a href="#cite_note-276">[267]</a> until 2019 when Tor Gaming gained distribution rights in Israel. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tencent">Tencent</h4></div> Nintendo has partnered with <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a> to release Nintendo products in China, following the lifting of the country's console ban in 2015. In addition to distributing hardware, Tencent helps with the governmental approval process for video game software.<a href="#cite_note-277">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tor_Gaming">Tor Gaming</h4></div> In January 2019, <a href="/wiki/Ynet" title="Ynet">Ynet</a> and <a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a> Israel reported that negotiations about the official distribution of Nintendo products in the country were ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-:4-268">[259]</a> After two months, IGN Israel announced that Tor Gaming Ltd., a company established in earlier 2019, gained a distribution agreement with Nintendo of Europe, handling official retailing beginning at the start of March,<a href="#cite_note-278">[269]</a> followed by opening an official online store the next month.<a href="#cite_note-279">[270]</a> In June 2019, Tor Gaming launched an official Nintendo Store at <a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Center" title="Dizengoff Center">Dizengoff Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, making it the second official Nintendo Store worldwide, 13 years after NYC.<a href="#cite_note-:3-280">[271]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Marketing">Marketing</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_marketing" title="Nintendo marketing">Nintendo marketing</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo of America">Nintendo of America</a> has engaged in several high-profile marketing campaigns to define and position its brand. One of its earliest and most enduring slogans was "Now you're playing with power!", used first to promote its <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[272]</a> It modified the slogan to include "SUPER power" for the <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a>, and "PORTABLE power" for the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arsenault-282">[273]</a> Its 1994 "Play It Loud!" campaign played upon teenage rebellion and fostered an edgy reputation.<a href="#cite_note-Elliott-283">[274]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a> era, the slogan was "Get N or get out".<a href="#cite_note-Arsenault-282">[273]</a> During the GameCube era, the "Who Are You?" suggested a link between the games and the players' identities.<a href="#cite_note-284">[275]</a> The company promoted its Nintendo DS handheld with the tagline "Touching is Good".<a href="#cite_note-nbcTouching-285">[276]</a> For the Wii, they used the "Wii would like to play" slogan to promote the console with the people who tried the games including <a href="/wiki/Super_Mario_Galaxy" title="Super Mario Galaxy">Super Mario Galaxy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Paper_Mario" title="Super Paper Mario">Super Paper Mario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Effie-286">[277]</a> The Nintendo 3DS used the slogan "Take a look inside".<a href="#cite_note-287">[278]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a> used the slogan "How U will play next".<a href="#cite_note-288">[279]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a> uses the slogan "Switch and Play" in North America, and "Play anywhere, anytime, with anyone" elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-289">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trademark">Trademark</h3></div> During the peak of Nintendo's success in the video game industry in the 1990s, its name was ubiquitously used to refer to any video game console, regardless of the manufacturer. To prevent its trademark from becoming <a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">generic</a>, Nintendo pushed the term "game console", and succeeded in preserving its trademark.<a href="#cite_note-290">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logos">Logos</h3></div> Used since the 1960s, Nintendo's most recognizable logo is the racetrack shape, especially the red-colored wordmark typically displayed on a white background, primarily used in the Western markets from 1985 to 2006. In Japan, a monochromatic version that lacks a colored background is on Nintendo's own Famicom, Super Famicom, Nintendo 64, GameCube, and handheld console packaging and marketing. Since 2006, in conjunction with the launch of the Wii, Nintendo changed its logo to a gray variant that lacks a colored background inside the wordmark, making it transparent. Nintendo's official, corporate logo remains this variation.<a href="#cite_note-292">[283]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] For consumer products and marketing, a white variant on a red background has been used since 2016, and has been in full effect since the launch of the Nintendo Switch in 2017. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1889–1950"><noscript><img alt="1889–1950" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nintendo_1889.svg/120px-Nintendo_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="36" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="139"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 36px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nintendo_1889.svg/120px-Nintendo_1889.svg.png" data-alt="1889–1950" data-width="120" data-height="36" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nintendo_1889.svg/180px-Nintendo_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Nintendo_1889.svg/240px-Nintendo_1889.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1889–1950</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_-_1950.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1950–1960"><noscript><img alt="1950–1960" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nintendo_-_1950.png/93px-Nintendo_-_1950.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="359"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nintendo_-_1950.png/93px-Nintendo_-_1950.png" data-alt="1950–1960" data-width="93" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nintendo_-_1950.png/139px-Nintendo_-_1950.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nintendo_-_1950.png/186px-Nintendo_-_1950.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1950–1960</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_-_1960.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1960–1965"><noscript><img alt="1960–1965" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nintendo_-_1960.png/120px-Nintendo_-_1960.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nintendo_-_1960.png/120px-Nintendo_-_1960.png" data-alt="1960–1965" data-width="120" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nintendo_-_1960.png/180px-Nintendo_-_1960.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Nintendo_-_1960.png/240px-Nintendo_-_1960.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1960–1965</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_-_1965.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1965–1967"><noscript><img alt="1965–1967" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nintendo_-_1965.png/108px-Nintendo_-_1965.png" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="664"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 108px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nintendo_-_1965.png/108px-Nintendo_-_1965.png" data-alt="1965–1967" data-width="108" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nintendo_-_1965.png/163px-Nintendo_-_1965.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nintendo_-_1965.png/217px-Nintendo_-_1965.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1965–1967</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_-_1967.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1967–1968"><noscript><img alt="1967–1968" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nintendo_-_1967.png/120px-Nintendo_-_1967.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="148"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 30px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nintendo_-_1967.png/120px-Nintendo_-_1967.png" data-alt="1967–1968" data-width="120" data-height="30" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nintendo_-_1967.png/180px-Nintendo_-_1967.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Nintendo_-_1967.png/240px-Nintendo_-_1967.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1967–1968</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_-_1968.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1968–1970"><noscript><img alt="1968–1970" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Nintendo_-_1968.png/120px-Nintendo_-_1968.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="249"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 50px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Nintendo_-_1968.png/120px-Nintendo_-_1968.png" data-alt="1968–1970" data-width="120" data-height="50" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Nintendo_-_1968.png/180px-Nintendo_-_1968.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Nintendo_-_1968.png/240px-Nintendo_-_1968.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1968–1970</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_Logo_1970.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1970–1972"><noscript><img alt="1970–1972" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nintendo_Logo_1970.png/120px-Nintendo_Logo_1970.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 117px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nintendo_Logo_1970.png/120px-Nintendo_Logo_1970.png" data-alt="1970–1972" data-width="120" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nintendo_Logo_1970.png/180px-Nintendo_Logo_1970.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Nintendo_Logo_1970.png/240px-Nintendo_Logo_1970.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1970–1972</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_-_1972.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1972–1975"><noscript><img alt="1972–1975" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nintendo_-_1972.png/98px-Nintendo_-_1972.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="384"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 98px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nintendo_-_1972.png/98px-Nintendo_-_1972.png" data-alt="1972–1975" data-width="98" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nintendo_-_1972.png/147px-Nintendo_-_1972.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Nintendo_-_1972.png/196px-Nintendo_-_1972.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1972–1975</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_red_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1975–present"><noscript><img alt="1975–present" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nintendo_red_logo.svg/120px-Nintendo_red_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 30px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nintendo_red_logo.svg/120px-Nintendo_red_logo.svg.png" data-alt="1975–present" data-width="120" data-height="30" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nintendo_red_logo.svg/180px-Nintendo_red_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Nintendo_red_logo.svg/240px-Nintendo_red_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1975–present</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_gray_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1975 logo with grey coloring, 2004–2016"><noscript><img alt="1975 logo with grey coloring, 2004–2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nintendo_gray_logo.svg/120px-Nintendo_gray_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="126"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 30px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nintendo_gray_logo.svg/120px-Nintendo_gray_logo.svg.png" data-alt="1975 logo with grey coloring, 2004–2016" data-width="120" data-height="30" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nintendo_gray_logo.svg/180px-Nintendo_gray_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Nintendo_gray_logo.svg/240px-Nintendo_gray_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1975 logo with grey coloring, 2004–2016 </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="1975 logo with red background, 2016–present"><noscript><img alt="1975 logo with red background, 2016–present" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/120px-Nintendo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/120px-Nintendo.svg.png" data-alt="1975 logo with red background, 2016–present" data-width="120" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/180px-Nintendo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Nintendo.svg/240px-Nintendo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> 1975 logo with red background, 2016–present</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Policy">Policy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_guidelines">Content guidelines</h3></div> For many years, Nintendo had a policy of strict content guidelines for video games published on its consoles. Although Nintendo allowed <a href="/wiki/Graphic_violence" title="Graphic violence">graphic violence</a> in its video games released in Japan, <a href="/wiki/Nudity_and_sexuality" title="Nudity and sexuality">nudity and sexuality</a> were strictly prohibited. Former Nintendo president <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Yamauchi" title="Hiroshi Yamauchi">Hiroshi Yamauchi</a> believed that if the company allowed the licensing of pornographic games, the company's image would be forever tarnished.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_293-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-293">[284]</a> Nintendo of America went further in that games released for Nintendo consoles could not feature nudity, sexuality, <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">profanity</a> (including racism, <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">slurs</a>), blood, graphic or <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a>, drugs, political messages, or <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious symbolism">religious symbols</a>—with the exception of widely unpracticed religions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek Pantheon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[285]</a> The Japanese parent company was concerned that it may be viewed as a "Japanese Invasion" by forcing Japanese <a href="/wiki/Community_standards" title="Community standards">community standards</a> on North American and European children. Past the strict guidelines, some exceptions have occurred: <a href="/wiki/Bionic_Commando_(1988_video_game)" title="Bionic Commando (1988 video game)">Bionic Commando</a> (though <a href="/wiki/Nazi_swastika" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi swastika">swastikas</a> were eliminated in the US version), <a href="/wiki/Smash_TV" title="Smash TV">Smash TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golgo_13:_Top_Secret_Episode" title="Golgo 13: Top Secret Episode">Golgo 13: Top Secret Episode</a> contain human violence, the latter also containing implied <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">tobacco use</a>; <a href="/wiki/River_City_Ransom" title="River City Ransom">River City Ransom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taboo:_The_Sixth_Sense" title="Taboo: The Sixth Sense">Taboo: The Sixth Sense</a> contain nudity, and the latter also contains religious images, as do <a href="/wiki/Castlevania_II:_Simon%27s_Quest" title="Castlevania II: Simon's Quest">Castlevania II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castlevania_III:_Dracula%27s_Curse" title="Castlevania III: Dracula's Curse">III</a>. A known side effect of this policy is the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Genesis" title="Sega Genesis">Genesis</a> version of <a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_(1992_video_game)" title="Mortal Kombat (1992 video game)">Mortal Kombat</a> having more than double the unit sales of the Super NES version, mainly because Nintendo had forced publisher <a href="/wiki/Acclaim_Entertainment" title="Acclaim Entertainment">Acclaim</a> to recolor the red blood to look like white sweat and replace some of the more gory graphics in its release of the game, making it less violent.<a href="#cite_note-295">[286]</a> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a> allowed blood and gore to remain in the Genesis version (though a code is required to unlock the gore). Nintendo allowed the Super NES version of <a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat_II" title="Mortal Kombat II">Mortal Kombat II</a> to ship uncensored the following year with a content warning on the packaging.<a href="#cite_note-296">[287]</a> Video game ratings systems were introduced with the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board" title="Entertainment Software Rating Board">Entertainment Software Rating Board</a> (ESRB) of 1994 and the <a href="/wiki/Pan_European_Game_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan European Game Information">Pan European Game Information</a> of 2003, and Nintendo discontinued most of its censorship policies in favor of consumers making their own choices. Today changes to the content of games are done primarily by the game's developer or, occasionally, at the request of Nintendo. The only clear-set rule is that ESRB <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Rating_Board#Ratings" title="Entertainment Software Rating Board">AO-rated</a> games will not be licensed on Nintendo consoles in North America,<a href="#cite_note-297">[288]</a> a practice which is also enforced by <a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Computer Entertainment">Sony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, its two greatest competitors in the present market. Nintendo has since allowed several mature-content games to be published on its consoles, including <a href="/wiki/Perfect_Dark" title="Perfect Dark">Perfect Dark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conker%27s_Bad_Fur_Day" title="Conker's Bad Fur Day">Conker's Bad Fur Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doom_(franchise)" title="Doom (franchise)">Doom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doom_64" title="Doom 64">Doom 64</a>, <a href="/wiki/BMX_XXX" title="BMX XXX">BMX XXX</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Resident_Evil" title="Resident Evil">Resident Evil</a> series, <a href="/wiki/Killer7" title="Killer7">Killer7</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat" title="Mortal Kombat">Mortal Kombat</a> series, <a href="/wiki/Eternal_Darkness:_Sanity%27s_Requiem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem">Eternal Darkness: Sanity's Requiem</a>, <a href="/wiki/BloodRayne" title="BloodRayne">BloodRayne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geist_(video_game)" title="Geist (video game)">Geist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dementium:_The_Ward" title="Dementium: The Ward">Dementium: The Ward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayonetta_2" title="Bayonetta 2">Bayonetta 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Third" title="Devil's Third">Devil's Third</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fatal_Frame:_Maiden_of_Black_Water" title="Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water">Fatal Frame: Maiden of Black Water</a>. Certain games have continued to be modified, however. For example, <a href="/wiki/Konami" title="Konami">Konami</a> was forced to remove all references to cigarettes in the 2000 Game Boy Color game <a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_(2000_video_game)" title="Metal Gear Solid (2000 video game)">Metal Gear Solid</a> (although the previous NES version of <a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear_(video_game)" title="Metal Gear (video game)">Metal Gear</a>, the GameCube game <a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid:_The_Twin_Snakes" title="Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes">Metal Gear Solid: The Twin Snakes</a>, and the 3DS game <a href="/wiki/Metal_Gear_Solid_3:_Snake_Eater#Snake_Eater_3D" title="Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater">Metal Gear Solid 3: Snake Eater 3D</a>, included such references), and maiming and blood were removed from the Nintendo 64 <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">port</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cruis%27n_USA" title="Cruis'n USA">Cruis'n USA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-298">[289]</a> Another example is in the Game Boy Advance game <a href="/wiki/Mega_Man_Zero_3" title="Mega Man Zero 3">Mega Man Zero 3</a>, in which one of the bosses, called Hellbat Schilt in the Japanese and European releases, was renamed Devilbat Schilt in the North American <a href="/wiki/Internationalization_and_localization" title="Internationalization and localization">localization</a>. In North American releases of the <a href="/wiki/Mega_Man_Zero" title="Mega Man Zero">Mega Man Zero</a> games, enemies and bosses killed with a saber attack do not gush blood as they do in the Japanese versions. However, the release of the Wii was accompanied by several even more controversial games, such as <a href="/wiki/Manhunt_2" title="Manhunt 2">Manhunt 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/No_More_Heroes_(video_game)" title="No More Heroes (video game)">No More Heroes</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_House_of_the_Dead:_Overkill" title="The House of the Dead: Overkill">The House of the Dead: Overkill</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MadWorld" title="MadWorld">MadWorld</a>, the latter three of which were initially published exclusively for the console. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="License_guidelines">License guidelines</h3></div> Nintendo of America also had guidelines before 1993 that had to be followed by its licensees to make games for the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>, in addition to the above content guidelines.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_293-1' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-293">[284]</a> Guidelines were enforced through the <a href="/wiki/10NES" class="mw-redirect" title="10NES">10NES</a> lockout chip. <ul><li>Licensees were not permitted to release the same game for a competing console until two years had passed.</li> <li>Nintendo would decide how many cartridges would be supplied to the licensee.</li> <li>Nintendo would decide how much space would be dedicated such as for articles and advertising in the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Power" title="Nintendo Power">Nintendo Power</a> magazine.</li> <li>There was a minimum number of cartridges that had to be ordered by the licensee from Nintendo.</li> <li>There was a yearly limit of five games that a licensee may produce for a Nintendo console.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994215-299">[290]</a> This rule was created to prevent market over-saturation, which had contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983" title="Video game crash of 1983">video game crash of 1983</a>.</li></ul> The last rule was circumvented in several ways; for example, Konami, wanting to produce more games for Nintendo's consoles, formed <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Games" title="Ultra Games">Ultra Games</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Ultra_Games" title="Ultra Games">Palcom</a> to produce more games as a technically different publisher.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_293-2' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-293">[284]</a> This disadvantaged smaller or emerging companies, as they could not afford to start additional companies. In another side effect, <a href="/wiki/Square_(video_game_company)" title="Square (video game company)">Square Co.</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Square_Enix" title="Square Enix">Square Enix</a>) executives have suggested that the price of publishing games on the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">Nintendo 64</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[291]</a> along with the degree of censorship and control that Nintendo enforced over its games,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] most notably <a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VI" title="Final Fantasy VI">Final Fantasy VI</a>, were factors in switching its focus towards <a href="/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Computer Entertainment">Sony</a>'s <a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a> console. In 1993, a <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">class action</a> suit was taken against Nintendo under allegations that their lockout chip enabled <a href="/wiki/Unfair_business_practices" title="Unfair business practices">unfair business practices</a>. The case was settled, with the condition that California consumers were entitled to a $3 discount coupon for a game of Nintendo's choice.<a href="#cite_note-301">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_property_protection">Intellectual property protection</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection_by_Nintendo" title="Intellectual property protection by Nintendo">Intellectual property protection by Nintendo</a></div> Nintendo has generally been proactive in ensuring that its intellectual property in both hardware and software is protected. Nintendo's protection of its properties began as early as the arcade release of Donkey Kong which was widely <a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">cloned</a> on other platforms, a practice common to the most popular arcade games of the era. Nintendo did seek legal action to try to stop the release of these unauthorized clones but estimated they still lost $100 million in potential sales to these clones.<a href="#cite_note-302">[293]</a> Since then, Nintendo has been proactive in preventing copyright infringement of its games by <a href="/wiki/Video_game_emulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game emulator">video game emulators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">fan games</a> and other works using the company's intellectual property. The company has also suffered from various <a href="/wiki/Data_breach" title="Data breach">data breaches</a> and has sought action against those that have released these leaks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seal_of_Quality">Seal of Quality</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Nintendo Seal of Quality</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg/170px-Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="262"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg/170px-Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="170" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg/255px-Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg/340px-Nintendo_Official_Seal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Seal in <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> regions</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg/170px-Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="147"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg/170px-Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="170" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg/255px-Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg/340px-Original_Nintendo_Seal_of_Quality_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Seal in <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> regions</div></div></div></div></div> The gold sunburst seal was first used by <a href="#Nintendo_of_America">Nintendo of America</a>, and later by Nintendo of Europe. It is displayed on any game, system, or accessory licensed for use on one of its <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>, denoting the game has been properly approved by Nintendo. The seal is also displayed on any Nintendo-licensed merchandise, such as trading cards, game guides, or apparel, albeit with the words "Official Nintendo Licensed Product."<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo,_Seal-303">[294]</a> In 2008, game designer <a href="/wiki/Sid_Meier" title="Sid Meier">Sid Meier</a> cited the Seal of Quality as one of the three most important innovations in video game history, as it helped set a standard for game quality that protected consumers from <a href="/wiki/Shovelware" title="Shovelware">shovelware</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="NTSC_regions">NTSC regions</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> regions, this seal is an elliptical starburst named the "Official Nintendo Seal". Originally, for NTSC countries, the seal was a large, black and gold circular starburst. The seal read as follows: "This seal is your assurance that NINTENDO has approved and guaranteed the quality of this product." This seal was later altered in 1988: "approved and guaranteed" was changed to "evaluated and approved". In 1989, the seal became gold and white, as it currently appears, with a shortened phrase, "Official Nintendo Seal of Quality". It was changed in 2003 to read "Official Nintendo Seal".<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo,_Seal-303">[294]</a> The seal currently reads thus:<a href="#cite_note-305">[296]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The official seal is your assurance that this product is licensed or manufactured by Nintendo. Always look for this seal when buying video game systems, accessories, games, and related products.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PAL_regions">PAL regions</h4></div> In <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> regions, the seal is a circular starburst named the "Original Nintendo Seal of Quality." Text near the seal in the Australian <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> manual states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This seal is your assurance that Nintendo has reviewed this product and that it has met our standards for excellence in workmanship, reliability, and entertainment value. Always look for this seal when buying games and accessories to ensure complete compatibility with your Nintendo product.<a href="#cite_note-306">[297]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Charitable_projects">Charitable projects</h3></div> In 1992, Nintendo teamed with the <a href="/wiki/Starlight_Children%27s_Foundation" title="Starlight Children's Foundation">Starlight Children's Foundation</a> to build Starlight Fun Center mobile entertainment units and install them in hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-GamePro,_Quick_Hits-307">[298]</a> 1,000 Starlight Nintendo Fun Center units were installed by the end of 1995.<a href="#cite_note-GamePro,_Quick_Hits-307">[298]</a> These units combine several forms of multimedia entertainment, including gaming, and serve as a distraction to brighten moods and boost kids' morale during hospital stays.<a href="#cite_note-308">[299]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_record">Environmental record</h3></div> Nintendo has consistently been ranked last in <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a>'s "Guide to Greener Electronics" due to Nintendo's failure to publish information.<a href="#cite_note-309">[300]</a> Similarly, they are ranked last in the <a href="/wiki/Enough_Project" title="Enough Project">Enough Project</a>'s "Conflict Minerals Company Rankings" due to Nintendo's refusal to respond to multiple requests for information.<a href="#cite_note-310">[301]</a> Like many other electronics companies, Nintendo offers a recycling program for customers to mail in unused products. Nintendo of America claimed 548 tons of returned products in 2011, 98% of which became reused or recycled.<a href="#cite_note-311">[302]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25%; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">The Nintendo Difference: Nintendo's Impact On Gaming</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Nearly every generation, Nintendo has led a charge of innovation that has fundamentally reshaped the gaming world. These innovations haven't always been well received, but Nintendo's fingerprints are so firmly etched into our industry, that the company is arguably the most important figure in it." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">Ben Reeves, <a href="/wiki/Game_Informer" title="Game Informer">Game Informer</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Nintendo_Difference:_Nintendo's_Impact_On_Gaming-312">[303]</a></cite> </div> It is considered that Hiroshi Yamauchi's strategic decisions, mainly to take Nintendo into the world of electronic games, ensured not only the success of his company but the survival of the industry as a whole, as it "restored public confidence in electronic games after the gloomy collapse of the U.S. market in the early 1980s". The company was already the most successful in Japan by 1991, with its products having "redefined the way we play games" and its business model having prioritized title sales strategies over consoles, unlike what most distributors at the time were doing.<a href="#cite_note-Postscript:_The_Man_Behind_Nintendo-313">[304]</a> Its social responsibility policy and philosophy focused on quality and innovation have already led to Nintendo being classified as a "consumer-centric manufacturer", something that has allowed it to differentiate itself from its direct competitors, Sony and Microsoft.<a href="#cite_note-Postscript:_The_Man_Behind_Nintendo-313">[304]</a> Forbes magazine has since 2013 included Nintendo in its list of the "World's Best Employers", which takes into consideration work environment and staff diversity.<a href="#cite_note-Forbes_Nintendo-314">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_World's_Best_Employers_2018-315">[306]</a> Time magazine in turn chose Nintendo in 2018 as one of the "50 Genius Companies" of the year, stating that "resurrection" has become a "habit" of the company and highlighting the success of the Nintendo Switch over the Wii U.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo:_The_50_Most_Genius_Companies_of_2018-316">[307]</a> Its capital in 2018 exceeded ten billion yen and net sales were over nine billion dollars, mostly in the North American market,<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_CSR_Report_2018-317">[308]</a> making it one of Japan's richest and most valuable companies.<a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_becomes_Japan's_2nd_most_valuable_company-318">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nintendo_Officially_Named_The_Richest_Company_In_Japan_In_2020-205">[196]</a> Nintendo characters have already had a huge impact on contemporary popular culture. Mario has gone from being just a corporate mascot to a "cultural icon",<a href="#cite_note-Video_Games_and_Their_Effect_on_Modern_Day_Society-319">[310]</a> as well as one of the most famous characters in the industry. According to John Taylor of Arcadia Investment Corp. the character "is by far the biggest single property in electronic gaming."<a href="#cite_note-Mario,_the_World's_Most_Famous_Video-Game_Character,_Is_30_Years_Old-320">[311]</a> Other prominent company characters include <a href="/wiki/Princess_Peach" title="Princess Peach">Princess Peach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pikachu" title="Pikachu">Pikachu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Link_(The_Legend_of_Zelda)" title="Link (The Legend of Zelda)">Link</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_15_Most_Influential_Video_Game_Characters_of_All_Time-321">[312]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong_(character)" title="Donkey Kong (character)">Donkey Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirby_(character)" title="Kirby (character)">Kirby</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samus_Aran" title="Samus Aran">Samus Aran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_30_Strongest_Nintendo_Characters,_Officially_Ranked-322">[313]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Galoob_Toys,_Inc._v._Nintendo_of_America,_Inc." title="Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc.">Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_City_Studios,_Inc._v._Nintendo_Co.,_Ltd." title="Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co., Ltd.">Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co., Ltd.</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> 2,814 of the company's 7,724 employees are employed by Nintendo Co., Ltd. directly. The remaining 4,910 are employed by its subsidiaries. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 任天堂株式会社, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: Nintendō <a href="/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha" title="Kabushiki gaisha">Kabushiki gaisha</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 任天堂骨牌, <a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Hepburn</a>: Nintendō Koppai, the characters '骨牌' can also be read as 'karuta'. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> 任天堂骨牌, Nintendō Koppai </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> 山内任天堂, Yamauchi Nintendō </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> 山内任天堂株式会社, Yamauchi Nintendō kabushiki gaisha </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> 丸福株式会社, Marufuku kabushiki gaisha </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> 任天堂骨牌株式会社, Nintendō Karuta kabushiki gaisha </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> 任天堂株式会社, Nintendō kabushiki gaisha </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/en/stock/information/index.html">"IR Information : Stock Information – Status of Shares"</a>. 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Kotaku. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701231439/https://kotaku.com/nintendos-1955-cameo-in-the-new-york-times-5419373">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020. 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GamesIndustry.biz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230123182255/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/the-birthplace-of-nintendo">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamesIndustry.biz&rft.atitle=The+birthplace+of+Nintendo&rft.date=2022-05-02&rft.aulast=Bunting&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesindustry.biz%2Fthe-birthplace-of-nintendo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Before_Mario:_Nintendo's_Playing_Cards,_Toys_And_Love_Hotels-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Before_Mario:_Nintendo's_Playing_Cards,_Toys_And_Love_Hotels_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Before_Mario:_Nintendo's_Playing_Cards,_Toys_And_Love_Hotels_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModojo2011" class="citation web cs1">Modojo (11 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/before-mario-nintendos-playing-cards-toys-and-love-hotels-2011-8">"Before Mario: Nintendo's Playing Cards, Toys And Love Hotels"</a>. Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918180641/https://www.businessinsider.com/before-mario-nintendos-playing-cards-toys-and-love-hotels-2011-8">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Before+Mario%3A+Nintendo%27s+Playing+Cards%2C+Toys+And+Love+Hotels&rft.date=2011-09-11&rft.au=Modojo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fbefore-mario-nintendos-playing-cards-toys-and-love-hotels-2011-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a16-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a16_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorges2015a">Gorges 2015a</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a17-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a17_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorges2015a">Gorges 2015a</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a19-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a19_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorges2015a">Gorges 2015a</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nintendo's_oldest_playing_cards?_Marufuku_No._1-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Nintendo's_oldest_playing_cards?_Marufuku_No._1_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoskuil2022" class="citation web cs1">Voskuil, Geplaatst door Erik (10 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.beforemario.com/2022/09/nintendos-oldest-playing-cards-marufuku.html">"Nintendo's oldest playing cards? Marufuku No. 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124175046/http://blog.beforemario.com/2022/09/nintendos-oldest-playing-cards-marufuku.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nintendo%27s+oldest+playing+cards%3F+Marufuku+No.+1&rft.date=2022-09-10&rft.aulast=Voskuil&rft.aufirst=Geplaatst+door+Erik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.beforemario.com%2F2022%2F09%2Fnintendos-oldest-playing-cards-marufuku.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a20-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a20_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorges2015a">Gorges 2015a</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a21-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a21_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorges2015a">Gorges 2015a</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-100_year_old_Nintendo_promotional_calendar-26"><a href="#cite_ref-100_year_old_Nintendo_promotional_calendar_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoskuil2014" class="citation web cs1">Voskuil, Geplaatst door Erik (14 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.beforemario.com/2014/11/100-year-old-nintendo-promotional.html">"100 year old Nintendo promotional calendar"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200705004916/http://blog.beforemario.com/2014/11/100-year-old-nintendo-promotional.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2020. 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Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200828160742/https://time.com/4129171/nintendo-tatsumi-kimishima/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=President+Tatsumi+Kimishima+on+the+Future+of+Nintendo&rft.date=2015-12-03&rft.aulast=Peckham&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F4129171%2Fnintendo-tatsumi-kimishima%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a22-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a22_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorges2015a">Gorges 2015a</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a23-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a23_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorges2015a">Gorges 2015a</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a24-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a24_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorges2015a">Gorges 2015a</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vooks-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vooks_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vooks_36-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2018" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Luke (30 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vooks.net/meet-the-6-presidents-of-nintendos-130-year-history/">"Meet the 6 Presidents of Nintendo's 130 year history"</a>. Vooks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805040428/https://www.vooks.net/meet-the-6-presidents-of-nintendos-130-year-history/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vooks&rft.atitle=Meet+the+6+Presidents+of+Nintendo%27s+130+year+history&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vooks.net%2Fmeet-the-6-presidents-of-nintendos-130-year-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a25-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a25_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorges2015a">Gorges 2015a</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a26-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a26_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorges2015a">Gorges 2015a</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a28-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a28_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a28_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorges2015a">Gorges 2015a</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a29-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a29_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a29_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorges2015a">Gorges 2015a</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory2013" class="citation book cs1">Gregory, Tony (12 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4S7dvvs_0nIC&pg=PT44">Freelancers!: A Revolution in the Way We Work</a>. Strategic Book. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781625166166" title="Special:BookSources/9781625166166"><bdi>9781625166166</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101083131/https://books.google.com/books?id=4S7dvvs_0nIC&pg=PT44">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freelancers%21%3A+A+Revolution+in+the+Way+We+Work&rft.pub=Strategic+Book&rft.date=2013-03-12&rft.isbn=9781625166166&rft.aulast=Gregory&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4S7dvvs_0nIC%26pg%3DPT44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2012" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, Adam (15 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M-pGHGDm5a4C&pg=PA12">The Story of Nintendo</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781448870431" title="Special:BookSources/9781448870431"><bdi>9781448870431</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101083131/https://books.google.com/books?id=M-pGHGDm5a4C&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Nintendo&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012-01-15&rft.isbn=9781448870431&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM-pGHGDm5a4C%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gi116-44"><a href="#cite_ref-gi116_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Forgotten Giant: The Brilliant Life and Tragic Death of Gunpei Yokoi". <a href="/wiki/Game_Informer" title="Game Informer">Game Informer</a>. Vol. 12, no. 105. 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Business Insider. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804140151/https://www.businessinsider.com/nintendo-game-boy-super-mario-history-evolution-2019-3#among-the-companys-many-new-ventures-nintendo-began-manufacturing-games-in-the-70s-it-started-selling-electronic-toys-like-its-popular-beam-guns-4">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. 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Game Studies. Vol. 13, no. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1604-7982">1604-7982</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209202810/http://gamestudies.org/1302/articles/picard">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2020. 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Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=How+Gunpei+Yokoi+Reinvented+Nintendo&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft.aulast=Alt&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fpkdbx7%2Fhow-gunpei-yokoi-reinvented-nintendo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a36-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a36_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorges2015a">Gorges 2015a</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a183-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGorges2015a183_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGorges2015a">Gorges 2015a</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090810124557/http://us.wii.com/iwata_asks/punchout/vol1_page1.jsp">"Iwata Asks-Punch-Out!!"</a>. Nintendo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://us.wii.com/iwata_asks/punchout/vol1_page1.jsp">the original</a> on 10 August 2009. Retrieved 7 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iwata+Asks-Punch-Out%21%21&rft.pub=Nintendo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fus.wii.com%2Fiwata_asks%2Fpunchout%2Fvol1_page1.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBS,_Names-53"><a href="#cite_ref-CBS,_Names_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511085030/http://www.cbsnews.com/2316-100_162-1673418-2.html">"Famous Names in Gaming"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>. 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April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20201005051347/https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Iwata-Asks/Iwata-Asks-Game-Watch/Iwata-Asks-Game-Watch/1-When-Developers-Did-Everything/1-When-Developers-Did-Everything-222941.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iwata+Asks+%E2%80%93+Game+%26+Watch+1%3A+When+Developers+Did+Everything&rft.pub=Nintendo&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.co.uk%2FIwata-Asks%2FIwata-Asks-Game-Watch%2FIwata-Asks-Game-Watch%2F1-When-Developers-Did-Everything%2F1-When-Developers-Did-Everything-222941.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Iwata-Asks/Iwata-Asks-Game-Watch/Iwata-Asks-Game-Watch/2-Using-a-Calculator-Chip/2-Using-a-Calculator-Chip-223003.html">"Iwata Asks – Game & Watch 2: Using a Calculator Chip"</a>. Nintendo. April 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20201009211247/https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Iwata-Asks/Iwata-Asks-Game-Watch/Iwata-Asks-Game-Watch/2-Using-a-Calculator-Chip/2-Using-a-Calculator-Chip-223003.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iwata+Asks+%E2%80%93+Game+%26+Watch+2%3A+Using+a+Calculator+Chip&rft.pub=Nintendo&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.co.uk%2FIwata-Asks%2FIwata-Asks-Game-Watch%2FIwata-Asks-Game-Watch%2F2-Using-a-Calculator-Chip%2F2-Using-a-Calculator-Chip-223003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Yorker_2020-56"><a href="#cite_ref-New_Yorker_2020_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkin2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Parkin, Simon (20 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/shigeru-miyamoto-wants-to-create-a-kinder-world">"Shigeru Miyamoto Wants to Create a Kinder World"</a>. The New Yorker. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1760231">1760231</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018032123/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/the-new-yorker-interview/shigeru-miyamoto-wants-to-create-a-kinder-world">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2022. Retrieved 18 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Shigeru+Miyamoto+Wants+to+Create+a+Kinder+World&rft.date=2020-12-20&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1760231&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Parkin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fthe-new-yorker-interview%2Fshigeru-miyamoto-wants-to-create-a-kinder-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Japan_Powered_2015-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Japan_Powered_2015_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKincaid2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kincaid, Chris (1 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japanpowered.com/japan-culture/shigeru-miyamato-mario-link-samus">"Shigeru Miyamoto: A Sketch"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kill+Screen&rft.atitle=Miyamoto+explains+how+he+turned+his+love+for+a+Japanese+shrine+into+a+videogame+-+Previously&rft.date=2015-06-18&rft.aulast=Priestman&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkillscreen.com%2Fpreviously%2Farticles%2Fmiyamoto-explains-turned-love-japanese-shrine-videogame%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Father_of_Modern_Video_Games-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Father_of_Modern_Video_Games_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Father_of_Modern_Video_Games_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeWinter2015" class="citation book cs1">deWinter, Jennifer (2015). "The Father of Modern Video Games". Shigeru Miyamoto : Super Mario Bros., Donkey Kong, The Legend of Zelda. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781501312779.0006">10.5040/9781501312779.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6289-2468-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6289-2468-8"><bdi>978-1-6289-2468-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907375810">907375810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Father+of+Modern+Video+Games&rft.btitle=Shigeru+Miyamoto+%3A+Super+Mario+Bros.%2C+Donkey+Kong%2C+The+Legend+of+Zelda&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907375810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781501312779.0006&rft.isbn=978-1-6289-2468-8&rft.aulast=deWinter&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101009040511/http://us.wii.com/iwata_asks/mario25th/vol2_page1.jsp">"Iwata Asks: Super Mario Bros. 25th Anniversary"</a>. 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IGN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021002012/https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/10/30/japanese-government-honors-nintendos-shigeru-miyamoto-as-person-of-cultural-merit">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Japanese+Government+Honors+Nintendo%27s+Shigeru+Miyamoto+As+Person+of+Cultural+Merit&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft.aulast=Bankhurst&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2019%2F10%2F30%2Fjapanese-government-honors-nintendos-shigeru-miyamoto-as-person-of-cultural-merit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Calvert_2015-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Calvert_2015_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvert2015" class="citation web cs1">Calvert, Darren (24 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2015/03/feature_before_they_were_enemies_sega_and_nintendo_worked_on_one_of_the_rarest_arcade_games_ever_made">"Before They Were Enemies, Sega And Nintendo Worked On One Of The Rarest Arcade Games Ever Made"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nintendo+Life&rft.atitle=Before+They+Were+Enemies%2C+Sega+And+Nintendo+Worked+On+One+Of+The+Rarest+Arcade+Games+Ever+Made&rft.date=2015-03-24&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendolife.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F03%2Ffeature_before_they_were_enemies_sega_and_nintendo_worked_on_one_of_the_rarest_arcade_games_ever_made&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-high_score_nintendo_arcade_start-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-high_score_nintendo_arcade_start_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-high_score_nintendo_arcade_start_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMariaWilson2003" class="citation book cs1">DeMaria, Rusel; Wilson, Johnny L. (2003). High Score!: The Illustrated History of Electronic Games (2 ed.). 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Retrieved 25 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+the+jump&rft.date=2014-01-20&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2Ffeatures%2F2014%2F1%2F20%2F5227582%2Fthe-rise-of-the-jump&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-donjames1-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-donjames1_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-donjames1_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohler2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Kohler, Chris (17 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140417022605/https://www.wired.com/2012/02/gamelife-podcast-episode-18/">"Game Life Podcast: When Jay Mohr Met Tomonobu Itagaki"</a>. Wired. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2012/02/gamelife-podcast-episode-18/">the original</a> on 17 April 2014. Retrieved 28 September 2024. <q>And so we thought, 'This guy [Segale] is a recluse. No one's ever actually met him.' So we thought, 'Wouldn't it be a great joke if we named this character Mario?' And so we said, 'That's great,' and we sent a telex to Japan, and that's how Mario got his name.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Game+Life+Podcast%3A+When+Jay+Mohr+Met+Tomonobu+Itagaki&rft.date=2012-02-17&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2012%2F02%2Fgamelife-podcast-episode-18%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> Interview with Don James starts at 51:16. 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Retrieved 28 September 2024. <q>Mr. Arakawa, who was the president, and myself looked at the character, and we had a landlord that happened to be named Mario as well, and we'd never met the guy, so we thought it'd be funny to name this main character Mario after our landlord in Southcenter. 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Retrieved 15 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=The+Peripherals+of+the+Game+Boy+Advance&rft.date=2000-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2000%2F08%2F29%2Fthe-peripherals-of-the-game-boy-advance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEng2001" class="citation web cs1">Eng, Paul (21 June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=98471&page=1">"Game Boy Advance Breaks Sales Records"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206142248/http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/story?id=98471&page=1">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017. 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Retrieved 18 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRadar&rft.atitle=Rumour%3A+Nvidia+Tegra-powered+Nintendo+handheld+due+2010&rft.date=2009-10-14&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techradar.com%2Fnews%2Fgaming%2Frumour-nvidia-tegra-powered-nintendo-handheld-due-2010-642583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.uk/News/2010/Celebrate-25-years-of-Super-Mario-with-two-new-bundles--251925.html">"Celebrate 25 years of Super Mario with two new bundles!"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrate+25+years+of+Super+Mario+with+two+new+bundles%21&rft.pub=Nintendo&rft.date=2010-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.co.uk%2FNews%2F2010%2FCelebrate-25-years-of-Super-Mario-with-two-new-bundles--251925.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2010/100323e.pdf">"Launch of New Portable Game Machine"</a> (PDF) (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Minami-ku,_Kyoto" title="Minami-ku, Kyoto">Minami-ku, Kyoto</a>: Nintendo. 23 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911193136/https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2010/100323e.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2019. 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Retrieved 5 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=Nintendo+ends+console+and+game+distribution+in+Brazil%2C+citing+high+taxes&rft.date=2015-01-10&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Owen+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2015%2F1%2F10%2F7524759%2Fnintendo-brazil-wii-u-3ds-tariffs-taxes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pastor, Alberto (27 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.3djuegos.com/noticias-ver/170756/nintendo-vuelve-a-tener-presencia-oficial-en-brasil/">"Nintendo vuelve a tener presencia oficial en Brasil"</a>. 3D Juegos (in Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804135651/https://www.3djuegos.com/noticias-ver/170756/nintendo-vuelve-a-tener-presencia-oficial-en-brasil/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. 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Retrieved 19 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nintendo+Life&rft.atitle=Nintendo+Labo+Variety+Kit+Surpasses+One+Million+Sales&rft.date=2019-04-25&rft.aulast=Craddock&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendolife.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F04%2Fnintendo_labo_variety_kit_surpasses_one_million_sales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2018" class="citation web cs1">Morris, Chris (26 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/2018/04/26/nintendo-shuntaro-furukawa-president-new-dynasty/">"Nintendo's New President Marks Start of New Dynasty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)">Fortune</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180426230622/http://fortune.com/2018/04/26/nintendo-shuntaro-furukawa-president-new-dynasty/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2018. 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Retrieved 21 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nintendo+Life&rft.atitle=Reggie+Fils-Aime+Is+Retiring+After+15+Notable+Years+At+Nintendo+of+America&rft.date=2019-02-21&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendolife.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F02%2Freggie_fils-aime_is_retiring_after_15_notable_years_at_nintendo_of_america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2019" class="citation web cs1">Kerr, Chris (4 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/355112/Nintendo_and_Tencent_have_set_a_launch_date_for_the_Switch_in_China.php">"Nintendo and Tencent have set a launch date for the Switch in China"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamasutra">Gamasutra</a>. <a href="/wiki/Informa" title="Informa">Informa</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204150240/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/355112/Nintendo_and_Tencent_have_set_a_launch_date_for_the_Switch_in_China.php">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gamasutra&rft.atitle=Nintendo+and+Tencent+have+set+a+launch+date+for+the+Switch+in+China&rft.date=2019-12-04&rft.aulast=Kerr&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamasutra.com%2Fview%2Fnews%2F355112%2FNintendo_and_Tencent_have_set_a_launch_date_for_the_Switch_in_China.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhertor2016" class="citation web cs1">McWhertor, Michael (12 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polygon.com/2016/12/12/13917504/super-nintendo-world-nintendo-universal-studios-japan-park-attraction">"Nintendo's first Universal Studios park attraction is called Super Nintendo World"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=Nintendo%27s+first+Universal+Studios+park+attraction+is+called+Super+Nintendo+World&rft.date=2016-12-12&rft.aulast=McWhertor&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2016%2F12%2F12%2F13917504%2Fsuper-nintendo-world-nintendo-universal-studios-japan-park-attraction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2020" class="citation web cs1">Wong, Maggie Hiufu (1 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/super-nintendo-world-new-opening-date/index.html">"Super Nintendo World is opening at Universal Studios Japan in February. Here's a sneak peek"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Official+%27Nintendo+Gallery%27+Museum+to+Open+in+Japan+by+March+2024&rft.date=2021-06-02&rft.aulast=Bankhurst&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2Fnintendo-gallery-museum-japan-march-2024-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-News_Release_:_Jun._2,_2021_Utilization_of_the_land_of_the_Nintendo_Uji_Ogura_Plant-207"><a href="#cite_ref-News_Release_:_Jun._2,_2021_Utilization_of_the_land_of_the_Nintendo_Uji_Ogura_Plant_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.jp/corporate/release/2021/210602.html">"News Release : Jun. 2, 2021 "Utilization of the land of the Nintendo Uji Ogura Plant""</a>. 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Retrieved 12 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nintendo+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.atitle=News+Release+%3A+Jun.+2%2C+2021+%22Utilization+of+the+land+of+the+Nintendo+Uji+Ogura+Plant%22&rft.date=2021-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.co.jp%2Fcorporate%2Frelease%2F2021%2F210602.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Historic_Village_Remains_Found_On_Nintendo_Museum_Construction_Site-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Historic_Village_Remains_Found_On_Nintendo_Museum_Construction_Site_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehead2022" class="citation web cs1">Whitehead, Thomas (22 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendolife.com/news/2022/04/historic-village-remains-found-on-nintendo-museum-construction-site">"Historic Village Remains Found On Nintendo Museum Construction Site"</a>. 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Retrieved 31 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=%27Mario%27+Movie+to+Be+Produced+by+Nintendo+and+Illumination&rft.date=2018-01-31&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Gavin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fheat-vision%2Fmario-movie-be-produced-by-nintendos-shigeru-miyamoto-illumination-1080822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraddock2020" class="citation web cs1">Craddock, Ryan (30 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2020/01/illuminations_mario_movie_is_moving_along_smoothly_aiming_for_2022_release">"Illumination's Mario Movie Is "Moving Along Smoothly", Aiming For 2022 Release"</a>. 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IGN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112090941/https://www.ign.com/articles/nintendo-despicable-me-producer-board-of-directors-movies">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023. 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Retrieved 6 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nintendo+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.atitle=Consolidated+Results+for+the+Years+Ended+March+31%2C+2020+and+2021&rft.date=2021-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.co.jp%2Fir%2Fpdf%2F2021%2F210506e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Melendandri-214"><a href="#cite_ref-Melendandri_214-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2021/qa2106e.pdf">"Q&A Summary"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706003910/https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2021/qa2106e.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 July 2021. 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Retrieved 15 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurogamer.net&rft.atitle=Saudi+Arabia+reportedly+increases+Nintendo+stake+for+second+time+in+a+month&rft.date=2023-02-15&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurogamer.net%2Fsaudi-arabia-reportedly-increases-nintendo-stake-for-second-time-in-a-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/saudi-arabia-ups-its-stake-in-nintendo-again-to-become-its-biggest-outside-investor/">"Days after its last increase, Saudi Arabia yet again ups its Nintendo stake"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Video+Games+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Nintendo+agrees+deal+to+buy+Hogwarts+Legacy%2C+Mortal+Kombat+Switch+studio&rft.date=2024-05-20&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.videogameschronicle.com%2Fnews%2Fnintendo-agrees-deal-to-buy-hogwarts-legacy-mortal-kombat-switch-studio%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.jp/ir/pdf/2024/240521e.pdf">"Notice of the Acquisition of Shiver Entertainment, Inc"</a> (PDF). 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ABDO. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nintendocompanyi0000fire/page/n66">63</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61714-809-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61714-809-5"><bdi>978-1-61714-809-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nintendo%3A+The+Company+and+Its+Founders&rft.pages=63-&rft.pub=ABDO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61714-809-5&rft.aulast=Firestone&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnintendocompanyi0000fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nintendo_Frenzy-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Nintendo_Frenzy_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSipchen1990" class="citation news cs1">Sipchen, Bob (27 April 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-04-27-vw-343-story.html">"Nintendo Frenzy : Trends: America is in the grips of a computer-game craze. It may affect our future, some experts say"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706062735/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-04-27-vw-343-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Nintendo+Frenzy+%3A+Trends%3A+America+is+in+the+grips+of+a+computer-game+craze.+It+may+affect+our+future%2C+some+experts+say.&rft.date=1990-04-27&rft.issn=0458-3035&rft.aulast=Sipchen&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-04-27-vw-343-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Journey_from_Warehouse-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Journey_from_Warehouse_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Journey_from_Warehouse_244-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlunkett2012" class="citation web cs1">Plunkett, Luke (28 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/one-mans-journey-from-warehouse-worker-to-nintendo-lege-5938371">"One Man's Journey From Warehouse Worker to Nintendo Legend"</a>. Kotaku. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190416011418/https://kotaku.com/one-mans-journey-from-warehouse-worker-to-nintendo-lege-5938371">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=One+Man%27s+Journey+From+Warehouse+Worker+to+Nintendo+Legend&rft.date=2012-08-28&rft.aulast=Plunkett&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Fone-mans-journey-from-warehouse-worker-to-nintendo-lege-5938371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5_questions_for_Howard-245"><a href="#cite_ref-5_questions_for_Howard_245-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2012" class="citation web cs1">Bishop, Todd (24 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geekwire.com/2012/nintendo-americas-startup-story-eyes-gamemaster-howard/">"5 questions for 'Gamemaster Howard' of Nintendo fame"</a>. GeekWire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718060519/https://www.geekwire.com/2012/nintendo-americas-startup-story-eyes-gamemaster-howard/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 18 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GeekWire&rft.atitle=5+questions+for+%27Gamemaster+Howard%27+of+Nintendo+fame&rft.date=2012-10-24&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Todd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geekwire.com%2F2012%2Fnintendo-americas-startup-story-eyes-gamemaster-howard%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ultimate_History-246"><a href="#cite_ref-Ultimate_History_246-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2010" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Steven L. (16 June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PTrcTeAqeaEC&pg=PT762">The Ultimate History of Video Games: Volume Two: from Pong to Pokemon and beyond...the story behind the craze that touched our lives and changed the world</a>. Crown/Archetype. pp. 762–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-56087-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-56087-2"><bdi>978-0-307-56087-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806200902/https://books.google.com/books?id=PTrcTeAqeaEC&pg=PT762">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+History+of+Video+Games%3A+Volume+Two%3A+from+Pong+to+Pokemon+and+beyond...the+story+behind+the+craze+that+touched+our+lives+and+changed+the+world&rft.pages=762-&rft.pub=Crown%2FArchetype&rft.date=2010-06-16&rft.isbn=978-0-307-56087-2&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPTrcTeAqeaEC%26pg%3DPT762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994106-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheff1994106_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheff1994">Sheff 1994</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheff1994111-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheff1994111_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheff1994">Sheff 1994</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiesak2009" class="citation book cs1">Ziesak, Jörg (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8rHXoUCbfAC&pg=PA2029">Wii Innovate – How Nintendo Created a New Market Through Strategic Innovation</a>. GRIN Verlag. p. 2029. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-49774-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-49774-4"><bdi>978-3-640-49774-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418041705/https://books.google.com/books?id=C8rHXoUCbfAC&pg=PA2029">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 9 April 2011. <q>Donkey Kong was Nintendo's first international smash hit and the main reason behind the company's breakthrough in the Northern American market. 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Retrieved 17 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hytrol.com&rft.atitle=Case+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.au=R.H.+Brown+Co.+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hytrol.com%2Fcasestudy.cfm%3Fid%3D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.nintendo_of_canada_ltd.2a8c141032bc765b8cf3275f9aaf271d.html">"Nintendo of Canada Ltd"</a>. D&B Business Directory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220109201910/https://www.dnb.com/business-directory/company-profiles.nintendo_of_canada_ltd.2a8c141032bc765b8cf3275f9aaf271d.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2022. 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Polygon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402131748/https://www.polygon.com/23401365/nintendo-of-america-qa-labor-dispute-nlrb-settlement">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=Nintendo+of+America+settles+labor+dispute+with+former+QA+worker&rft.date=2022-10-13&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F23401365%2Fnintendo-of-america-qa-labor-dispute-nlrb-settlement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGach2024" class="citation web cs1">Gach, Ethan (27 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/nintendo-switch-2-layoffs-testing-zelda-totk-1851369539">"Big Shakeup At Nintendo Testing Center Ahead Of Switch 2"</a>. Kotaku. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402131748/https://kotaku.com/nintendo-switch-2-layoffs-testing-zelda-totk-1851369539">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=Big+Shakeup+At+Nintendo+Testing+Center+Ahead+Of+Switch+2&rft.date=2024-03-27&rft.aulast=Gach&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Fnintendo-switch-2-layoffs-testing-zelda-totk-1851369539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOE,_History-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOE,_History_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOE,_History_261-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120904134155/http://www.nintendo.co.uk/NOE/en_GB/service/nintendo_history_9911.html">"History"</a>. Nintendo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.uk/NOE/en_GB/service/nintendo_history_9911.html">the original</a> on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Nintendo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.co.uk%2FNOE%2Fen_GB%2Fservice%2Fnintendo_history_9911.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Legal/Ambassador/Contact-946390.html">"Contact"</a>. Retrieved 24 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.co.uk%2FLegal%2FAmbassador%2FContact-946390.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-ign_lie-263"><a href="#cite_ref-ign_lie_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkrebels2019" class="citation web cs1">Skrebels, Joe (9 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/12/09/the-lie-that-helped-build-nintendo">"The Lie That Helped Build Nintendo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191221231714/https://www.ign.com/articles/2019/12/09/the-lie-that-helped-build-nintendo">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=The+Lie+That+Helped+Build+Nintendo&rft.date=2019-12-09&rft.aulast=Skrebels&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2019%2F12%2F09%2Fthe-lie-that-helped-build-nintendo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.uk/Support/Contact/Repairs/General-Customer-Service-1106617.html">"General Customer Service"</a>. Nintendo. 29 August 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Customer+Service&rft.pub=Nintendo&rft.date=2012-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendo.co.uk%2FSupport%2FContact%2FRepairs%2FGeneral-Customer-Service-1106617.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2014" class="citation web cs1">Pearson, Dan (6 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-06-06-130-jobs-lost-in-nintendo-of-europe-reshuffle">"130 jobs lost in Nintendo of Europe reshuffle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gamesindustry.biz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamesindustry.biz">gamesindustry.biz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140609064746/http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2014-06-06-130-jobs-lost-in-nintendo-of-europe-reshuffle">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gamesindustry.biz&rft.atitle=130+jobs+lost+in+Nintendo+of+Europe+reshuffle&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesindustry.biz%2Farticles%2F2014-06-06-130-jobs-lost-in-nintendo-of-europe-reshuffle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americasmarkets.usatoday.com/2014/06/06/nintendo-to-close-european-headquarters-lay-off-130/">"Nintendo to close European headquarters, lay off 130"</a>. USA Today. 6 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140609082500/http://americasmarkets.usatoday.com/2014/06/06/nintendo-to-close-european-headquarters-lay-off-130/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2014. Retrieved 9 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Nintendo+to+close+European+headquarters%2C+lay+off+130&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericasmarkets.usatoday.com%2F2014%2F06%2F06%2Fnintendo-to-close-european-headquarters-lay-off-130%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gameswirtschaft.de/wirtschaft/deutschlands-groesste-spielehersteller-2018/">"Deutschlands größte Spielehersteller 2018"</a>. GamesWirtschaft (in German). 2 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105043924/https://www.gameswirtschaft.de/wirtschaft/deutschlands-groesste-spielehersteller-2018/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 5 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GamesWirtschaft&rft.atitle=Deutschlands+gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fte+Spielehersteller+2018&rft.date=2018-07-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gameswirtschaft.de%2Fwirtschaft%2Fdeutschlands-groesste-spielehersteller-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_268-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFויטצ'בסקי2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">ויטצ'בסקי, דניס (23 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5451692,00.html"><bdi lang="he">דיווח: נינטנדו צפויה להתחיל בייבוא רשמי לישראל</bdi></a> [Report: Nintendo is expected to start official imports to Israel]. ynet (in Hebrew). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929022417/https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5451692,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ynet&rft.atitle=%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%97%3A+%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95+%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%90+%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft.aulast=%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A6%27%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99&rft.aufirst=%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynet.co.il%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-5451692%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoughrey2006" class="citation web cs1">Loughrey, Paul (30 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/nintendo-establishes-korean-subsidiary">"Nintendo establishes Korean subsidiary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gamesindustry.biz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamesindustry.biz">gamesindustry.biz</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204012748/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/nintendo-establishes-korean-subsidiary">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gamesindustry.biz&rft.atitle=Nintendo+establishes+Korean+subsidiary&rft.date=2006-06-30&rft.aulast=Loughrey&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamesindustry.biz%2Farticles%2Fnintendo-establishes-korean-subsidiary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshcraft2016" class="citation news cs1">Ashcraft, Brian (29 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/report-nintendo-of-korea-is-laying-off-most-of-its-sta-1767681089">"Report: Nintendo of Korea Is Laying Off Most of Its Staff [Update]"</a>. Kotaku. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027055422/http://kotaku.com/report-nintendo-of-korea-is-laying-off-most-of-its-sta-1767681089">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Nintendo+of+Korea+Is+Laying+Off+Most+of+Its+Staff+%5BUpdate%5D&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft.aulast=Ashcraft&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Freport-nintendo-of-korea-is-laying-off-most-of-its-sta-1767681089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFerran2016" class="citation web cs1">McFerran, Damien (29 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2016/03/nintendo_of_korea_lays_off_80_percent_of_its_staff_following_sustained_losses">"Nintendo Of Korea Lays Off 80 Percent Of Its Staff Following Sustained Losses"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Life">Nintendo Life</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027054818/http://www.nintendolife.com/news/2016/03/nintendo_of_korea_lays_off_80_percent_of_its_staff_following_sustained_losses">Archived</a> from the original on 27 October 2016. Retrieved 26 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nintendo+Life&rft.atitle=Nintendo+Of+Korea+Lays+Off+80+Percent+Of+Its+Staff+Following+Sustained+Losses&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft.aulast=McFerran&rft.aufirst=Damien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nintendolife.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F03%2Fnintendo_of_korea_lays_off_80_percent_of_its_staff_following_sustained_losses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iwataasks.nintendo.com/interviews/#/wiiu/internet-browser/0/2">"Wii U: Internet Browser"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180513072726/http://iwataasks.nintendo.com/interviews/#/wiiu/internet-browser/0/2">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wii+U%3A+Internet+Browser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiwataasks.nintendo.com%2Finterviews%2F%23%2Fwiiu%2Finternet-browser%2F0%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatterfield2002" class="citation web cs1">Satterfield, Shane (2 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamespot.com/news/2863826.html">"Nintendo makes Retro Studios a full subsidiary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125205602/http://www.gamespot.com/news/2863826.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2012. Retrieved 2 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GameSpot&rft.atitle=Nintendo+makes+Retro+Studios+a+full+subsidiary&rft.date=2002-05-02&rft.aulast=Satterfield&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamespot.com%2Fnews%2F2863826.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNintendo2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nintendo [@NintendoCoLtd] (20 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/NintendoCoLtd/status/1792694456829034688">"[任天堂HP]「Shiver Entertainment, Inc.の子会社化に関するお知らせ」を掲載しました。"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) (in Japanese). Retrieved 13 August 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5B%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82HP%5D%E3%80%8CShiver+Entertainment%2C+Inc.%E3%81%AE%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE%E5%8C%96%E3%81%AB%E9%96%A2%E3%81%99%E3%82%8B%E3%81%8A%E7%9F%A5%E3%82%89%E3%81%9B%E3%80%8D%E3%82%92%E6%8E%B2%E8%BC%89%E3%81%97%E3%81%BE%E3%81%97%E3%81%9F%E3%80%82&rft.date=2024-05-20&rft.au=Nintendo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FNintendoCoLtd%2Fstatus%2F1792694456829034688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2021" class="citation web cs1">Kerr, Chris (5 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/375856/Nintendo_acquires_Luigis_Mansion_3_developer_Next_Level_Games.php">"Nintendo acquires Luigi's Mansion 3 developer Next Level Games"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210105142135/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/375856/Nintendo_acquires_Luigis_Mansion_3_developer_Next_Level_Games.php">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2021. 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Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221007231039/https://time.com/collection/genius-companies-2018/5412642/nintendo/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2022. Retrieved 11 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Nintendo%3A+The+50+Most+Genius+Companies+of+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Fcollection%2Fgenius-companies-2018%2F5412642%2Fnintendo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nintendo_CSR_Report_2018-317"><a href="#cite_ref-Nintendo_CSR_Report_2018_317-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.co.jp/csr/en/pdf/nintendo_csr2018e.pdf">"Nintendo CSR Report 2018"</a> (PDF). Nintendo. 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Wilton, CT: GamePress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-966-9617-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-966-9617-0-6"><bdi>978-0-966-9617-0-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1131659026">1131659026</a>. Retrieved 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+Over%3A+How+Nintendo+Conquered+the+World&rft.place=Wilton%2C+CT&rft.edition=1st+GamePress&rft.pub=GamePress&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1131659026&rft.isbn=978-0-966-9617-0-6&rft.aulast=Sheff&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F0966961706&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheff2011" class="citation book cs1">— (2011) [1999]. Game Over: How Nintendo Conquered The World. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781299040625" title="Special:BookSources/9781299040625"><bdi>9781299040625</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1237159707">1237159707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Game+Over%3A+How+Nintendo+Conquered+The+World&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1237159707&rft.isbn=9781299040625&rft.aulast=Sheff&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloan2011" class="citation book cs1">Sloan, Daniel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=utONPpgEWDUC">Playing to Wiin: Nintendo and the Video Game Industry's Greatest Comeback</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-82512-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-82512-9"><bdi>978-0-470-82512-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/707935885">707935885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+to+Wiin%3A+Nintendo+and+the+Video+Game+Industry%27s+Greatest+Comeback&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F707935885&rft.isbn=978-0-470-82512-9&rft.aulast=Sloan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DutONPpgEWDUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf2012" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Mark J. P. (2012). Encyclopedia of Video Games: A-L. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313379369" title="Special:BookSources/9780313379369"><bdi>9780313379369</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Video+Games%3A+A-L&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780313379369&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANintendo" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="clear: both"> Nintendo at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Nintendo&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 November 2024, at 02:25 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B6" title="ኒንተንዶ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኒንተንዶ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="نينتندو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نينتندو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D6%85" title="Նինթենտօ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նինթենտօ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="نینتندو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نینتندو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8B" title="নিনটেন্ডো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নিনটেন্ডো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Нинтендо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нинтендо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="نينتاندو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نينتاندو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="نینتندو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نینتندو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%8C%ED%85%90%EB%8F%84" title="닌텐도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="닌텐도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8" title="Նինթենդո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նինթենդո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="निनटेंडो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="निनटेंडो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95" title="נינטנדו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נינטנדו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8A" title="ನಿಂಟೆಂಡೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿಂಟೆಂಡೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%94" title="ນິນເທັນໂດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນິນເທັນໂດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/nintendos" title="nintendos – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="nintendos" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="निन्टेन्डो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="निन्टेन्डो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88" title="نينتندو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نينتندو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="နစ်တန်းဒိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နစ်တန်းဒိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82" title="任天堂 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="任天堂" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%8B" title="ਨਿਨਟੈਂਡੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਿਨਟੈਂਡੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88" title="ننٹینڈو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ننٹینڈو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%BC%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%89%D9%88" title="نینټینډو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نینټینډو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%90%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%BC" title="នីនថេនដូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="នីនថេនដូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B" title="निन्टेन्डो – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="निन्टेन्डो" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%86" title="نینتێندۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نینتێندۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="நிண்டெண்டோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிண்டெண்டோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94" title="นินเท็นโด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นินเท็นโด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%86%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D9%88" title="ننٹینڈو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ننٹینڈو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82" title="任天堂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="任天堂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%90" title="נינטענדא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נינטענדא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82" title="任天堂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="任天堂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E5%A4%A9%E5%A0%82" title="任天堂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="任天堂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Nintendo" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 02:25 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vlr7t","wgBackendResponseTime":394,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"4.802","walltime":"5.452","ppvisitednodes":{"value":27317,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1263517,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":175228,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":66,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1290227,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 4456.861 1 -total"," 46.42% 2069.039 2 Template:Reflist"," 27.15% 1210.080 195 Template:Cite_web"," 9.29% 414.261 47 Template:Sfn"," 8.59% 382.967 1 Template:Infobox_company"," 8.31% 370.160 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.08% 315.402 50 Template:Navbox"," 5.72% 254.823 1 Template:Navboxes"," 4.85% 215.986 36 Template:Cite_news"," 4.33% 193.106 22 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[\"CITEREFByford2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByford2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrd2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvert2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvert2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpenter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastaneda2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoudhury2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCifaldi2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCochrane1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraddock2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraddock2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeMariaWilson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDellatto2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDoolan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEadiciccoFitzpatrickPeckham2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliott1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEng2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahey2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahs\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahs2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFils-Aimé2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirestone2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrischling1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGach2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGood2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGorges2015a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorges2015b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorges2015c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerbst-Bayliss2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillier2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoad2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImada2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiang2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKageyama2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKincaid2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinfield1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoch2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohler2015\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLeone2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoughrey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacNeil2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMachin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalinsky2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFerran2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFerran2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcWhertor2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMcWhertor2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMinotti2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMochizukiLi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFModojo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoyse2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNarcisse2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNintendo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNintendo2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNintendo2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNishizawa2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNogueira2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNusseyAzhar2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNutt\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Kane2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParish2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPastor2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeckham2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeckham2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeckham2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPicard2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlunkett2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlunkett2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlunkett2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPriestman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR.H._Brown_Co._Inc.2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadOtero2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReeves2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisinger2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinsonGolum2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodriguez2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRussell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSacirbey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatterfield2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchartmann2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreier2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShae2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheff1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheff1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheff2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSipchen1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkrebels2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSliwinski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSloan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnow2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStack2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoller2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStuart2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSutherland2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSvetlik2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakano1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakiff1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThiel2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotilo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotilo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Tilburg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelasco2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoskuil2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoskuil2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWales2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalls2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebster2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitehead2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitten2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWisniowski2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoshimura2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiesak2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdeWinter2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFויטצ\u0026#039;בסקי2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Animal Crossing series\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 5,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 22,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite tweet\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 195,\n [\"Clear\"] = 12,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 3,\n [\"Convert\"] = 3,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 5,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Donkey Kong\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Electronics industry in Japan\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Fire Emblem\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 10,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 2,\n [\"ISIN\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox company\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"JPY\"] = 7,\n [\"Kirby series\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Main franchises by Nintendo\"] = 1,\n [\"Mario series\"] = 1,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 6,\n [\"Metroid series\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 12,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 1,\n [\"Nihongo foot\"] = 8,\n [\"Nihongo3\"] = 1,\n [\"Nikkei 225\"] = 1,\n [\"Nintendo Company\"] = 1,\n [\"Nintendo Network\"] = 1,\n [\"Nintendo developers\"] = 1,\n [\"Nintendo hardware\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 3,\n [\"Official website\"] = 2,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Playing cards\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Seattle Mariners owners\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 47,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Star Fox series\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"TOPIX 100\"] = 1,\n [\"The Legend of Zelda\"] = 1,\n [\"Tokyo Stock Exchange\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 5,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"US$\"] = 6,\n [\"USD\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 8,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","13.0"],["?","380","12.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","320","10.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","180","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","160","5.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","5.2"],["(for generator)","100","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","100","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","1.9"],["[others]","1120","36.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-gd7dc","timestamp":"20241123155317","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nintendo","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nintendo","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8093","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8093","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-28T16:18:44Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T02:25:59Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1e\/Headquarters_of_Nintendo_Co.%2C_Ltd.jpg","headline":"Japanese multinational video game and consumer electronics company"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var 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