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user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Vytvo%C5%99it_%C3%BA%C4%8Det&returnto=Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1+stezka" title="Doporučujeme vytvořit si účet a přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné" class=""><span>Vytvoření účtu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:P%C5%99ihl%C3%A1sit&returnto=Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1+stezka" title="Doporučujeme vám přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné. 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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Historie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nová_hedvábná_stezka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nová_hedvábná_stezka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nová hedvábná stezka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nová_hedvábná_stezka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externí_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externí_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Externí odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externí_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hedvábná stezka</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 120 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syroete" title="Syroete – afrikánština" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Syroete" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seidenstra%C3%9Fe" title="Seidenstraße – němčina (Švýcarsko)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Seidenstraße" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="němčina (Švýcarsko)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="طريق الحرير – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طريق الحرير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="طريق الحرير – arabština (egyptská)" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طريق الحرير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabština (egyptská)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1" title="ছিল্ক ৰোড – ásámština" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছিল্ক ৰোড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ásámština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruta_de_la_seda" title="Ruta de la seda – asturština" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ruta de la seda" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_ip%C9%99k_yolu" title="Böyük ipək yolu – ázerbájdžánština" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük ipək yolu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ázerbájdžánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%BE%DA%A9_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88" title="ایپک یولو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایپک یولو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D0%95%D0%B1%D3%99%D0%BA_%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Бөйөк Ебәк юлы – baškirština" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бөйөк Ебәк юлы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškirština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalan_nin_Seda" title="Dalan nin Seda – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Dalan nin Seda" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85" title="Вялікі шаўковы шлях – běloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікі шаўковы шлях" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="běloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85" title="Вялікі шаўковы шлях – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вялікі шаўковы шлях" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Път на коприната – bulharština" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Път на коприната" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5" title="রেশম পথ – bengálština" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রেশম পথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hent_ar_Seiz" title="Hent ar Seiz – bretonština" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hent ar Seiz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put_svile" title="Put svile – bosenština" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Put svile" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruta_de_la_seda" title="Ruta de la seda – katalánština" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ruta de la seda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85" title="ڕێگای ئاوریشم – kurdština (sorání)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕێگای ئاوریشم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdština (sorání)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yipek_Yol%C4%B1" title="Yipek Yolı – tatarština (krymská)" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Yipek Yolı" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tatarština (krymská)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%C3%A7%C4%83%D0%BD_%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%95" title="Аслă пурçăн çулĕ – čuvaština" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аслă пурçăн çулĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffordd_y_Sidan" title="Ffordd y Sidan – velština" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffordd y Sidan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkevejen" title="Silkevejen – dánština" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Silkevejen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článek"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seidenstra%C3%9Fe" title="Seidenstraße – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Seidenstraße" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raya_B%C4%B1rs%C4%B1mi" title="Raya Bırsımi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Raya Bırsımi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Δρόμος του μεταξιού – řečtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δρόμος του μεταξιού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="řečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Silk Road" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silka_Vojo" title="Silka Vojo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Silka Vojo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruta_de_la_Seda" title="Ruta de la Seda – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ruta de la Seda" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siiditee" title="Siiditee – estonština" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Siiditee" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zetaren_Bidea" title="Zetaren Bidea – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zetaren Bidea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85" title="جاده ابریشم – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاده ابریشم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkkitie" title="Silkkitie – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Silkkitie" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Route_de_la_soie" title="Route de la soie – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Route de la soie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sider%C3%BBte" title="Siderûte – fríština (západní)" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Siderûte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="fríština (západní)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3thar_an_tS%C3%ADoda" title="Bóthar an tSíoda – irština" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bóthar an tSíoda" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruta_da_seda" title="Ruta da seda – galicijština" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ruta da seda" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysorenimbo_Rape" title="Ysorenimbo Rape – guaranština" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ysorenimbo Rape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaranština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%AE_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%97" title="રેશમ માર્ગ – gudžarátština" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રેશમ માર્ગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžarátština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%B9%B3%CC%82-chh%C3%B9-ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%82-lu" title="Sṳ̂-chhù-chṳ̂-lu – čínština (dialekty Hakka)" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sṳ̂-chhù-chṳ̂-lu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Hakka)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99" title="דרך המשי – hebrejština" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרך המשי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="रेशम मार्ग – hindština" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेशम मार्ग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put_svile" title="Put svile – chorvatština" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Put svile" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selyem%C3%BAt" title="Selyemút – maďarština" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Selyemút" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0" title="Մետաքսի ճանապարհ – arménština" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մետաքսի ճանապարհ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B0" title="Մետաքսի Ճանապարհ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մետաքսի Ճանապարհ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalur_Sutra" title="Jalur Sutra – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jalur Sutra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silko-Voyo" title="Silko-Voyo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Silko-Voyo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkivegurinn" title="Silkivegurinn – islandština" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Silkivegurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_della_seta" title="Via della seta – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Via della seta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="シルクロード – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シルクロード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalur_Sutra" title="Jalur Sutra – javánština" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jalur Sutra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="აბრეშუმის დიდი გზა – gruzínština" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბრეშუმის დიდი გზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ull%C4%B1_jipek_jol%C4%B1" title="Ullı jipek jolı – karakalpačtina" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ullı jipek jolı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpačtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%96%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Ұлы Жібек жолы – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлы Жібек жолы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97" title="ರೇಷ್ಮೆ ಮಾರ್ಗ – kannadština" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೇಷ್ಮೆ ಮಾರ್ಗ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%8B%A8%EA%B8%B8" title="비단길 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비단길" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riya_Hevr%C3%AE%C5%9Fim%C3%AA" title="Riya Hevrîşimê – kurdština" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Riya Hevrîşimê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Улуу жибек жолу – kyrgyzština" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Улуу жибек жолу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kyrgyzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_serica" title="Via serica – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Via serica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamino_de_la_Seda" title="Kamino de la Seda – ladinština" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kamino de la Seda" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seidestrooss" title="Seidestrooss – lucemburština" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Seidestrooss" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lucemburština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_de_Seda" title="Via de Seda – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Via de Seda" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strada_dla_s%C3%ABda" title="Strada dla sëda – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Strada dla sëda" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ilko_kelias" title="Šilko kelias – litevština" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šilko kelias" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litevština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%ABda_ce%C4%BC%C5%A1" title="Zīda ceļš – lotyština" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zīda ceļš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lotyština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalan%27_ny_Landy" title="Lalan' ny Landy – malgaština" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lalan' ny Landy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Пат на свилата – makedonština" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пат на свилата" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="സിൽക്ക് റോഡ് – malajálamština" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിൽക്ക് റോഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Торгоны зам – mongolština" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Торгоны зам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="रेशीम मार्ग – maráthština" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेशीम मार्ग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maráthština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laluan_Sutera" title="Laluan Sutera – malajština" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laluan Sutera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပိုးခြည်လမ်း – barmština" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိုးခြည်လမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="barmština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="रेसम मार्ग – nepálština" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेसम मार्ग" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zijderoute" title="Zijderoute – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zijderoute" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkevegen" title="Silkevegen – norština (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Silkevegen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norština (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článek"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silkeveien" title="Silkeveien – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Silkeveien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota_de_la_Seda" title="Rota de la Seda – okcitánština" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rota de la Seda" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B6%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A5" title="ରେଶମ ପଥ – urijština" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରେଶମ ପଥ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="urijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%97" title="ਰੇਸ਼ਮ ਮਾਰਗ – paňdžábština" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਸ਼ਮ ਮਾਰਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="paňdžábština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jedwabny_Szlak" title="Jedwabny Szlak – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jedwabny Szlak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85" title="شاہراہ ریشم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شاہراہ ریشم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%85%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="د ورېښمو لار – paštština" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ورېښمو لار" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rota_da_Seda" title="Rota da Seda – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rota da Seda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drumul_m%C4%83t%C4%83sii" title="Drumul mătăsii – rumunština" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drumul mătăsii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%88%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Великий шёлковый путь – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великий шёлковый путь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road – skotština" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Silk Road" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Put_svile" title="Put svile – srbochorvatština" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Put svile" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%AD" title="සේද මාවත – sinhálština" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සේද මාවත" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Silk Road" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodv%C3%A1bna_cesta" title="Hodvábna cesta – slovenština" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hodvábna cesta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svilna_pot" title="Svilna pot – slovinština" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Svilna pot" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadada_Xariirta" title="Wadada Xariirta – somálština" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Wadada Xariirta" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rruga_e_M%C3%ABndafshit" title="Rruga e Mëndafshit – albánština" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rruga e Mëndafshit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Пут свиле – srbština" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пут свиле" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidenv%C3%A4gen" title="Sidenvägen – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sidenvägen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barabara_ya_hariri" title="Barabara ya hariri – svahilština" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Barabara ya hariri" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%83ydbowno_Cesta" title="Ńydbowno Cesta – slezština" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ńydbowno Cesta" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="slezština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88" title="பட்டுப் பாதை – tamilština" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பட்டுப் பாதை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="సిల్క్ రోడ్డు – telugština" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సిల్క్ రోడ్డు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Шоҳроҳи Абрешим – tádžičtina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шоҳроҳи Абрешим" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tádžičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1" title="เส้นทางสายไหม – thajština" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เส้นทางสายไหม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%BDik_%C3%9D%C3%BCpek_%C3%BDoly" title="Beýik Ýüpek ýoly – turkmenština" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Beýik Ýüpek ýoly" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daang_Seda" title="Daang Seda – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Daang Seda" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0pek_Yolu" title="İpek Yolu – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İpek Yolu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6yek_yef%C3%A4k_yul%C4%B1" title="Böyek yefäk yulı – tatarština" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Böyek yefäk yulı" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%89%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%83_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="يىپەك يولى – ujgurština" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يىپەك يولى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="ujgurština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%88%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85" title="Великий шовковий шлях – ukrajinština" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Великий шовковий шлях" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%85" title="شاہراہ ریشم – urdština" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شاہراہ ریشم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buyuk_Ipak_yo%CA%BBli" title="Buyuk Ipak yoʻli – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Buyuk Ipak yoʻli" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_%C4%91%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_t%C6%A1_l%E1%BB%A5a" title="Con đường tơ lụa – vietnamština" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Con đường tơ lụa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalan_nga_sida" title="Dalan nga sida – warajština" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dalan nga sida" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="丝绸之路 – čínština (dialekty Wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="丝绸之路" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="აბრეშუმიშ დიდი შარა – mingrelština" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აბრეშუმიშ დიდი შარა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%9F_%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A1" title="זיידן גאס – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זיידן גאס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roen_Seicouz" title="Roen Seicouz – čuangština" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Roen Seicouz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="čuangština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B7_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%9F%E2%B5%9F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%93" title="ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍⵙⵓ – tamazight (standardní marocký)" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵟⵟⴰⵍⵙⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight (standardní marocký)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="丝绸之路 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="丝绸之路" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E7%B6%A2%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="絲綢之路 – čínština (klasická)" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="絲綢之路" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="čínština (klasická)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si-ti%C3%BB_chi_L%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Si-tiû chi Lō͘ – čínština (dialekty Minnan)" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Si-tiû chi Lō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Minnan)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E7%B6%A2%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="絲綢之路 – kantonština" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="絲綢之路" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36288#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editovat mezijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upravit odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Jmenné prostory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2.png/330px-Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2.png/440px-Transasia_trade_routes_1stC_CE_gr2.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Dálkové obchodní cesty v Asii. Hedvábná stezka vyznačena tučně</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hedvábná stezka</b> či <b>Hedvábná cesta</b> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Čínština">čínsky</a> <a href="/wiki/Standardn%C3%AD_%C4%8Desk%C3%A1_transkripce_%C4%8D%C3%ADn%C5%A1tiny" title="Standardní česká transkripce čínštiny">v českém přepisu</a> <i>S'-čchou-č'-lu</i>, <a href="/wiki/Pchin-jin" title="Pchin-jin">pchin-jinem</a> <i>Sīchóu zhī Lù</i>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADnsk%C3%A9_znaky" title="Čínské znaky">znaky</a> <span class="cizojazycne" lang="zh" title="čínština">丝绸之路</span>, <a href="/wiki/Angli%C4%8Dtina" title="Angličtina">anglicky</a> <span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina"><i>Silk Road</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/N%C4%9Bm%C4%8Dina" title="Němčina">německy</a> <span class="cizojazycne" lang="de" title="němčina"><i>Seidenstraße</i></span>) je <a href="/wiki/Starov%C4%9Bk" title="Starověk">starověká</a> a <a href="/wiki/St%C5%99edov%C4%9Bk" title="Středověk">středověká</a> trasa vedoucí z <a href="/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Asie" title="Východní Asie">východní Asie</a> přes <a href="/wiki/St%C5%99edn%C3%AD_Asie" title="Střední Asie">střední Asii</a> do Středomoří. Ve své hlavní větvi spojující <a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADna" title="Čína">čínské</a> město Čchang-an (<a href="/wiki/Si-an" title="Si-an">Si-an</a>) s <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A1_Asie" title="Malá Asie">Malou Asií</a> a <a href="/wiki/St%C5%99edozemn%C3%AD_mo%C5%99e" title="Středozemní moře">Středozemním mořem</a>. Celková délka této <a href="/wiki/Obchodn%C3%AD_cesty" title="Obchodní cesty">obchodní cesty</a> po souši a po moři činí asi 8 000 km. </p><p>Obchod po hedvábné stezce byl důležitým faktorem při rozvoji velkých starověkých civilizací v <a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADna" title="Čína">Číně</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezopot%C3%A1mie" title="Mezopotámie">Mezopotámii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persk%C3%A1_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e" title="Perská říše">Persii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indie" title="Indie">Indii</a> a <a href="/wiki/Starov%C4%9Bk%C3%BD_%C5%98%C3%ADm" title="Starověký Řím">Římské říši</a> a pomohl položit základy moderního světa. </p><p>Prvním, kdo použil název Hedvábná stezka byl <a href="/wiki/N%C4%9Bmecko" title="Německo">německý</a> zeměpisec baron <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Richthofen" title="Ferdinand von Richthofen">Ferdinand von Richthofen</a> roku <a href="/wiki/1877" title="1877">1877</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>V roce 2014 byla na seznam <a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%9Btov%C3%A9_d%C4%9Bdictv%C3%AD" title="Světové dědictví">světového kulturního dědictví</a> <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> zařazena položka „<a href="/wiki/Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1_stezka:_s%C3%AD%C5%A5_cest_v_koridoru_%C4%8Cchang-an_%E2%80%93_%C5%A4an-%C5%A1an" title="Hedvábná stezka: síť cest v koridoru Čchang-an – Ťan-šan">Hedvábná stezka: síť cest v koridoru Čchang-an – Ťan-šan</a>“, která zahrnuje řadu lokalit, budov, archeologických nalezišť na území centrální a západní Číny, <a href="/wiki/Kazachst%C3%A1n" title="Kazachstán">Kazachstánu</a> a <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzst%C3%A1n" title="Kyrgyzstán">Kyrgyzstánu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Od roku 2023 je další památkou UNESCO s názvem „<a href="/wiki/Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1_stezka:_koridor_Zerav%C5%A1an-Karakum" title="Hedvábná stezka: koridor Zeravšan-Karakum">Hedvábná stezka: koridor Zeravšan-Karakum</a>“ série lokalit Hedvábné stezky v <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1d%C5%BEikist%C3%A1n" title="Tádžikistán">Tádžikistánu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenist%C3%A1n" title="Turkmenistán">Turkmenistánu</a> a <a href="/wiki/Uzbekist%C3%A1n" title="Uzbekistán">Uzbekistánu</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1_stezka&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1_stezka&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Historie"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ještě v období před <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1%C5%A1_letopo%C4%8Det" title="Náš letopočet">naším letopočtem</a> existovaly kontakty mezi <a href="/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa">Evropou</a> a <a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%ADna" title="Čína">Čínou</a>. Byly to kontakty <a href="/wiki/Obchod" title="Obchod">obchodní</a> a <a href="/wiki/Diplomacie" title="Diplomacie">diplomatické</a> a i jejich zásluhou se obě rozdílné kultury začaly postupně poznávat. Velká vzdálenost však způsobovala, že se vzájemné styky musely uskutečňovat pomocí prostředníků a každá odpověď trvala velice dlouho. V době Římské říše však byli překážkou obchodního styku výbojní <a href="/wiki/Parthov%C3%A9" title="Parthové">Parthové</a>. Až římský císař <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> dokázal na čas s Parthy sjednat mír a cesty na východ se staly bezpečnými. </p><p>Důsledkem bylo, že se do <a href="/wiki/Starov%C4%9Bk%C3%BD_%C5%98%C3%ADm" title="Starověký Řím">Říma</a> dovážela spousta <a href="/wiki/Hedv%C3%A1b%C3%AD" title="Hedvábí">hedvábí</a>. Římané milovali tyto jemné tkaniny a náležitě za ně platili. To však mělo za následek, že vznikal veliký obchodní <a href="/wiki/Deficit" class="mw-disambig" title="Deficit">deficit</a>, jehož hlavní příčinou bylo právě hedvábí. Římští císaři následně omezovali tyto obchody, protože ekonomicky Římskou říši (hlavně její západní část) devastovaly. Římané však používali hedvábí také jako součást luxusních darů pro náčelníky Germánů i jiných barbarských kmenů, jejichž loajalitu si potřebovali zajistit. Naopak Parthové a později sasánovští Peršané bohatli především na clech, která na svých hranicích od obchodníků s hedvábím vybírali. </p><p>Po zániku Říma nastal nový rozvoj těchto cest za <a href="/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_Tchang" title="Říše Tchang">dynastie Tchang</a> (<a href="/wiki/618" title="618">618</a>–<a href="/wiki/907" title="907">907</a>), když vzala Persii kontrolu nad těmito cestami. Li Šimin (<a href="/wiki/Tchaj-cung" title="Tchaj-cung">Tchaj-cung</a>) tedy má k dispozici kontrolu nad velkou částí střední <a href="/wiki/Asie" title="Asie">Asie</a>. Ve <a href="/wiki/13._stolet%C3%AD" title="13. století">13. století</a> ovládali stezku <a href="/wiki/Mongolov%C3%A9" title="Mongolové">Mongolové</a>; i přes <a href="/wiki/Pov%C4%9Bst" title="Pověst">pověsti</a> o jejich dobyvačnosti a agresivitě se k Evropanům putujícím touto stezkou chovali přívětivě, pravděpodobně za to mohlo množství <a href="/wiki/Zlato" title="Zlato">zlata</a>, které tudy proudilo. </p><p>Mongolsko však postupně oslabovalo a roku <a href="/wiki/1368" title="1368">1368</a> získala znovu kontrolu nad cestou Čína. V té době však intenzita obchodů prudce klesla a nedosáhla už stavu z dob <a href="/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_Tchang" title="Říše Tchang">dynastie Tchang</a>. S rozvojem zámořského putování hedvábné cesty ztrácely postupně na významu. V roce <a href="/wiki/1514" title="1514">1514</a> <a href="/wiki/Portugalci" title="Portugalci">Portugalci</a> založili první zámořský hedvábný spoj, který později převzali <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Bl%C3%A9" title="Španělé">Španělé</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nová_hedvábná_stezka"><span id="Nov.C3.A1_hedv.C3.A1bn.C3.A1_stezka"></span>Nová hedvábná stezka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1_stezka&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Nová hedvábná stezka" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1_stezka&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Nová hedvábná stezka"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote"> Podrobnější informace naleznete v článku <a href="/wiki/Nov%C3%A1_Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1_stezka" title="Nová Hedvábná stezka">Nová Hedvábná stezka</a>.</div> <p>V září 2013 oznámil čínský prezident <a href="/wiki/Si_%C5%A4in-pching" title="Si Ťin-pching">Si Ťin-pching</a> záměr vybudování Nové hedvábné stezky.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Od té doby jsou pro dopravu vhodného zboží v <a href="/wiki/Kontejner" title="Kontejner">kontejnerech</a> využívány již existující <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeleznice" title="Železnice">železniční trati</a>, hlavně v Číně samotné, dále <a href="/wiki/Transsibi%C5%99sk%C3%A1_magistr%C3%A1la" title="Transsibiřská magistrála">Transsibiřská magistrála</a> a tratě přes evropské <a href="/wiki/Rusko" title="Rusko">Rusko</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C4%9Blorusko" title="Bělorusko">Bělorusko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrajina" title="Ukrajina">Ukrajinu</a> a <a href="/wiki/Polsko" title="Polsko">Polsko</a> do <a href="/wiki/N%C4%9Bmecko" title="Německo">Německa</a>. Zde je <a href="/wiki/Duisburg" title="Duisburg">Duisburg</a> důležitým překladištěm u splavné řeky <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BDn" title="Rýn">Rýn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Také <a href="/wiki/Indie" title="Indie">Indie</a> a <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C3%A1n" title="Írán">Írán</a> mají být na Novou hedvábnou stezku napojeny.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dne 15. února 2016 přijel první vlak z východní čínské provincie <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Ce-%C5%A5iang" title="Če-ťiang">Če-ťiang</a> do <a href="/wiki/Teher%C3%A1n" title="Teherán">Teheránu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V lednu 2017 byl vypraven první vlak až do <a href="/wiki/Lond%C3%BDn" title="Londýn">Londýna</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> který celou trasu s délkou 12 000 km ujel za plánovaných 18 dní. Zboží muselo být ovšem několikrát překládáno, neboť kvůli rozdílným <a href="/wiki/Rozchod_koleje" title="Rozchod koleje">rozchodům kolejí</a> musí být na hranicích např. mezi Ukrajinou a Polskem měněny lokomotivy i vagóny.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Existují také snahy o napojení <a href="/wiki/Rakousko" title="Rakousko">Rakouska</a> přes <a href="/wiki/Slovensko" title="Slovensko">Slovensko</a> na čínský projekt tím, že by byla vybudována nová asi 450 km dlouhá širokorozchodná <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDeleznice" title="Železnice">trať</a> z <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice" title="Košice">Košic</a> (kam již taková trať vede z <a href="/wiki/U%C5%BEhorod" title="Užhorod">Užhorodu</a>) přes <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislavu</a> do <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADde%C5%88" title="Vídeň">Vídně</a>. O tento projekt mají <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Bundesbahnen" title="Österreichische Bundesbahnen">Rakouské spolkové dráhy</a> velký zájem, zatím mu však brání <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_na_v%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Ukrajin%C4%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Válka na východní Ukrajině">válka na východní Ukrajině</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1_stezka&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1_stezka&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="plainlinks"><i>V tomto článku byl použit <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:WikiProjekt_P%C5%99eklad/Rady" title="Wikipedie:WikiProjekt Překlad/Rady">překlad</a> textu z článku <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk_Road?oldid=112191208"><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">Silk Road</span></a> na anglické Wikipedii.</i></span></p><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fenby, Jonathan. <i>Sedmdesát divů Číny</i>. 1. vyd. Praha: Slovart, 2008. 304 s. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/978-80-7391-071-6" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/978-80-7391-071-6"><span class="ISBN">978-80-7391-071-6</span></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>Silk Roads: the Routes Network of Chang'an-Tianshan Corridor</i> [online]. UNESCO [cit. 2020-03-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1442">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=Silk+Roads%3A+the+Routes+Network+of+Chang%27an-Tianshan+Corridor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1442&rft.pub=UNESCO"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">COOLEY, Alexander. <i>New Silk Route or Classic Developmental Cul-de-Sac? The Prospects and Challenges of China's OBOR Initiative</i> [online]. July 2015 [cit. 2016-02-10]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ponarseurasia.org/memo/new-silk-route-or-classic-developmental-cul-de-sac">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=New+Silk+Route+or+Classic+Developmental+Cul-de-Sac%3F+The+Prospects+and+Challenges+of+China%27s+OBOR+Initiative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ponarseurasia.org%2Fmemo%2Fnew-silk-route-or-classic-developmental-cul-de-sac&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alexander"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_web" title="Šablona:Cite web">Cite web</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> China plans new Silk Route across Ukraine. <i>Russian News Agency TASS</i>. 9 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.ru/en/russianpress/710813">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 10 February 2016].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=Russian+News+Agency+TASS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftass.ru%2Fen%2Frussianpress%2F710813&rft.atitle=China+plans+new+Silk+Route+across+Ukraine&rft.date=9+December+2013"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_news" title="Šablona:Cite news">Cite news</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">SAHOO, Pravakar. India should be part of the new Silk Route. <i>The Hindu Business Line</i>. 22 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/india-should-be-part-of-the-new-silk-route/article8018656.ece">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 10 February 2016].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu+Business+Line&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindubusinessline.com%2Fopinion%2Findia-should-be-part-of-the-new-silk-route%2Farticle8018656.ece&rft.atitle=India+should+be+part+of+the+new+Silk+Route&rft.date=22+December+2015&rft.aulast=Sahoo&rft.aufirst=Pravakar"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_news" title="Šablona:Cite news">Cite news</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>China’s new silk route: The long and winding road</i> [online]. February 2016 [cit. 2016-02-10]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/growth-markets-center/assets/pdf/china-new-silk-route.pdf">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=China%E2%80%99s+new+silk+route%3A+The+long+and+winding+road&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwc.com%2Fgx%2Fen%2Fgrowth-markets-center%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2Fchina-new-silk-route.pdf"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_web" title="Šablona:Cite web">Cite web</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;"> <i>First 'Silk Road' train arrives in Tehran from China</i> [online]. [cit. 2016-02-16]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/first-silk-road-train-arrives-tehran-china-134703954.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&rft.btitle=First+%27Silk+Road%27+train+arrives+in+Tehran+from+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Ffirst-silk-road-train-arrives-tehran-china-134703954.html"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_web" title="Šablona:Cite web">Cite web</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> 'China freight train' in first trip to Barking. <i>BBC News</i>. 2017-01-03. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-38497997">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-01-05]. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-38497997&rft.atitle=%27China+freight+train%27+in+first+trip+to+Barking&rft.date=2017-01-03"><span style="display:none"> </span></span><span title="Chyba v použití šablony!" class="error" style="font-weight:bold;display:none;">Je zde použita šablona <code>{{<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ablona:Cite_news" title="Šablona:Cite news">Cite news</a>}}</code> označená jako k „pouze dočasnému použití“.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/14/china-silk-road-trade-train-rolls-london">Silk Road route back in business as China train rolls into London</a>, Tracy McVeigh, The Observer, 14 January 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite style="font-style:normal;"> Levnější než letadlo a rychlejší než loď. Čína otevřela Hedvábnou stezku vlakem do Londýna. <i><a href="/wiki/Aktu%C3%A1ln%C4%9B.cz" title="Aktuálně.cz">Aktuálně</a></i> [online]. 2017-01-17 [cit. 2017-01-22]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/ekonomika/levnejsi-nez-letadlo-a-rychlejsi-nez-vlak-cina-otevrela-hedv/r~e6dc0b7edd9711e6a6940025900fea04/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&rft.jtitle=Aktu%C3%A1ln%C4%9B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzpravy.aktualne.cz%2Fekonomika%2Flevnejsi-nez-letadlo-a-rychlejsi-nez-vlak-cina-otevrela-hedv%2Fr~e6dc0b7edd9711e6a6940025900fea04%2F&rft.atitle=Levn%C4%9Bj%C5%A1%C3%AD+ne%C5%BE+letadlo+a+rychlej%C5%A1%C3%AD+ne%C5%BE+lo%C4%8F.+%C4%8C%C3%ADna+otev%C5%99ela+Hedv%C3%A1bnou+stezku+vlakem+do+Lond%C3%BDna&rft.date=2017-01-17"><span style="display:none"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Auf der Breitspur bis nach Wien. (Na širokých kolejích až do Vídně.) <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a>, 19. května 2017, s. 21 (německy).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1_stezka&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editace sekce: Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1_stezka&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Literatura"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Vladimír Liščák: <i>Putování po Hedvábné cestě. Cesta staletími mezi Čínou a Evropou</i>. Praha: Academia, 2023. <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/9788020034014" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-80-200-3401-4</a></li> <li>Vladimír Liščák: <i>Čína – dobrodružství Hedvábné cesty. Po stopách styků Východ – Západ.</i> Set out, Praha, 2000. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/80-86277-11-9" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/80-86277-11-9"><span class="ISBN">80-86277-11-9</span></a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externí_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.AD_odkazy"></span>Externí odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1_stezka&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1_stezka&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externí odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="wd"><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Silk_Road" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Silk Road">Hedvábná stezka</a></span> na <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span></span><i> </i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/maps/maps.html">Atlas hedvábné stezky (Washingtonská univerzita)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160315145417/http://www.ess.uci.edu/~oliver/silk.html">Historie hedvábné stezky</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silkroadproject.org/">The Silk Road Project</a></li></ul> <table class="plainlinks metadata noprint pahyl" cellpadding="2" style="background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pahýl"><img alt="Pahýl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a><figcaption>Pahýl</figcaption></figure> </td> <td><i>Tento článek je příliš stručný nebo <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Pah%C3%BDl" title="Wikipedie:Pahýl">postrádá důležité informace</a>.<br />Pomozte Wikipedii tím, že jej vhodně <a class="external text" href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hedv%C3%A1bn%C3%A1_stezka&action=edit">rozšíříte</a>. Nevkládejte však <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Autorsk%C3%A9_pr%C3%A1vo#Publikování_cizích_autorských_děl" title="Wikipedie:Autorské právo">bez oprávnění</a> cizí texty.</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23078045">.mw-parser-output .navbox2{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .navbox2{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2+.navbox2{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox2,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543751905171">987007543751905171</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/170952654">170952654</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16915398">.mw-parser-output div/**/#portallinks a{font-weight:bold}</style><div id="portallinks" class="catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Obsah" title="Portál:Obsah">Portály</a>: <a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:%C4%8C%C3%ADna" title="Portál:Čína">Čína</a> | <a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Doprava" title="Portál:Doprava">Doprava</a> | <a href="/wiki/Port%C3%A1l:Starov%C4%9Bk" title="Portál:Starověk">Starověk</a> | <a 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Asie">Geografie Asie</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Hospod%C3%A1%C5%99sk%C3%A9_d%C4%9Bjiny_%C4%8C%C3%ADny" title="Kategorie:Hospodářské dějiny Číny">Hospodářské dějiny Číny</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Obchodn%C3%AD_cesty" title="Kategorie:Obchodní cesty">Obchodní cesty</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Skryté kategorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:%C3%9Adr%C5%BEba:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_do%C4%8Dasn%C4%9B_pou%C5%BEitou_%C5%A1ablonou" title="Kategorie:Údržba:Články s dočasně použitou šablonou">Údržba:Články s dočasně použitou šablonou</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_p%C5%99elo%C5%BEen%C3%A9_z_enwiki" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články přeložené z enwiki">Monitoring:Články přeložené z enwiki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Pah%C3%BDly" title="Kategorie:Pahýly">Pahýly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_NKC" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem NKC">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem NKC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_BNE" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem BNE">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem BNE</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_BNF" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem BNF">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_GND" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem GND">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_LCCN" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem LCCN">Monitoring:Články s identifikátorem LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorie:Monitoring:%C4%8Cl%C3%A1nky_s_identifik%C3%A1torem_NDL" title="Kategorie:Monitoring:Články s 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