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href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%B1" title="سندی برقر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سندی برقر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Berger" title="Sandy Berger – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sandy Berger" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Berger" title="Sandy Berger – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sandy Berger" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Berger" title="Sandy Berger – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sandy Berger" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Berger" title="Sandy Berger – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sandy Berger" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1" title="سندی برگر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سندی برگر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Berger" title="Sandy Berger – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sandy Berger" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A8" title="סנדי ברגר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנדי ברגר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="ساندى بيرجر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ساندى بيرجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Berger" title="Sandy Berger – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sandy Berger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Бергер, Сэнди – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бергер, Сэнди" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Berger" title="Sandy Berger – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sandy Berger" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">US National Security Advisor</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sandy Berger</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Portrait_of_United_States_National_Security_Advisor_Samuel_Richard_%22Sandy%22_Berger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Official_Portrait_of_United_States_National_Security_Advisor_Samuel_Richard_%22Sandy%22_Berger.jpg/220px-Official_Portrait_of_United_States_National_Security_Advisor_Samuel_Richard_%22Sandy%22_Berger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Official_Portrait_of_United_States_National_Security_Advisor_Samuel_Richard_%22Sandy%22_Berger.jpg/330px-Official_Portrait_of_United_States_National_Security_Advisor_Samuel_Richard_%22Sandy%22_Berger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Official_Portrait_of_United_States_National_Security_Advisor_Samuel_Richard_%22Sandy%22_Berger.jpg/440px-Official_Portrait_of_United_States_National_Security_Advisor_Samuel_Richard_%22Sandy%22_Berger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3186" data-file-height="4800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">18th <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">United States National Security Advisor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 14, 1997 – January 20, 2001</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Steinberg" title="James Steinberg">James Steinberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lake" title="Anthony Lake">Anthony Lake</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">19th <a href="/wiki/Deputy_National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy National Security Advisor (United States)">United States Deputy National Security Advisor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 20, 1993 – March 14, 1997</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Howe" title="Jonathan Howe">Jonathan Howe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Steinberg" title="James Steinberg">James Steinberg</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Samuel Richard Berger</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1945-10-28</span>)</span>October 28, 1945<br /><a href="/wiki/Millerton,_New_York" title="Millerton, New York">Millerton, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 2, 2015<span style="display:none">(2015-12-02)</span> (aged 70)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Susan Harrison</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Samuel Richard "Sandy" Berger</b> (October 28, 1945 – December 2, 2015) was a Democratic attorney who served as the 18th <a href="/wiki/US_National_Security_Advisor" class="mw-redirect" title="US National Security Advisor">US National Security Advisor</a> for <a href="/wiki/U.S._President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> from 1997 to 2001 after he had served as the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy National Security Advisor (United States)">Deputy National Security Advisor</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton administration">Clinton administration</a> from 1993 to 1997. </p><p>In 2005, he was fined and sentenced to two years of probation, plus community service, for the unauthorized removal of classified material from the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a>. When disbarment proceedings were initiated on account of his theft of documents, Berger gave up his license to practice law by conceding the truth of the material allegations of misconduct and consenting to his disbarment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_career">Early life and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Berger&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berger was born to a <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish</a> family in <a href="/wiki/Millerton,_New_York" title="Millerton, New York">Millerton, New York</a>, where his parents ran a <a href="/wiki/Surplus_store" title="Surplus store">surplus store</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He graduated from Webutuck High School in 1963, earned his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in 1967, and his earned <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> degree from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a> in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Cornell, Berger was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Quill_and_Dagger" title="Quill and Dagger">Quill and Dagger</a> society with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Paul Wolfowitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hadley" title="Stephen Hadley">Stephen Hadley</a>. Opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, Berger began working for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a>'s presidential campaign in 1972. While there, he met <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, forming a friendship that lasted for decades. Berger later urged Clinton to run for President of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the McGovern campaign, Berger gained experience working in a variety of government posts, including serving as Special Assistant to <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay" title="John Lindsay">John Lindsay</a> and Legislative Assistant to U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Harold_Hughes" title="Harold Hughes">Harold Hughes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a> and Congressman <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Resnick" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Resnick">Joseph Resnick</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. He was also Deputy <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Policy_Planning" title="Director of Policy Planning">Director of Policy Planning</a> for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> from 1977 to 1980 under <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance" title="Cyrus Vance">Cyrus Vance</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter administration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stonebridgebio_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stonebridgebio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After leaving the State Department, Berger went on to join the law firm <a href="/wiki/Hogan_%26_Hartson" class="mw-redirect" title="Hogan & Hartson">Hogan & Hartson</a> where he helped expand the firm's <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> practice. As a partner, he opened the firm's first two international offices, in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Sandy Berger", <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a> said in 1997, "was the point-man at ... Hogan & Hartson ... for the trade office of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the People's Republic of China">Chinese government</a>. He was a lawyer-<a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbyist</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-pelosi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pelosi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinton_administration">Clinton administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Berger&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Clinton administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense.gov_News_Photo_980217-D-2987S-010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Defense.gov_News_Photo_980217-D-2987S-010.jpg/250px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_980217-D-2987S-010.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Defense.gov_News_Photo_980217-D-2987S-010.jpg/375px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_980217-D-2987S-010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Defense.gov_News_Photo_980217-D-2987S-010.jpg/500px-Defense.gov_News_Photo_980217-D-2987S-010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3010" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/William_S._Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="William S. Cohen">William S. Cohen</a> (center and pointing hand) gives the opening remarks at a Pentagon briefing for President Bill Clinton and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> on February 17, 1998. Clinton was in the <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentagon building">Pentagon</a> to meet with the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> and his national security team for a Gulf region update. Berger is seated to Cohen's left.</figcaption></figure> <p>Berger served as Senior Foreign Policy Advisor to <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Arkansas">Governor</a> Clinton during the campaign, and as Assistant Transition Director for National Security of the 1992 Clinton-Gore Transition. Berger served eight years on the National Security Council staff, first from 1993 to 1997 as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_National_Security_Advisor" title="Deputy National Security Advisor">deputy national security advisor</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lake" title="Anthony Lake">Anthony Lake</a>, whom Berger had recommended for the role, and then succeeding Lake as <a href="/wiki/Assistant_to_the_President_for_National_Security_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs">Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs</a> from 1997 to 2001.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Berger was a central figure in formulating the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Clinton_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of the Clinton Administration">foreign policy of the Clinton Administration</a>, and played an integral role advancing the administration's self-described objectives of advancing "democracy, shared prosperity, and peace."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In President Clinton's words, "Nobody was more knowledgeable about policy or smarter about how to formulate it. He was both great in analyzing a situation and figuring out what to do about it. His gifts proved invaluable time and time again, in Latin America, the Balkans, Northern Ireland, and the Middle East."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Key achievements during Berger's NSC tenure included the 1995 peso recovery package in Mexico, <a href="/wiki/NATO_enlargement" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO enlargement">NATO enlargement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Desert_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Desert Fox">Operation Desert Fox</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayton Accords">Dayton Accords</a> that ended the civil conflict in Bosnia, the <a href="/wiki/NATO_bombing_of_Yugoslavia" title="NATO bombing of Yugoslavia">NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> that helped bring about peace in Northern Ireland, and the administration's policy of engagement with the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timesbio_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesbio-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a March 2005 oral history interview at the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">University of Virginia's Miller Center</a>, Berger noted, "I think during the '90s we took China from outside the international system and brought it inside the international system, partly through trade, and economics, and otherwise."<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel_R._Berger—Miller_Center_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel_R._Berger—Miller_Center-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 4, 1999, in what South Asia expert Bruce Reidel called Berger's "finest hour,"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berger advised President Clinton through a pivotal negotiation with Pakistan's prime minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> to pull that country's troops back from <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, averting a potentially cataclysmic nuclear war with India.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berger also advised the President regarding the <a href="/wiki/Khobar_Towers_bombing" title="Khobar Towers bombing">Khobar Towers bombing</a> and responses to the terrorist <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">bombings of American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania</a>. In the final years of the Clinton administration, combating terrorism was the paramount foreign policy priority; Berger said in his March 2005 oral history interview at UVA's Miller Center, "I said to <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> during the transition ... that the number-one issue that she would deal with as national security advisor was terrorism in general and <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a> specifically."<sup id="cite_ref-Samuel_R._Berger—Miller_Center_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samuel_R._Berger—Miller_Center-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Berger&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stock_ownership">Stock ownership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Berger&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stock ownership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1997, Berger paid a $23,000 <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil</a> penalty to settle <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a> allegations stemming from his failure to sell his <a href="/wiki/Stock" title="Stock">stock</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amoco" title="Amoco">Amoco</a> Corporation as ordered by the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. Berger was advised by the White House to sell the stock in early 1994. He said he had planned to sell the stock, but then forgot. He denied knowingly participating in decisions in which he had a financial interest. With no evidence that Berger intended to break the law, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> determined a civil penalty was adequate for a "non-willful violation" of the conflict of interest law.<sup id="cite_ref-conflict_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conflict-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_nuclear_espionage">Chinese nuclear espionage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Berger&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chinese nuclear espionage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clinton_berger_albright.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Clinton_berger_albright.jpg/250px-Clinton_berger_albright.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Clinton_berger_albright.jpg/375px-Clinton_berger_albright.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Clinton_berger_albright.jpg 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Sandy Berger with President Clinton and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1999, Berger was criticized for failing to promptly inform President Clinton of his knowledge that the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> had managed to acquire the designs of a number of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warhead" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear warhead">nuclear warheads</a>. Berger was originally briefed of the <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">espionage</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> (DOE) in April 1996, but did not inform the president until July 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-nukeespionage_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nukeespionage-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Timeseditorial_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Timeseditorial-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Republican_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican party (United States)">Republicans</a>, including then presidential hopeful <a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a>, called for Berger's resignation. They accused him of ignoring the allegations of Chinese espionage. "For his unwillingness to act on this serious matter, Mr. Berger should resign", Alexander said. "If he does not, he should be relieved of his duties by President Clinton."<sup id="cite_ref-resign_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-resign-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Clinton rejected the calls: "The record is that we acted aggressively," Clinton said. "Mr. Berger acted appropriately."<sup id="cite_ref-rejectcalls_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rejectcalls-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I asked DOE to widen and deepen its investigation, to intensify as they were planning their <a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence" title="Counterintelligence">counterintelligence</a> efforts to brief the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>. Within several weeks the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> had opened up a full investigation on the prime suspect. So I took the actions that I believe were appropriate. I get an awful lot of threat information every day. I have to make a judgment as to what I brief the president on and what I don't. In 1997, when this was clearly a pattern and a systemic problem, I thought it was essential for the president to know — Sandy Berger, May 29, 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-bergertranscript_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bergertranscript-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unauthorized_removal_and_destruction_of_classified_material">Unauthorized removal and destruction of classified material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Berger&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Unauthorized removal and destruction of classified material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Archives.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/National_Archives.jpg/250px-National_Archives.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/National_Archives.jpg/375px-National_Archives.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/National_Archives.jpg/500px-National_Archives.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The National Archives building in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On July 19, 2004, it was revealed that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a> was investigating Berger for unauthorized removal of <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified documents</a> in October 2003 from a <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a> reading room prior to testifying before the <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a>. The documents were five classified copies of a single report commissioned from <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Clarke" title="Richard A. Clarke">Richard Clarke</a> covering internal assessments of the Clinton Administration's handling of the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/2000_millennium_attack_plots" title="2000 millennium attack plots">2000 millennium attack plots</a>. An associate of Berger said Berger took one copy in September 2003 and four copies in October 2003, allegedly by stuffing the documents into his socks and pants.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berger subsequently lied to investigators when questioned about the removal of the documents.<sup id="cite_ref-Turley_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turley-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2005, Berger pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of unauthorized removal and retention of classified material from the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a> in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-Turley1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turley1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berger was fined $50,000,<sup id="cite_ref-bergerpleads1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bergerpleads1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sentenced to serve two years of <a href="/wiki/Probation" title="Probation">probation</a> and 100 hours of community service, and stripped of his security clearance for three years.<sup id="cite_ref-Turley_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turley-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-contradicts_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contradicts-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Justice Department initially said Berger only stole copies of classified documents and not originals,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the House Government Reform Committee later revealed that an unsupervised Berger had been given access to classified files of original, uncopied, uninventoried documents on terrorism. During the House Government Reform Committee hearings, Nancy Kegan Smith — who was the director of the presidential documents staff at the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a> — acknowledged that she had granted Berger access to original materials in her office.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On December 20, 2006, Inspector General Paul Brachfeld reported that Berger took a break to go outside without an escort. "In total, during this visit, he removed four documents ... Mr. Berger said he placed the documents under a trailer in an accessible construction area outside Archives 1 (the main Archives building)". Berger acknowledged having later retrieved the documents from the construction area and returned with them to his office.<sup id="cite_ref-theft1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theft1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-theft2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theft2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Board on Professional Responsibility of the Bar of the District of Columbia Court of Appeals commenced a professional-misconduct disciplinary proceeding against Berger, based on his conviction for theft of classified documents. On May 17, 2007, Berger was disbarred from the practice of law upon consenting to his disbarment, conceding that the material allegations of misconduct were true and he knew that he could not successfully defend against the disciplinary proceeding.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He released a statement which said, in part, "I have decided to voluntarily relinquish my license. ... While I derived great satisfaction from years of practicing law, I have not done so for 15 years and do not envision returning to the profession. I am very sorry for what I did, and I deeply apologize." By consenting to disbarment, Berger avoided cross-examination by the Bar Counsel regarding details of his thefts.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-government">Post-government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Berger&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIA_Director_Brennan_and_Former_National_Security_Advisers_Berger_and_Scowcroft_in_Riyadh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CIA_Director_Brennan_and_Former_National_Security_Advisers_Berger_and_Scowcroft_in_Riyadh.jpg/250px-CIA_Director_Brennan_and_Former_National_Security_Advisers_Berger_and_Scowcroft_in_Riyadh.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CIA_Director_Brennan_and_Former_National_Security_Advisers_Berger_and_Scowcroft_in_Riyadh.jpg/375px-CIA_Director_Brennan_and_Former_National_Security_Advisers_Berger_and_Scowcroft_in_Riyadh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/CIA_Director_Brennan_and_Former_National_Security_Advisers_Berger_and_Scowcroft_in_Riyadh.jpg/500px-CIA_Director_Brennan_and_Former_National_Security_Advisers_Berger_and_Scowcroft_in_Riyadh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3118" data-file-height="2072" /></a><figcaption>Berger with CIA Director <a href="/wiki/John_O._Brennan" class="mw-redirect" title="John O. Brennan">John Brennan</a> (l) and <a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Brent Scowcroft</a> (r) before greeting the new King <a href="/wiki/Salman_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Salman of Saudi Arabia">Salman of Saudi Arabia</a>, in Riyadh, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, in January 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>After leaving the Clinton Administration, Berger became chairman of <a href="/wiki/Stonebridge_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Stonebridge International">Stonebridge International</a>, an international advisory firm he co-founded in 2001 which focused on aiding companies in their expansion into emerging markets such as <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, China, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-stonebridgebio_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stonebridgebio-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stonebridge International merged in 2009 with The Albright Group, a similar firm founded by former <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a>, to form <a href="/wiki/Albright_Stonebridge_Group" title="Albright Stonebridge Group">Albright Stonebridge Group</a>, a global strategy and <a href="/wiki/Commercial_diplomacy" title="Commercial diplomacy">commercial diplomacy</a> firm<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acquired by <a href="/wiki/Dentons" title="Dentons">Dentons</a> in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berger was also chairman of the D.B. Zwirn Global Advisory Board, an international investment fund and merchant capital provider founded in 2001 and with offices throughout North America, Europe and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-dbzwirn_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dbzwirn-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 2003, Berger was called to testify before the <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a> regarding steps taken against <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> during his tenure and the information he provided to his successor, Condoleezza Rice. At the time, he was also acting as an informal foreign policy advisor to Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> during his campaign for the presidency, resigning from the role amid controversy regarding his preparations for testifying before the 9/11 Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-quitskerry_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quitskerry-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berger served as a foreign policy adviser to Senator <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> in her 2008 presidential campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was an advisory board member for the <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_a_Secure_America" title="Partnership for a Secure America">Partnership for a Secure America</a>, a not-for-profit organization dedicated to recreating the bipartisan center in American national security and foreign policy. He also served on the International Advisory Council of the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Doha_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Doha Center">Brookings Doha Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served on the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/International_Crisis_Group" title="International Crisis Group">International Crisis Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Program_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="World Food Program USA">World Food Program USA</a>, and also on the advisory boards of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Network" title="National Security Network">National Security Network</a>, and <a href="/wiki/America_Abroad_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="America Abroad Media">America Abroad Media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Berger&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berger lived in the <a href="/wiki/American_University_Park" title="American University Park">American University Park</a> neighborhood of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, was married to Susan Harrison Berger, and had three children.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gass_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gass-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berger died of cancer in Washington, D.C., on December 2, 2015, at the age of 70, more than a year after being diagnosed.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gass_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gass-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> released the following statement on learning of Berger's death:<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sandy Berger was one of our nation's foremost national security leaders. From his service in President Carter's State Department to President Clinton's National Security Advisor, Sandy devoted himself to strengthening American leadership in an uncertain world. Today, his legacy can be seen in a peaceful Balkans, our strong alliance with Japan, our deeper relationships with India and China. Around the globe, families and children are living healthier, more secure lives because, as a private citizen, Sandy was a humanitarian who helped the world respond to crises and feed the hungry. With his trademark passion, wisdom and good humor, he is remembered fondly within the ranks of the National Security Council, where those he mentored carry on his work. I'm grateful to Sandy because, as President, I've benefited personally from his advice and counsel.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Berger&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2015, Berger was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun" title="Order of the Rising Sun">Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun</a> by the Japanese government for his contributions to promotion of a strong and friendly relationship between the United States and Japan, particularly in his role as National Security Adviser to President Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-cnnobit_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnobit-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also provided legal and commercial advice to the <a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_Japan_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy of Japan in Washington, D.C.">Embassy of Japan in Washington, D.C.</a> </p><p>On December 1, 2015, <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Program_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="World Food Program USA">World Food Program USA</a> announced that it has given its inaugural Global Humanitarian Award to Samuel R. Berger in recognition of his decades of leadership helping families in need across the globe.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the World Food Program USA established the Samuel R. Berger Humanitarian Fund, which will support humanitarian organizations as they work to eradicate hunger around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-cnnobit_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnobit-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2000, Berger was presented with an honorary degree<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Berger&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_National_Security_Council_1993%E2%80%93present" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States National Security Council 1993–present">History of the United States National Security Council 1993–present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_disarmament_timeline_1990%E2%80%932003" title="Iraq disarmament timeline 1990–2003">Iraq disarmament timeline 1990–2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McCarthy_(CIA)" title="Mary McCarthy (CIA)">Mary McCarthy (CIA)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Berger&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">edited by Louis Sandy Maisel, Ira N. Forman, Donald Altschiller, Charles Walker Bassett <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7g1jaWlsY24C&dq=Sandy+Berger&pg=PA309">Jews in American Politics: Introduction by Senator Joseph I. 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November 4, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stars+and+Stripes&rft.atitle=Rumsfeld%2C+Berger%2C+Aaron+receive+Japan%27s+Order+of+the+Rising+Sun&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Fnews%2Frumsfeld-berger-aaron-receive-japan-s-order-of-the-rising-sun-1.376888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandy+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www6.tau.ac.il/honorary/">"Honorary Degrees - Honorary Degrees"</a>. <i>Tau.ac.il</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tau.ac.il&rft.atitle=Honorary+Degrees+-+Honorary+Degrees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww6.tau.ac.il%2Fhonorary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASandy+Berger" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Berger&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Massari, Maurizio. "US Foreign Policy Decision‐Making during the Clinton Administration." <i>The International Spectator</i> 35.4 (2000): 91-105. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03932720008458155">https://doi.org/10.1080/03932720008458155</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Berger&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sandy_Berger" class="extiw" title="commons:Sandy Berger"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Sandy Berger</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sandy_Berger" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Sandy Berger">Sandy Berger</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/">United States National Security Council page at the White House website</a></li> <li>"Albright Stonebridge Group Announces the Passing of Samuel. R. Berger" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albrightstonebridge.com/news/albright-stonebridge-group-passing-samuel-r-berge">Albright Stonebridge; December 2, 2015</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i.a.cnn.net/cnn/2006/images/12/21/berger.document.pdf">Report on Berger (PDF)</a>, Office of the Inspector General, National Archives and Records Administration</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?26028">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Howe" title="Jonathan Howe">Jonathan Howe</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Deputy_National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy National Security Advisor (United States)">Deputy National Security Advisor</a> </b><br />1993–1997 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Steinberg" title="James Steinberg">Jim Steinberg</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lake" title="Anthony Lake">Tony Lake</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a> </b><br />1997–2001 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza 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title="Richard V. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Nance" title="James W. Nance">Nance</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Clark_Jr." title="William P. Clark Jr.">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McFarlane_(American_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert McFarlane (American politician)">McFarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Poindexter" title="John Poindexter">Poindexter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlucci" title="Frank Carlucci">Carlucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Scowcroft" title="Brent Scowcroft">Scowcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Lake" title="Anthony Lake">Lake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">C. Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hadley" title="Stephen Hadley">Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Jones" title="James L. 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