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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oyo,_Ile-Ife_and_Lagos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oyo,_Ile-Ife_and_Lagos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Oyo, Ile-Ife and Lagos </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oyo,_Ile-Ife_and_Lagos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Group identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-colonial_government_of_Yoruba_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-colonial_government_of_Yoruba_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Pre-colonial government of Yoruba society </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pre-colonial_government_of_Yoruba_society-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pre-colonial government of Yoruba society subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial_government_of_Yoruba_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Leadership </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City-states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City-states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 City-states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City-states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groups,_organizations_and_leagues_in_Yorubaland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups,_organizations_and_leagues_in_Yorubaland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Groups, organizations and leagues in Yorubaland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Groups,_organizations_and_leagues_in_Yorubaland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_Yoruba_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Yoruba_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Traditional Yoruba religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Yoruba_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Orisha_and_Ajogun" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Orisha_and_Ajogun"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 List of Orisha and Ajogun </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Orisha_and_Ajogun-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Mythology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_and_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_and_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Christianity and Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_and_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.1 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3.2 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_art_and_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_art_and_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Traditional art and architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_art_and_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twins_in_Yoruba_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twins_in_Yoruba_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Twins in Yoruba society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twins_in_Yoruba_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.8 Calendar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.9 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Dress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Benin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Benin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ghana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Ghana </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Nigeria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Togo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Togo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Togo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Togo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa_(other)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa_(other)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 West Africa (other) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa_(other)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Yoruba_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Yoruba_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 The Yoruba diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Yoruba_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Foreign representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_of_Yoruba_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_of_Yoruba_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notable people of Yoruba origin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_of_Yoruba_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoruba_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoruba_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Yoruba organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoruba_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_chiefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_chiefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Prominent chiefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prominent_chiefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_and_Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.1 Books and Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.2 Discussion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.3 Representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Yoruba people</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" > 75 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joroeba_(volk)" title="Joroeba (volk) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Joroeba (volk)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="يوروبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوروبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba" title="Yoruba – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorubalar" title="Yorubalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yorubalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="یوروبا‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یوروبا‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Ёруба (народ) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ёруба (народ)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Йоруба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йоруба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joruba" title="Joruba – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Joruba" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Йорубанууд – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Йорубанууд" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iorubes" title="Iorubes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iorubes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorubov%C3%A9" title="Jorubové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jorubové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayorubha" title="Vayorubha – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vayorubha" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaago" title="Anaago – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Anaago" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba" title="Yoruba – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_(Ethnie)" title="Yoruba (Ethnie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yoruba (Ethnie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorubad" title="Jorubad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jorubad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_yoruba" title="Pueblo yoruba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo yoruba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joruboj" title="Joruboj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Joruboj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joruba" title="Joruba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joruba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="یوروبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یوروبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_(peuple)" title="Yoruba (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yoruba (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yim%C9%93e_Yarbanko%27en" title="Yimɓe Yarbanko'en – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Yimɓe Yarbanko'en" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iar%C3%BAbaigh" title="Iarúbaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iarúbaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_ioruba" title="Pobo ioruba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo ioruba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay%E1%BB%8Dnu_l%E1%BA%B9" title="Ayọnu lẹ – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Ayọnu lẹ" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gungbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EB%A3%A8%EB%B0%94%EC%A1%B1" title="요루바족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요루바족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarbawa" title="Yarbawa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yarbawa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="योरुबा लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="योरुबा लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Populo_Yoruba" title="Populo Yoruba – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Populo Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndi_Yoruba" title="Ndi Yoruba – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ndi Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yoruba" title="Orang Yoruba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_(popolo)" title="Yoruba (popolo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yoruba (popolo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94" title="יורובה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יורובה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Йорубалар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Йорубалар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayoruba" title="Wayoruba – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wayoruba" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Йорубалар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Йорубалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Йорубавлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Йорубавлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%8C" title="Йоруба халкь – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Йоруба халкь" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorubi" title="Jorubi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jorubi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorubai" title="Jorubai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jorubai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorub%C3%A1k" title="Jorubák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jorubák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Јоруба – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јоруба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B4roba_(vahoaka)" title="Iôroba (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Iôroba (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AC" title="യോരുബ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യോരുബ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="يوروبا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوروبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Yoruba" title="Orang Yoruba – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_pipul" title="Yoruba pipul – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Yoruba pipul" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Naijá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_(volk)" title="Yoruba (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yoruba (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E4%BA%BA" title="ヨルバ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨルバ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorubaer" title="Jorubaer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jorubaer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba" title="Yoruba – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="یوروبا لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوروبا لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorubowie" title="Jorubowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jorubowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iorub%C3%A1s" title="Iorubás – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iorubás" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Йоруба (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йоруба (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Йоруба – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Йоруба" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_fowk" title="Yoruba fowk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yoruba fowk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yoruba people" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorubi" title="Jorubi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jorubi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Јоруба (народ) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јоруба (народ)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joruba" title="Joruba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Joruba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorubat" title="Jorubat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jorubat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_(folk)" title="Yoruba (folk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yoruba (folk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba" title="Yoruba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="யோருபா மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யோருபா மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorubalar" title="Yorubalar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yorubalar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ghwangkpang_(nwap)" title="A̱ghwangkpang (nwap) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ghwangkpang (nwap)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Йоруба (народ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йоруба (народ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF" title="یوربائی لوگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوربائی لوگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Yoruba" title="Người Yoruba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E9%B2%81%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA" title="约鲁巴人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约鲁巴人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cran_Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1" title="Ìran Yorùbá – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìran Yorùbá" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E9%AD%AF%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA" title="約魯巴人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="約魯巴人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba" title="Yoruba – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Yoruba" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E9%B2%81%E5%B7%B4%E4%BA%BA" title="约鲁巴人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约鲁巴人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group in West Africa</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Yoruba Ìran Yorùbá Ọmọ Oòduà, Ọmọ Káàárọ̀-oòjíire</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Oduduwa_Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Oduduwa_Flag.jpg/150px-Oduduwa_Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Oduduwa_Flag.jpg/225px-Oduduwa_Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Oduduwa_Flag.jpg/300px-Oduduwa_Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="763" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoruba-Dancers-931x598.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Yoruba-Dancers-931x598.jpg/250px-Yoruba-Dancers-931x598.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Yoruba-Dancers-931x598.jpg/375px-Yoruba-Dancers-931x598.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Yoruba-Dancers-931x598.jpg/500px-Yoruba-Dancers-931x598.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="598" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A group of Yoruba people at a public event</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> ≈ 51,329,000 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sare_2023-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">42,600,000 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-Yoruba,_Nigeria-3">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,600,000<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></th><td class="infobox-data">425,600<a href="#cite_note-Yoruba,_Ghana-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></th><td class="infobox-data">342,500 (2014)<a href="#cite_note-Université_Laval-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">United States</th><td class="infobox-data">213,732 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau-8">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a></th><td class="infobox-data">115,000 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-Yoruba,_Cote_D'Ivoire-9">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80,700 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Canada</th><td class="infobox-data">42,075 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-11">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16,578 (2022)<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Ireland</th><td class="infobox-data">10,100 (2011)<a href="#cite_note-14">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,477 (2013)<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Australia</th><td class="infobox-data">4,020 (2021)<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Finland</th><td class="infobox-data">1,538 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid languages</a></li><li>English</li><li>French</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style 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.hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Christianity</li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a></li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Research_note:_Exploring_survey_dat-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">(Yoruboid)</a>  <a href="/wiki/Oku_people_(Sierra_Leone)" title="Oku people (Sierra Leone)">Aku</a> · <a href="/wiki/Igala_people" title="Igala people">Igala</a> · <a href="/wiki/Itsekiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Itsekiri">Itsekiri</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nagos" title="Nagos">Nagos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Olukumi_people" title="Olukumi people">Olukumi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tabom_people" title="Tabom people">Tabom</a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">(Gbe)</a>  <a href="/wiki/Aja_people" title="Aja people">Aja</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mahi_people" title="Mahi people">Mahi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ogu_people" title="Ogu people">Ogu</a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">(Kwa)</a>  <a href="/wiki/Adele_language" title="Adele language">Adele</a> · <a href="/wiki/Akebu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Akebu language">Akebu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anii_language" title="Anii language">Anii</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ga_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ga people">Ga</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kposo_people" title="Kposo people">Kposo</a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Nupoid_languages" title="Nupoid languages">(Nupoid)</a>  <a href="/wiki/Ebira_people" title="Ebira people">Ebira</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_people" title="Gbagyi people">Gbagyi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nupe_people" title="Nupe people">Nupe</a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Edoid_languages" title="Edoid languages">(Edoid)</a>  <a href="/wiki/Afemai_people" title="Afemai people">Afemai</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bini_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bini people">Bini</a> · <a href="/wiki/Esan_people" title="Esan people">Esan</a> · <a href="/wiki/Isoko_people" title="Isoko people">Isoko</a> · <a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">(Gur)</a>  <a href="/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba</a> · <a href="/wiki/Losso_people" title="Losso people">Losso</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a></div> <div style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">(Diaspora)</a>  <a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Genetics" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> · <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians#Origins_of_Blacks_in_Brazil" title="Afro-Brazilians">Afro-Brazilians</a> · <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_people#Languages" title="Afro-Caribbean people">Afro-Caribbean people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Montinaro2014-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Ọmọ Yorùbá</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Ọmọ Yorùbá</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Èdè Yorùbá</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Ilẹ̀ Yorùbá</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile" style="width: 20em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Yoruba" title="Category:Yoruba">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em; color: black"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yorùbá people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG-20180922-WA0007_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/IMG-20180922-WA0007_cropped.jpg/180px-IMG-20180922-WA0007_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/IMG-20180922-WA0007_cropped.jpg/270px-IMG-20180922-WA0007_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/IMG-20180922-WA0007_cropped.jpg/360px-IMG-20180922-WA0007_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="1078" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_art" title="Yoruba art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_architecture" title="Yoruba architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_culture" title="Yoruba culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_music" title="Yoruba music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#93C572;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subgroups</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ana_people" title="Ana people">Ana (Ifɛ̀)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketu_(Benin)" title="Ketu (Benin)">Kétu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patargo" title="Patargo">Ànàgó-Kúrá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sav%C3%A8" title="Savè">Ṣábẹ̀ẹ́</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akoko" title="Akoko">Àkókó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awori_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Awori tribe">Àwórì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egba_people" title="Egba people">Ẹ̀gbá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiti_people" title="Ekiti people">Èkìtì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibarapa_people" title="Ibarapa people">Ìbàràpá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offa,_Kwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Offa, Kwara">Ìbọ̀lọ́</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaasha_people" title="Idaasha people">Ìdàáṣà (Ìdàáshà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbomina" title="Igbomina">Ìgbómìnà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ifẹ̀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Kingdom" title="Ijebu Kingdom">Ìjẹ̀bú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijesha" title="Ijesha">Ìjẹ̀ṣà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okitipupa" title="Okitipupa">Ìkálẹ̀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaje" title="Ilaje">Ìlàjẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_people" title="Isha people">Ìshà (Ìṣà)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokole_language_(Benin)" title="Mokole language (Benin)">Mọkọ́lé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohori_people" title="Ohori people">Ọ̀họ̀rí (Ìjẹ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okun_people" title="Okun people">Okun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onko" title="Onko">Òǹkò (Òkè-Ògùn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owo" title="Owo">Ọ̀ghọ̀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oworo_people" title="Oworo people">Ọ̀wọ́rọ̀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Owu people">Òwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Ọ̀yọ́</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagamu" title="Sagamu">Rẹ́mọ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondo_Kingdom" title="Ondo Kingdom">Ùdoko (Oǹdó)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usen_people" title="Usen people">Usẹn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yewa_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yewa clan">Yéwa (Ẹ̀gbádò)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Related Yoruboid-speaking groups</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_people" title="Itsekiri people">Ìtsẹkírì (Ìwẹ́rẹ́)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olukumi_people" title="Olukumi people">Olùkùmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Ígálà</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#93C572;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba diaspora">Diaspora</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oku_people_(Sierra_Leone)" title="Oku people (Sierra Leone)">Okus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saro (Nigeria)">Saros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabom_people" title="Tabom people">Taboms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saros_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saros (Nigeria)">Agudas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Saros_(Nigeria)#Amaros_in_Lagos" class="mw-redirect" title="Saros (Nigeria)">Amaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Cuban" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Cuban">Afro-Cubans / Lucumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Dominicans_(Dominican_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Dominicans (Dominican Republic)">Afro-Dominicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Haitians" title="Afro-Haitians">Afro-Haitians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Canadians" title="Yoruba Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_People#West_Africa_(Other)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba People">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Nigerian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Nigerian">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Ireland#Language" title="Nigerians in Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#93C572;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Cultural concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omoluabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Omoluabi">Omọlúàbí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aso_ebi" title="Aso ebi">Aṣọẹbí</a></li> <li>Èsúsú</li> <li>Agbo ilé</li> <li>Alájọbí</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#93C572;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Supreme deity</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Olorun" class="mw-redirect" title="Olorun">Olorun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olodumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Olodumare">Olodumare</a></dd></dl> <hr /> <dl><dt>Divination</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Opon_If%C3%A1" title="Opon Ifá">Opon Ifá</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Opele" title="Opele">Opele</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1#Odù_Ifá" title="Ifá">Odù Ifá</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ajere_Ifa" title="Ajere Ifa">Agere Ifa</a></dd> <dd>Awo & Ogberi</dd></dl> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a>, Imọlẹ̀, Ẹbọra</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cbatala" title="Ọbatala">Ọbàtálá</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Osanyin_staff" title="Osanyin staff">Ọ̀sanyìn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eshu" title="Eshu">Ẹlẹ́gbà</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yemoja" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemoja">Yemọja</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olokun" title="Olokun">Olókun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shango" title="Shango">Ṣàngó</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oya" class="mw-redirect" title="Oya">Ọyá</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ogun" title="Ogun">Ògún</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Babal%C3%BA-Ay%C3%A9" title="Babalú-Ayé">Ọbalúayé</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oshun" title="Oshun">Ọ̀ṣun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oshosi" title="Oshosi">Ọ̀ṣọ́ọ̀sì</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Crunmila" title="Ọrunmila">Ọ̀rúnmìlà</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aganju" title="Aganju">Aganjú</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oshumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Oshumare">Òṣùmàrè</a></dd> <dd>...</dd></dl> <hr /> <dl><dt>Legendary creatures</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Ẹbọra</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Egbere" title="Egbere">Egbere</a></dd> <dd>Iwin</dd> <dd>Akudaaya</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abiku" title="Abiku">Abiku</a> & <a href="/wiki/Emere" title="Emere">Emere</a></dd> <dd>Oro</dd> <dd>...</dd></dl> <hr /> <dl><dt>Religious concepts</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ase_(Yoruba)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ase (Yoruba)">Àṣẹ</a></dd> <dd>Ìwà</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ori_(Yoruba)" title="Ori (Yoruba)">Orí</a></dd> <dd>Ìmùlẹ̀</dd> <dd>Àkámarà</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba mythology">Ìtàn</a></dd> <dd>Ẹbọ & Ètùtù</dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#93C572;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Politics / History</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Timeline</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yoruba_people" title="History of the Yoruba people">History of the Yoruba people</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Palaces</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li>Àwọ̀fin, Ààfin, Àọ̀fin, Àghọ̀fẹn</li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Rulers (Oba)</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Dassa" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Dassa">Ọma-Jagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oba_of_Lagos#List_of_Obas_of_Lagos" title="Oba of Lagos">Eléko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Icha" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Icha">Ìchà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Ife" title="List of rulers of Ife">Ọọ̀ni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alara_of_Ilara-Mokin" title="Alara of Ilara-Mokin">Alárá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Ketu" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Ketu">Alákétu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osemawe_of_Ondo_Kingdom" title="Osemawe of Ondo Kingdom">Òṣemàwé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Oyo" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Oyo">Aláàfin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Remo" title="List of rulers of Remo">Àkárìgbò</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Sabe" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Sabe">Oníṣabẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olowo_of_Owo" title="Olowo of Owo">Ọlọ́ghọ̀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awujale" title="Awujale">Awùjalẹ̀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egba_Ake" title="Egba Ake">Aláké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangun" title="Orangun">Òràngún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akure_Kingdom#List_of_Dejis_and_Adeles_of_Akure" title="Akure Kingdom">Dééjì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilesa#The_Ijesa_Monarchs" title="Ilesa">Ọwá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offa,_Kwara#List_of_Olofas_in_Order_of_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Offa, Kwara">Ọlọ́fà</a></li> <li>...</li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Royal_titles_of_Yoruba_monarchs" title="Royal titles of Yoruba monarchs">Titles</a> (Oyè)</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olori_(title)" title="Olori (title)">Olorì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oloye" class="mw-redirect" title="Oloye">Òjoyè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baale_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baale (title)">Baálẹ̀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Omoba">Ọmọba</a></li> <li>Ọlọ́jà</li> <li>Ọwá</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyalode_(title)" title="Iyalode (title)">Ìyálóde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babalawo#Functions_in_society" title="Babalawo">Olú-awo</a></li> <li>Olótu</li> <li>Ọ̀dọ̀fin</li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Nobility (Ògbóni)</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ogboni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogboni">Ògbóni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogboni#The_Iwarefa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogboni">Ìwàrẹ/Ẹ̀ghàrẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Mesi" title="Oyo Mesi">Ọ̀yọ́mèsì</a></li> <li>Ẹdan</li> <li>Ilédì</li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Military and commerce</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_empire#Are_Ona_Kakanfo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyo empire">Kakaǹfò</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eso_Ikoyi" title="Eso Ikoyi">Ẹ̀ṣọ́</a></li> <li>Parakòyí / Bàbálájé</li> <li>Olórogun</li> <li>Olúkọ̀tún</li> <li>Olúkòsì</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Cy%C3%A1l%27%E1%BB%8D%CC%81j%C3%A0" title="Ìyál'ọ́jà">Ìyálọ́jà</a></li> <li>Balógun</li> <li>Ajagunnà</li> <li>Aṣípa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire#Oyo_Mesi" title="Oyo Empire">Baṣọ̀run</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#93C572;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Geography</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_country" title="Yoruba country">Yoruba country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#93C572;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals / events</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>West Africa</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osun-Osogbo" title="Osun-Osogbo">Ọ̀ṣun-Òṣogbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olojo_festival" title="Olojo festival">Ọlọ́jọ́</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igogo_festival" title="Igogo festival">Ìgògò</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyo_festival" title="Eyo festival">Ẹ̀yọ̀ Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badagry_Festival" title="Badagry Festival">Badagry Festival</a></li> <li>Orosun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogun" title="Ogun">Ọdún Ògún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojude_Oba_festival" title="Ojude Oba festival">Ojúde Ọba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oro_Festival" title="Oro Festival">Orò</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ak%C3%A9_Arts_and_Book_Festival" title="Aké Arts and Book Festival">Aké Arts & Book Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sango_Festival" title="Sango Festival">World Sango Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egungun" title="Egungun">Odun Egungun</a></li> <li>Líṣàbí</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olokun_Festival" title="Olokun Festival">Ọdún Olókun</a></li> <li>Yorùbá Drum Festival</li> <li>New Yam- Ọdún Ìjẹṣu</li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Diaspora</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odunde_Festival" title="Odunde Festival">Odunde Festival</a></li> <li>Yoruba Arts Festival</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemoja" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemoja">Yemoja</a> Festival (Brazil, Cuba, Trinidad, USA, Venezuela, Argentina)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#93C572;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Performing arts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Contemporary</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apala" title="Apala">Apala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuji_music" title="Fuji music">Fuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Were_music" title="Were music">Were</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">Yoruba Highlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_music" title="Waka music">Waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music" title="Jùjú music">Jùjú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats" title="Afrobeats">Afrobeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakara_music" title="Sakara music">Sakara</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Folk / Traditional</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolojo" title="Bolojo">Bolojo</a></li> <li>Obitun</li> <li>Bírípo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat%C3%A1_drum" title="Batá drum">Bata</a></li> <li>Olele</li> <li>Ijala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelede" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelede">Gẹ̀lẹ̀dẹ́</a></li> <li>Ekun Iyawo/Rara</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadakuada" title="Dadakuada">Dadakuada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriki" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriki">Oriki</a></li> <li>Esa</li> <li>Alamo</li> <li>Ogede</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbedu" title="Gbedu">Gbedu</a></li> <li>Iremoje</li> <li>Ewì</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa; background:#93C572;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Notable personalities</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Yoruba_people" title="List of Yoruba people">List of Yoruba people</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoruba_people" title="Template:Yoruba people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoruba_people" title="Template talk:Yoruba people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoruba_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoruba people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Yoruba people (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈjɒrʊbə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">YORR-ub-ə</a>;<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>: Ìran Yorùbá, Ọmọ Odùduwà, Ọmọ Káàárọ̀-oòjíire)<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> are a West African ethnic group who mainly inhabit parts of <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>. The areas of these countries primarily inhabited by the Yoruba are often collectively referred to as <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a>. The Yoruba constitute more than 50 million people in Africa,<a href="#cite_note-Sare_2023-2">[1]</a> are over a million outside the continent, and bear further representation among members of the <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora" title="African diaspora">African diaspora</a>. The vast majority of the Yoruba population is today within the country of Nigeria, where they make up 20.7% of the country's population according to <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> estimations,<a href="#cite_note-Yoruba_in_Nigeria-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> making them one of the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">ethnic groups in Africa</a>. Most Yoruba people speak the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba language</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a> language with the largest number of native or L1 speakers.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a></div> In Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_culture" title="Yoruba culture">Yoruba</a> are contiguous with the <a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a> <a href="/wiki/Itsekiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Itsekiri">Itsekiri</a> to the south-east in the northwest <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba</a> to the northwest in Benin and Nigeria, the <a href="/wiki/Nupe_people" title="Nupe people">Nupe</a> to the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Ebira" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebira">Ebira</a> to the northeast in Central Nigeria. To the east are the <a href="/wiki/Edo_people" title="Edo people">Edo</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E1%BA%B8san" class="mw-redirect" title="Ẹsan">Ẹsan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Afemai" class="mw-redirect" title="Afemai">Afemai</a> groups in Mid-Western Nigeria. To the northeast and adjacent to the Ebira and Northern Edo, groups are the related <a href="/wiki/Igala_people" title="Igala people">Igala</a> people on the left bank of the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a>. To the south are the <a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Mahi_people" title="Mahi people">Mahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogu_people" title="Ogu people">Gun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a> who border Yoruba communities in Benin and Togo, to the west they are bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Kebu_language" title="Kebu language">Akebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kposo_people" title="Kposo people">Kposo</a> of Togo, and to the northwest, by the Kwa-speaking <a href="/wiki/Anii_language" title="Anii language">Anii</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a> speaking <a href="/wiki/Kabye_people" title="Kabye people">Kabiye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoa-Lokpa_people" title="Yoa-Lokpa people">Yom-Lokpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tem_people" title="Tem people">Tem</a> people of Togo.<a href="#cite_note-33">[30]</a> Significantly Yoruba populations in other West African countries can also be found in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-rand-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-34">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> Outside Africa, the <a href="#The_Yoruba_diaspora">Yoruba diaspora</a> consists of two main groupings; the first being that of the Yorubas taken as slaves to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">16th and 19th centuries</a>, notably to <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Caribbeans">the Caribbean</a> (especially in Cuba) and Brazil, and the second consisting of a wave of relatively recent migrants, the majority of whom began to migrate to the United Kingdom and the United States following some of the major economic and political changes encountered in Africa in the <a href="/wiki/1960s#Africa" title="1960s">1960s</a> till date.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The oldest known textual reference to the name Yoruba is found in an essay (titled – Mi'rāj al-Ṣu'ūd) from a manuscript written by the Berber<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> jurist <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Baba_al-Timbukti" title="Ahmad Baba al-Timbukti">Ahmed Baba</a> in the year 1614.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> The original manuscript is preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Baba_Institute" title="Ahmed Baba Institute">Ahmed Baba Institute</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mamma_Haidara_Commemorative_Library" title="Mamma Haidara Commemorative Library">Mamma Haidara Library</a> in Timbuktu, while a digital copy is at the <a href="/wiki/World_Digital_Library" title="World Digital Library">World Digital Library</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> Mi'rāj al-Ṣu'ūd provides one of the earliest known ideas about the ethnic composition of the West African interior. The relevant section of the essay which lists the Yoruba group alongside nine others in the region as translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Hunwick" title="John Hunwick">John Hunwick</a> and Fatima Harrak for the Institute of African Studies Rabat, reads: <blockquote>"We will add another rule for you, that is that whoever now comes to you from among the group called <a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gurma_people" title="Gurma people">Gurma</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bussa,_Nigeria" title="Bussa, Nigeria">Bussa</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Borgu" title="Borgu">Borgu</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dagomba_people" title="Dagomba people">Dagomba</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tem_people" title="Tem people">Kotokoli</a>, or Yoruba, or <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people#Languages" title="Dogon people">Tombo</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bobo_people" title="Bobo people">Bobo</a>, or K.rmu – all of these are unbelievers remaining in their unbelief until now. Similarly <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Kumbe</a> except for a few people of <a href="/wiki/Hombori" title="Hombori">Hombori</a>"<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a></blockquote> This early 1600's reference implies that the name Yoruba was already in popular demotic use as far back as at least the 1500s. Regarding the source and derivation of this name, guesses were posited by various foreign sociologists of external sources. These include; <a href="/wiki/Ya%27rub" title="Ya'rub">Ya'rub</a> (son of Canaanite, <a href="/wiki/Joktan" title="Joktan">Joktan</a>) by Caliph <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Bello" title="Muhammed Bello">Muhammed Bello</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Goru Ba by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Bowen" title="Thomas Jefferson Bowen">T.J Bowen</a>, or Yolla Ba (<a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mande</a> word for the <a href="/wiki/Niger_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger river">Niger river</a>) etc.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> These guesses suffer a lack of support by many locals for being alien to (and unfounded in) the traditions of the Yorubas themselves.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> In his work, Abeokuta and the Camaroons Mountains c.1863, the English ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Francis_Burton" title="Richard Francis Burton">Richard F. Burton</a> reports of a Yoruba account in 1861, noting that the name "Yoruba" derives from Ori Obba, i.e. -The Head King.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> It was applied ex-situ originally in reference to the Yoruba sociolinguistic group as a whole. Centuries later however, it evolved to be applied exclusively to the Ọ̀yọ́ subgroup when this subgroup rose to attain imperial status, particularly at its apogee (c.1650 – c.1750) until in the mid-1800s when this trend was reversed back to the original context. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2></div> The name Yoruba is the most well known ethnonym for the group of people that trace a common origin to <a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ife</a>, but synonymous terms have been recorded in history such as; <a href="/wiki/Nagos" title="Nagos">Nago/Anago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucumi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucumi people">Lucumi/Olukumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oku_people_(Sierra_Leone)" title="Oku people (Sierra Leone)">Aku/Oku</a>.<a href="#cite_note-trinidad20-48">[45]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">Exonyms</a> the Yoruba are known by across West Africa include; Alata in southern Ghana,<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> Eyagi in Nupe<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> which produced descendant terms such as; Ayagi (the pre-modern Hausa word for the Yoruba people)<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> and Iyaji in Igala.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> The Yoruba people also refer to themselves by the epithet "Ọmọ Káàárọ̀-oòjíire", literally meaning, "The People who ask 'Good morning, did you wake up well?". This is in reference to the mode of greeting associated with <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_culture" title="Yoruba culture">Yoruba culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> Through parts of coastal West Africa where Yorubas can be found, they have carried the culture of lauding one another with greetings applicable in different situations along with them. Another epithet used is, "Ọmọ Oòduà", meaning "The Children of <a href="/wiki/Oduduwa" title="Oduduwa">Oduduwa</a>", referencing the semi-legendary Yoruba king.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Copyvio plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-delete" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Copyright-problem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Copyright-problem.svg/60px-Copyright-problem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Copyright-problem.svg/90px-Copyright-problem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Copyright-problem.svg/120px-Copyright-problem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="120" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">An editor has launched a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyright_problems" title="Wikipedia:Copyright problems">copyright investigation</a> involving this section. The text under investigation is currently hidden from public view, but is accessible in the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_people&action=history">page history</a>. Please do not remove this notice or restore blanked content until the issue is resolved by an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ADMIN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:ADMIN">administrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:COPYCLERK" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:COPYCLERK">copyright clerk</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VRT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:VRT">volunteer response agent</a>. 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If nominating the entire page, please place this template at the top of the page, set the "fullpage" parameter to "yes", and place {{<a href="/wiki/Template:Copyvio/bottom" title="Template:Copyvio/bottom">copyvio/bottom</a>}} at the very end of the article.</li></ol></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="copyvio" style="display:none;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yoruba_people" title="History of the Yoruba people">History of the Yoruba people</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9" title="Ifẹ">Ifẹ</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a></div> The historical Yoruba developed in situ, out of earlier Mesolithic <a href="/wiki/Volta-Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta-Niger">Volta-Niger</a> populations, by the <a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="1st millennium BCE">1st millennium BCE</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adeyemi_36–45-57">[54]</a> By the 8th century, a powerful <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> already existed in <a href="/wiki/Ile-Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ile-Ife">Ile-Ife</a>, one of the earliest in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> This City, whose oral traditions link to figures like Oduduwa and Obatala, would later become the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Ife_Empire" title="Ife Empire">Ife Empire</a>, the first empire in Yoruba History.<a href="#cite_note-Akintoye-59">[56]</a> The Ife Empire, flourishing between roughly 1200 and 1420 CE, extended its influence across a significant portion of what is now southwestern Nigeria and eastern Benin and to modern-day Togo. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HistoYoruba.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/HistoYoruba.jpeg/190px-HistoYoruba.jpeg" decoding="async" width="190" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/HistoYoruba.jpeg/285px-HistoYoruba.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/HistoYoruba.jpeg/380px-HistoYoruba.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Some Yoruba cities of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></figcaption></figure> Oral history recorded under the <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a> derives the Yoruba as an ethnic group from the population of the City State of Ile-Ife. Ile-Ife, as the capital of the former empire, held a prominent position in Yoruba history. The Yoruba were the dominant cultural force in southern and northwestern Nigeria as far back as the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> The Yoruba people have centuries long tradition of living in large urban centres. They are a people who have a propensity for living in cities<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> and their settlement pattern usually tend towards concentric nucleation, making them one of the most historically urban ethnic groups on the African continent. Prior to the era of colonialism, the Yorubas existed as a series of well structured large kingdoms and states with an urban capital core ((Olú Ìlú)) sharing filial relations with one another. These urban capitals were built to encapsulate the palace of the <a href="/wiki/Oba_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oba (king)">Oba (king)</a> and most of the kingdom's central institutions such as the premier market (Ọjà Ọba) and several temples.<a href="#cite_note-voices-62">[59]</a> Many of these city-states had extensive defence structures such as moats and trenches (Iyàrà) such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Ife_Empire" title="Ife Empire">Ife Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-Akinwumi-63">[60]</a> and the better known <a href="/wiki/Sungbo%27s_Eredo" title="Sungbo's Eredo">Eredo Sungbo</a> that completely circumferenced the nascent <a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Kingdom" title="Ijebu Kingdom">Ijebu Kingdom</a>, while others had tall walls and ramparts such as <a href="/wiki/Old_Oyo" title="Old Oyo">Oyo ile</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Oyo_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyo empire">Oyo empire</a>, reported to have ten gates in the outer wall which was more than 20 feet high.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Falola_29–48-65">[62]</a> These Yoruba urban centres were historically some of the most populated not only in West Africa, but also on the continent. Archaeological findings indicate that <a href="/wiki/Old_Oyo" title="Old Oyo">Òyó-Ilé</a> or Katunga, capital of the Yoruba empire of Oyo (fl. between the 16th and 19th centuries CE), had more than 100,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Adeyemi_36–45-57">[54]</a> For a long time also, another major Yoruba city, <a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a> which expanded rapidly in the 1800s, took the title. Today, <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a>: Èkó) has become the largest urban centre of the Yoruba people and on the continent displacing Ibadan to second place with a populace of over twenty million, <a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeologically</a>, the settlement of Ile-Ife showed features of urbanism in the 12th–14th-century era.<a href="#cite_note-Falola_29–48-65">[62]</a> This period coincided with the peak of the Ife Empire, during which Ile-Ife grew into one of West Africa's largest urban centers. In the period around 1300 CE when glass bead production reached an Industrial scale, floors were paved with potsherds and stones. The artists at Ile-Ife developed a refined and naturalistic sculptural tradition in terracotta, stone, and copper alloy – copper, brass, and bronze many of which appear to have been created under the patronage of King <a href="/wiki/Obalufon_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Obalufon II">Obalufon II</a>, the man who today is identified as the Yoruba patron deity of brass casting, weaving and regalia.<a href="#cite_note-Blier_Art_and_Risk-67">[64]</a> The dynasty of kings at Ile-Ife, which is regarded by the Yoruba as the place of origin of human civilization, remains intact to this day. The urban phase of Ile-Ife before the rise of Oyo signifies, a significant peak of political centralization in the 14th century,<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a> is commonly described as a "golden age" of Ife. The oba or ruler of Ile-Ife is referred to as the Ooni of Ife.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-civilisation-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oyo,_Ile-Ife_and_Lagos">Oyo, Ile-Ife and Lagos</h3></div> Ife continues to be seen as the "<a href="/wiki/Holy_city" title="Holy city">spiritual homeland</a>" of the Yoruba. The city was surpassed by the Oyo Empire<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> as the dominant Yoruba military and political power in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Ade-Are_crown_in_Ile_Ife.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_Ade-Are_crown_in_Ile_Ife.jpg/124px-The_Ade-Are_crown_in_Ile_Ife.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_Ade-Are_crown_in_Ile_Ife.jpg/185px-The_Ade-Are_crown_in_Ile_Ife.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/The_Ade-Are_crown_in_Ile_Ife.jpg/247px-The_Ade-Are_crown_in_Ile_Ife.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The Ade-Are crown in <a href="/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9" title="Ifẹ">Ile Ife</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a></figcaption></figure> The Oyo Empire under its Oba, known as the <a href="/wiki/Alaafin" title="Alaafin">Alaafin of Oyo</a>, was active in the <a href="/wiki/African_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="African slave trade">African slave trade</a> during the 18th century. The Yoruba often demanded slaves as a form of tribute of subject populations,<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> who in turn sometimes made war on other peoples to capture the required slaves. Part of the slaves sold by the Oyo Empire entered the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> Most of the city states<a href="#cite_note-The_Dispersal_of_the_Yoruba_People-78">[75]</a> were controlled by <a href="/wiki/Oba_(ruler)" title="Oba (ruler)">Obas</a> (or royal sovereigns with various individual titles) and councils made up of <a href="/wiki/Oba_(ruler)#Aristocratic_titles_among_the_Yoruba" title="Oba (ruler)">Oloye</a>, recognized leaders of royal, noble and, often, even common descent, who joined them in ruling over the kingdoms through a series of guilds and cults. Different states saw differing ratios of power between the kingships and the chiefs' councils. Some, such as Oyo, had powerful, autocratic monarchs with almost total control, while in others such as the <a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Kingdom" title="Ijebu Kingdom">Ijebu</a> city-states,<a href="#cite_note-The_Dispersal_of_the_Yoruba_People-78">[75]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Congress" title="Congress">senatorial councils</a> held more influence and the power of the ruler or Ọba, referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Awujale_of_Ijebuland" class="mw-redirect" title="Awujale of Ijebuland">Awujale of Ijebuland</a>, was more limited.<a href="#cite_note-civilisation-71">[68]</a> In more recent decades, <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a> has risen to be the most prominent city of the Yoruba people and Yoruba cultural and economic influence. Noteworthy among the developments of Lagos were uniquely styled <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_architecture" title="Yoruba architecture">architecture</a> introduced by returning Yoruba communities from Brazil and Cuba known as <a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Nigeria" title="Brazilians in Nigeria">Amaros/Agudas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> Yoruba settlements are often described as primarily one or more of the main social groupings called "generations":<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> <ul><li>The "first generation" includes towns and cities<a href="#cite_note-The_Dispersal_of_the_Yoruba_People-78">[75]</a> known as original capitals of founding Yoruba kingdoms or states.</li> <li>The "second generation" consists of settlements created by conquest.<a href="#cite_note-The_Dispersal_of_the_Yoruba_People-78">[75]</a></li> <li>The "third generation" consists of villages and municipalities that emerged following the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Yoruba Revolutionary Wars">internecine wars</a> of the 19th century.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba language</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Degree_of_Presence_of_The_Yoruba_and_%27Yoruba_derived%27_groups_in_Nigeria,_Benin_and_Togo_at_Subnational_levels.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Degree_of_Presence_of_The_Yoruba_and_%27Yoruba_derived%27_groups_in_Nigeria%2C_Benin_and_Togo_at_Subnational_levels.jpg/650px-Degree_of_Presence_of_The_Yoruba_and_%27Yoruba_derived%27_groups_in_Nigeria%2C_Benin_and_Togo_at_Subnational_levels.jpg" decoding="async" width="650" height="505" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Degree_of_Presence_of_The_Yoruba_and_%27Yoruba_derived%27_groups_in_Nigeria%2C_Benin_and_Togo_at_Subnational_levels.jpg/975px-Degree_of_Presence_of_The_Yoruba_and_%27Yoruba_derived%27_groups_in_Nigeria%2C_Benin_and_Togo_at_Subnational_levels.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Degree_of_Presence_of_The_Yoruba_and_%27Yoruba_derived%27_groups_in_Nigeria%2C_Benin_and_Togo_at_Subnational_levels.jpg/1300px-Degree_of_Presence_of_The_Yoruba_and_%27Yoruba_derived%27_groups_in_Nigeria%2C_Benin_and_Togo_at_Subnational_levels.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1823" data-file-height="1415" /></a><figcaption>Degree of Presence of The Yoruba and derived' Ede groups<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> in Nigeria, Benin & Togo at Subnational levels<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a></figcaption></figure> The Yoruba culture was originally an <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, and the majority of Yoruba people are native speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba language</a>. The number of speakers was estimated to be about 30 million as of 2010.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a> Yoruba is classified within the <a href="/wiki/Edekiri_languages" title="Edekiri languages">Edekiri languages</a>, and together with the isolate <a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a>, form the <a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a> group of languages within what we now have as West Africa. Igala and Yoruba have important historical and cultural relationships. The languages of the two ethnic groups bear such a close resemblance that researchers such as Forde (1951) and Westermann and Bryan (1952) regarded Igala as a dialect of Yoruba. The <a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid languages</a> are assumed to have developed out of an undifferentiated <a href="/wiki/Volta-Niger" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta-Niger">Volta-Niger</a> group by the first millennium BCE. There are three major dialect areas: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language#Varieties" title="Yoruba language">Northwest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language#Varieties" title="Yoruba language">Central</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language#Varieties" title="Yoruba language">Southeast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> As the North-West Yoruba dialects show more linguistic innovation, combined with the fact that Southeast and Central Yoruba areas generally have older settlements, suggests a later date of immigration into Northwestern Yoruba territory.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> The area where North-West Yoruba (NWY) is spoken corresponds to the historical Oyo Empire. South-East Yoruba (SEY) was closely associated with the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Benin Empire">Benin Empire</a> after c. 1450.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> Central Yoruba forms a transitional area in that the lexicon has much in common with NWY, whereas it shares many ethnographical features with SEY. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Yoruba" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Yoruba">Literary Yoruba</a> is the standard variety taught in schools and spoken by newsreaders on the radio. It is mostly entirely based on northwestern Yoruba dialects of the Oyos and the <a href="/wiki/Egba_people" title="Egba people">Egbas</a>, and has its origins in two sources; The work of Yoruba Christian missionaries based mostly in the Egba hinterland at <a href="/wiki/Abeokuta" title="Abeokuta">Abeokuta</a>, and the Yoruba grammar compiled in the 1850s by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ajayi_Crowther" title="Samuel Ajayi Crowther">Crowther</a>, who himself was a <a href="/wiki/Freetown#Province_of_Freedom_(1787–1789)" title="Freetown">Sierra Leonean</a> Recaptive of Oyo origin. This was exemplified by the following remark by Adetugbọ (1967), as cited in Fagborun (1994): "While the orthography agreed upon by the missionaries represented to a very large degree the phonemes of the Abẹokuta dialect, the <a href="/wiki/Morpho-syntax" class="mw-redirect" title="Morpho-syntax">morpho-syntax</a> reflected the Ọyọ-Ibadan dialects." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Group_identity">Group identity</h2></div> Yoruba people have a sense of group identity around a number of cultural concepts, beliefs and practices recognizable by all members of the ethnic group. Prominent among these, is the tracing of the entire Yoruba body through dynastic migrations to roots formed in Ile-Ife, an ancient city in the forested heart of central <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a> and its acceptance as the spiritual nucleus of Yoruba existence. Following this linkage to the ancient city of Ife is the acknowledgement of an historic crowned king, Oduduwa, a personage nominally considered the 'father' of the Yoruba people. According to Ife's own account, Oduduwa 'descended' into the originally thirteen semi-autonomous proto-Ife communities which existed in a state of confederacy<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> based around a swampy depression surrounded by seven hills that would later on become <a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ife</a> from the community of <a href="/wiki/Oke_Ora" title="Oke Ora">Oke Ora</a>, an elevated abode located at the summit of a hill to Ife's East.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> The intervention of Oduduwa, a native of Oke Ora and considered an outsider in the politics of the Ife valley, is widely acknowledged in Ife to be the turning point that revolutionized the politics of the confederacy which was at the time, led by <a href="/wiki/Obatala" class="mw-redirect" title="Obatala">Obatala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Beyond the historical accounts surrounding Ife and its ancient rulership, more cultural markers which unite the Yoruba people as members of the same ethnicity include the universal recognition of a number of spiritual concepts and chief divinities (<a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a>), who have achieved pan-Yoruba statuses. These divinities are venerated as embodiments of natural forces and divine power. They are also the mediators between the common people and <a href="/wiki/Olodumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Olodumare">Olodumare</a>, God. They include some now well-known divinities as; Obatala, <a href="/wiki/Ogun" title="Ogun">Ogun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orunmila" class="mw-redirect" title="Orunmila">Orunmila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oshun" title="Oshun">Osun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eshu" title="Eshu">Eshu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olokun" title="Olokun">Olokun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemoja" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemoja">Yemoja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osanyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Osanyin">Osanyin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shango" title="Shango">Shango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion#Orisha_Pantheon" title="Yoruba religion">Among others</a>. These are now recognizable in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> as divinities brought across the Atlantic by people of Yoruba descent. There in their new ex-situ environment, they serve as a mechanism of maintaining group identity, as well as a powerful connection to the Yoruba homeland among people of Yoruba descent and others. Examples of such new world practices are: <a href="/wiki/Santeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Santeria">Santeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candomble" class="mw-redirect" title="Candomble">Candomble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9l%C3%A9" title="Kélé">Kélé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a>, which are not only religious societies, but also actual ethnic societies for those who sought to maintain their unique heritages over time, although anyone could join as long as they became immersed in the Yoruba worldview. Linguistically, the Yoruboid languages, and in particular the <a href="/wiki/Edekiri_languages" title="Edekiri languages">Edekiri</a> subgroup, form a closed group of mutually intelligible dialects which strongly bound the people who speak them together as members of the same linguistic community. This dialectal area spans from the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Ana_people" title="Ana people">Ana-Ife</a> people in central <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> and eastern Ghana eastwards to the lands of the Itsekiri people in the western <a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Benin_River" title="Benin River">Formosa (Benin)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Escravos_River" title="Escravos River">Escravos</a> river estuaries. This span of land, inhabited by geographically contiguous and culturally related subgroups, were divided into separate national and subnational units under the control of different European powers as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> in 19th century Europe and the resultant administration. The Yoruba also notably developed a common identity under the influence of Oyo, a regional empire that developed in the northwestern savanna section of yorubaland as a result of a kingdom founding migration from Ife. As opposed to Oyo which was a highly militaristic grassland polity, the <a href="/wiki/Ife_Empire" title="Ife Empire">Ife Empire</a> was forest based and spread its influence rather through religion, politics, philosophical Ideology and commerce between 1200 and the mid-1400s. With the decline of Ife, Oyo expanded as the new Yoruba power and established its own influences over Kingdoms stretching from central Togo in the west to central Yorubaland in the east, and from the Niger river in the north to the Atlantic coast in the south, taking in the whole of <a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Borgu" title="Borgu">Borgu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mahi_people" title="Mahi people">Mahi states</a>, southern Nupe and the <a href="/wiki/Aja_people" title="Aja people">Aja people</a>. Between the 16th and 19th centuries, Oyo had numerous campaigns in the region and established a reputation among the neighbouring kingdoms of; Ashanti, Dahomey, Borgu, Nupe, Igala and Benin as well as further afield in the lands of the Songhai, <a href="/wiki/Hausa_Kingdoms" title="Hausa Kingdoms">Hausa Kingdoms</a> and others, solidifying its place in the greater region as a powerhouse strategically placed between the forest and the Savanna and representative of a cultural unit it powerfully defended and stood in association with. During the 18th century, in the days of <a href="/wiki/Ajagbo" title="Ajagbo">Ajagbo</a>, an Oba of Oyo, the rulers of the Yoruba-speaking kingdoms of Oyo, <a href="/wiki/Egba_people" title="Egba people">Egba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketu_(Benin)" title="Ketu (Benin)">Ketu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Kingdom" title="Ijebu Kingdom">Ijebu</a> styled each other "brothers" while recognizing the leadership role Oyo plays among them.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> At the beginning of the 19th century, the Yoruba community was made up of the following principal units; The British colony of Lagos, traditionally called Eko; Ketu, a western Yoruba state bordering the kingdom of Dahomey; Egba, with its capital at Abeokuta; Ijebu, a southern Yoruba kingdom in the immediate vicinity of an inland lagoon; A confederation of Ekiti sub-tribes in the hilly country to the northeast; Ibadan, a successor republican state to Oyo; Ijesha; The historic kingdom of Ife which continued to maintain its sacred primacy; Ondo, on the east; The littoral Mahin/Ilaje on the southeastern maritime coast, and several other smaller states such as the Egbado, Akoko groups, Yagba, Awori as well as independent townships, consisting of a town and its outlying dependent villages such as Oke odan, Ado, Igbessa.<a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Various other cultural factors which bind the Yoruba people include historic dynastic migrations of royals and the micro migrations of people within the Yoruba cultural space which has led to the mixing of people evidenced by the duplication and multiplication of place names and royal titles across Yoruba country. Today, places with names containing; Owu, Ifon, Ife, Ado, etc., can be found scattered across Yorubaland regardless of subgroup. The same can be observed of certain localized royal titles, e.g. Ajalorun, Owa, and Olu. Olofin, the original title of Oduduwa in Ife, is remembered in the lore of most places in Yorubaland. Occupational engagements like farming, hunting, crafting, blacksmithing, trading, as well as fishing for the coastal or riparian groups are commonplace. Joint customs in greeting, birth, marriage and death, a strong sense of community, urbanism, festivities and a respect for the elderly are also all universal Yoruba concepts.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-colonial_government_of_Yoruba_society">Pre-colonial government of Yoruba society</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oyoxviii.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Oyoxviii.jpeg/220px-Oyoxviii.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Oyoxviii.jpeg/330px-Oyoxviii.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Oyoxviii.jpeg/440px-Oyoxviii.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a> and surrounding states</figcaption></figure> Monarchies were a common form of government in Yorubaland, but they were not the only approach to government and social organization. The numerous Ijebu kingdom city-states to the west of Oyo and the <a href="/wiki/Egba_people" title="Egba people">Egba people</a> communities, found in the forests below Ọyọ's savanna region, were notable exceptions. These independent polities often elected a king though real political, legislative, and judicial powers resided with the <a href="/wiki/Ogboni" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogboni">Ogboni</a>, a council of notable elders. The notion of the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">divine king</a> was so important to the Yoruba, however, that it has been part of their organization in its various forms from their antiquity to the contemporary era. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_Alaafin_of_Oyo_circa_mid-1900s_-_Colorized.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Palace_of_Alaafin_of_Oyo_circa_mid-1900s_-_Colorized.png/220px-Palace_of_Alaafin_of_Oyo_circa_mid-1900s_-_Colorized.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Palace_of_Alaafin_of_Oyo_circa_mid-1900s_-_Colorized.png/330px-Palace_of_Alaafin_of_Oyo_circa_mid-1900s_-_Colorized.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Palace_of_Alaafin_of_Oyo_circa_mid-1900s_-_Colorized.png/440px-Palace_of_Alaafin_of_Oyo_circa_mid-1900s_-_Colorized.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="351" /></a><figcaption>Palace of the <a href="/wiki/Alaafin" title="Alaafin">King</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oyo_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyo empire">Oyo</a> circa 1900s – Colorized</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Civil_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba Civil Wars">internecine wars</a> of the 19th century, the Ijebu forced citizens of more than 150 Ẹgba and <a href="/wiki/Owu_Kingdom" title="Owu Kingdom">Owu</a> communities to migrate to the fortified city of <a href="/wiki/Abeokuta" title="Abeokuta">Abeokuta</a>. Each quarter retained its own Ogboni council of civilian leaders, along with an Olorogun, or council of military leaders, and in some cases, its own elected Obas or Baales. These independent councils elected their most capable members to join a federal civilian and military council that represented the city as a whole. Commander <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Forestier-Walker" title="Frederick Forestier-Walker">Frederick Forbes</a>, a representative of the British Crown writing an account of his visit to the city in the Church Military Intelligencer (1853),<a href="#cite_note-Phillips-95">[92]</a> described Abẹokuta as having "four presidents", and the system of government as having "840 principal rulers or 'House of Lords,' 2800 secondary chiefs or 'House of Commons,' 140 principal military ones and 280 secondary ones."<a href="#cite_note-contributions-96">[93]</a> He described Abẹokuta and its system of government as "the most extraordinary republic in the world."<a href="#cite_note-contributions-96">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leadership">Leadership</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Gerontocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerontocratic">Gerontocratic</a> leadership councils that guarded against the monopolization of power by a monarch were a trait of the Ẹgba, according to the eminent Ọyọ historian Reverend <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson_(Nigerian_historian)" title="Samuel Johnson (Nigerian historian)">Samuel Johnson</a>. Such councils were also well-developed among the northern <a href="/wiki/Okun_people" title="Okun people">Okun</a> groups, the eastern <a href="/wiki/Ekiti_people" title="Ekiti people">Ekiti</a>, and other groups falling under the Yoruba ethnic umbrella. In Ọyọ, the most centralized of the precolonial kingdoms, the Alaafin consulted on all political decisions with the prime minister and principal kingmaker (the Basọrun) and the rest of the council of leading nobles known as the <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Mesi" title="Oyo Mesi">Ọyọ Mesi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> Traditionally kingship and chieftainship were not determined by simple <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a>, as in most monarchic systems of government. An electoral college of lineage heads was and still is usually charged with selecting a member of one of the royal families from any given realm, and the selection is then confirmed by an <a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a> oracular request.<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> The Ọbas live in palaces that are usually in the center of the town. Opposite the king's palace is the Ọja Ọba, or the king's market. These markets form an inherent part of Yoruba life. Traditionally their traders are well organized, have various guilds, officers, and an elected speaker. They also often have at least one <a href="/wiki/Iyaloja" class="mw-redirect" title="Iyaloja">Iyaloja</a>, or Lady of the Market, who is expected to represent their interests in the aristocratic council of oloyes at the palace.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City-states">City-states</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire#Political_Structure" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire § Political Structure</a></div> The monarchy of any <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-state</a> was usually limited to a number of royal lineages.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> A family could be excluded from kingship and chieftaincy if any family member, servant, or slave belonging to the family committed a crime, such as theft, fraud, murder or rape. In other city-states, the monarchy was open to the election of any free-born male citizen. In <a href="/wiki/Ilesa" title="Ilesa">Ilesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ondo_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Ondo City">Ondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akure" title="Akure">Akure</a> and other Yoruba communities, there were several, but comparatively rare, traditions of female Ọbas. The kings were traditionally almost always <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamous</a> and often married royal family members from other domains, thereby creating useful alliances with other rulers.<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> Ibadan, a city-state and proto-empire that was founded in the 1800s by a <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">polyglot</a> group of refugees, soldiers, and itinerant traders after the fall of Ọyọ, largely dispensed with the concept of monarchism, preferring to elect both military and civil councils from a pool of eminent citizens. The city became a military republic, with distinguished soldiers wielding political power through their election by popular acclaim and the respect of their peers. Similar practices were adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Ijesha" title="Ijesha">Ijẹsa</a> and other groups, which saw a corresponding rise in the social influence of military adventurers and successful entrepreneurs. The <a href="/wiki/Igbomina_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbomina tribe">Ìgbómìnà</a> were renowned for their agricultural and hunting prowess, as well as their woodcarving, leather art, and the famous Elewe masquerade.<a href="#cite_note-103">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Groups,_organizations_and_leagues_in_Yorubaland">Groups, organizations and leagues in Yorubaland</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_belief_in_the_god_of_thunder_sango_in_the_traditional_Yoruba_society_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_belief_in_the_god_of_thunder_sango_in_the_traditional_Yoruba_society_4.jpg/195px-The_belief_in_the_god_of_thunder_sango_in_the_traditional_Yoruba_society_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_belief_in_the_god_of_thunder_sango_in_the_traditional_Yoruba_society_4.jpg/293px-The_belief_in_the_god_of_thunder_sango_in_the_traditional_Yoruba_society_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/The_belief_in_the_god_of_thunder_sango_in_the_traditional_Yoruba_society_4.jpg/390px-The_belief_in_the_god_of_thunder_sango_in_the_traditional_Yoruba_society_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of a traditional <a href="/wiki/Shango" title="Shango">Sango</a> venerating fraternity</figcaption></figure> Occupational guilds, social clubs, secret or initiatory societies, and religious units, commonly known as Ẹgbẹ in Yoruba, included the Parakoyi (or league of traders) and Ẹgbẹ Ọdẹ (hunter's guild), and maintained an important role in commerce, social control, and vocational education in Yoruba polities. There are also examples of other peer organizations in the region.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> When the Ẹgba resisted the imperial domination of the Ọyọ Empire, a figure named Lisabi is credited with either creating or reviving a covert traditional organization named Ẹgbẹ Aro. This group, originally a farmers' union, was converted to a network of secret militias throughout the Ẹgba forests, and each lodge plotted and successfully managed to overthrow Ọyọ's Ajeles (appointed administrators) in the late 18th century. Similarly, covert military resistance leagues like the Ekiti Parapọ and the Ogidi alliance were organized during the 19th century wars by often-decentralized communities of the Ekiti, Ijẹsa, <a href="/wiki/Igbomina_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbomina tribe">Ìgbómìnà</a> and Okun Yoruba to resist various imperial expansionist plans of Ibadan, Nupe, and the <a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto Caliphate</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_culture" title="Yoruba culture">Yoruba culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorubaland_Cultural_Area_of_West_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Yorubaland_Cultural_Area_of_West_Africa.jpg/220px-Yorubaland_Cultural_Area_of_West_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Yorubaland_Cultural_Area_of_West_Africa.jpg/330px-Yorubaland_Cultural_Area_of_West_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Yorubaland_Cultural_Area_of_West_Africa.jpg/440px-Yorubaland_Cultural_Area_of_West_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>Yorubaland Cultural Area of West Africa</figcaption></figure> Cities indigenous to the Yoruba people include but are not limited to Ibadan, Lagos, Abeokuta, Ilorin, Ogbomoso, Oyo, Osogbo, Ile Ife, Okitipupa, Ijebu Ode, Akure, Offa, among others. In the city-states and many of their neighbours, a reserved way of life remains, with the school of thought of their people serving as a major influence in West Africa and elsewhere. Today, most contemporary Yoruba are <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> or Christians.<a href="#cite_note-Research_note:_Exploring_survey_dat-19">[16]</a> Be that as it may, many of the principles of the traditional faith of their ancestors are either knowingly or unknowingly upheld by a significant proportion of the populations of Nigeria, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aderibigbe,_Gbola,_editor._Medine,_Carolyn_M._Jones,_editor-108">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_Yoruba_religion">Traditional Yoruba religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba medicine">Yoruba medicine</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a> comprises the traditional religious and spiritual concepts and practices of the Yoruba people.<a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> Its homeland is in Southwestern Nigeria and the adjoining parts of Benin and Togo, a region that has come to be known as Yorubaland. Yoruba religion is formed of diverse traditions and has no single founder.<a href="#cite_note-Culture-110">[107]</a> Yoruba religious beliefs are part of <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba Mythology">itan</a>, the total complex of songs, histories, stories, mythologies, and other cultural concepts that make up the Yoruba society.<a href="#cite_note-Culture-110">[107]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ogunda_Meji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ogunda_Meji.jpg/181px-Ogunda_Meji.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Ogunda_Meji.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Ogunda Meji, one of the sixteen principals of 256 Odus (the corpus of Ifa literature) represented on a virtual <a href="/wiki/Opon_If%C3%A1" title="Opon Ifá">Opon Ifa</a> board</figcaption></figure> Next to the <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_ancestors" class="mw-redirect" title="Veneration of ancestors">Veneration of ancestors</a>, one of the most common Yoruba traditional religious concepts has been the concept of <a href="/wiki/Orisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orisa">Orisa</a>. Orisa (also spelled Orisha) are various gods and spirits, which serve the ultimate creator force in the Yoruba religious system (Ase). Some widely known Orisa are <a href="/wiki/Ogun" title="Ogun">Ogun</a>, (a god of metal, war and victory), <a href="/wiki/Shango" title="Shango">Shango</a> or Jakuta (a god of thunder, lightning, fire and justice who manifests as a king and who always wields a double-edged axe that conveys his divine authority and power), <a href="/wiki/Eshu" title="Eshu">Esu Elegbara</a> (a trickster who serves as the sole messenger of the <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a>, and who conveys the wish of men to the gods. He understands every language spoken by humankind, and is also the guardian of the crossroads, Oríta méta in Yoruba) and <a href="/wiki/Orunmila" class="mw-redirect" title="Orunmila">Orunmila</a> (a god of the Oracle). Eshu has two forms, which are manifestations of his dual nature – positive and negative energies; Eshu Laroye, a teacher instructor and leader, and Eshu Ebita, a jester, deceitful, suggestive and cunning.<a href="#cite_note-Abimbola2006-111">[108]</a> Orunmila, for his part, reveals the past, gives solutions to problems in the present, and influences the future through the <a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifa divination system</a>, which is practised by oracle priests called <a href="/wiki/Babalawo" title="Babalawo">Babalawos</a>. <a href="/wiki/Olorun" class="mw-redirect" title="Olorun">Olorun</a> is one of the principal manifestations of the Supreme God of the Yoruba pantheon, the owner of the heavens, and is associated with the Sun known as Oòrùn in the Yoruba language. The two other principal forms of the supreme God are <a href="/wiki/Olodumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Olodumare">Olodumare</a>—the supreme creator—and <a href="/wiki/Olofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Olofi">Olofin</a>, who is the conduit between Òrunn (Heaven) and Ayé (Earth). <a href="/wiki/Oshumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Oshumare">Oshumare</a> is a god that manifests in the form of a rainbow, also known as Òsùmàrè in Yoruba, while <a href="/wiki/Obatala" class="mw-redirect" title="Obatala">Obatala</a> is the god of clarity and creativity.These gods feature in the Yoruba religion,<a href="#cite_note-voices-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bascom1969-112">[109]</a> as well as in some aspects of <a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_African_Vodun" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Vodun">Vodun</a> and a host of others. These varieties, or spiritual lineages as they are called, are practiced throughout areas of Nigeria, among others. As interest in African indigenous religions grows, Orisa communities and lineages can be found in parts of Europe and Asia as well. While estimates may vary, some scholars believe that there could be more than 100 million adherents of this spiritual tradition worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Orisha_and_Ajogun">List of Orisha and Ajogun</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%; color:#fff; background:black;">Name </th> <th style="width:60%; color:#fff; background:navy;">Deity of </th> <th style="width:20%; color:#fff; background:navy;">Member of </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Agemo_(deity)" title="Agemo (deity)">Agẹmọ</a> </td> <td>Chameleon, Service </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aganju" title="Aganju">Aganju</a> </td> <td>Volcanoes, Wilderness, Desert, Fire </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ajaka" title="Ajaka">Ajaka</a> </td> <td>Peace, Love, Equality </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Akọgun </td> <td>Warrior, Hunter, Wear straw </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Talking_drum#Ayangalu" title="Talking drum">Ayangalu</a> </td> <td>Drummer, Muse, Percussion </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arira (Aara, Aira, Ara) </td> <td>Weather, Storm, Thunder </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayelala" title="Ayelala">Ayelala</a> </td> <td>Punishes crime, Retribution </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arọni </td> <td>Nature, Forest spirit, Herbs, Plants </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arun </td> <td>Diseases, Affliction </td> <td>Ajogun </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aje </td> <td>Wealth, Property, Good Fortune, Success </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aye </td> <td>Passion, Environmentalism, Nature </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aja_(orisha)" title="Aja (orisha)">Ajija (Aaja, Aija, Aja)</a> </td> <td>Whirlwind, Wilderness, Herb, Plants, Leaf </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Biri </td> <td>Darkness, Night, Midnight </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Babalu_Aye" class="mw-redirect" title="Babalu Aye">Babalu Aye</a> </td> <td>Earth, Epidemics (Smallpox), Healing </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bayanni </td> <td>Children, Dread Heads, Prosperity </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dada </td> <td>Youthfulness, Mischief, Playfulness </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ẹla </td> <td>Illumination, Knowledge, Charity & Giving </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Edi </td> <td>Confusion, Undoing, Corruption </td> <td>Ajogun </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ẹgba </td> <td>Paralysis, Ineptitude, Lazyness </td> <td>Ajogun </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Egungun" title="Egungun">Egungun (Eegun)</a> </td> <td>Sainted dead, Ancestors </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Epe </td> <td>Curses, Imprecation </td> <td>Ajogun </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erinle" class="mw-redirect" title="Erinle">Erinlẹ</a> </td> <td>Hunter, Earth, Natural Force, Universe </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eṣe </td> <td>Affliction, Scourge </td> <td>Ajogun </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eshu" title="Eshu">Eshu</a> </td> <td>Trickery, Crossroads, Chance, Travel, Emissary, Chaos, Order </td> <td>Intermediary </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ẹwọn </td> <td>Imprisonment, Bondage </td> <td>Ajogun </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibeji" title="Ibeji">Ibeji</a> </td> <td>Twins </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iroko#Cultural_beliefs" title="Iroko">Iroko</a> </td> <td>Trees, Wilderness </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iya_Nla" title="Iya Nla">Iya Nla</a> </td> <td>Primordial Spirit </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Iku </td> <td>Death </td> <td>Ajogun </td></tr> <tr> <td>Imọlẹ </td> <td>Sunlight, Soothsayer </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Logunede </td> <td>War, Hunting </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moremi_Ajasoro" title="Moremi Ajasoro">Moremi</a> </td> <td>Saviour </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cba_(orisha)" title="Ọba (orisha)">Ọba</a> </td> <td>River, Passion, Homemaking, Domesticity </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cbatala" title="Ọbatala">Ọbatala</a> </td> <td>Creation, Purity </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oduduwa" title="Oduduwa">Oduduwa</a> </td> <td>Progenitor, Warrior </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ofo </td> <td>Loss, Depletion, Deprivation, Forfeiture, Defeat </td> <td>Ajogun </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ogun" title="Ogun">Ogun</a> </td> <td>Warriors, Soldiers, Blacksmiths, Metal Workers, Craftsmen </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Oke </td> <td>Mountain, Hills & Hillocks </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oko_(orisha)" title="Oko (orisha)">Orisha Oko</a> </td> <td>Agriculture, Farming, Fertility, Rurality, Harvest </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Olokun" title="Olokun">Olokun</a> </td> <td>Water, Health, Wealth </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ọran </td> <td>Trouble, Problems, Difficulty </td> <td>Ajogun </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cranyan" title="Ọranyan">Ọranyan</a> </td> <td>Progenitor, Bravery, Heroism </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Orò </td> <td>Justice, Bullroarers </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oronsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Oronsen">Ọrọnṣẹn</a> </td> <td>Progenitor </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Crunmila" title="Ọrunmila">Ọrunmila</a> </td> <td>Wisdom, Knowledge, Divination, philosophy, Destiny, Prophecy </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ori_(Yoruba)" title="Ori (Yoruba)">Ori</a> </td> <td>Beforelife, Afterlife, Destiny, Personal Identity </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Csanyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ọsanyin">Ọsanyin</a> </td> <td>Herb, Plant, Nature, Herbalist, Magician </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oshosi" title="Oshosi">Ọshọsi</a> </td> <td>Hunt, Forest, Warrior, Justice </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cshun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ọshun">Ọshun</a> </td> <td>Water, Purity, Fertility, Love, Femininity </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oshunmare" title="Oshunmare">Oshunmare</a> </td> <td>Rainbow, Serpent, Regeneration, Rebirth </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otin_River#Legend" title="Otin River">Ọtin</a> </td> <td>River, Fighter </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cya" title="Ọya">Ọya</a> </td> <td>Storms, Wind, Thunder, Lightning, Dead </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shango" title="Shango">Shango</a> </td> <td>Thunder, Lightning, Fire, Justice, Dance, Virility </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shigidi </td> <td>Home guardian, Environment guardian, Defender </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yemoja" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemoja">Yemoja</a> </td> <td>Creation, Water, Moon, Motherhood, Protection </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yewa" title="Yewa">Yewa</a> </td> <td>River, Dreams, Clarity </td> <td>Orisha </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mythology">Mythology</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oduduwa" title="Oduduwa">Oduduwa</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Divination_tapper,_Yoruba,_Nigeria,_1800s,_ivory_-_Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum_-_DSC00262.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Divination_tapper%2C_Yoruba%2C_Nigeria%2C_1800s%2C_ivory_-_Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum_-_DSC00262.jpg/120px-Divination_tapper%2C_Yoruba%2C_Nigeria%2C_1800s%2C_ivory_-_Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum_-_DSC00262.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Divination_tapper%2C_Yoruba%2C_Nigeria%2C_1800s%2C_ivory_-_Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum_-_DSC00262.jpg/181px-Divination_tapper%2C_Yoruba%2C_Nigeria%2C_1800s%2C_ivory_-_Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum_-_DSC00262.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Divination_tapper%2C_Yoruba%2C_Nigeria%2C_1800s%2C_ivory_-_Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum_-_DSC00262.jpg/241px-Divination_tapper%2C_Yoruba%2C_Nigeria%2C_1800s%2C_ivory_-_Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum_-_DSC00262.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2623" data-file-height="5005" /></a><figcaption>An Iroke or Irofa (Ìròkè Ifá) is the divination tapper of the Yoruba. It is long, slender and often slightly curved. Used in combination with the <a href="/wiki/Opon_If%C3%A1" title="Opon Ifá">Opon Ifa</a> or divination board. Traditionally made from ivory, but also brass and wood.<a href="#cite_note-Imo_Dara-114">[111]</a></figcaption></figure> Oral history of the Oyo-Yoruba recounts <a href="/wiki/Od%C3%B9duw%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Odùduwà">Odùduwà</a> to be the progenitor of the Yoruba and the reigning ancestor of their crowned kings. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">He came from the east, understood in Ife traditions to be the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Oke_Ora" title="Oke Ora">Oke Ora</a>, a hilltop community situated to the east of Ife.</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">After the death of Oduduwa, there was a dispersal of his children in a series of kingdom founding migrations from Ife to found other kingdoms. Each child made his or her mark in the subsequent urbanization and consolidation of the Yoruba confederacy of kingdoms, with each kingdom tracing its origin due to them to Ile-Ife.</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">After the dispersal, the aborigines became difficult, and constituted a serious threat to the survival of Ife. Thought to be survivors of the old occupants of the land before the arrival of Oduduwa, these people now turned themselves into marauders. They would come to town in costumes made of raffia with terrible and fearsome appearances, and burn down houses and loot the markets. Then came <a href="/wiki/Moremi_Ajasoro" title="Moremi Ajasoro">Moremi Ajasoro</a> into the scene; she was said to have played a significant role in the quelling of the marauder advancements. But this was at a great price; having to give up her only son Oluorogbo. The reward for her patriotism and selflessness was not to be reaped in one lifetime as she later passed on and was thereafter <a href="/wiki/Deified" class="mw-redirect" title="Deified">deified</a>. The Edi festival celebrates this feat among her Yoruba descendants.<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h4></div> Yoruba culture consists of cultural philosophy, religion and folktales. They are embodied in Ifa divination, and are known as the tripartite Book of Enlightenment in Yorubaland and in its diaspora. Yoruba cultural thought is a witness of two epochs. The first epoch is a history of cosmogony and cosmology. This is also an epoch-making history in the oral culture during which time Oduduwa was the king, the Bringer of Light, pioneer of Yoruba folk philosophy, and a prominent diviner. He pondered the visible and invisible worlds, reminiscing about cosmogony, cosmology, and the mythological creatures in the visible and invisible worlds. His time favored the artist-philosophers who produced magnificent naturalistic artworks of civilization during the pre-dynastic period in Yorubaland. The second epoch is the epoch of metaphysical discourse, and the birth of modern artist-philosophy. This commenced in the 19th century in terms of the academic prowess of Bishop <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ajayi_Crowther" title="Samuel Ajayi Crowther">Samuel Ajayi Crowther</a> (1807–1891). Although religion is often first in Yoruba culture, nonetheless, it is the philosophy – the thought of man – that actually leads spiritual consciousness (ori) to the creation and the practice of religion. Thus, it is believed that thought (philosophy) is an antecedent to religion. Values such as respect, peaceful co-existence, loyalty and freedom of speech are both upheld and highly valued in Yoruba culture. Societies that are considered secret societies often strictly guard and encourage the observance of moral values. Today, the academic and nonacademic communities are becoming more interested in Yoruba culture. More research is being carried out on Yoruba cultural thought as more books are being written on the subject. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_and_Islam">Christianity and Islam</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_the_Pater_Noster_Mount_of_Olives,_Jerusalem_11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_the_Pater_Noster_Mount_of_Olives%2C_Jerusalem_11.jpg/146px-Church_of_the_Pater_Noster_Mount_of_Olives%2C_Jerusalem_11.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_the_Pater_Noster_Mount_of_Olives%2C_Jerusalem_11.jpg/220px-Church_of_the_Pater_Noster_Mount_of_Olives%2C_Jerusalem_11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_the_Pater_Noster_Mount_of_Olives%2C_Jerusalem_11.jpg/293px-Church_of_the_Pater_Noster_Mount_of_Olives%2C_Jerusalem_11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>The Lord's prayer in <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Pater_Noster" title="Church of the Pater Noster">Church of the Pater Noster</a> Mount of Olives, Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> The Yoruba are traditionally very religious people, and are today pluralistic in their religious convictions.<a href="#cite_note-integration-116">[113]</a> The Yoruba are one of the more religiously diverse ethnic groups in Africa. Many Yoruba people practice Christianity in denominations such as Anglicanism<a href="#cite_note-Mathews_2002_p._136-117">[114]</a> while others are Muslims practicing mostly under Sunni Islam of the Maliki school of law. In addition to Christianity and Islam, a large number of Yoruba people continue to practice their traditional religion. Yoruba religious practices such as the <a href="/wiki/Eyo_festival" title="Eyo festival">Eyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osun-Osogbo" title="Osun-Osogbo">Osun-Osogbo</a> festivals are witnessing a resurgence in popularity in contemporary Yorubaland. They are largely seen by the adherents of the modern faiths as cultural, rather than religious, events. They participate in them as a means to celebrate their people's history, and boost tourism in their local economies.<a href="#cite_note-Aderibigbe,_Gbola,_editor._Medine,_Carolyn_M._Jones,_editor-108">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_hinderer_church_and_mission_house_at_ibadan_pic2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Anna_hinderer_church_and_mission_house_at_ibadan_pic2.jpg/220px-Anna_hinderer_church_and_mission_house_at_ibadan_pic2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Anna_hinderer_church_and_mission_house_at_ibadan_pic2.jpg/330px-Anna_hinderer_church_and_mission_house_at_ibadan_pic2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Anna_hinderer_church_and_mission_house_at_ibadan_pic2.jpg/440px-Anna_hinderer_church_and_mission_house_at_ibadan_pic2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="581" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anna_Hinderer" title="Anna Hinderer">Anna Hinderer</a> church and mission house at <a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a>, 1850s<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a></figcaption></figure> The Yorubas were one of the first groups in West Africa to be introduced to Christianity on a very large scale.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> Christianity (along with western civilization) came into Yorubaland in the mid-19th century through the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a>, whose original mission was commerce.<a href="#cite_note-integration-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> The first European visitors were the Portuguese, they visited the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Benin" title="Kingdom of Benin">Bini kingdom</a> in the late 16th century. As time progressed, other Europeans – such as the French, the British, the Dutch, and the Germans, followed suit. The British and the French were the most successful in their quest for colonies (these Europeans actually split Yorubaland, with the larger part being in British Nigeria, and the minor parts in French Dahomey, now Benin, and German <a href="/wiki/Togoland" title="Togoland">Togoland</a>). Home governments encouraged religious organizations to come. Roman Catholics (known to the Yorubas as Ijo Aguda, so named after returning former Yoruba slaves from Latin America, who were mostly Catholic, and were also known as the <a href="/wiki/Aguda_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aguda people">Agudas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Amaro_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaro people">Amaros</a>) started the race, followed by Protestants, whose prominent member – <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a> (CMS) based in England made the most significant in-roads into the hinterland regions for evangelism and became the largest of the Christian missions. <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a> (known as Ijo-Eleto, so named after the Yoruba word for "method or process") started missions in <a href="/wiki/Badagry" title="Badagry">Agbadarigi / Gbegle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Birch_Freeman" title="Thomas Birch Freeman">Thomas Birch Freeman</a> in 1842. Agbadarigi was further served by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Celadon_Van_Cooten" title="Eugene Celadon Van Cooten">E. C. Van Cooten</a>, E. G. Irving, and A. A. Harrison. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Townsend_(missionary)" title="Henry Townsend (missionary)">Henry Townsend</a>, C. C. Gollmer, and <a href="/wiki/Ajayi_Crowther" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajayi Crowther">Ajayi Crowther</a> of the CMS worked in <a href="/wiki/Abeokuta" title="Abeokuta">Abeokuta</a>, then under the Egba division of Southern Nigeria in 1846.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Hinderer" title="Anna Hinderer">Hinderer</a> and Mann of CMS started missions in Ibadan / <a href="/wiki/Ibarapa_people" title="Ibarapa people">Ibarapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ijaye_of_Kurunmi" title="Ijaye of Kurunmi">Ijaye</a> divisions of the present Oyo state in 1853. <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a> missionaries – Bowen and Clarke – concentrated on the northern Yoruba axis – (Ogbomoso and environs). With their success, other religious groups – the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Church of West Africa">Evangelists Commission of West Africa</a> – became popular among the <a href="/wiki/Igbomina" title="Igbomina">Igbomina</a>, and other non-denominational Christian groups joined. The increased tempo of Christianity led to the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Saro_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saro (Nigeria)">Saros</a> (returning slaves from Sierra Leone) and indigenes as missionaries. This move was initiated by Venn, the CMS Secretary. Nevertheless, the impact of Christianity in Yorubaland was not felt until the fourth decade of the 19th century, when a Yoruba slave boy, Samuel Ajayi Crowther, became a Christian convert, linguist and minister whose knowledge in languages would become a major tool and instrument to propagate Christianity in Yorubaland and beyond.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4></div> Islam came into Yorubaland around the 14th century, as a result of trade with <a href="/wiki/Soninke_Wangara" title="Soninke Wangara">Wangara</a> (also called Wankore) merchants,<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> a mobile caste of the Soninkes from the then <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a> who entered Yorubaland (Oyo) from the northwestern flank through the Bariba or Borgu corridor,<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Musa_I_of_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Musa I of Mali">Mansa Kankan Musa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a> Due to this, Islam is traditionally known to the Yoruba as Esin Male or simply Imale i.e. religion of the Malians. The adherents of the Islamic faith are called Musulumi in Yoruba to correspond to Muslim, the Arabic word for an adherent of Islam having as the active participle of the same verb form, and means "submitter (to Allah)" or a nominal and active participle of Islam derivative of "Salaam" i.e. (Religion of) Peace. Islam was practiced in Yorubaland so early on in history, that a sizable proportion of Yoruba slaves taken to the Americas were already Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> The mosque served the spiritual needs of Muslims living in Ọyọ. Progressively, Islam started to gain a foothold in Yorubaland, and Muslims started building mosques. <a href="/wiki/Iwo,_Osun" title="Iwo, Osun">Iwo</a> led, its first mosque built in 1655,<a href="#cite_note-White_2015_97–110-129">[126]</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Iseyin" title="Iseyin">Iseyin</a> in 1760,<a href="#cite_note-White_2015_97–110-129">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Eko/Lagos</a> in 1774,<a href="#cite_note-White_2015_97–110-129">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaki,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaki, Nigeria">Shaki</a> in 1790,<a href="#cite_note-White_2015_97–110-129">[126]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Osogbo" title="Osogbo">Osogbo</a> in 1889. In time, Islam spread to other towns like <a href="/wiki/Oyo,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyo, Nigeria">Oyo</a> (the first Oyo convert was Solagberu), Ibadan, <a href="/wiki/Ab%E1%BA%B9okuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Abẹokuta">Abẹokuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Ode" title="Ijebu Ode">Ijebu Ode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikirun" title="Ikirun">Ikirun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ede,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ede, Nigeria">Ede</a>. All of these cities already had sizable Muslim communities before the 19th century Sokoto jihad.<a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_art_and_architecture">Traditional art and architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_art" title="Yoruba art">Yoruba art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_architecture" title="Yoruba architecture">Yoruba architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoruba_peoples_armlet_(16th_century).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yoruba_peoples_armlet_%2816th_century%29.jpg/179px-Yoruba_peoples_armlet_%2816th_century%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yoruba_peoples_armlet_%2816th_century%29.jpg/269px-Yoruba_peoples_armlet_%2816th_century%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Yoruba_peoples_armlet_%2816th_century%29.jpg/358px-Yoruba_peoples_armlet_%2816th_century%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Intricately carved ivory <a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">bracelet</a> from the Yoruba people of <a href="/wiki/Owo,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Owo, Nigeria">Owo</a></figcaption></figure> Medieval Yoruba settlements were surrounded with massive mud walls.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Yoruba buildings had similar plans to the <a href="/wiki/Ashanti_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashanti people">Ashanti</a> shrines, but with <a href="/wiki/Verandah" class="mw-redirect" title="Verandah">verandahs</a> around the court. The wall materials comprised puddled mud and palm oil<a href="#cite_note-today-132">[129]</a> while roofing materials ranged from thatches to corrugated iron sheets.<a href="#cite_note-today-132">[129]</a> A famous Yoruba fortification, the <a href="/wiki/Sungbo%27s_Eredo" title="Sungbo's Eredo">Sungbo's Eredo</a>, was the second largest wall edifice in Africa. The structure was built in the 9th, 10th and 11th centuries in honour of a traditional aristocrat, the Oloye Bilikisu Sungbo. It was made up of sprawling mud walls and the valleys that surrounded the town of Ijebu-Ode in <a href="/wiki/Ogun_State" title="Ogun State">Ogun State</a>. Sungbo's Eredo is the largest pre-colonial monument in Africa, larger than the Great Pyramid or Great Zimbabwe.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Museum_Room_25_Pair_of_door_panels_Olowe_Yoruba_Detail_17022019_4950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Museum_Room_25_Pair_of_door_panels_Olowe_Yoruba_Detail_17022019_4950.jpg/220px-British_Museum_Room_25_Pair_of_door_panels_Olowe_Yoruba_Detail_17022019_4950.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Museum_Room_25_Pair_of_door_panels_Olowe_Yoruba_Detail_17022019_4950.jpg/330px-British_Museum_Room_25_Pair_of_door_panels_Olowe_Yoruba_Detail_17022019_4950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/British_Museum_Room_25_Pair_of_door_panels_Olowe_Yoruba_Detail_17022019_4950.jpg/440px-British_Museum_Room_25_Pair_of_door_panels_Olowe_Yoruba_Detail_17022019_4950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4588" data-file-height="2846" /></a><figcaption>Yoruba door, wood carvings; used to record events <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anna_Hinderer_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Anna_Hinderer_building.jpg/220px-Anna_Hinderer_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Anna_Hinderer_building.jpg/330px-Anna_Hinderer_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Anna_Hinderer_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Early 19th century <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_architecture" title="Yoruba architecture">Yoruba architecture</a> showing their unique inner courtyard layout used as a safe space for storing livestock and a space where children could play<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a></figcaption></figure> The Yorubas worked with a wide array of materials in their art including; bronze, leather, terracotta, ivory, textiles, copper, stone, carved wood, brass, ceramics and glass. A unique feature of Yoruba art is its striking realism that, unlike most African art, chose to create human sculptures in vividly realistic and life sized forms. The art history of the nearby Benin empire shows that there was a cross–fertilization of ideas between the neighboring Yoruba and Edo. The Benin court's brass casters learned their art from an Ife master named Iguegha, who had been sent from Ife around 1400 at the request of Benin's oba Oguola. Indeed, the earliest dated cast-brass memorial heads from Benin replicate the refined naturalism of the earlier Yoruba sculptures from Ife.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> A lot of Yoruba artwork, including staffs, court dress, and beadwork for crowns, are associated with palaces and the royal courts.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> The courts also commissioned numerous architectural objects such as veranda posts, gates, and doors that are embellished with carvings. Yoruba palaces are usually built with thicker walls, are dedicated to the gods and play significant spiritual roles. Yoruba art is also manifested in shrines and masking traditions.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> The shrines dedicated to the said gods are adorned with carvings and house an array of altar figures and other ritual paraphernalia. Masking traditions vary by region, and diverse mask types are used in various festivals and celebrations. Aspects of Yoruba traditional architecture has also found its way into the New World in the form of shotgun houses.<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> Today, however, Yoruba traditional architecture has been greatly influenced by modern trends. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_L54.5_Fragment_of_a_Head_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Brooklyn_Museum_L54.5_Fragment_of_a_Head_%283%29.jpg/175px-Brooklyn_Museum_L54.5_Fragment_of_a_Head_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Brooklyn_Museum_L54.5_Fragment_of_a_Head_%283%29.jpg/263px-Brooklyn_Museum_L54.5_Fragment_of_a_Head_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Brooklyn_Museum_L54.5_Fragment_of_a_Head_%283%29.jpg/350px-Brooklyn_Museum_L54.5_Fragment_of_a_Head_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">Terracotta</a> head representing oni or King of <a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ife</a>, 12th to 16th century</figcaption></figure> Masquerades are an important feature of Yoruba traditional artistry. They are generally known as <a href="/wiki/Egungun" title="Egungun">Egúngún</a>, singularly as Egún. The term refers to the Yoruba masquerades connected with ancestor reverence, or to the ancestors themselves as a collective force. There are different types of which one of the most prominent is the <a href="/wiki/Gelede" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelede">Gelede</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> An Ese Ifa (oral literature of Orunmila divination) explains the origins of Gelede as beginning with <a href="/wiki/Yemoja" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemoja">Yemoja</a>, the Mother of all the orisa and all living things. Yemoja could not have children and consulted an Ifa oracle, and the priest advised her to offer sacrifices and to dance with wooden images on her head and metal anklets on her feet. After performing this ritual, she became pregnant. Her first child was a boy, nicknamed "Efe" (the humorist/joker); the Efe mask emphasizes song and jests because of the personality of its namesake. Yemoja's second child was a girl, nicknamed "Gelede" because she was obese like her mother. Also like her mother, Gelede loved dancing. After getting married themselves, neither Gelede or Efe's partner could have children. The Ifa oracle suggested they try the same ritual that had worked for their mother. No sooner than Efe and Gelede performed these rituals – dancing with wooden images on their heads and metal anklets on their feet – they started having children. These rituals developed into the Gelede masked dance and were perpetuated by the descendants of Efe and Gelede. This narrative is one of many stories that explains the origin of Gelede. An old theory stated that the beginning of Gelede might be associated with the change from a <a href="/wiki/Matriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matriarchal">matriarchal</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> society among the Yoruba people.<a href="#cite_note-understand-150">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gelede" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelede">Gelede spectacle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifa divination system</a> represent two of Nigeria's only three pieces on the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">Oral and Intangible Heritages of Humanity</a> list, as well as the only such cultural heritage from Benin and Togo. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eyo_Olokun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eyo_Olokun.jpg/177px-Eyo_Olokun.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eyo_Olokun.jpg/266px-Eyo_Olokun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Eyo_Olokun.jpg/354px-Eyo_Olokun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eyo_festival" title="Eyo festival">Eyo</a> Olokun</figcaption></figure> One of the first observations of first time visitors to Yorubaland is the rich, exuberant and ceremonial nature of their culture, which is made even more visible by the urbanized structures of Yoruba settlements. These occasions are avenues to experience the richness of the Yoruba culture. Traditional musicians are always on hand to grace the occasions with heavy rhythms and extremely advanced percussion, which the Yorubas are well known for all over the world.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> Praise singers and <a href="/wiki/Griot" title="Griot">griots</a> are there to add their historical insight to the meaning and significance of the ceremony, and of course the varieties of colorful dresses and attires worn by the people, attest to the aesthetic sense of the average Yoruba. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arugba_Osun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Arugba_Osun.jpg/176px-Arugba_Osun.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Arugba_Osun.jpg/264px-Arugba_Osun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Arugba_Osun.jpg/353px-Arugba_Osun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="711" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>The Arugba leading the procession to the <a href="/wiki/Osun-Osogbo" title="Osun-Osogbo">Osun grove</a></figcaption></figure> The Yoruba are a very expressive people who celebrate major events with colorful festivals and celebrations (Ayeye). Some of these festivals (about thirteen principal ones)<a href="#cite_note-mapping-152">[149]</a> are secular and only mark achievements and milestones in the achievement of mankind. These include wedding ceremonies (Ìgbéyàwó), naming ceremonies (Ìsomolórúko), funerals (Ìsìnkú), housewarming (Ìsílé), New-Yam festival (Ìjesu), Harvest ceremonies (Ìkórè), birth (Ìbí), chieftaincy (Ìjòyè) and so on.<a href="#cite_note-understand-150">[147]</a> Others have a more spiritual connotation, such as the various days and celebrations dedicated to specific Orisha like the Ogun day (Ojó Ògún) or the Osun festival, which is usually done at the <a href="/wiki/Osun-Osogbo" title="Osun-Osogbo">Osun-Osogbo sacred grove</a> located on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Osun_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Osun river">Osun river</a> and around the ancient town of <a href="/wiki/Osogbo" title="Osogbo">Osogbo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[150]</a> The festival is dedicated to the river goddess <a href="/wiki/Oshun" title="Oshun">Osun</a>, which is usually celebrated in the month of August (Osù Ògùn) yearly. The festival attracts thousands of Osun worshippers from all over Yorubaland and the Yoruba diaspora in the Americas, spectators and tourists from all walks of life. The Osun-Osogbo Festival is a two-week-long programme. It starts with the traditional cleansing of the town called 'Iwopopo', which is then followed in three days by the lighting of the 500-year-old sixteen-point lamp called Ina Olojumerindinlogun, which literally means The sixteen eyed fire. The lighting of this sacred lamp heralds the beginning of the Osun festival. Then comes the 'Ibroriade', an assemblage of the crowns of the past ruler, the Ataoja of Osogbo, for blessings. This event is led by the sitting Ataoja of Osogbo and the Arugba Yeye Osun (who is usually a young virgin from the royal family dressed in white), who carries a sacred white calabash that contains propitiation materials meant for the goddess Osun. She is also accompanied by a committee of priestesses.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> A similar event holds in the New World as <a href="/wiki/Odunde_Festival" title="Odunde Festival">Odunde Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A8l%C3%A8d%C3%A9_divinit%C3%A9s_vodou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/G%C3%A8l%C3%A8d%C3%A9_divinit%C3%A9s_vodou.jpg/173px-G%C3%A8l%C3%A8d%C3%A9_divinit%C3%A9s_vodou.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/G%C3%A8l%C3%A8d%C3%A9_divinit%C3%A9s_vodou.jpg/260px-G%C3%A8l%C3%A8d%C3%A9_divinit%C3%A9s_vodou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/G%C3%A8l%C3%A8d%C3%A9_divinit%C3%A9s_vodou.jpg/346px-G%C3%A8l%C3%A8d%C3%A9_divinit%C3%A9s_vodou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5387" data-file-height="3591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/G%E1%BA%B9l%E1%BA%B9d%E1%BA%B9" title="Gẹlẹdẹ">Gèlèdé</a> costumes from a Yoruba-Nago community in Benin</figcaption></figure> Another very popular festival with spiritual connotations is the <a href="/wiki/Eyo_festival" title="Eyo festival">Eyo Olokun festival</a> or Adamu Orisha play, celebrated by the people of <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a>. The Eyo festival is a dedication to the god of the Sea <a href="/wiki/Olokun" title="Olokun">Olokun</a>, who is an Orisha, and whose name literally mean Owner of the Seas.<a href="#cite_note-mapping-152">[149]</a> Generally, there is no customarily defined time for the staging of the Eyo Festival. This leads to a building anticipation as to what date would be decided upon. Once a date for its performance is selected and announced, the festival preparations begin. It encompasses a week-long series of activities, and culminates in a striking procession of thousands of men clothed in white and wearing a variety of coloured hats, called Aga. The procession moves through Lagos Island Isale Eko, which is the historical centre of the Lagos metropolis. On the streets, they move through various crucial locations and landmarks in the city, including the palace of the traditional ruler of Lagos, the Oba, known as the <a href="/wiki/Iga_Idunganran" title="Iga Idunganran">Iga Idunganran</a>. The festival starts from dusk to dawn, and has been held on Saturdays (Ojó Àbáméta) from time immemorial. A full week before the festival (always a Sunday), the 'senior' Eyo group, the Adimu (identified by a black, broad-rimmed hat), goes public with a staff. When this happens, it means the event will take place on the following Saturday. Each of the four other 'important' groups – Laba (red), Oniko (yellow), Ologede (green) and Agere (purple) — take their turns in that order from Monday to Thursday. The Eyo masquerade essentially admits tall people, which is why it is described as Agogoro Eyo (literally meaning the tall Eyo masquerade). In the manner of a spirit (An Orisha) visiting the earth on a purpose, the Eyo masquerade speaks in a ventriloquial voice, suggestive of its otherworldliness; and when greeted, it replies: Mo yo fun e, mo yo fun ara mi, which in Yoruba means: I rejoice for you, and I rejoice for myself. This response connotes the masquerades as rejoicing with the person greeting it for the witnessing of the day, and its own joy at taking the hallowed responsibility of cleansing. During the festival, Sandals and foot wear, as well as Suku, a hairstyle that is popular among the Yorubas – one that has the hair converge at the middle, then shoot upward, before tipping downward – are prohibited. The festival has also taken a more touristic dimension in recent times, which like the Osun Osogbo festival, attracts visitors from all across Nigeria, as well as Yoruba diaspora populations. In fact, it is widely believed that the play is one of the manifestations of the customary African revelry that serves as the forerunner of the modern carnival in Brazil and other parts of the New World, which may have been started by the Yoruba slaves transplanted in that part of the world due to the Atlantic slave trade.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_music" title="Yoruba music">Yoruba music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bat%C3%A1_drum" title="Batá drum">Batá drum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drummers_of_traditional_Gbedu_drum_in_Yoruba_land_of_Nigeria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Drummers_of_traditional_Gbedu_drum_in_Yoruba_land_of_Nigeria.jpg/220px-Drummers_of_traditional_Gbedu_drum_in_Yoruba_land_of_Nigeria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Drummers_of_traditional_Gbedu_drum_in_Yoruba_land_of_Nigeria.jpg/330px-Drummers_of_traditional_Gbedu_drum_in_Yoruba_land_of_Nigeria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Drummers_of_traditional_Gbedu_drum_in_Yoruba_land_of_Nigeria.jpg/440px-Drummers_of_traditional_Gbedu_drum_in_Yoruba_land_of_Nigeria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gbedu" title="Gbedu">Gbedu</a> drummers</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bata_drums.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bata_drums.jpg/172px-Bata_drums.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bata_drums.jpg/258px-Bata_drums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bata_drums.jpg/344px-Bata_drums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bat%C3%A1_drum" title="Batá drum">Batá drum</a> – from left: Okónkolo, Iyá, Itótele</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoruba_slit_drum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Yoruba_slit_drum.jpg/150px-Yoruba_slit_drum.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Yoruba_slit_drum.jpg/225px-Yoruba_slit_drum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Yoruba_slit_drum.jpg/300px-Yoruba_slit_drum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1483" /></a><figcaption>A Yoruba slit drum (on the left) together with a traditional membrane drum (on the right)</figcaption></figure> The music of the Yoruba people is perhaps best known for an extremely advanced drumming tradition,<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> especially using the dundun<a href="#cite_note-Turino_pg._43-163">[160]</a> hourglass tension drums. The representation of musical instruments on sculptural works from Ile-Ife, indicates, in general terms a substantial accord with oral traditions. A lot of these musical instruments date back to the classical period of Ile-Ife, which began at around the tenth century A.D. Some were already present prior to this period, while others were created later. The hourglass tension drum (Dùndún) for example, may have been introduced around the 15th century (1400s), the <a href="/wiki/Benin_Bronzes" title="Benin Bronzes">Benin bronze plaques</a> of the middle period depicts them. Others like the double and single iron clapper-less bells are examples of instruments that preceded classical Ife.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> Yoruba <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> became perhaps the most prominent kind of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_West_Africa" title="Music of West Africa">West African music</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afro-Caribbean_music" title="Afro-Caribbean music">Afro-Latin and Caribbean musical</a> styles. Yoruba music left an especially important influence on the music of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lucumi_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucumi religion">Lukumi</a> religious traditions,<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a> practice in Brazil and the <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Cuba" title="Music of Cuba">music of Cuba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Yoruba drums typically belong to four major families, which are used depending on the context or genre where they are played. The <a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">Dùndún / Gángan family</a>, is the class of hourglass shaped talking drums, which imitate the sound of Yoruba speech. This is possible because the Yoruba language is tonal in nature. It is the most common and is present in many Yoruba traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Apala" title="Apala">Apala</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B9j%C3%BA_music" title="Jùjú music">Jùjú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sekere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekere">Sekere</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afrobeat" title="Afrobeat">Afrobeat</a>. The second is the <a href="/wiki/Sakara_drum" title="Sakara drum">Sakara family</a>. Typically, they played a ceremonial role in royal settings, weddings and <a href="/wiki/Oriki" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriki">Oríkì</a> recitation; it is predominantly found in traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Sakara_music" title="Sakara music">Sakara music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Were_music" title="Were music">Were</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuji_music" title="Fuji music">Fuji music</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gbedu" title="Gbedu">Gbedu family</a> (literally, "large drum") is used by secret fraternities such as the Ogboni and royal courts. Historically, only the Oba might dance to the music of the drum. If anyone else used the drum they were arrested for sedition of royal authority. The Gbèdu are conga shaped drums played while they sit on the ground. Akuba drums (a trio of smaller conga-like drums related to the gbèdu) are typically used in afrobeat. The Ogido is a cousin of the gbedu. It is also shaped like a conga but with a wider array of sounds and a bigger body. It also has a much deeper sound than the conga. It is sometimes referred to as the "bass drum". Both hands play directly on the Ogido drum.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin,_yoruba,_campanaccio_per_invocare_gli_spiriti_o_le_divinit%C3%A0,.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Benin%2C_yoruba%2C_campanaccio_per_invocare_gli_spiriti_o_le_divinit%C3%A0%2C.JPG/100px-Benin%2C_yoruba%2C_campanaccio_per_invocare_gli_spiriti_o_le_divinit%C3%A0%2C.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Benin%2C_yoruba%2C_campanaccio_per_invocare_gli_spiriti_o_le_divinit%C3%A0%2C.JPG/150px-Benin%2C_yoruba%2C_campanaccio_per_invocare_gli_spiriti_o_le_divinit%C3%A0%2C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Benin%2C_yoruba%2C_campanaccio_per_invocare_gli_spiriti_o_le_divinit%C3%A0%2C.JPG/200px-Benin%2C_yoruba%2C_campanaccio_per_invocare_gli_spiriti_o_le_divinit%C3%A0%2C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="2708" /></a><figcaption>Traditional <a href="/wiki/Agog%C3%B4" title="Agogô">Agogo</a> metal gongs</figcaption></figure> Today, the word Gbedu has also come to be used to describe forms of Nigerian Afrobeat and Hip Hop music. The fourth major family of Yoruba drums is the <a href="/wiki/Bat%C3%A1_drum" title="Batá drum">Bàtá family</a>, which are well-decorated double-faced drums, with various tones. They were historically played in sacred rituals. They are believed to have been introduced by <a href="/wiki/Shango" title="Shango">Shango</a>, an Orisha, during his earthly incarnation as a warrior king. Traditional Yoruba drummers are known as Àyán. The Yoruba believe that Àyángalú was the first drummer, one who became the patron Orisha of drumming following his demise. As a result, he is believed to be the spirit or muse that inspires contemporary drummers during renditions. This is why some Yoruba family names contain the prefix 'Ayan-' such as Ayangbade, Ayantunde, Ayanwande.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Deprecated_sources" title="Wikipedia:Deprecated sources">deprecated source</a>] Ensembles using the <a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">dundun</a> play a type of music that is also called dundun.<a href="#cite_note-Turino_pg._43-163">[160]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ashiko" title="Ashiko">Ashiko</a> (Cone shaped drums), Igbin, <a href="/wiki/Gudugudu" title="Gudugudu">Gudugudu</a> (Kettledrums in the Dùndún family), <a href="/wiki/Agidigbo" title="Agidigbo">Agidigbo</a> and Bèmbé are other drums of importance. The leader of a dundun ensemble is the oniyalu meaning; ' Owner of the mother drum ', who uses the drum to "talk" by imitating the <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a> of Yoruba. Much of this music is spiritual in nature, and is often devoted to the <a href="/wiki/Orisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Orisa">Orisas</a>. Within each drum family there are different sizes and roles; the lead drum in each family is called Ìyá or Ìyá Ìlù, which means "Mother drum", while the supporting drums are termed Omele. Yoruba drumming exemplifies West-African cross-rhythms and is considered to be one of the most advanced drumming traditions in the world. Generally, improvisation is restricted to master drummers. Some other instruments found in Yoruba music include, but are not limited to; The <a href="/wiki/Goje" title="Goje">Gòjé</a> (violin), Shèkèrè (gourd rattle), Agidigbo (thumb piano that takes the shape of a plucked <a href="/wiki/Lamellophone" title="Lamellophone">Lamellophone</a>), Saworo (metal rattles for the arm and ankles, also used on the rim of the bata drum), Fèrè (<a href="/wiki/Whistle" title="Whistle">whistles</a>), Aro (<a href="/wiki/Cymbal" title="Cymbal">Cymbal</a>)s, <a href="/wiki/Agog%C3%B4" title="Agogô">Agogô</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bell_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (instrument)">bell</a>), different types of flutes include the Ekutu, Okinkin and Igba. <a href="/wiki/Oriki" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriki">Oriki</a> (or praise singing), a genre of sung poetry that contains a series of proverbial phrases, praising or characterizing the respective person and which is of Egba and Ekiti origin, is often considered the oldest Yoruba musical tradition. Yoruba music is typically <a href="/wiki/Polyrhythm" title="Polyrhythm">Polyrhythmic</a>, which can be described as interlocking sets of rhythms that fit together somewhat like the pieces in a jigsaw puzzle. There is a basic timeline and each instrument plays a pattern in relation to that timeline. The resulting ensemble provides the typical sound of West African Yoruba drumming. Yoruba music is a component of the modern Nigerian popular music scene. Although traditional Yoruba music was not influenced by foreign music, the same cannot be said of modern-day Yoruba music, which has evolved and adapted itself through contact with foreign instruments, talent, and creativity. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twins_in_Yoruba_society">Twins in Yoruba society</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ibeji" title="Ibeji">Ibeji</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoruba_Ibeji_figures,_representing_twins_Wellcome_L0035694.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Yoruba_Ibeji_figures%2C_representing_twins_Wellcome_L0035694.jpg/76px-Yoruba_Ibeji_figures%2C_representing_twins_Wellcome_L0035694.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Yoruba_Ibeji_figures%2C_representing_twins_Wellcome_L0035694.jpg/114px-Yoruba_Ibeji_figures%2C_representing_twins_Wellcome_L0035694.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Yoruba_Ibeji_figures%2C_representing_twins_Wellcome_L0035694.jpg/152px-Yoruba_Ibeji_figures%2C_representing_twins_Wellcome_L0035694.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1660" data-file-height="2624" /></a><figcaption>Wooden Ere <a href="/wiki/Ibeji" title="Ibeji">Ibeji</a> figures representing twins. Yorubas have the highest twinning rate in the world.</figcaption></figure> The Yoruba present the highest <a href="/wiki/Dizygotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dizygotic">dizygotic</a> twinning rate in the world (4.4% of all maternities).<a href="#cite_note-rand-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> They manifest at 45–50 twin sets (or 90–100 twins) per 1,000 live births, possibly because of high consumption of a specific type of <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yam</a> containing a natural <a href="/wiki/Phytoestrogen" title="Phytoestrogen">phytoestrogen</a> that may stimulate the <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a> to release an egg from each side. Twins are very important for the Yoruba and they usually tend to give special names to each twin.<a href="#cite_note-Knox-170">[167]</a> The first of the twins to be born is traditionally named <a href="/wiki/Taiwo" title="Taiwo">Taiyewo</a> or Tayewo, which means 'the first to taste the world', or the 'slave to the second twin', this is often shortened to <a href="/wiki/Taiwo" title="Taiwo">Taiwo</a>, Taiye or Taye.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kehinde" title="Kehinde">Kehinde</a> is the name of the last born twin. Kehinde is sometimes also referred to as Kehindegbegbon, which is short for; Omo kehin de gba egbon and means, 'the child that came behind gets the rights of the elder'.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> Twins are perceived as having spiritual advantages or as possessing magical powers.<a href="#cite_note-:1-173">[170]</a> This is different from some other cultures, which interpret twins as dangerous or unwanted.<a href="#cite_note-:1-173">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calendar">Calendar</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba calendar</a></div> Time is measured in "ọgán" or "ìṣẹ́jú-àáyá" (seconds), ìṣẹ́jú (minutes), wákàtí (hours), ọjọ́ (days), ọ̀sẹ̀ (weeks), oṣù (months) and ọdún (years). There are 60 (ọgọta) ìṣẹ́jú in 1 (okan) wákàtí; 24 (merinleogun) wákàtí in 1 (okan) ọjọ́; 7 (meje) ọjọ́ in 1 (okan) ọ̀sẹ̀; 4 (merin) ọ̀sẹ̀ in 1 (okan) oṣù and 52 (mejilelaadota) ọ̀sẹ̀ in 1 (okan)ọdún. There are 12 (mejila) oṣù in 1 ọdún.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Approximate relation between Yoruba months and Gregorian months </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Months in <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba calendar</a>:</th> <th>Months in <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>:<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ṣẹrẹ</td> <td>January </td></tr> <tr> <td>Erélé</td> <td>February </td></tr> <tr> <td>Erénà</td> <td>March </td></tr> <tr> <td>Igbe</td> <td>April </td></tr> <tr> <td>Èbìbí</td> <td>May </td></tr> <tr> <td>Okúdù</td> <td>June </td></tr> <tr> <td>Agẹmọ</td> <td>July </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ògún</td> <td>August </td></tr> <tr> <td>Owérè (Owéwè)</td> <td>September </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ọwàrà (Owawa)</td> <td>October </td></tr> <tr> <td>Belu</td> <td>November </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ọ̀pẹ</td> <td>December </td></tr></tbody></table> The Yoruba week consists of four days. Traditionally, the Yoruba count their week starting from the Ojó Ògún, this day is dedicated to Ògún. The second day is Ojó Jákúta, the day is dedicated to Sàngó. The third day is known as the Ojó Òsè – this day is dedicated to Òrìshà ńlá (Obàtálá), while the fourth day is the Ojó Awo, in honour of <a href="/wiki/Orunmila" class="mw-redirect" title="Orunmila">Òrúnmìlà</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Yoruba calendar traditional days </th></tr> <tr> <th>Days: </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ojó Ògún (Ògún) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ojó Jákúta (Shàngó) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ojó Òsè (Òrìshà ńlá / Obàtálá) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ojó Awo (Òrúnmìlà / Ifá) </td></tr></tbody></table> The Yoruba calendar (Kojoda) year starts from 3 to 2 June of the following year.<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> According to this calendar, the Gregorian year 2021 is the 10,063th year of Yoruba culture, which starts with the creation of Ìfẹ̀ in 8042 B.C.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> To reconcile with the Gregorian calendar, Yoruba people also often measure time in seven days a week and four weeks a month: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Modified days in Yoruba calendar</th> <th>Days in <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Ọjọ́-Àìkú</td> <td>Sunday </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ọjọ́-Ajé</td> <td>Monday </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ọjọ́-Ìṣẹ́gun</td> <td>Tuesday </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ọjọ́-'Rú</td> <td>Wednesday </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ọjọ́-Bọ̀</td> <td>Thursday </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ọjọ́-Ẹtì</td> <td>Friday </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ọjọ́-Àbámẹ́ta</td> <td>Saturday<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_cuisine" title="Yoruba cuisine">Yoruba cuisine</a></div> Solid food, mostly cooked, pounded or prepared with hot water, are basic staple foods of the Yoruba. These foods are all by-products of crops like <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, yams, <a href="/wiki/Cocoyam" title="Cocoyam">cocoyam</a> and forms a huge chunk of it all. Others like <a href="/wiki/Cooking_bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooking bananas">Plantain</a>, corn, beans, meat, and fish are also chief choices.<a href="#cite_note-Yoruba_Cuisine-179">[176]</a> Some common Yoruba foods are iyan (pounded yam), <a href="/wiki/Amala_(food)" title="Amala (food)">amala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eba" title="Eba">eba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">semo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fufu" title="Fufu">fufu</a>,(Generally called."Okele"), <a href="/wiki/Moin_moin" title="Moin moin">moin moin</a> (bean cake) and <a href="/wiki/Akara" title="Akara">akara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-understand-150">[147]</a> Soups include <a href="/wiki/Egusi" title="Egusi">egusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corchorus" title="Corchorus">ewedu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Efo_riro" title="Efo riro">Efo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, vegetables are also very common as part of the Yoruba diet. Items like rice and beans (locally called ewa) are also featured. Some dishes are prepared for festivities and ceremonies, such as <a href="/wiki/Jollof_rice" title="Jollof rice">jollof rice</a> and fried rice. Other popular dishes are <a href="/wiki/Ekuru" title="Ekuru">ekuru</a>, stews, corn, cassava and flours – e.g. maize, yam, plantain and beans, eggs, chicken, beef and assorted forms of meat (ponmo is made from cow skin). Some less well known meals and many miscellaneous staples are arrowroot gruel, sweetmeats, fritters and coconut concoctions; and some breads – yeast bread, rock buns, and palm wine bread to name a few.<a href="#cite_note-Yoruba_Cuisine-179">[176]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_culture" title="Yoruba culture">Yoruba cultural</a> dishes</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Amala_ati_Ewedu_and_Ogunfe.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Amala is a Yoruba food.[177]"><img alt="Amala is a Yoruba food.[177]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Amala_ati_Ewedu_and_Ogunfe.png/186px-Amala_ati_Ewedu_and_Ogunfe.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Amala_ati_Ewedu_and_Ogunfe.png/279px-Amala_ati_Ewedu_and_Ogunfe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Amala_ati_Ewedu_and_Ogunfe.png/372px-Amala_ati_Ewedu_and_Ogunfe.png 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="415" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amala_(food)" title="Amala (food)">Amala</a> is a Yoruba food.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beans_Ball-Akara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Akara is a Yoruba bean fritter.[178]"><img alt="Akara is a Yoruba bean fritter.[178]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Beans_Ball-Akara.jpg/213px-Beans_Ball-Akara.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Beans_Ball-Akara.jpg/320px-Beans_Ball-Akara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Beans_Ball-Akara.jpg/426px-Beans_Ball-Akara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="488" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Akara" title="Akara">Akara</a> is a Yoruba bean fritter.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigeria_ofada.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ofada rice is a Yoruba dish.[179]"><img alt="Ofada rice is a Yoruba dish.[179]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nigeria_ofada.jpg/214px-Nigeria_ofada.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nigeria_ofada.jpg/321px-Nigeria_ofada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Nigeria_ofada.jpg/428px-Nigeria_ofada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ofada_rice" title="Ofada rice">Ofada rice</a> is a Yoruba dish.<a href="#cite_note-Olusegun_Obasanjo_1983-182">[179]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:OfadaRice_with_assorted_meat_and_egg.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ofada rice is traditionally in a leaf.[179]"><img alt="Ofada rice is traditionally in a leaf.[179]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/OfadaRice_with_assorted_meat_and_egg.png/225px-OfadaRice_with_assorted_meat_and_egg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/OfadaRice_with_assorted_meat_and_egg.png/337px-OfadaRice_with_assorted_meat_and_egg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/OfadaRice_with_assorted_meat_and_egg.png/449px-OfadaRice_with_assorted_meat_and_egg.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="343" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ofada_rice" title="Ofada rice">Ofada rice</a> is traditionally in a leaf.<a href="#cite_note-Olusegun_Obasanjo_1983-182">[179]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Moin_Moin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Moin moin is a Yoruba steamed bean pudding.[180]"><img alt="Moin moin is a Yoruba steamed bean pudding.[180]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Moin_Moin.jpg/213px-Moin_Moin.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Moin_Moin.jpg/320px-Moin_Moin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Moin_Moin.jpg/426px-Moin_Moin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moin_moin" title="Moin moin">Moin moin</a> is a Yoruba steamed bean pudding.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 72.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 70.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Delicacies_in_Yoruba_land,_Nigeria.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A collection of foods eaten by Yorubas in general"><img alt="A collection of foods eaten by Yorubas in general" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Delicacies_in_Yoruba_land%2C_Nigeria.jpg/106px-Delicacies_in_Yoruba_land%2C_Nigeria.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Delicacies_in_Yoruba_land%2C_Nigeria.jpg/160px-Delicacies_in_Yoruba_land%2C_Nigeria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Delicacies_in_Yoruba_land%2C_Nigeria.jpg/213px-Delicacies_in_Yoruba_land%2C_Nigeria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A collection of foods eaten by Yorubas in general</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dress">Dress</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_women%27s_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba women's clothing">Yoruba women's clothing</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Some common <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_culture" title="Yoruba culture">Yoruba cultural</a> wear</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104px;"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Lace_VLM_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple Iro and Buba with Gele[181]"><img alt="Simple Iro and Buba with Gele[181]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/African_Lace_VLM_31.jpg/156px-African_Lace_VLM_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/African_Lace_VLM_31.jpg/234px-African_Lace_VLM_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/African_Lace_VLM_31.jpg/312px-African_Lace_VLM_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2301" data-file-height="3985" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simple <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_women%27s_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba women's clothing">Iro and Buba</a> with <a href="/wiki/Gele_(head_tie)" title="Gele (head tie)">Gele</a><a href="#cite_note-Esogwa_C._Osuala_1988-184">[181]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing_(2).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Agbádá àti Fìlà[182]"><img alt="Agbádá àti Fìlà[182]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing_%282%29.png/171px-A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing_%282%29.png/256px-A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing_%282%29.png/342px-A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="967" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Agbada" title="Agbada">Agbádá</a> àti Fìlà<a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Iro and Bùbá, with Gele and Ipele. Blouse, wrapper and headgear[181]"><img alt="Iro and Bùbá, with Gele and Ipele. Blouse, wrapper and headgear[181]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.png/171px-A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.png/256px-A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.png/341px-A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="968" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Iro and Bùbá, with <a href="/wiki/Gele_(head_tie)" title="Gele (head tie)">Gele</a> and Ipele. Blouse, <a href="/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)" title="Wrapper (clothing)">wrapper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_tie" title="Head tie">headgear</a><a href="#cite_note-Esogwa_C._Osuala_1988-184">[181]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bùbá àti Kèmbè. Agbada top with short baggy pants[183]"><img alt="Bùbá àti Kèmbè. Agbada top with short baggy pants[183]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.png/171px-A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.png/256px-A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.png/342px-A_Yoruba_man_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="967" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bùbá àti Kèmbè. Agbada top with short baggy pants<a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing_(2).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Iro and Bùbá, with Gele and Ipele made from Òfì[184]"><img alt="Iro and Bùbá, with Gele and Ipele made from Òfì[184]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing_%282%29.png/170px-A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing_%282%29.png/256px-A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing_%282%29.png/341px-A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="969" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_women%27s_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba women's clothing">Iro and Bùbá</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Head_tie" title="Head tie">Gele</a> and Ipele made from <a href="/wiki/Aso_Oke_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Aso Oke fabric">Òfì</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Nigerian_man_from_the_Yoruba_ethnicity_dressed_in_typical_outdoor_event_attire.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kájà and Kẹmbẹ, A toga-like style. Kájà is thrown over the body as Pakájà"><img alt="Kájà and Kẹmbẹ, A toga-like style. Kájà is thrown over the body as Pakájà" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/A_Nigerian_man_from_the_Yoruba_ethnicity_dressed_in_typical_outdoor_event_attire.png/171px-A_Nigerian_man_from_the_Yoruba_ethnicity_dressed_in_typical_outdoor_event_attire.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/A_Nigerian_man_from_the_Yoruba_ethnicity_dressed_in_typical_outdoor_event_attire.png/256px-A_Nigerian_man_from_the_Yoruba_ethnicity_dressed_in_typical_outdoor_event_attire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/A_Nigerian_man_from_the_Yoruba_ethnicity_dressed_in_typical_outdoor_event_attire.png/341px-A_Nigerian_man_from_the_Yoruba_ethnicity_dressed_in_typical_outdoor_event_attire.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="628" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pakaja" title="Pakaja">Kájà</a> and Kẹmbẹ, A <a href="/wiki/Toga" title="Toga">toga</a>-like style. Kájà is thrown over the body as <a href="/wiki/Pakaja" title="Pakaja">Pakájà</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ìró and Bùbá with gele[181]"><img alt="Ìró and Bùbá with gele[181]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.jpg/171px-A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.jpg/256px-A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.jpg/341px-A_Yoruba_woman_garbed_in_traditional_clothing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="969" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ìró and Bùbá with gele<a href="#cite_note-Esogwa_C._Osuala_1988-184">[181]</a> </div> </li> </ul> The Yoruba take immense pride in their attire, for which they are well known.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Clothing materials traditionally come from processed cotton by traditional weavers.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> They also believe that the type of clothes worn by a man depicts his personality and social status, and that different occasions require different clothing outfits. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigeria,_yoruba,_tunica,_da_okuku,_1916-34_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nigeria%2C_yoruba%2C_tunica%2C_da_okuku%2C_1916-34_ca.jpg/220px-Nigeria%2C_yoruba%2C_tunica%2C_da_okuku%2C_1916-34_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nigeria%2C_yoruba%2C_tunica%2C_da_okuku%2C_1916-34_ca.jpg/330px-Nigeria%2C_yoruba%2C_tunica%2C_da_okuku%2C_1916-34_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nigeria%2C_yoruba%2C_tunica%2C_da_okuku%2C_1916-34_ca.jpg/440px-Nigeria%2C_yoruba%2C_tunica%2C_da_okuku%2C_1916-34_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2124" /></a><figcaption>An older traditional <a href="/wiki/Agbada" title="Agbada">Agbada</a> clothing historically worn by Yoruba men.<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> This exhibit was obtained in the town of Òkukù.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigeria,_yoruba,_copricapo,_da_okuku,_1916-34_ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nigeria%2C_yoruba%2C_copricapo%2C_da_okuku%2C_1916-34_ca.jpg/145px-Nigeria%2C_yoruba%2C_copricapo%2C_da_okuku%2C_1916-34_ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nigeria%2C_yoruba%2C_copricapo%2C_da_okuku%2C_1916-34_ca.jpg/218px-Nigeria%2C_yoruba%2C_copricapo%2C_da_okuku%2C_1916-34_ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Nigeria%2C_yoruba%2C_copricapo%2C_da_okuku%2C_1916-34_ca.jpg/290px-Nigeria%2C_yoruba%2C_copricapo%2C_da_okuku%2C_1916-34_ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="2994" /></a><figcaption>An Àkẹtè, outdoor cap that tapers off at angles.</figcaption></figure> Typically, the Yoruba have a very wide range of materials used to make clothing,<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> the most basic being the <a href="/wiki/Aso_Oke_fabric" class="mw-redirect" title="Aso Oke fabric">Aṣo-Oke</a>, which is a hand loomed cloth of different patterns and colors sewn into various styles.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> This comes in very many different colors and patterns. Aso Oke comes in three major styles based on pattern and coloration; <ul><li>Alaari – a rich red <a href="/wiki/Aso_oke" title="Aso oke">Aṣọ-Oke</a>,</li> <li>Sanyan – a brown and usual light brown Aṣọ-Oke, and</li> <li>Ẹtu – a dark blue Aṣọ-Oke.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benin,_yoruba,_braccialetti,_anelli_e_altri_monili.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Benin%2C_yoruba%2C_braccialetti%2C_anelli_e_altri_monili.JPG/145px-Benin%2C_yoruba%2C_braccialetti%2C_anelli_e_altri_monili.JPG" decoding="async" width="145" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Benin%2C_yoruba%2C_braccialetti%2C_anelli_e_altri_monili.JPG/218px-Benin%2C_yoruba%2C_braccialetti%2C_anelli_e_altri_monili.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Benin%2C_yoruba%2C_braccialetti%2C_anelli_e_altri_monili.JPG/290px-Benin%2C_yoruba%2C_braccialetti%2C_anelli_e_altri_monili.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="2046" /></a><figcaption>Yoruba metal bracelets and jewellery of old. Collection of The <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Afro-Brazilian</a> museum of Salvador, Bahia</figcaption></figure> Other clothing materials include but are not limited to: <ul><li>Ofi – pure white yarned cloths, used as cover cloth, it can be sewn and worn.</li> <li>Aran – a velvet clothing material of silky texture sewn into Danṣiki and Kẹmbẹ, worn by the rich.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adire_(textile_art)" title="Adire (textile art)">Adirẹ</a> – cloth with various patterns and designs, dye in indigo ink (Ẹlu or Aro).</li></ul> Clothing in Yoruba culture is gender sensitive, despite a tradition of non-gender conforming families. For menswear, they have Bùbá, Esiki and Sapara, which are regarded as Èwù Àwòtélè or underwear, while they also have Dandogo, Agbádá, Gbariye, Sulia and Oyala, which are also known as Èwù Àwòlékè / Àwòsókè or overwear. Some fashionable men may add an accessory to the Agbádá outfit in the form of a wraparound (Ìbora).<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> They also have various types of Sòkòtò or native trousers that are sewn alongside the above-mentioned dresses. Some of these are Kèmbè (Three-Quarter baggy pants), Gbáanu, Sóóró (Long slim / streamlined pants), Káamu and Sòkòtò Elemu. A man's dressing is considered incomplete without a cap (Fìlà). Some of these caps include, but are not limited to, Gobi (Cylindrical, which when worn may be compressed and shaped forward, sideways, or backward), Tinko, Abetí-ajá (Crest-like shape that derives its name from its hanging flaps that resembles a dog's hanging ears. The flaps can be lowered to cover the ears in cold weather, otherwise, they are upwardly turned in normal weather), Alagbaa, Oribi, Bentigoo, Onide, and Labankada (a bigger version of the Abetí-ajá, and is worn in such a way as to reveal the contrasting color of the cloth used as underlay for the flaps). <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kwarastatedrummers.jpg/136px-Kwarastatedrummers.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kwarastatedrummers.jpg/203px-Kwarastatedrummers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kwarastatedrummers.jpg/271px-Kwarastatedrummers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_music" title="Yoruba music">Yoruba</a> drummers, wearing very basic traditional clothing<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a></figcaption></figure> Women also have different types of dresses. The most commonly worn are Ìró (wrapper) and Bùbá (blouse-like loose top). Women also have matching Gèlè (headgear) that must be put on whenever the Ìró and Bùbá is on. Just as the cap (Fìlà) is important to men, women's dressing is considered incomplete without Gèlè. It may be of plain cloth or costly as the women can afford. Apart from this, they also have ìborùn (<a href="/wiki/Shawl" title="Shawl">Shawl</a>) and Ìpèlé (which are long pieces of fabric that usually hang on the left shoulder and stretch from the hind of the body to the fore). At times, it is tied round their waists over the original one piece wrapper. Unlike men, women have two types of underwear (Èwù Àwòtélè), called; Tòbi and Sinmí. Tòbi is like the modern day apron with strings and spaces in which women can keep their valuables. They tie the tòbi around the waists before putting on the Ìró (wrapper). Sinmí is like a sleeveless T-shirt that is worn under before wearing any other dress on the upper body. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aso_Oniko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aso_Oniko.jpg/175px-Aso_Oniko.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aso_Oniko.jpg/263px-Aso_Oniko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aso_Oniko.jpg/350px-Aso_Oniko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Finished <a href="/wiki/Adire_(textile_art)" title="Adire (textile art)">Adire</a> clothing material</figcaption></figure> There are many types of beads (Ìlèkè), hand laces, necklaces (Egba orùn), anklets (Egba esè) and bangles (Egba owó) that are used in Yorubaland. These are used by both males and females, and are put on for bodily adornment. Chiefs, priests, kings or people of royal descent, especially use some of these beads as a signifier of rank. Some of these beads include Iyun, Lagidigba, Àkún etc. An accessory especially popular among royalty and titled <a href="/wiki/Babalawo" title="Babalawo">Babalawos / Babalorishas</a> is the Ìrùkèrè, which is an artistically processed animal tail, a type of <a href="/wiki/Fly-whisk" title="Fly-whisk">Fly-whisk</a>. The horsetail whiskers are symbols of authority and stateliness. It can be used in a shrine for decoration but most often is used by chief priests and priestesses as a symbol of their authority or <a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9" title="Aṣẹ">Ashe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> As most men go about with their hair lowly cut or neatly shaven, the reverse is the case for women. Hair is considered the ' Glory of the woman '. They usually take care of their hair in two major ways; They <a href="/wiki/Braid" title="Braid">plait</a> and they weave. There are many types of plaiting styles, and women readily pick any type they want. Some of these include kòlésè, Ìpàkó-elédè, Sùkú, Kojúsóko, Alágogo, Konkoso, Etc. Traditionally, The Yoruba consider <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_tribal_marks" title="Yoruba tribal marks">tribal marks</a> ways of adding beauty to the face of individuals. This is apart from the fact that they show clearly from which part of Yorubaland an individual comes from, since different areas are associated with different marks. Different types of tribal marks are made with local blades or knives on the cheeks. These are usually done at infancy, when children are not pain conscious.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> Some of these tribal marks include Pélé, Abàjà-Ègbá, Abàjà-Òwu, Abàjà-mérin, Kéké, Gòmbò, Ture, Pélé Ifè, Kéké Òwu, Pélé Ìjèbú etc. Not everyone back in the past had tribal marks and sometimes it was given to first borns of a household or for some reason or the other. So, many did not have one. This practice is near extinct today.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> The Yoruba believe that development of a nation is akin to the development of a man or woman. Therefore, the personality of an individual has to be developed to fulfil his or her responsibilities. Clothing among the Yoruba people is a crucial factor upon which the personality of an individual is anchored. This belief is anchored in Yoruba <a href="/wiki/Proverb" title="Proverb">proverbs</a>. Different occasions also require different outfits among the Yoruba. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benin">Benin</h3></div> Estimates of the Yoruba in Benin vary from around 1.1 to 1.5 million people. The Yoruba are the main group in the <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> department of <a href="/wiki/Ou%C3%A9m%C3%A9_Department" title="Ouémé Department">Ouémé</a>, all Subprefectures including <a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto Novo</a> (Ajasè), <a href="/wiki/Adjarra" title="Adjarra">Adjara</a>; <a href="/wiki/Collines_Department" title="Collines Department">Collines Province</a>, all subprefectures including <a href="/wiki/Sav%C3%A8" title="Savè">Savè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dassa-Zoum%C3%A9" title="Dassa-Zoumé">Dassa-Zoume</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bant%C3%A8" title="Bantè">Bante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tchetti" title="Tchetti">Tchetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gouka,_Benin" title="Gouka, Benin">Gouka</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plateau_Department" title="Plateau Department">Plateau Province</a>, all Subprefectures including <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9tou,_Benin" title="Kétou, Benin">Kétou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sak%C3%A9t%C3%A9" title="Sakété">Sakété</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pob%C3%A8" title="Pobè">Pobè</a>; <a href="/wiki/Borgou_Department" title="Borgou Department">Borgou Province</a>, Tchaourou Subprefecture including <a href="/wiki/Tchaourou" title="Tchaourou">Tchaourou</a>; <a href="/wiki/Donga_Department" title="Donga Department">Donga Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bassila" title="Bassila">Bassila</a> Subprefecture.<a href="#cite_note-Akintoye-59">[56]</a> <dl><dt>Places</dt></dl> The chief Yoruba cities or towns in Benin are: <a href="/wiki/Porto-Novo" title="Porto-Novo">Porto-Novo</a> (Ajase), <a href="/wiki/Ou%C3%A8ss%C3%A8" title="Ouèssè">Ouèssè</a> (Wese), <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A9tou,_Benin" title="Kétou, Benin">Ketu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sav%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Savé">Savé</a> (Tchabe), <a href="/wiki/Tchaourou" title="Tchaourou">Tchaourou</a> (Shaworo), <a href="/wiki/Bant%C3%A8" title="Bantè">Bantè</a>-<a href="/wiki/Akpassi" title="Akpassi">Akpassi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bassila" title="Bassila">Bassila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjarra" title="Adjarra">Adjarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adja-Ou%C3%A8r%C3%A8" title="Adja-Ouèrè">Adja-Ouèrè</a> (Aja Were), <a href="/wiki/Sak%C3%A9t%C3%A9" title="Sakété">Sakété</a> (Itchakete), <a href="/wiki/Ifangni" title="Ifangni">Ifangni</a> (Ifonyi), <a href="/wiki/Pob%C3%A8" title="Pobè">Pobè</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dassa-Zoum%C3%A9" title="Dassa-Zoumé">Dassa</a> (Idatcha), <a href="/wiki/Glazoue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glazoue">Glazoue</a> (Gbomina), Ipinle, <a href="/wiki/Aledjo-Koura" title="Aledjo-Koura">Aledjo-Koura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aworo" title="Aworo">Aworo</a> etc.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ghana">Ghana</h3></div> There exists an old and thriving Yoruba community in Ghana tracing back to more than three centuries of establishment.<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> The presence of Yoruba people in Ghana traces back to before the concept of the modern Ghanaian nation and are therefore Ghanaian citizens by law. The Yoruba communities became established through various waves and layers for centuries before the colonial era. The earliest wave were long distance merchants, artisans, labourers and explorers who settled in both southern and northern Ghanaian locales such as Salaga, Sekondi-Takoradi, Kumasi, Accra (<a href="/wiki/Jamestown/Usshertown,_Accra" title="Jamestown/Usshertown, Accra">Jamestown</a>, Ngleshie Alata, <a href="/wiki/Tudu,_Ghana" title="Tudu, Ghana">Tudu</a>), <a href="/wiki/Yendi" title="Yendi">Yendi</a>, Tamale, Kintampo, <a href="/wiki/Nandom" title="Nandom">Nandom</a>. In Ngleshie Alata (A corruption of English ' Alata ', the Fante and Ga word for Yoruba people based on the region where the majority came from) and the area around the <a href="/wiki/Fort_James,_Ghana" title="Fort James, Ghana">James Fort</a>, the Yoruba presence dates back to 1673 when they were employed to build the fort and settled in large numbers on the eastern coastal region. It is on record that the first 'Alata Akutso Mantse ' or Alata division head, a Yoruba speaker named Ojo employed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company">Royal African Company</a> ascended an Accra royal stool becoming head of the Alata quarter of James Town in 1748.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> - A position his descendants continue to hold to this very day. In the popular 18th century Gonja <a href="/wiki/Salaga_Slave_Market" title="Salaga Slave Market">Salaga Slave Market</a>, the Yoruba residents of the town would not allow their fellow countrymen captured and brought to the markets to be sold to the Ashantis who would march them to the coast. Rather, they would barter for the release of the Yoruba captives who would in turn work for their benefactors as tradesmen until they earned their release.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> This earliest wave was followed by an intermediate wave of slave returnees who were predominantly of Yoruba descent like the Taboms/Agudas who settled along the Ghanaian coast.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> Then came the third wave who came during the Gold Coast colonial period. By this period, they had firmly entrenched themselves in the country's commerce and distribution systems and constituted a substantial percentage of merchants and traders in the country's large markets as proprietors of wholesale enterprises. They were the largest group of immigrants established in the pre-independence <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(British_colony)" title="Gold Coast (British colony)">Gold Coast</a>. In 1950 they constituted 15% of traders in Accra, 23% in Kumasi, and over a third in Tamale.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> They were usually referred to in southern Ghana as; Yoruba, Lagosian, Alata, or Anago.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> It was the early stream of this wave in the 1830s that established places like <a href="/wiki/Accra_New_Town" title="Accra New Town">Accra New Town</a> which was previously known as Lagos town and before then as Araromi. There is no codification for the Yoruba ethnicity in the most recent Ghanaian censuses but in previous ones, they were considered an indigenous Ghanaian group with origins outside modern Ghana. In the 1960 Ghanaian population census, there were 109,090 Yorubas. Of this figure; 100,560 were Yoruba 'proper ' while 8,530 were <a href="/wiki/Ana_people" title="Ana people">Atakpame</a> (Ana).<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> This represented 1.6% of the Ghanaian population. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3></div> The Yorubas are the main ethnic groups in the Nigerian states of <a href="/wiki/Ekiti_State,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekiti State, Nigeria">Ekiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogun_State,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogun State, Nigeria">Ogun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ondo_State,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ondo State, Nigeria">Ondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osun_State,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Osun State, Nigeria">Osun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwara_State" title="Kwara State">Kwara</a>  · <a href="/wiki/Oyo_State,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyo State, Nigeria">Oyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kogi_West_Senatorial_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Kogi West Senatorial District">Western Third</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kogi_State" title="Kogi State">Kogi State</a>, and can be found as a minority population to varying proportions in; <a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta State</a>,<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> <dl><dt>Places</dt></dl> The chief Yoruba cities or towns in Nigeria are: <a href="/wiki/Abeokuta" title="Abeokuta">Abẹokuta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogun_Waterside" title="Ogun Waterside">Abigi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ado-Awaye" title="Ado-Awaye">Ado-Awaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ado-Ekiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ado-Ekiti">Ado-Ekiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ado-Odo" title="Ado-Odo">Ado-Odo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agbaja" title="Agbaja">Agbaja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ago_Iwoye" class="mw-redirect" title="Ago Iwoye">Ago Iwoye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ajasse_Ipo" title="Ajasse Ipo">Ajase ipo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akungba_Akoko" title="Akungba Akoko">Akungba-akoko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akure" title="Akure">Akurẹ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atan_Ota" title="Atan Ota">Atan-otta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afijio" title="Afijio">Aawe, Oyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayetoro" title="Ayetoro">Ayetoro Yewa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayetoro_gbede" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayetoro gbede">Ayetoro gbede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibarapa_people" title="Ibarapa people">Ayete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badagry" title="Badagry">Badagry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ede,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ede, Nigeria">Ede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effon-Alaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Effon-Alaiye">Efon-alaaye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egbe" title="Egbe">Egbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ejigbo" title="Ejigbo">Ejigbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emure" title="Emure">Emure-ekiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epe,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Epe, Nigeria">Epe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erin-Ile,_Kwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Erin-Ile, Kwara">Erin-ile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eruwa" title="Eruwa">Eruwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esa-Oke" title="Esa-Oke">Esa-Oke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esie" class="mw-redirect" title="Esie">Esie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afijio" title="Afijio">Fiditi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbaja" title="Igbaja">Igbaja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gbongan" title="Gbongan">Gbongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibokun" title="Ibokun">Ibokun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idanre" title="Idanre">Idanre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idere" class="mw-redirect" title="Idere">Idere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idiroko" title="Idiroko">Idi-iroko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idoani" title="Idoani">Ido-ani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ido_Ekiti" title="Ido Ekiti">Ido-ekiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ife_South" title="Ife South">Ifetedo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifo,_Ogun_State" title="Ifo, Ogun State">Ifo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ose,_Nigeria" title="Ose, Nigeria">Ifon (Ondo)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifon_Osun" title="Ifon Osun">Ifon Osun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibarapa_North" title="Ibarapa North">Igangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iwajowa" title="Iwajowa">Iganna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbeti" title="Igbeti">Igbeti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igboho" title="Igboho">Igboho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbo-Ora" title="Igbo-Ora">Igbo-Ora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igbara-Oke" class="mw-redirect" title="Igbara-Oke">Igbara-Oke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijare" title="Ijare">Ijare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Igbo" title="Ijebu Igbo">Ijẹbu-igbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijebu-Jesa" title="Ijebu-Jesa">Ijebu-Ijesha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Ode" title="Ijebu Ode">Ijebu Ode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijede" title="Ijede">Ijede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijero" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijero">Ijero-ekiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijoko" title="Ijoko">Ijoko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikare" title="Ikare">Ikare-akoko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikenne" title="Ikenne">Ikenne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikere-Ekiti" title="Ikere-Ekiti">Ikere-Ekiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikire" title="Ikire">Ikire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikirun" title="Ikirun">Ikirun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikole" title="Ikole">Ikole-ekiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ikorodu" title="Ikorodu">Ikorodu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ila_Orangun" title="Ila Orangun">Ila-orangun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilaje" title="Ilaje">Ilaje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilaro" title="Ilaro">Ilaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilawe_Ekiti" title="Ilawe Ekiti">Ilawe-ekiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ilé-Ifẹ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ile_Oluji/Okeigbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ile Oluji/Okeigbo">Ile-oluji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilesa" title="Ilesa">Ilesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illah_Bunu" title="Illah Bunu">Illah Bunu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilishan-Remo" title="Ilishan-Remo">Ilishan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilobu" title="Ilobu">Ilobu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilorin" title="Ilorin">Ilọrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imeko_Afon" title="Imeko Afon">Imeko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imesi-ile" title="Imesi-ile">Imesi-ile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imota" title="Imota">Imota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inisa" title="Inisa">Inisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iperu_Remo" class="mw-redirect" title="Iperu Remo">Iperu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipetu-Ijesha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ipetu-Ijesha">Ipetu-Ijesha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipetumodu" title="Ipetumodu">Ipetumodu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iragbiji" title="Iragbiji">Iragbiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iree" title="Iree">Iree</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isarun" title="Isarun">Isharun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yagba_East" title="Yagba East">Isanlu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ise_Ekiti" title="Ise Ekiti">Ise-ekiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iseyin" title="Iseyin">Iseyin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akure_North" title="Akure North">Itaogbolu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iwo,_Osun" title="Iwo, Osun">Iwo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ijumu" title="Ijumu">Iyara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jebba" title="Jebba">Jebba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabba" title="Kabba">Kabba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kisi,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisi, Nigeria">Kishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos (Eko)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lalupon" title="Lalupon">Lalupon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibarapa_people" title="Ibarapa people">Lanlate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lokoja" title="Lokoja">Lokoja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modakeke" title="Modakeke">Modakeke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mopa,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mopa, Nigeria">Mopa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obajana" title="Obajana">Obajana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obokun" title="Obokun">Obokun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ode-Irele" title="Ode-Irele">Ode-Irele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odeomu" title="Odeomu">Ode-omu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odigbo" title="Odigbo">Ore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odogbolu" title="Odogbolu">Odogbolu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Offa,_Kwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Offa, Kwara">Offa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogbomoso" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogbomoso">Ogbomoso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogere_Remo" title="Ogere Remo">Ogere-remo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogidi,_Kogi_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogidi, Kogi State">Ogidi-ijumu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ojo,_Lagos" title="Ojo, Lagos">Ojo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oka,_Akoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Oka, Akoko">Oka-akoko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kajola" title="Kajola">Okeho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ile_Oluji/Okeigbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ile Oluji/Okeigbo">Oke-Igbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okemesi" title="Okemesi">Okemesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okitipupa" title="Okitipupa">Okitipupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okuku,_Osun_State" title="Okuku, Osun State">Okuku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irepodun,_Kwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Irepodun, Kwara">Omu Aran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omuo" title="Omuo">Omuo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ondo_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Ondo City">Ondo City (Ode Ondo)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osogbo" title="Osogbo">Osogbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osu_(town)" title="Osu (town)">Osu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otan_Ayegbaju" title="Otan Ayegbaju">Otan Ayegbaju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ota,_Ogun" title="Ota, Ogun">Ota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moba,_Nigeria" title="Moba, Nigeria">Otun-ekiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owo" title="Owo">Owo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Owode" title="Obafemi Owode">Owode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyan">Oyan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyo,_Oyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyo, Oyo">Ọyọ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shagamu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shagamu">Shagamu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaki,_Oyo" title="Shaki, Oyo">Shaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Share,_Kwara" title="Share, Kwara">Share</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atisbo" title="Atisbo">Tede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipele" title="Ipele">Upele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ido-Osi" title="Ido-Osi">Usi-ekiti</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Togo">Togo</h3></div> Estimates of the Yoruba in <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> vary from around 500,000 to 600,000 people. There are both immigrant Yoruba communities from Nigeria, and indigenous ancestral Yoruba communities living in Togo. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Footballer</a> <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Adebayor" title="Emmanuel Adebayor">Emmanuel Adebayor</a> is an example of a Togolese from an immigrant Yoruba background. Indigenous Yoruba communities in Togo, however can be found in the Togolese departments of <a href="/wiki/Plateaux_Region,_Togo" title="Plateaux Region, Togo">Plateaux Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ani%C3%A9" title="Anié">Anie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogou_Prefecture" title="Ogou Prefecture">Ogou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Est-Mono_Prefecture" title="Est-Mono Prefecture">Est-Mono</a> prefectures; <a href="/wiki/Centrale_Region,_Togo" title="Centrale Region, Togo">Centrale Region</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tchamba_Prefecture" title="Tchamba Prefecture">Tchamba Prefecture</a>). The chief Yoruba cities or towns in Togo are: <a href="/wiki/Atakpame" class="mw-redirect" title="Atakpame">Atakpame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ani%C3%A9" title="Anié">Anié</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morita,_Togo" title="Morita, Togo">Morita (Moretan)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ofe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ofe">Ofe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elavagnon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elavagnon (page does not exist)">Elavagnon</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Goubi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goubi (page does not exist)">Goubi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kambole" title="Kambole">Kambole</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akpare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akpare (page does not exist)">Akpare</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamina,_Togo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamina, Togo (page does not exist)">Kamina</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa_(other)">West Africa (other)</h3></div> The Yoruba in <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> are numbered around 77,000 people, and around 80,000 in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, they are concentrated in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a> (Treichville, Adjamé), Bouake, Korhogo, Grand Bassam and Gagnoa where they are mostly employed in retail at major markets.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> Otherwise known as "Anago traders", they dominate certain sectors of the retail economy and number at least 135,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Yoruba_diaspora">The Yoruba diaspora</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba American">Yoruba American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian American">Nigerian American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian diaspora">Nigerian diaspora</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Nigerian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Nigerian">British Nigerian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Ireland" title="Nigerians in Ireland">Nigerians in Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Australian">Nigerian Australian</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Languages_Spoken_in_American_Households.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/African_Languages_Spoken_in_American_Households.jpg/350px-African_Languages_Spoken_in_American_Households.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/African_Languages_Spoken_in_American_Households.jpg/525px-African_Languages_Spoken_in_American_Households.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/African_Languages_Spoken_in_American_Households.jpg/700px-African_Languages_Spoken_in_American_Households.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3964" data-file-height="2808" /></a><figcaption>African Languages Spoken in American Households (2019)<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau-8">[6]</a></figcaption></figure> Yoruba people or descendants can be found all over the world especially in the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, Brazil, Latin America, and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> (especially in Cuba).<a href="#cite_note-gender-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-history-224">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-pedia-225">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> Significant Yoruba communities can be found in South America and Australia. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Comemora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ao_Dia_da_Consci%C3%AAncia_Negra_(37656419255).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Comemora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ao_Dia_da_Consci%C3%AAncia_Negra_%2837656419255%29.jpg/180px-Comemora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ao_Dia_da_Consci%C3%AAncia_Negra_%2837656419255%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Comemora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ao_Dia_da_Consci%C3%AAncia_Negra_%2837656419255%29.jpg/270px-Comemora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ao_Dia_da_Consci%C3%AAncia_Negra_%2837656419255%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Comemora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ao_Dia_da_Consci%C3%AAncia_Negra_%2837656419255%29.jpg/360px-Comemora%C3%A7%C3%A3o_ao_Dia_da_Consci%C3%AAncia_Negra_%2837656419255%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4051" data-file-height="2701" /></a><figcaption>Commemoration of Black consciousness, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil</figcaption></figure> In the United States, similar to its status on the African continent, the Yoruba language is the most spoken African <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger-Congo</a> language by native speakers. It is the most spoken African language in; Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Mississippi, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Texas and West Virginia. It constitutes the second largest African linguistic community in; Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island and Washington, D.C. with over 207,000 speakers in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_Census_Bureau-8">[6]</a> The migration of Yoruba people all over the world has led to a spread of the Yoruba culture across the globe. Yoruba people have historically been spread around the globe by the combined forces of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a><a href="#cite_note-saunders-227">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-cabrera-228">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> and voluntary self migration.<a href="#cite_note-nicholas-231">[228]</a> Their exact population outside Africa is unknown. Yorubas are overrepresented in the genetic studies of African Americans and are not the largest contributors of African American DNA by any means.<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> In their Atlantic world domains, the Yorubas were known by the designations: "<a href="/wiki/Nagos" title="Nagos">Nagos</a>/Anago", "Terranova", "<a href="/wiki/Lucum%C3%AD_people#Demographics" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucumí people">Lucumi</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Oku_people_(Sierra_Leone)" title="Oku people (Sierra Leone)">Aku</a>", or by the names of their various clans. The Yoruba left an important presence in Cuba and Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> particularly in <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-urban-234">[231]</a> According to a 19th-century report, "the Yoruba are, still today, the most numerous and influential in this state of <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-diaspora-235">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> The most numerous are those from <a href="/wiki/Oyo-Ile" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyo-Ile">Oyo</a>, capital of the Yoruba kingdom".<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> Others included Ijexa (<a href="/wiki/Ijesha" title="Ijesha">Ijesha</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lucum%C3%AD_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucumí people">Lucumi</a>, Ota (<a href="/wiki/Awori_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Awori tribe">Aworis</a>), <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketus</a>, Ekitis, Jebus (<a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Kingdom" title="Ijebu Kingdom">Ijebu</a>), Egba, Lucumi Ecumacho (<a href="/wiki/Ogbomosho" title="Ogbomosho">Ogbomosho</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Nagos" title="Nagos">Anagos</a>. In the documents dating from 1816 to 1850, Yorubas constituted 69.1% of all slaves whose ethnic origins were known, constituting 82.3% of all slaves from the <a href="/wiki/Bight_of_Benin" title="Bight of Benin">Bight of Benin</a>. The proportion of slaves from West-Central Africa (Angola – Congo) dropped drastically to just 14.7%.<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> Between 1831 and 1852, the African-born slave and free population of <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador, Bahia</a> surpassed that of free Brazil born Creoles. Meanwhile, between 1808 and 1842 an average of 31.3% of African-born freed persons had been <a href="/wiki/Nagos" title="Nagos">Nagos</a> (Yoruba). Between 1851 and 1884, the number had risen to a dramatic 73.9%. Other areas that received a significant number of Yoruba people and are sites of Yoruba influence are: <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Margarita,_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Santa Margarita, Trinidad and Tobago">Santa Margarita, Trinidad and Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica-242">[239]</a> (where they settled and established such places as Abeokuta, Naggo head in <a href="/wiki/Portmore,_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmore, Jamaica">Portmore</a>, and by their hundreds in other parishes like <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Parish" title="Hanover Parish">Hanover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_Parish" title="Westmoreland Parish">Westmoreland</a>, both in western Jamaica- leaving behind practices such as Ettu from Etutu, the Yoruba ceremony of atonement among other customs of people bearing the same name, and certain aspects of <a href="/wiki/Kumina#Organization" title="Kumina">Kumina</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Shango" title="Shango">Sango</a> veneration),<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, etc. On 31 July 2020, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_World_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yoruba World Congress (page does not exist)">Yoruba World Congress</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a> (UNPO).<a href="#cite_note-unpowelcomes5newmembers-250">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-guam-251">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div> Genetic studies have shown the Yoruba to cluster most closely with West African peoples, followed by Central and Eastern African groups speaking <a href="/wiki/Niger-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Niger-Congo languages">Niger-Congo languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_haplogroup_e1b1a_in_Rosa_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Distribution_of_haplogroup_e1b1a_in_Rosa_2007.jpg/142px-Distribution_of_haplogroup_e1b1a_in_Rosa_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Distribution_of_haplogroup_e1b1a_in_Rosa_2007.jpg/213px-Distribution_of_haplogroup_e1b1a_in_Rosa_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Distribution_of_haplogroup_e1b1a_in_Rosa_2007.jpg/284px-Distribution_of_haplogroup_e1b1a_in_Rosa_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the average distribution and concentration of the haplogroup E1b1a (<a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M2" title="Haplogroup E-M2">E-M2</a>), the most common Sub-Saharan African-associated clade.</figcaption></figure>Yoruba people belong largely to the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M2#E1b1a1" title="Haplogroup E-M2">E1b1a1</a> subclade of the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M2" title="Haplogroup E-M2">E-M2</a> haplogroup along with the <a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ga-Adangbe_people" title="Ga-Adangbe people">Ga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bamileke_people" title="Bamileke people">Bamileke</a> peoples of West Africa and Cameroon. Genetic studies have also found evidence of some archaic West-Eurasian admixture in Yoruba populations at very low frequencies, with signals which speak to such estimated at 0.18% among modern samples. The occurrence is largely assumed to be from up to 8.6% archaic West Eurasian ancestry among Yorubas.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> This admixture may have been introduced 7,500–10,500 years ago from North Africa during the Green Saharan period.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> Another full genome study on African populations found that the Yoruba (Yoruba/Esen cluster of West Africa) received varying degrees of West-Eurasian admixture, although generally at low frequency, indirectly through contact with Northern African pastoralists.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a><div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_representation">Foreign representation</h2></div> The Yoruba people have participated in more recent cultural exchange programs with members of the African diaspora to preserve shared cultural and identity relationships between the two parties. One of these programs is a cultural site, the <a href="/wiki/Oyotunji" title="Oyotunji">Oyotunji</a> African Village in Sheldon County, South Carolina, founded by Oba <a href="/wiki/Adefunmi" title="Adefunmi">Efuntola Oseijeman Adelabu</a> and established in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-folklore-256">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> More recent diplomatic efforts centered around Yoruba cross-cultural celebration include the voyage of the Ooni (King) of Ife to the city of Salvador in Bahia, Brazil, home to a large number of Yoruba descendants, to celebrate the city as the cultural capital of the Yoruba people in the Western Hemisphere.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_of_Yoruba_origin">Notable people of Yoruba origin</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Yoruba_people" title="List of Yoruba people">List of Yoruba people</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yoruba_organizations">Yoruba organizations</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afenifere" title="Afenifere">Afenifere</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Amotekun" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Amotekun">Amotekun</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oodua_Peoples_Congress" title="Oodua Peoples Congress">Oodua Peoples Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <div><ul><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Yorubas_in_New_York_Protest_at_UN_Headquarters" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Yorubas in New York Protest at UN Headquarters"> Yorubas in New York Protest at UN Headquarters</a></li><li><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikimania_2012_tackles_diversity_issues" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Wikimania 2012 tackles diversity issues">Wikimania 2012 tackles diversity issues</a></li></ul></div></div></div> </div> Along with people of other regions that are largely representative of ethnic enclaves within Nigeria, Yorubas have faced growing concerns over increased insecurity and instability within the country. On 9 January 2020, the governors of 6 of the country's western states became associated with the formation of state security networks which would operate in each state. This security network is called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Amotekun" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Amotekun">Amotekun</a> and is managed by the office of each state governor with full co-operation of the legal protocols of Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_chiefs">Prominent chiefs</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Royal_titles_of_Yoruba_monarchs" title="Royal titles of Yoruba monarchs">Royal titles of Yoruba monarchs</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Femi_Gbajabiamila" title="Femi Gbajabiamila">Aare Baasofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gani_Adams" title="Gani Adams">Aare Ona Kakanfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Igboho" title="Sunday Igboho">Akoni Oodua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaafin" title="Alaafin">Alaafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alake_of_Egbaland_(title)" title="Alake of Egbaland (title)">Alake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Ketu" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Ketu">Alaketu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awujale" title="Awujale">Awujale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oba_of_Lagos" title="Oba of Lagos">Eleko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olubadan" title="Olubadan">Olubadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ooni_of_Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ooni of Ife">Ooni</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_people" title="Itsekiri people">Itsekiri people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_people" title="Igala people">Igala people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_people" title="Nupe people">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebira" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebira">Ebira</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Population figures not inclusive of pre-20th century diasporic communities who trace full or partial Yoruba heritage </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> This figure only accounts for people who indicate speaking Yoruba as the primary language of the home and not the total number of people with Yoruba ancestry. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Population figures based on those who indicate Yoruba as their ethnic or cultural origin in the Canadian census. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sare_2023-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sare_2023_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sare_2023_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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Amalion Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35926-005-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35926-005-2"><bdi>978-2-35926-005-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/800208826">800208826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Yoruba+people&rft.pub=Amalion+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F800208826&rft.isbn=978-2-35926-005-2&rft.aulast=Akintoye&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobin_Walker2006" class="citation book cs1">Robin Walker (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=466fAAAAMAAJ&q=Yoruba+civilisation">When We Ruled: The Ancient and Mediœval History of Black Civilisations</a>. Every Generation Media (Indiana University). p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9551068-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9551068-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9551068-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+We+Ruled%3A+The+Ancient+and+Medi%C5%93val+History+of+Black+Civilisations&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Every+Generation+Media+%28Indiana+University%29&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9551068-0-4&rft.au=Robin+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D466fAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DYoruba%2Bcivilisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodd2003" class="citation book cs1">Brodd, Jeffrey (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.ca/books/edition/World_Religions/hPiv0w6BDSQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=moat+ile+ife&pg=PA27&printsec=frontcover">World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 150, 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19470-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19470-9"><bdi>978-0-521-19470-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Voices+on+Slavery+and+the+Slave+Trade%3A+Volume+1%2C+The+Sources&rft.pages=150%2C+151&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19470-9&rft.au=Alice+Bellagamba&rft.au=Sandra+E.+Greene&rft.au=Martin+A.+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKIaBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akinwumi-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Akinwumi_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFakinwumi2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Akinwumi_Ogundiran" title="Akinwumi Ogundiran">akinwumi, ogundiran</a> (2020). The Yoruba: A New History. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253051509" title="Special:BookSources/9780253051509"><bdi>9780253051509</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoruba%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780253051509&rft.aulast=akinwumi&rft.aufirst=ogundiran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillett1960" class="citation book cs1">Willett, Frank (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41970821?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A4716bcb4b473bd30948c7b13ac671622&seq=9">Investigations at Old Oyo, 1956—57: An Interim Report</a>. pp. 59–77. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02166-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02166-2"><bdi>978-1-107-02166-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Risk+in+Ancient+Yoruba%3A+Ife+History%2C+Politics%2C+and+Identity+c.+1300&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02166-2&rft.aulast=Blier&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Preston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Shillington2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kevin Shillington (22 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&q=yoruba+kingdom+oyo+encyclopedia+african+history&pg=PA672">"Ife, Oyo, Yoruba, Ancient:Kingdom and Art"</a>. Encyclopedia of African History. Routledge. p. 672. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-245-6"><bdi>978-1-57958-245-6</bdi></a>. 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(1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHbrDvGQEbUC&pg=PA111">Hegemony and culture: politics and religious change among the Yoruba</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46790-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46790-0"><bdi>978-0-226-46790-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegemony+and+culture%3A+politics+and+religious+change+among+the+Yoruba&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46790-0&rft.aulast=Laitin&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHbrDvGQEbUC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240524181624/https://www.webcitation.org/5kx5Ant2O?url=http://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_781536070/Ife_(kingdom).html">"Encarta.msn.com"</a>. 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Bookcraft (the University of Michigan). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-2030-71-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-2030-71-9"><bdi>978-978-2030-71-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Living+Tradition%3A+Studies+on+Yoruba+Civilisation&rft.pub=Bookcraft+%28the+University+of+Michigan%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-978-2030-71-9&rft.au=L.+J.+Munoz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxAyCAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DYoruba%2Bcivilisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonaldParenShillingtonStacey2000" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Fiona; Paren, Elizabeth; Shillington, Kevin; Stacey, Gillian; Steele, Philip (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=joh5yHfcF-8C&pg=PA385">Peoples of Africa, Volume 1</a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7158-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7158-5"><bdi>978-0-7614-7158-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peoples+of+Africa%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7158-5&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft.au=Paren%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Shillington%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Stacey%2C+Gillian&rft.au=Steele%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djoh5yHfcF-8C%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/437048/Oyo-empire">Oyo Empire</a> at Britannica.com </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://access.thebrightcontinent.org/items/show/26">"Aare Crown Sculpture – Elevating the Office for a Time"</a>. Bright Continent.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bright+Continent&rft.atitle=Aare+Crown+Sculpture+%E2%80%93+Elevating+the+Office+for+a+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faccess.thebrightcontinent.org%2Fitems%2Fshow%2F26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomingues_da_SilvaMisevich2018" class="citation cs2">Domingues da Silva, Daniel B.; Misevich, Philip (20 November 2018), "Atlantic Slavery and the Slave Trade: History and Historiography", Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History, Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.013.371">10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.371</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-027773-4"><bdi>978-0-19-027773-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atlantic+Slavery+and+the+Slave+Trade%3A+History+and+Historiography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+African+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-11-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190277734.013.371&rft.isbn=978-0-19-027773-4&rft.aulast=Domingues+da+Silva&rft.aufirst=Daniel+B.&rft.au=Misevich%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThornton1998" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, John (1998). Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400–1800 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 122, 304–311.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+and+Africans+in+the+Making+of+the+Atlantic+World%2C+1400%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=122%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E304-%3C%2Fspan%3E311&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpern1998" class="citation book cs1">Alpern, Stanley B. (1998). Amazons of Black Sparta: The Women Warriors of Dahomey. New York University Press. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amazons+of+Black+Sparta%3A+The+Women+Warriors+of+Dahomey&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Alpern&rft.aufirst=Stanley+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Dispersal_of_the_Yoruba_People-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Dispersal_of_the_Yoruba_People_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Dispersal_of_the_Yoruba_People_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Dispersal_of_the_Yoruba_People_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Dispersal_of_the_Yoruba_People_78-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlonso2014" class="citation cs2">Alonso, Miguel C. (2014), "The Dispersal of the Yoruba People", The Development of Yoruba Candomble Communities in Salvador, Bahia, 1835–1986, Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 33–48, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137486431_3">10.1057/9781137486431_3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48643-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48643-1"><bdi>978-1-137-48643-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Development+of+Yoruba+Candomble+Communities+in+Salvador%2C+Bahia%2C+1835%E2%80%931986&rft.atitle=The+Dispersal+of+the+Yoruba+People&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137486431_3&rft.isbn=978-1-137-48643-1&rft.aulast=Alonso&rft.aufirst=Miguel+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlonge1994" class="citation thesis cs1">Alonge, Marjorie Moji Dolapo (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theses.ncl.ac.uk/jspui/handle/10443/883">Afro-Brazilian architecture in Lagos State: a case for conservation</a> (Thesis). Newcastle University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Afro-Brazilian+architecture+in+Lagos+State%3A+a+case+for+conservation&rft.inst=Newcastle+University&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Alonge&rft.aufirst=Marjorie+Moji+Dolapo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheses.ncl.ac.uk%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F10443%2F883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistorical_Society_of_Nigeria1978" class="citation book cs1">Historical Society of Nigeria (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cAoOAQAAMAAJ">Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria (Volume 9, Issues 2–4)</a>. The Society (Indiana University).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Historical+Society+of+Nigeria+%28Volume+9%2C+Issues+2%E2%80%934%29&rft.pub=The+Society+%28Indiana+University%29&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Historical+Society+of+Nigeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcAoOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKluge2008" class="citation journal cs1">Kluge, Angela (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afrikanistik-aegyptologie-online.de/archiv/2007/1328//">"A synchronic lexical study of the Ede language continuum of West Africa"</a>. Afrikanistik Online. 2007 (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Afrikanistik+Online&rft.atitle=A+synchronic+lexical+study+of+the+Ede+language+continuum+of+West+Africa&rft.volume=2007&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Kluge&rft.aufirst=Angela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrikanistik-aegyptologie-online.de%2Farchiv%2F2007%2F1328%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://international.ipums.org/international-action/variables/group/ethnic//">"Ethnicity clusters of Benin data set, Yoruba group – IPUMS Census Data"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+clusters+of+Benin+data+set%2C+Yoruba+group+%E2%80%93+IPUMS+Census+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finternational.ipums.org%2Finternational-action%2Fvariables%2Fgroup%2Fethnic%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334522095">"Ethnocultural study of agriculture in Northern Benin, Alibori department 12% Mokole Yoruba, INSAE 2013"</a>. 28 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnocultural+study+of+agriculture+in+Northern+Benin%2C+Alibori+department+12%25+Mokole+Yoruba%2C+INSAE+2013&rft.date=2021-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F334522095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/ClusterDetails.aspx?rop2=C0233#topmenu/">"People groups: Yoruba language cluster"</a>. 1 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People+groups%3A+Yoruba+language+cluster&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peoplegroups.org%2Fexplore%2FClusterDetails.aspx%3Frop2%3DC0233%23topmenu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> The number of speakers of Yoruba was estimated at 20 million people in the 1990s. No reliable estimate of more recent date is known. Metzler Lexikon Sprache (4th ed. 2010) estimates 30 million based on population growth figures during the 1990s and 2000s. The <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Nigeria" title="Demographics of Nigeria">population of Nigeria</a> (where the majority of Yoruba live) has grown by 44% between 1995 and 2010, so that the Metzler estimate for 2010 appears plausible. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> This widely followed classification is based on Adetugbọ's (1982) dialectological study – the classification originated in his 1967 PhD thesis The Yoruba Language in Western Nigeria: Its Major Dialect Areas, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/288034744">288034744</a>. See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdetugbọ1973" class="citation book cs1">Adetugbọ (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob">"The Yoruba Language in Yoruba History"</a>. In Biobaku, Saburi O. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob/page/183">Sources of Yoruba History</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sourcesofyorubah0000biob/page/183">183–193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821669-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821669-6"><bdi>0-19-821669-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Yoruba+Language+in+Yoruba+History&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Yoruba+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=183-193&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-19-821669-6&rft.au=Adetugb%E1%BB%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsourcesofyorubah0000biob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdetugbọ1973">Adetugbọ 1973</a>, pp. 192–3. (See also the section <a href="#Dialects">Dialects</a>.) </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdetugbọ1973">Adetugbọ 1973</a>, p. 185 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObayemi1979" class="citation journal cs1">Obayemi, Ade (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857206">"Ancient Ile-Ife: Another Cultural Historical Reinterpretation Pg.167"</a>. Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria: 151–185. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857206">41857206</a>. Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Historical+Society+of+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Ancient+Ile-Ife%3A+Another+Cultural+Historical+Reinterpretation+Pg.167&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41857206%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Obayemi&rft.aufirst=Ade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41857206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdebayo2018" class="citation book cs1">Adebayo, Akanmu (6 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vPdKDwAAQBAJ&dq=Oduduwa+oke+ora&pg=PT19">Culture, Politics, and Money Among the Yoruba</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-52419-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-52419-3"><bdi>978-1-351-52419-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+Money+Among+the+Yoruba&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft.isbn=978-1-351-52419-3&rft.aulast=Adebayo&rft.aufirst=Akanmu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvPdKDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DOduduwa%2Boke%2Bora%26pg%3DPT19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgunremiAdediran1998" class="citation book cs1">Ogunremi, Deji; Adediran, Biodun (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm8uAQAAIAAJ&q=Oduduwa+oke+ora">Culture and Society in Yorubaland</a>. Rex Charles Publication. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-2137-73-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-2137-73-9"><bdi>978-978-2137-73-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Society+in+Yorubaland&rft.pub=Rex+Charles+Publication&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-978-2137-73-9&rft.aulast=Ogunremi&rft.aufirst=Deji&rft.au=Adediran%2C+Biodun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDm8uAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DOduduwa%2Boke%2Bora&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1894" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Alfred Burdon (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F6yAVS7gB7QC&dq=">"In+the+days+of+Ajagbo"&pg=PT12 Yoruba-Speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa: Their Religion, Manners, Customs, Laws, Language, etc</a>. Chapman and Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-1661-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-1661-9"><bdi>978-1-4655-1661-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoruba-Speaking+Peoples+of+the+Slave+Coast+of+West+Africa%3A+Their+Religion%2C+Manners%2C+Customs%2C+Laws%2C+Language%2C+etc.&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1894&rft.isbn=978-1-4655-1661-9&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Burdon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF6yAVS7gB7QC%26dq%3D%22In%2Bthe%2Bdays%2Bof%2BAjagbo%22%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1894" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Alfred Burdon (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F6yAVS7gB7QC&dq=">"Their+inhabitants+are+Egbados,+or+Southern+Egbas+(Egba-odo"&pg=PT5 Yoruba-Speaking Peoples of the Slave Coast of West Africa: Their Religion, Manners, Customs, Laws, Language, etc</a>. Chapman and Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-1661-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4655-1661-9"><bdi>978-1-4655-1661-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoruba-Speaking+Peoples+of+the+Slave+Coast+of+West+Africa%3A+Their+Religion%2C+Manners%2C+Customs%2C+Laws%2C+Language%2C+etc.&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1894&rft.isbn=978-1-4655-1661-9&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Burdon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF6yAVS7gB7QC%26dq%3D%22Their%2Binhabitants%2Bare%2BEgbados%2C%2Bor%2BSouthern%2BEgbas%2B%28Egba-odo%22%26pg%3DPT5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalolaAkinyemi2016" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin; Akinyemi, Akintunde (20 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jep3DAAAQBAJ&dq=%22the+elite+popularized+the+idea+of+%22&pg=PA5">Encyclopedia of the Yoruba</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02156-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02156-4"><bdi>978-0-253-02156-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Yoruba&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2016-06-20&rft.isbn=978-0-253-02156-4&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Akinyemi%2C+Akintunde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djep3DAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522the%2Belite%2Bpopularized%2Bthe%2Bidea%2Bof%2B%2522%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phillips-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Phillips_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarl_Phillips1969" class="citation journal cs1">Earl Phillips (1969). "The Egba at Abeokuta: Acculturation and Political change, 1830–1870". Journal of African History. 10 (1): 117–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700009312">10.1017/s0021853700009312</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/180299">180299</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154430100">154430100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Egba+at+Abeokuta%3A+Acculturation+and+Political+change%2C+1830%E2%80%931870&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154430100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F180299%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700009312&rft.au=Earl+Phillips&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-contributions-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-contributions_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-contributions_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_Oluwatayo_Adeuyan2011" class="citation book cs1">Jacob Oluwatayo Adeuyan (12 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eiQHFrA7GUwC&pg=PR18">Contributions of Yoruba People in the Economic & Political Developments of Nigeria</a>. AuthorHouse, 2011. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4670-2480-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4670-2480-8"><bdi>978-1-4670-2480-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contributions+of+Yoruba+People+in+the+Economic+%26+Political+Developments+of+Nigeria&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=AuthorHouse%2C+2011&rft.date=2011-10-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4670-2480-8&rft.au=Jacob+Oluwatayo+Adeuyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeiQHFrA7GUwC%26pg%3DPR18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/554519-selecting-a-new-alaafin-oyo-mesi-and-the-burden-of-tradition-and-truth-by-hammed-isiaka-eyinade-adelabu.html?tztc=1">"Selecting a new Alaafin: Oyo Mesi and the burden of tradition and truth"</a>. www.premiumtimesng.com. 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With an Appendix Containing a Comparison of the Tshi, Gã, Ew̜e, and Yoruba Languages</a>. Chapman and Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoruba-speaking+Peoples+of+the+Slave+Coast+of+West+Africa%3A+Their+Religion%2C+Manners%2C+Customs%2C+Laws%2C+Language%2C+Etc.+With+an+Appendix+Containing+a+Comparison+of+the+Tshi%2C+G%C3%A3%2C+Ew%CC%9Ce%2C+and+Yoruba+Languages&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Burdon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9UKAAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Chapter%2520X.%2520System%2520of%2520government%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFABC-Clio_Information_Services1985" class="citation book cs1">ABC-Clio Information Services (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vf8VAQAAIAAJ">Africa since 1914: a historical bibliography</a>. 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ABC-Clio Information Services. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-395-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-395-1"><bdi>978-0-87436-395-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+since+1914%3A+a+historical+bibliography&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=ABC-Clio+Information+Services&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-395-1&rft.au=ABC-Clio+Information+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvf8VAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiara_Sudarkasa1973" class="citation book cs1">Niara Sudarkasa (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0VGBAAAAMAAJ">Where Women Work: A Study of Yoruba Women in the Marketplace and in the Home, Issues 53-56 of Anthropological papers</a>. University of Michigan. pp. 59–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Women+Work%3A+A+Study+of+Yoruba+Women+in+the+Marketplace+and+in+the+Home%2C+Issues+53-56+of+Anthropological+papers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Niara+Sudarkasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0VGBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> A. Adelusi-Adeluyi and L. 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Studies of Tribes and Tribals. 2 (2): 97–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0972639X.2004.11886508">10.1080/0972639X.2004.11886508</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194810838">194810838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+of+Tribes+and+Tribals&rft.atitle=The+Yoruba+and+Their+Language+Newspapers%3A+Origin%2C+Nature%2C+Problems+and+Prospects&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0972639X.2004.11886508&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194810838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Salawu&rft.aufirst=Abiodun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowunmi1985" class="citation journal cs1">Sowunmi, M. 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Current Anthropology. 26: 127–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F203234">10.1086/203234</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145073849">145073849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Beginnings+of+Agriculture+in+West+Africa%3A+Botanical+Evidence&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F203234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145073849%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sowunmi&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolaji_CampbellR._I._Ibigbami1993" class="citation book cs1">Bolaji Campbell; R. 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Department of Fine Arts, Obafemi Awolowo University. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-32078-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-32078-0-6"><bdi>978-978-32078-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diversity+of+Creativity+in+Nigeria%3A+A+Critical+Selection+from+the+Proceedings+of+the+1st+International+Conference+on+the+Diversity+of+Creativity+in+Nigeria&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Department+of+Fine+Arts%2C+Obafemi+Awolowo+University&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-978-32078-0-6&rft.au=Bolaji+Campbell&rft.au=R.+I.+Ibigbami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv4MYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_BluntDennis_M._WarrenNorman_Thomas_Uphoff1996" class="citation book cs1">Peter Blunt; Dennis M. 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Intermediate Technology Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85339-321-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85339-321-1"><bdi>978-1-85339-321-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Organizations+and+Development+Higher+Education+Policy+Series+%28IT+studies+in+indigenous+knowledge+and+development%29&rft.pub=Intermediate+Technology+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-85339-321-1&rft.au=Peter+Blunt&rft.au=Dennis+M.+Warren&rft.au=Norman+Thomas+Uphoff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKGGTAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiedrich_WestermannEdwin_William_SmithCyril_Daryll_Forde1998" class="citation web cs1">Diedrich Westermann; Edwin William Smith; Cyril Daryll Forde (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ju5EAQAAIAAJ">"Africa, Volume 68, Issues 3-4"</a>. International African Institute, International Institut. p. 364.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Africa%2C+Volume+68%2C+Issues+3-4&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=International+African+Institute%2C+International+Institut&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Diedrich+Westermann&rft.au=Edwin+William+Smith&rft.au=Cyril+Daryll+Forde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dju5EAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Anthropological_Association1944" class="citation book cs1">American Anthropological Association (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fLIXAQAAMAAJ">Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association, Issues 63–68</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+American+Anthropological+Association%2C+Issues+63%E2%80%9368&rft.date=1944&rft.au=American+Anthropological+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfLIXAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aderibigbe,_Gbola,_editor._Medine,_Carolyn_M._Jones,_editor-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aderibigbe,_Gbola,_editor._Medine,_Carolyn_M._Jones,_editor_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aderibigbe,_Gbola,_editor._Medine,_Carolyn_M._Jones,_editor_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAderibigbeMedine2015" class="citation book cs1">Aderibigbe, Gbola; Medine, Carolyn M. Jones, eds. (12 October 2015). Contemporary perspectives on religions in Africa and the African diaspora. Palgrave Macmillan US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-50051-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-50051-9"><bdi>978-1-137-50051-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1034928481">1034928481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+perspectives+on+religions+in+Africa+and+the+African+diaspora&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1034928481&rft.isbn=978-1-137-50051-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLillian_Trager2001" class="citation book cs1">Lillian Trager (January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DUznKhxaVxkC">Yoruba Hometowns: Community, Identity, and Development in Nigeria</a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-981-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-981-5"><bdi>978-1-55587-981-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoruba+Hometowns%3A+Community%2C+Identity%2C+and+Development+in+Nigeria&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2001-01&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-981-5&rft.au=Lillian+Trager&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDUznKhxaVxkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Culture-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Culture_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Culture_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbimbola2005" class="citation book cs1">Abimbola, Kola (2005). Yoruba Culture: A Philosophical Account (Paperback ed.). Iroko Academics Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905388-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905388-00-4"><bdi>978-1-905388-00-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoruba+Culture%3A+A+Philosophical+Account&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Iroko+Academics+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-905388-00-4&rft.aulast=Abimbola&rft.aufirst=Kola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abimbola2006-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Abimbola2006_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbimbola2006" class="citation book cs1">Abimbola, Kola (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4G7Xv-wapEMC&pg=PA58">Yoruba Culture: A Philosophical Account</a>. Iroko Academic Publishers. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905388-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905388-00-4"><bdi>978-1-905388-00-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoruba+Culture%3A+A+Philosophical+Account&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Iroko+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-905388-00-4&rft.aulast=Abimbola&rft.aufirst=Kola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4G7Xv-wapEMC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bascom1969-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Bascom1969_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBascom1969" class="citation book cs1">Bascom, William Russell (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CS0h4Ye9puUC&pg=PA3">Ifa Divination: Communication Between Gods and Men in West Africa</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20638-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-20638-1"><bdi>978-0-253-20638-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ifa+Divination%3A+Communication+Between+Gods+and+Men+in+West+Africa&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-253-20638-1&rft.aulast=Bascom&rft.aufirst=William+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCS0h4Ye9puUC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Kevin Baxter (on De La Torre), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/07182/798519-63.stm">"Ozzie Guillen secure in his faith"</a>, Los Angeles Times, 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-Imo_Dara-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Imo_Dara_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImo2015" class="citation book cs1">Imo, Dara (7 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imodara.com/discover/nigeria-yoruba-iroke-ifa-divination-tapper">Connecting African art collectors with dealers, based on a foundation of knowledge about the origin, use & distinguishing features of listed pieces</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Connecting+African+art+collectors+with+dealers%2C+based+on+a+foundation+of+knowledge+about+the+origin%2C+use+%26+distinguishing+features+of+listed+pieces&rft.date=2015-03-07&rft.aulast=Imo&rft.aufirst=Dara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imodara.com%2Fdiscover%2Fnigeria-yoruba-iroke-ifa-divination-tapper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988">/ </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110702194235/http://www.yorubaalliance.org/Newsletter/newsletter74.htm">"Who are the Yoruba!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorubaalliance.org/Newsletter/newsletter74.htm">the original</a> on 2 July 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+are+the+Yoruba%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorubaalliance.org%2FNewsletter%2Fnewsletter74.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-integration-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-integration_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-integration_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_O._Hunwick1992" class="citation book cs1">John O. Hunwick (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkbYlltTi4sC&pg=PA103">Religion and National Integration in Africa: Islam, Christianity, and Politics in the Sudan and Nigeria</a>. Islam and society in Africa. Northwestern University Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-1037-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-1037-3"><bdi>978-0-8101-1037-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+National+Integration+in+Africa%3A+Islam%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Politics+in+the+Sudan+and+Nigeria&rft.series=Islam+and+society+in+Africa&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-1037-3&rft.au=John+O.+Hunwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnkbYlltTi4sC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mathews_2002_p._136-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Mathews_2002_p._136_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews2002" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, M.P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hTs6GpM4zDMC&pg=PA136">Nigeria: Current Issues and Historical Background</a>. Nova Science Publishers. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-316-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-316-7"><bdi>978-1-59033-316-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+Current+Issues+and+Historical+Background&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-316-7&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=M.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhTs6GpM4zDMC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_Hinderer1872" class="citation book cs1">Anna Hinderer (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WZg3AQAAMAAJ&dq=anna+hinderer&pg=PA99">Seventeen Years in the Yoruba Country Memorials of Anna Hinderer, Wife of the Rev. David Hinderer, C.M.S. Missionary in Western Africa</a>. Seeley, Jackson, and Halliday.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seventeen+Years+in+the+Yoruba+Country+Memorials+of+Anna+Hinderer%2C+Wife+of+the+Rev.+David+Hinderer%2C+C.M.S.+Missionary+in+Western+Africa&rft.pub=Seeley%2C+Jackson%2C+and+Halliday&rft.date=1872&rft.au=Anna+Hinderer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWZg3AQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Danna%2Bhinderer%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Donald_R_Wehrs2013" class="citation book cs1">Dr Donald R Wehrs (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DdFvbW5tWpYC&q=christianity+in+yorubaland&pg=PA77">Pre-Colonial Africa in Colonial African Narratives: From Ethiopia Unbound to Things Fall Apart, 1911–1958</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7495-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-7495-1"><bdi>978-1-4094-7495-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Colonial+Africa+in+Colonial+African+Narratives%3A+From+Ethiopia+Unbound+to+Things+Fall+Apart%2C+1911%E2%80%931958&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-7495-1&rft.au=Dr+Donald+R+Wehrs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDdFvbW5tWpYC%26q%3Dchristianity%2Bin%2Byorubaland%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁdébáyò_Ádésóyè2015" class="citation book cs1">Ádébáyò Ádésóyè (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OdbBBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74">Scientific Pilgrimage: 'The Life and times of Emeritus Professor V.A Oyenuga'. D.Sc, FAS, CFR Nigeria's first Emeritus Professor and Africa's first Agriculture Professor</a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5049-3785-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5049-3785-6"><bdi>978-1-5049-3785-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientific+Pilgrimage%3A+%27The+Life+and+times+of+Emeritus+Professor+V.A+Oyenuga%27.+D.Sc%2C+FAS%2C+CFR+Nigeria%27s+first+Emeritus+Professor+and+Africa%27s+first+Agriculture+Professor&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-5049-3785-6&rft.au=%C3%81d%C3%A9b%C3%A1y%C3%B2+%C3%81d%C3%A9s%C3%B3y%C3%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOdbBBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._I._Asiwaju1976" class="citation book cs1">A. I. Asiwaju (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m2V1AAAAMAAJ">Western Yorubaland under European rule, 1889–1945: A Comparative Analysis of French and British Colonialism. European Philosophy and the Human Sciences</a>. Humanities Press (Ibadan history series, the University of Michigan). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-00605-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-391-00605-8"><bdi>978-0-391-00605-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Yorubaland+under+European+rule%2C+1889%E2%80%931945%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis+of+French+and+British+Colonialism.+European+Philosophy+and+the+Human+Sciences&rft.pub=Humanities+Press+%28Ibadan+history+series%2C+the+University+of+Michigan%29&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-391-00605-8&rft.au=A.+I.+Asiwaju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm2V1AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Leslie_CrossElizabeth_A._Livingstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Frank Leslie Cross; Elizabeth A. 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Oxford University Press. p. 1162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pages=1162&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft.au=Frank+Leslie+Cross&rft.au=Elizabeth+A.+Livingstone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdebanwi2014" class="citation cs2">Adebanwi, Wale (2014), "Seizing the Heritage: Playing Proper Yorùbá in an Age of Uncertainty", Yorùbá Elites and Ethnic Politics in Nigeria, Cambridge University Press, pp. 224–243, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781107286252.011">10.1017/cbo9781107286252.011</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-28625-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-28625-2"><bdi>978-1-107-28625-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1+Elites+and+Ethnic+Politics+in+Nigeria&rft.atitle=Seizing+the+Heritage%3A+Playing+Proper+Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1+in+an+Age+of+Uncertainty&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E224-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781107286252.011&rft.isbn=978-1-107-28625-2&rft.aulast=Adebanwi&rft.aufirst=Wale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721043138/http://yorupedia.com/subjects/yoruba-religion/christianity-and-islam/">"Christianity and Islam Introduction"</a>. 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Gregorian Biblical BookShop. 1998. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-876-5278-76" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-876-5278-76"><bdi>978-8-876-5278-76</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+Et+Progr%C3%A8s+Humain+%28Mission+and+Human+Progress%29+Studia+missionalia&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Gregorian+Biblical+BookShop&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-8-876-5278-76&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ha_bmASvRIC%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_E._LovejoyNicholas_Rogers2012" class="citation book cs1">Paul E. 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Routledge. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30059-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-30059-2"><bdi>978-1-136-30059-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unfree+Labour+in+the+Development+of+the+Atlantic+World&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-30059-2&rft.au=Paul+E.+Lovejoy&rft.au=Nicholas+Rogers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNQwcAlYxP7sC%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-White_2015_97–110-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-White_2015_97–110_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_2015_97–110_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_2015_97–110_129-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-White_2015_97–110_129-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2015" class="citation cs2">White, Julie (2015), "Learning in 'No Man's Land'", Interrogating Conceptions of 'Vulnerable Youth' in Theory, Policy and Practice, SensePublishers, pp. 97–110, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-6300-121-2_7">10.1007/978-94-6300-121-2_7</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6300-121-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6300-121-2"><bdi>978-94-6300-121-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interrogating+Conceptions+of+%27Vulnerable+Youth%27+in+Theory%2C+Policy+and+Practice&rft.atitle=Learning+in+%27No+Man%27s+Land%27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-6300-121-2_7&rft.isbn=978-94-6300-121-2&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeek1988" class="citation cs2">Beek, Walter E. 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I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-305-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-305-6"><bdi>978-1-84511-305-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Buildings%3A+A+Global+Survey+of+Structural+Forms+and+Cultural+Functions+Volume+11+of+International+Library+of+Human+Geography&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-305-6&rft.au=Allen+G.+Noble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpMjHpEyDqJMC%26q%3DYoruba%2Badobe%2Bmud%2Bhouses%26pg%3DPA168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-today-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-today_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-today_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Seymour_Eades_(Changing_cultures)1980" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy Seymour Eades (Changing cultures) (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fwc5AAAAIAAJ&q=Yoruba+roofs&pg=PA40">The Yoruba Today)</a>. Cambridge Latin Texts (CUP Archive). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22656-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22656-1"><bdi>978-0-521-22656-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoruba+Today%29&rft.pub=Cambridge+Latin+Texts+%28CUP+Archive%29&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22656-1&rft.au=Jeremy+Seymour+Eades+%28Changing+cultures%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfwc5AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DYoruba%2Broofs%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsante2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante" title="Molefi Kete Asante">Asante, Molefi Kete</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZPnDBAAAQBAJ&q=Sungbo%27s+Eredo+Yoruba+structure&pg=PA144">The History of Africa: The Quest for Eternal Harmony</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-01349-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-01349-3"><bdi>978-1-135-01349-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Africa%3A+The+Quest+for+Eternal+Harmony&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-01349-3&rft.aulast=Asante&rft.aufirst=Molefi+Kete&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZPnDBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DSungbo%2527s%2BEredo%2BYoruba%2Bstructure%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_G._Stone2011" class="citation book cs1">Peter G. 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Boydell Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-538-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-538-7"><bdi>978-1-84383-538-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1756-4832">1756-4832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Heritage%2C+Ethics+and+the+Military&rft.series=The+%27Heritage+Matters%27+Series&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1756-4832&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-538-7&rft.au=Peter+G.+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_dRnaZS9L3wC%26q%3DSungbo%2527s%2BEredo%2BAfrica%2527s%2Blargest%2Bmonument%26pg%3DPA158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_HindererD_HoneC_A_Hone2016" class="citation book cs1">Anna Hinderer; D Hone; C A Hone (27 August 2016). 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Wentworth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-371-18436-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-371-18436-0"><bdi>978-1-371-18436-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seventeen+Years+in+the+Yoruba+Country.+Memorials+of+Anna+Hinderer&rft.pub=Wentworth+Press&rft.date=2016-08-27&rft.isbn=978-1-371-18436-0&rft.au=Anna+Hinderer&rft.au=D+Hone&rft.au=C+A+Hone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/beni_2/hd_beni_2.htm">"Origins and Empire: The Benin, Owo, and Ijebu Kingdoms"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History). Retrieved 9 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+%28Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History%29&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Empire%3A+The+Benin%2C+Owo%2C+and+Ijebu+Kingdoms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fbeni_2%2Fhd_beni_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._J._Afolabi_Ojo1966" class="citation book cs1">G. J. Afolabi Ojo (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UQ1QAAAAMAAJ&q=Yoruba+palace+architecture">Yoruba palaces: a study of Afins of Yorubaland</a>. University of Michigan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoruba+palaces%3A+a+study+of+Afins+of+Yorubaland&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1966&rft.au=G.+J.+Afolabi+Ojo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUQ1QAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DYoruba%2Bpalace%2Barchitecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN_Umoru-Oke2010" class="citation journal cs1">N Umoru-Oke (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fafrrev.v4i3.60187">"Risawe's Palace, Ilesa Nigeria: Traditional Yoruba Architecture as Socio-Cultural and Religious Symbols"</a>. African Research Review. 4 (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Fafrrev.v4i3.60187">10.4314/afrrev.v4i3.60187</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Risawe%27s+Palace%2C+Ilesa+Nigeria%3A+Traditional+Yoruba+Architecture+as+Socio-Cultural+and+Religious+Symbols&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Fafrrev.v4i3.60187&rft.au=N+Umoru-Oke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4314%252Fafrrev.v4i3.60187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._A._Brebbia2011" class="citation book cs1">C. A. Brebbia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6bW41qkth0EC&q=Yoruba+architecture&pg=PA742">The Sustainable World</a>. Wit Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. Vol. 142. Wessex Institute of Technology (WIT Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84564-504-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84564-504-5"><bdi>978-1-84564-504-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1746-448X">1746-448X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sustainable+World&rft.series=Wit+Transactions+on+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.pub=Wessex+Institute+of+Technology+%28WIT+Press%29&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1746-448X&rft.isbn=978-1-84564-504-5&rft.au=C.+A.+Brebbia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6bW41qkth0EC%26q%3DYoruba%2Barchitecture%26pg%3DPA742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordelia_Olatokunbo_Osasona2005" class="citation book cs1">Cordelia Olatokunbo Osasona (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NcVAQAAIAAJ&q=Yoruba+palace+architecture">Ornamentation in Yoruba folk architecture: a catalogue of architectural features, ornamental motifs and techniques</a>. Bookbuilders Editions Africa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-8088-28-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-8088-28-8"><bdi>978-978-8088-28-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ornamentation+in+Yoruba+folk+architecture%3A+a+catalogue+of+architectural+features%2C+ornamental+motifs+and+techniques&rft.pub=Bookbuilders+Editions+Africa&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-978-8088-28-8&rft.au=Cordelia+Olatokunbo+Osasona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NcVAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DYoruba%2Bpalace%2Barchitecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_John_DrewalJohn_PembertonRowland_AbiodunAllen_Wardwell1989" class="citation book cs1">Henry John Drewal; John Pemberton; Rowland Abiodun; Allen Wardwell (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fZwVAQAAIAAJ&q=Yoruba+art+and+architecture">Yoruba: nine centuries of African art and thought</a>. Center for African Art in Association with H.N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-1794-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-1794-1"><bdi>978-0-8109-1794-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoruba%3A+nine+centuries+of+African+art+and+thought&rft.pub=Center+for+African+Art+in+Association+with+H.N.+Abrams&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-1794-1&rft.au=Henry+John+Drewal&rft.au=John+Pemberton&rft.au=Rowland+Abiodun&rft.au=Allen+Wardwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfZwVAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DYoruba%2Bart%2Band%2Barchitecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Lorraine_Neely2005" class="citation book cs1">Patricia Lorraine Neely (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zBumTdxwcMAC&pg=PA16">The Houses of Buxton: A Legacy of African Influences in Architecture</a>. P Designs Publishing. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9738754-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9738754-1-6"><bdi>978-0-9738754-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Houses+of+Buxton%3A+A+Legacy+of+African+Influences+in+Architecture&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=P+Designs+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9738754-1-6&rft.au=Patricia+Lorraine+Neely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzBumTdxwcMAC%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDell_UptonJohn_Michael_Vlach1986" class="citation book cs1">Dell Upton; John Michael Vlach (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G7kzQMytrMoC&q=Yoruba+architecture&pg=PA76">Common Places: Readings in American Vernacular Architecture</a>. University of Georgia Press, 1986. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-0750-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-0750-3"><bdi>978-0-8203-0750-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Places%3A+Readings+in+American+Vernacular+Architecture&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press%2C+1986&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-0750-3&rft.au=Dell+Upton&rft.au=John+Michael+Vlach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG7kzQMytrMoC%26q%3DYoruba%2Barchitecture%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Carroll1992" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Carroll (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zPgsAQAAIAAJ&q=Yoruba+architecture">Architectures of Nigeria: Architectures of the Hausa and Yoruba Peoples and of the Many Peoples Between--tradition and Modernization</a>. Society of African Missions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-905788-37-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-905788-37-1"><bdi>978-0-905788-37-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architectures+of+Nigeria%3A+Architectures+of+the+Hausa+and+Yoruba+Peoples+and+of+the+Many+Peoples+Between--tradition+and+Modernization&rft.pub=Society+of+African+Missions&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-905788-37-1&rft.au=Kevin+Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzPgsAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DYoruba%2Barchitecture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToyin_FalolaMatt_D._Childs2005" class="citation book cs1">Toyin Falola; Matt D. Childs (2 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uk1Tbdsq99gC&q=shotgun+houses+yoruba&pg=PA299">The Yoruba Diaspora in the Atlantic World (Blacks in the Diaspora)</a>. Indiana University Press, 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00301-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00301-0"><bdi>978-0-253-00301-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoruba+Diaspora+in+the+Atlantic+World+%28Blacks+in+the+Diaspora%29&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press%2C+2005&rft.date=2005-05-02&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00301-0&rft.au=Toyin+Falola&rft.au=Matt+D.+Childs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUk1Tbdsq99gC%26q%3Dshotgun%2Bhouses%2Byoruba%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/ethnography/aah/aaheritage/FrenchAm_pop11.htm">"Shotgun Houses"</a>. National Park Service: African American Heritage & Ethnography. Retrieved 3 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service%3A+African+American+Heritage+%26+Ethnography&rft.atitle=Shotgun+Houses&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fethnography%2Faah%2Faaheritage%2FFrenchAm_pop11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNnamdi_Elleh2014" class="citation book cs1">Nnamdi Elleh (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nyzjBAAAQBAJ&q=Reading+the+Architecture+of+the+Underprivileged+Classes">Reading the Architecture of the Underprivileged Classes</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 86–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6786-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6786-1"><bdi>978-1-4094-6786-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Architecture+of+the+Underprivileged+Classes&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-6786-1&rft.au=Nnamdi+Elleh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnyzjBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DReading%2Bthe%2BArchitecture%2Bof%2Bthe%2BUnderprivileged%2BClasses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_John_DrewalMargaret_Thompson_Drewal1983" class="citation book cs1">Henry John Drewal; Margaret Thompson Drewal (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IIqc3pizziAC&q=Yoruba+gelede+masquerades">Gẹlẹdẹ: Art and Female Power Among the Yoruba</a>. Indiana University Turkish Studies, Midland books (Traditional arts of Africa). Vol. 565. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32569-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32569-3"><bdi>978-0-253-32569-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=G%E1%BA%B9l%E1%BA%B9d%E1%BA%B9%3A+Art+and+Female+Power+Among+the+Yoruba&rft.series=Indiana+University+Turkish+Studies%2C+Midland+books+%28Traditional+arts+of+Africa%29&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-253-32569-3&rft.au=Henry+John+Drewal&rft.au=Margaret+Thompson+Drewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIIqc3pizziAC%26q%3DYoruba%2Bgelede%2Bmasquerades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_OttenbergDavid_Aaron_Binkley" class="citation book cs1">Simon Ottenberg; David Aaron Binkley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3o_-JwBwW4C&q=Yoruba+gelede+masquerades&pg=PA15">Playful Performers: African Children's Masquerades</a>. Transaction Publishers. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3092-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3092-8"><bdi>978-1-4128-3092-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playful+Performers%3A+African+Children%27s+Masquerades&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-3092-8&rft.au=Simon+Ottenberg&rft.au=David+Aaron+Binkley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do3o_-JwBwW4C%26q%3DYoruba%2Bgelede%2Bmasquerades%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-understand-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-understand_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-understand_150-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-understand_150-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNike_LawalMatthew_N._O._SadikuAde_Dopamu2009" class="citation book cs1">Nike Lawal; Matthew N. O. Sadiku; Ade Dopamu (22 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2c4VAQAAIAAJ&q=Yoruba+igbeyawo">Understanding Yoruba life and culture</a>. Africa World Press (the University of California). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59221-025-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59221-025-1"><bdi>978-1-59221-025-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Yoruba+life+and+culture&rft.pub=Africa+World+Press+%28the+University+of+California%29&rft.date=2009-07-22&rft.isbn=978-1-59221-025-1&rft.au=Nike+Lawal&rft.au=Matthew+N.+O.+Sadiku&rft.au=Ade+Dopamu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2c4VAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DYoruba%2Bigbeyawo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610090351/http://tribes.tribe.net/africanspirituality/thread/92f4fde8-0ddf-491a-aa47-47f0c0af0d6e">"Yoruba Culture"</a>. Tribes. 18 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribes.tribe.net/africanspirituality/thread/92f4fde8-0ddf-491a-aa47-47f0c0af0d6e">the original</a> on 10 June 2015. 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Duke University Press. pp. 59, 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3342-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-3342-5"><bdi>978-0-8223-3342-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1+Networks%3A+Power+and+Agency+in+the+Making+of+Transnational+Communities&rft.pages=59%2C+60&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2004-07-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-3342-5&rft.au=Kamari+Maxine+Clarke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcfftg4o77QIC%26q%3DYoruba%2Bfestivals%2BAmerica%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IKqOUfqt4cIC&q=Yoruba+festivals&pg=PA346">Traditional Festivals, Vol. 2 [M – Z]</a>. ABC-CLIO. 2005. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-089-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-089-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-089-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Festivals%2C+Vol.+2+%5BM+%E2%80%93+Z%5D&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-089-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIKqOUfqt4cIC%26q%3DYoruba%2Bfestivals%26pg%3DPA346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060156/http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/behold-new-arugba-osun-wants-doctor/">"Behold, new Arugba Osun, who wants to be doctor"</a>. 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University Rochester Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-308-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58046-308-9"><bdi>978-1-58046-308-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1092-5228">1092-5228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+West+Africa%3A+Interactions+and+Relations&rft.series=Rochester+Studies+in+African+History+and+the+Diaspora&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+Rochester+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1092-5228&rft.isbn=978-1-58046-308-9&rft.au=Alusine+Jalloh&rft.au=Toyin+Falola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6p2aLo2kafMC%26q%3DOdunde%2BFestival%2BYoruba%2BUnited%2BStates%2BAmerica%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_DiMaggioPatricia_Fernandez-KellyGilberto_CârdenasYen_Espiritu2010" class="citation book cs1">Paul DiMaggio; Patricia Fernandez-Kelly; Gilberto Cârdenas; Yen Espiritu; Amaney Jamal; Sunaina Maira; Douglas Massey; Cecilia Menjivar; Clifford Murphy; Terry Rey; Susan Seifert; Alex Stepick; Mark Stern; Domenic Vitiello; Deborah Wong (13 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mK147fnLIrAC&q=Odunde+Festival+Yoruba+United+States+America&pg=PA44">Art in the Lives of Immigrant Communities in the United States Rutgers Series: The Public Life of the Arts</a>. 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Department of Culture, Federal Ministry of Information and Culture. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-31316-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-31316-1-3"><bdi>978-978-31316-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Nigerian+Culture&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Department+of+Culture%2C+Federal+Ministry+of+Information+and+Culture&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-978-31316-1-3&rft.au=Frank+Aig-Imoukhuede&rft.au=Nigeria.+Federal+Ministry+of+Information+and+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn1AuAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkembe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTola_Adenle2016" class="citation book cs1">Tola Adenle (2 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bH5djwEACAAJ">Aso Oke Yoruba: A Tapestry of Love & Color, a Journey of Personal Discovery</a>. 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European Journal of Sustainable Development. 5: 63–76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14207%2FEJSD.2016.V5N1P63">10.14207/EJSD.2016.V5N1P63</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55621472">55621472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Sustainable+Development&rft.atitle=An+Appraisal+of+Traditional+Woven+Fabric+Production+in+Southwestern+Nigeria&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14207%2FEJSD.2016.V5N1P63&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55621472%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ajila&rft.aufirst=K.O&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.14207%252FEJSD.2016.V5N1P63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakindeAjiboyeAjayi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Makinde, D. 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Charles Scribner's Sons (University of Michigan). pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31395-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31395-5"><bdi>978-0-684-31395-5</bdi></a> – via Scribner library of daily life (Gale Virtual Reference Library).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Clothing+and+Fashion+%28Vol.+1%3A+Academic+Dress+to+Eyeglasses%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons+%28University+of+Michigan%29&rft.date=2006-12-29&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31395-5&rft.au=Valerie+Steele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzqkYAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DAgbada%2BYoruba%2Bmen%2527s%2Bfashion%2Bclothing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/people/58034970@N00">"Melvin "Buddy" Baker"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Melvin+%22Buddy%22+Baker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fpeople%2F58034970%40N00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.templeoduduwa.org/the-orisha/orisha">"Orisha"</a>. 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Guinevere Van Gorcum. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-232-3366-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-232-3366-2"><bdi>90-232-3366-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Customs+in+Childbirth+and+Child+Care&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Guinevere+Van+Gorcum&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-232-3366-2&rft.aulast=Lef%C3%A8ber&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft.au=Henk+W.+A.+Voorhoeve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Y0bCWpg-U8C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_Ajibade_Adeleke2011" class="citation book cs1">Abraham Ajibade Adeleke (3 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pqn2oJC5GXEC&dq=%22tribal+marks%22+yoruba+blade&pg=PA177">Intermediate Yoruba: Language, Culture, Literature, and Religious Beliefs, Part Ii</a>. 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Indiana University Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35416-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-35416-7"><bdi>978-0-253-35416-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gendering+the+African+Diaspora%3A+Women%2C+Culture%2C+and+Historical+Change+in+the+Caribbean+and+Nigerian+Hinterland+%28Blacks+in+the+diaspora%29%3A+Slavery+in+Yorubaland&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-253-35416-7&rft.au=Judith+Ann-Marie+Byfield&rft.au=LaRay+Denzer&rft.au=Anthea+Morrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC6_aWWN5aoUC%26q%3DYoruba%2Bslaves%2BBrazil%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-224"><a href="#cite_ref-history_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_ApterLauren_Derby2009" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Apter; Lauren Derby (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxIaBwAAQBAJ&q=Yoruba+people+Brazil+Cuba&pg=PA101">Activating the Past: History and Memory in the Black Atlantic World</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1790-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-1790-5"><bdi>978-1-4438-1790-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Activating+the+Past%3A+History+and+Memory+in+the+Black+Atlantic+World&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-1790-5&rft.au=Andrew+Apter&rft.au=Lauren+Derby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxIaBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DYoruba%2Bpeople%2BBrazil%2BCuba%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pedia-225"><a href="#cite_ref-pedia_225-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolefi_K._AsanteAma_Mazama2006" class="citation book cs1">Molefi K. 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Sage Publications; University of Michigan. p. 481. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2762-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2762-4"><bdi>978-0-7619-2762-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Black+studies&rft.pages=481&rft.pub=Sage+Publications%3B+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2006-12-26&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-2762-4&rft.au=Molefi+K.+Asante&rft.au=Ama+Mazama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpY8YAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DNago%2BLucumi%2BYoruba%2BUnited%2BStates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plc.sas.upenn.edu/yoruba">"Yoruba"</a>. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-701-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-701-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-701-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peoples+of+the+Caribbean%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Archeology+and+Traditional+Culture&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-701-6&rft.au=Nicholas+J.+Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNbqUR_IoOMC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cabrera-228"><a href="#cite_ref-cabrera_228-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdna_M._Rodríguez-Plate2005" class="citation book cs1">Edna M. 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University of North Carolina Press. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7628-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-7628-2"><bdi>978-0-8078-7628-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lydia+Cabrera+and+the+Construction+of+an+Afro-Cuban+Cultural+Identity+Envisioning+Cuba&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-7628-2&rft.au=Edna+M.+Rodr%C3%ADguez-Plate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5i5ZBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_E._Thomas2015" class="citation book cs1">Douglas E. 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Africa World Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59221-336-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59221-336-8"><bdi>978-1-59221-336-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoruba+Creativity%3A+Fiction%2C+Language%2C+Life+and+Songs&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Africa+World+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59221-336-8&rft.au=Toyin+Falola&rft.au=Ann+Genova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTJ3vI7ryh8cC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nicholas-231"><a href="#cite_ref-nicholas_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_J._Saunders2005" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas J. 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American Journal of Human Genetics. 108 (1): 202–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2020.10.010">10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.10.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7820629">7820629</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33321100">33321100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=So+many+Nigerians%3A+why+is+Nigeria+overrepresented+as+the+ancestral+genetic+homeland+of+Legacy+African+North+Americans%3F&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7820629%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33321100&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2020.10.010&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Fatimah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7820629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HwcdAQAAMAAJ">Orient Occident. 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Springer Science & Business Media. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-4832-19" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-4832-19"><bdi>978-0-306-4832-19</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Diasporas%3A+Immigrant+and+Refugee+Cultures+Around+the+World&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-306-4832-19&rft.au=Melvin+Ember&rft.au=Carol+R.+Ember&rft.au=Ian+Skoggard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7QEjPVyd9YMC%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacob_U._Gordon2004" class="citation book cs1">Jacob U. 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Nova Science Publishers (University of Michigan). p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-594-5410-32" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-594-5410-32"><bdi>978-1-594-5410-32</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Studies+for+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers+%28University+of+Michigan%29&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-594-5410-32&rft.au=Jacob+U.+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddg1yAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dyoruba%2Bpeople%2Bdiaspora%2Bdemographics%2Bpopulation%2Bin%2Bsouth%2Bamerica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDale_Torston_Graden2006" class="citation book cs1">Dale Torston Graden (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=owVmcTlC-oIC&q=Yoruba+slaves+Brazil&pg=PA24">From Slavery to Freedom in Brazil: Bahia, 1835–1900 (Dialogos Series)</a>. The University of New Mexico. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4051-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4051-1"><bdi>978-0-8263-4051-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Slavery+to+Freedom+in+Brazil%3A+Bahia%2C+1835%E2%80%931900+%28Dialogos+Series%29&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=The+University+of+New+Mexico&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-4051-1&rft.au=Dale+Torston+Graden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DowVmcTlC-oIC%26q%3DYoruba%2Bslaves%2BBrazil%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiguel_C._Alonso2014" class="citation book cs1">Miguel C. Alonso (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JsCYBgAAQBAJ&q=Yoruba+in+Bahia">The Development of Yoruba Candomble Communities in Salvador, Bahia, 1835–1986 Afro-Latin@ Diasporas</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48643-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-48643-1"><bdi>978-1-137-48643-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Yoruba+Candomble+Communities+in+Salvador%2C+Bahia%2C+1835%E2%80%931986+Afro-Latin%40+Diasporas&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-48643-1&rft.au=Miguel+C.+Alonso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJsCYBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DYoruba%2Bin%2BBahia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141108013848/http://www.novaera.blog.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=6:candomble&id=17:presenca-dos-iorubas-no-conjunto-de-influencias-africanas-no-brasil&Itemid=2">"Presence of the Yoruba African influences in Brazil"</a>. Nova Era (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.novaera.blog.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=6:candomble&id=17:presenca-dos-iorubas-no-conjunto-de-influencias-africanas-no-brasil&Itemid=2">the original</a> on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nova+Era&rft.atitle=Presence+of+the+Yoruba+African+influences+in+Brazil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.novaera.blog.br%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26catid%3D6%3Acandomble%26id%3D17%3Apresenca-dos-iorubas-no-conjunto-de-influencias-africanas-no-brasil%26Itemid%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Eltis2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">David Eltis (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116143350/http://www.revistatopoi.org/numeros_anteriores/topoi13/Topoi%2013_artigo%201.pdf">"The diaspora of speakers of Yoruba, 1650–1865: Dimensions and implications"</a> (PDF). Topoi (in Portuguese). 7 (13). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistatopoi.org/numeros_anteriores/topoi13/Topoi%2013_artigo%201.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topoi&rft.atitle=The+diaspora+of+speakers+of+Yoruba%2C+1650%E2%80%931865%3A+Dimensions+and+implications&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=13&rft.date=2006&rft.au=David+Eltis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistatopoi.org%2Fnumeros_anteriores%2Ftopoi13%2FTopoi%252013_artigo%25201.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToyin_FalolaMatt_D._Childs2005" class="citation book cs1">Toyin Falola; Matt D. 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Indiana University Press, 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00301-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00301-0"><bdi>978-0-253-00301-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoruba+Diaspora+in+the+Atlantic+World+%28Blacks+in+the+Diaspora%29&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press%2C+2005&rft.date=2005-05-02&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00301-0&rft.au=Toyin+Falola&rft.au=Matt+D.+Childs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUk1Tbdsq99gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamaica-242"><a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlive_Senior2003" class="citation book cs1">Olive Senior (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=URx7AAAAMAAJ&q=yoruba+slaves+in+jamaica">Encyclopedia of Jamaican Heritage</a>. University of Michigan (Twin Guinep Publishers). p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-8007-14-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-8007-14-8"><bdi>978-976-8007-14-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jamaican+Heritage&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+%28Twin+Guinep+Publishers%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-976-8007-14-8&rft.au=Olive+Senior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DURx7AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dyoruba%2Bslaves%2Bin%2Bjamaica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathleen_E._A._MonteithGlen_Richards2001" class="citation book cs1">Kathleen E. A. Monteith; Glen Richards (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e3mdhCNLo9cC&pg=PA105">Jamaica in Slavery and Freedom: History, Heritage and Culture</a>. University of the West Indies Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-640-108-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-640-108-5"><bdi>978-976-640-108-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jamaica+in+Slavery+and+Freedom%3A+History%2C+Heritage+and+Culture&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=University+of+the+West+Indies+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-976-640-108-5&rft.au=Kathleen+E.+A.+Monteith&rft.au=Glen+Richards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De3mdhCNLo9cC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_Odimegwu2012" class="citation book cs1">Pamela Odimegwu (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9M4Wtsh8di4C&pg=PT18">A Comparative Analysis of Jamaican Creole and Nigerian Pidgin English</a>. Pamela Odimegwu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4781-5890-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4781-5890-5"><bdi>978-1-4781-5890-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Jamaican+Creole+and+Nigerian+Pidgin+English&rft.pub=Pamela+Odimegwu&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4781-5890-5&rft.au=Pamela+Odimegwu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9M4Wtsh8di4C%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoxy_HarrisBen_Rampton2003" class="citation book cs1">Roxy Harris; <a href="/wiki/Ben_Rampton" title="Ben Rampton">Ben Rampton</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qXavxrsgZ2AC&pg=PA59">The Language, Ethnicity and Race Reader</a>. Psychology Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27601-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27601-6"><bdi>978-0-415-27601-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language%2C+Ethnicity+and+Race+Reader&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27601-6&rft.au=Roxy+Harris&rft.au=Ben+Rampton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqXavxrsgZ2AC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrban_Development_Corporation_(Jamaica)1984" class="citation book cs1">Urban Development Corporation (Jamaica) (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-r1qAAAAMAAJ">Freedom to be: The Abolition of Slavery in Jamaica and Its Aftermath</a>. University of Texas (National Library of Jamaica). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-976-8020-00-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-976-8020-00-0"><bdi>978-976-8020-00-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+to+be%3A+The+Abolition+of+Slavery+in+Jamaica+and+Its+Aftermath&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+%28National+Library+of+Jamaica%29&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-976-8020-00-0&rft.au=Urban+Development+Corporation+%28Jamaica%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-r1qAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r0gYAAAAYAAJ">"Jamaica Journal"</a>. Jamaica Journal. 27–28. Institute of Jamaica (the University of Virginia): 91. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407162251/https://books.google.com/books?id=r0gYAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. <q>the settlement of Central Africans, Notably in St. Thomas parish in the east, and of Nago or Yoruba in Westmoreland and Hanover parishes in the west.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jamaica+Journal&rft.atitle=Jamaica+Journal&rft.volume=27%E2%80%9328&rft.pages=91&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr0gYAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMervyn_C._Alleyne1988" class="citation book cs1">Mervyn C. 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Pluto Press (the University of Virginia). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0245-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0245-4"><bdi>978-0-7453-0245-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Jamaican+culture&rft.pub=Pluto+Press+%28the+University+of+Virginia%29&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-0245-4&rft.au=Mervyn+C.+Alleyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtF0YAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Hazel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.ws/shandycan/Africanretentions_Jamaica.html">"Africanretentions_Jamaica-_ettu_nago"</a>. 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Waveland Pr Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88133-038-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88133-038-0"><bdi>978-0-88133-038-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoruba+of+Southwestern+Nigeria&rft.pub=Waveland+Pr+Inc&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-88133-038-0&rft.aulast=Bascom&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlier2015" class="citation book cs1">Blier, Suzanne Preston (2015). Art and Risk in Ancient Yoruba: Ife History, Power, and Identity, c.1300. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02166-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02166-2"><bdi>978-1-107-02166-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Risk+in+Ancient+Yoruba%3A+Ife+History%2C+Power%2C+and+Identity%2C+c.1300&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02166-2&rft.aulast=Blier&rft.aufirst=Suzanne+Preston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1997" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Samuel (1997). The History of the Yorubas. Paperpack. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-978-32292-9-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-978-32292-9-7"><bdi>978-978-32292-9-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Yorubas&rft.pub=Paperpack&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-978-32292-9-7&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas1996" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Jonathan Olumide (1996). The Religion of the Yorubas. Athelia Henrietta Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9638787-8-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9638787-8-6"><bdi>978-0-9638787-8-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Yorubas&rft.pub=Athelia+Henrietta+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-9638787-8-6&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+Olumide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw1977" class="citation book cs1">Law, Robin (1977). The Oyo Empire, c. 1600 – c. 1836: A West African Imperialism in the Era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822709-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822709-0"><bdi>978-0-19-822709-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oyo+Empire%2C+c.+1600+%E2%80%93+c.+1836%3A+A+West+African+Imperialism+in+the+Era+of+the+Atlantic+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822709-0&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgunyemi2010" class="citation book cs1">Ogunyemi, Yemi D. (2010). The Oral Traditions in Ile-Ife. Academica Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933146-65-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933146-65-2"><bdi>978-1-933146-65-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oral+Traditions+in+Ile-Ife&rft.pub=Academica+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-933146-65-2&rft.aulast=Ogunyemi&rft.aufirst=Yemi+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1988" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Robert (1988). Kingdoms of the Yoruba. Paperpack. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11604-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11604-0"><bdi>978-0-299-11604-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdoms+of+the+Yoruba&rft.pub=Paperpack&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-299-11604-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalolaChilds,_Matt_D2005" class="citation book cs1">Falola, Toyin; Childs, Matt D (2005). The Yoruba Diaspora in the Atlantic World. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21716-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21716-5"><bdi>978-0-253-21716-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoruba+Diaspora+in+the+Atlantic+World&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21716-5&rft.aulast=Falola&rft.aufirst=Toyin&rft.au=Childs%2C+Matt+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYoruba+people" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Olumola, Isola; et al. Prominent Traditional Rulers of Yorubaland, Ibadan 2003.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a topic profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q190168" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q190168">Yoruba people</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yoruba_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_Research">Books and Research</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4O8CAAAAQAAJ">Oshielle, Or, Village Life in the Yoruba Country book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WZg3AQAAMAAJ">Seventeen Years in the Yoruba Country book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9UKAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22The+Yoruba-speaking+Peoples+of+the%22&pg=PP19">The Yoruba-speaking Peoples book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yorubadiaspora.org/">Yoruba Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-94-007-3934-5_10203-1">The Yoruba City</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discussion">Discussion</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rwm.macba.cat/en/sonia/john-mason/capsula">Yoruba priest Baba John Mason talks about the Yoruba diaspora and culture and the Orisha religion (2017)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorubablog.org/">Yoruba Blog</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representation">Representation</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilanauk.org/">Ilana Omo Oodua UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yorubaworldcongress.org/">Yoruba World Congress</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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title="Template:Yoruba topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoruba_topics" title="Template talk:Yoruba topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoruba_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoruba topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoruba_topics247" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoruba</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Yoruba_people" title="History of the Yoruba people">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%E1%BA%B9" title="Ifẹ">Ifẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_country" title="Yoruba country">Yoruba country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Region,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Region, Nigeria">Western Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria#Ethnic_groups" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin#Demographics" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo#Ethnic_groups" title="Togo">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgroups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijesha" title="Ijesha">Ijesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egba_people" title="Egba people">Egba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogu_people" title="Ogu people">Egun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yewa_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yewa clan">Egbado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbomina" title="Igbomina">Igbomina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awori_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Awori tribe">Awori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akoko" title="Akoko">Akoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okun_people" title="Okun people">Okun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_people" title="Ana people">Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiti_people" title="Ekiti people">Ekiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilaje" title="Ilaje">Ilaje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olukumi_people" title="Olukumi people">Olukumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Ulukwumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucum%C3%AD_language" title="Lucumí language">Lucumí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ede_language" title="Ede language">Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A8_language" title="Ifè language">Ifè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokole_language_(Benin)" title="Mokole language (Benin)">Mokole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_language" title="Itsekiri language">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Dassa" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Dassa">Rulers of Dassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Icha" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Icha">Rulers of Icha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Ketu" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Ketu">Rulers of Ketu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Yoruba_state_of_Sabe" title="List of rulers of the Yoruba state of Sabe">Rulers of Sabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olota_of_Ota" title="Olota of Ota">Olota of Ota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijebu_Kingdom" title="Ijebu Kingdom">Ijebu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egba_Alake" class="mw-redirect" title="Egba Alake">Egba Alake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwo_Kingdom" title="Iwo Kingdom">Iwo Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_Empire" title="Oyo Empire">Oyo Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owu_Kingdom" title="Owu Kingdom">Owu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondo_Kingdom" title="Ondo Kingdom">Ondo Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akure_Kingdom" title="Akure Kingdom">Akure Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oke_Ila" title="Oke Ila">Oke Ila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ila_Yara" title="Ila Yara">Ila Yara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ila_Orangun" title="Ila Orangun">Ila Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoani_Confederacy" title="Idoani Confederacy">Idoani Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Region,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Region, Nigeria">Western Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Nigeria" title="Politics of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography (<a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precolonial state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_country" title="Yoruba country">Yoruba country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Departments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ou%C3%A9m%C3%A9_Department" title="Ouémé Department">Ouémé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Department" title="Plateau Department">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collines_Department" title="Collines Department">Collines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borgou_Department" title="Borgou Department">Borgou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alibori_Department" title="Alibori Department">Alibori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Department" title="Zou Department">Zou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donga_Department" title="Donga Department">Donga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Department" title="Plateau Department">Plateau (Kétou)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo_State" title="Oyo State">Oyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogun_State" title="Ogun State">Ogun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osun_State" title="Osun State">Osun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiti_State" title="Ekiti State">Ekiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwara">Kwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kogi_State" title="Kogi State">Kogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lagos" title="Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilorin" title="Ilorin">Ilorin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ab%E1%BA%B9okuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Abẹokuta">Abẹokuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyo,_Oyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Oyo, Oyo">Ọyọ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ife" class="mw-redirect" title="Ife">Ilé-Ifẹ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akure" title="Akure">Akure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbomosho" title="Ogbomosho">Ogbomosho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owo,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Owo, Nigeria">Owo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osogbo" title="Osogbo">Osogbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ado-Ekiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ado-Ekiti">Ado-Ekiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwo,_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Iwo, Nigeria">Iwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondo_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Ondo City">Ondo City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porto_Novo" class="mw-redirect" title="Porto Novo">Porto Novo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Demographics">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoruba people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saros_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saros (Nigeria)">Saros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Creole_people" title="Sierra Leone Creole people">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian British">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba American">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Canadians" title="Yoruba Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucumi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucumi people">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaicans_of_African_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaicans of African ancestry">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro Brazilian">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_culture" title="Yoruba culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_traditional_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoruba traditional art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_music" title="Yoruba music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highlife" title="Highlife">Highlife</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_numerals" title="Yoruba numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_name" title="Yoruba name">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_literature" title="Yoruba literature">Literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education & philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1_medicine" title="Yorùbá medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_architecture" title="Yoruba architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yoruba Wikipedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oj%C3%BAew%C3%A9_%C3%80k%E1%BB%8D%CC%81k%E1%BB%8D%CC%81" class="extiw" title="yo:Ojúewé Àkọ́kọ́">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria189" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Nigeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Nigeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Nigeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Nigeria189" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nigeria#Ethnic_groups" title="Nigeria">Ethnic groups in Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afemai_people" title="Afemai people">Afemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anlo_Ewe" title="Anlo Ewe">Anlo Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaang_people" title="Anaang people">Anaang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afusari" class="mw-redirect" title="Afusari">Afusari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atyap_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Atyap people">Atyap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berom_people" title="Berom people">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buduma_people" title="Buduma people">Buduma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_people" title="Chamba people">Chamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaka_people" title="Defaka people">Defaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_people" title="Dendi people">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Djerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebira_people" title="Ebira people">Ebira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_people" title="Edo people">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_people" title="Efik people">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eket" title="Eket">Eket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoi_people" title="Ekoi people">Ekoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleme_people" title="Eleme people">Eleme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esan_people" title="Esan people">Esan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_people" title="Gbagyi people">Gbagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goemai_language" title="Goemai language">Goemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_people" title="Ibibio people">Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoma_people" title="Idoma people">Idoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_people" title="Igala people">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igede" class="mw-redirect" title="Igede">Igede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_people" title="Igbo people">Igbo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_people" title="Ekpeye people">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etche" title="Etche">Etche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_people" title="Ikwerre people">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani_people" title="Ukwuani people">Ukwuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_people" title="Ijaw people">Ijaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bille_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bille tribe">Bille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenni_people" title="Engenni people">Engenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibani_tribe" title="Ibani tribe">Ibani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabari_tribe" title="Kalabari tribe">Kalabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_tribe_(Rivers_State)" title="Kula tribe (Rivers State)">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoro_tribe" title="Nkoro tribe">Nkoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoroo_people" title="Nkoroo people">Nkoroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_people" title="Obolo people">Obolo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_people" title="Isoko people">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_people" title="Itsekiri people">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwellemmedan_people" title="Iwellemmedan people">Iwellemmedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukun_people_(West_Africa)" title="Jukun people (West Africa)">Jukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamuku_people" title="Kamuku people">Kamuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_people" title="Kanuri people">Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilba_people" title="Kilba people">Kilba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirdi" title="Kirdi">Kirdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofyar_people" title="Kofyar people">Kofyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotoko_people" title="Kotoko people">Kotoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuteb_people" title="Kuteb people">Kuteb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_people" title="Longuda people">Longuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_people" title="Mafa people">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambila_people" title="Mambila people">Mambilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandara_people" title="Mandara people">Mandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_people" title="Mumuye people">Mumuye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_people" title="Nupe people">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_people" title="Ogba people">Ogba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_people" title="Ogoni people">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saro_people" title="Saro people">Saro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera_people" title="Tera people"> Tera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangale_people" title="Tangale people"> Tangale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_people" title="Tarok people">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv_people" title="Tiv people">Tiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_people" title="Waja people"> Waja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak%C3%B6_people" title="Yakö people">Yakö</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijebu_people" title="Ijebu people">Ijebu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Nigeria" title="Portal:Nigeria">Nigeria portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Benin62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Benin" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Benin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Benin" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Benin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Benin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Benin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Benin62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Benin#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of Benin">Ethnic groups in Benin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aja_people" title="Aja people">Aja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_people" title="Ana people">Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_people" title="Dendi people">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anlo_Ewe" title="Anlo Ewe">Anlo Ewe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fon_people" title="Fon people">Fon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurma_people" title="Gurma people">Gurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurtey_people" title="Kurtey people">Kurtey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamba_people" title="Lamba people">Lamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabye_people" title="Kabye people">Kabye (Lokpa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahi_people" title="Mahi people">Mahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somba_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Somba people">Somba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammari_people" title="Tammari people">Tammari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9m" class="mw-redirect" title="Tém">Tém</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Ghana83" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_of_Ghana" title="Template:Ethnic groups of Ghana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_of_Ghana" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups of Ghana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_of_Ghana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups of Ghana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Ghana83" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Ghana" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Ghana">Ethnic groups in Ghana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adele_people" title="Adele people">Adele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_people" title="Agave people">Agave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abidji_people" title="Abidji people">Abidji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahafo" title="Ahafo">Ahafo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akyem" title="Akyem">Akyem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyi_people" title="Anyi people">Anyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahanta_people" title="Ahanta people">Ahanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asante_people" title="Asante people">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assin" title="Assin">Assin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatime_people" title="Avatime people">Avatime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_people" title="Bono people">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evalue_people" title="Evalue people">Evalue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fante_people" title="Fante people">Fante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzema_people" title="Nzema people">Nzema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moba_people" title="Moba people">Bimoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissa_people" title="Bissa people">Bissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumburu" title="Chumburu">Chumburu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeji" title="Yeji">Yeji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagaaba_people" title="Dagaaba people">Dagaaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagomba_people" title="Dagomba people">Dagomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anlo_Ewe" title="Anlo Ewe">Anlo Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenor_Ewe" title="Avenor Ewe">Avenor Ewe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frafra_people" title="Frafra people">Frafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga-Adangbe_people" title="Ga-Adangbe people">Ga-Adangbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guang_people" title="Guang people">Guang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efutu_people" title="Efutu people">Efutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonja_people" title="Gonja people">Gonja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyode_people" title="Kyode people">Kyode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurunsi_people" title="Gurunsi people">Gurunsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke" title="Jakhanke">Jakhanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassena" title="Kassena">Kassena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkomba_people" title="Konkomba people">Konkomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krobo_people" title="Krobo people">Krobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusasi_people" title="Kusasi people">Kusasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logba_people" title="Logba people">Logba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamprusi_people" title="Mamprusi people">Mamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafana_people" title="Nafana people">Nafana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallensi" title="Tallensi">Tallensi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_people" title="Tem people">Tem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshi" title="Tshi">Tshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wala_people" title="Wala people">Wala</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Arabs" title="Ghanaian Arabs">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ghana" title="Chinese people in Ghana">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Euro-Africans" title="Gold Coast Euro-Africans">Gold Coast Euro-Africans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Indian" title="Ghanaian Indian">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabom_people" title="Tabom people">Tabom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Ivory_Coast65" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Ivory_Coast" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Ivory_Coast" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Ivory_Coast" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Ivory_Coast65" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast">Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_people" title="Abbé people">Abbé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjoukrou_people" title="Adjoukrou people">Adjoukrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyi_people" title="Anyi people">Anyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aowin" title="Aowin">Aowin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attie_people" title="Attie people">Attie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avikam_people" title="Avikam people">Avikam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baoul%C3%A9_people" title="Baoulé people">Baoulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_people" title="Bono people">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evalue_people" title="Evalue people">Evalue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fante_people" title="Fante people">Fante</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Arabs in Ivory Coast">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Lebanese people in Ivory Coast">Lebanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people_in_Ivory_Coast" title="French people in Ivory Coast">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%27Bato" title="M'Bato">M'Bato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchaman" title="Tchaman">Tchaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wassa">Wassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_people" title="Bété people">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djimini_people" title="Djimini people">Djimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagu_people" title="Gagu people">Gagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gio_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gio people">Gio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krahn_people" title="Krahn people">Krahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobi_people" title="Lobi people">Lobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Mandinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senufo_people" title="Senufo people">Senufo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_Togo24" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Togo" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Togo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Togo" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Togo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Togo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Togo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_Togo24" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Togo" title="Demographics of Togo">Demographics of Togo</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adele_people" title="Adele people">Adele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agome_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agome (people)">Agome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aja_people" title="Aja people">Aja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_people" title="Ana people">Ana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissa_people" title="Bissa people">Bissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_people" title="Dendi people">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga-Adangbe_people" title="Ga-Adangbe people">Ga-Adangbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurma_people" title="Gurma people">Gurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabye_people" title="Kabye people">Kabye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kposo_people" title="Kposo people">Kposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamba_people" title="Lamba people">Lamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losso_people" title="Losso people">Losso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamprusi_people" title="Mamprusi people">Mamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_people" title="Tem people">Tem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190168#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1050" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190168#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1050" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190168#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85149240">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939949g">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939949g">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117658&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007531986905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027335453">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_people&oldid=1276741606">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoruba_people&oldid=1276741606</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Yoruba people</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> 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</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-684b8fd8bd-tzx82","wgBackendResponseTime":157,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.799","walltime":"3.243","ppvisitednodes":{"value":16934,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":681298,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":67358,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":37,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1016991,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2771.883 1 -total"," 60.75% 1683.868 2 Template:Reflist"," 25.51% 707.142 132 Template:Cite_book"," 14.38% 398.551 78 Template:Cite_web"," 10.41% 288.449 1 Template:Infobox_ethnic_group"," 6.29% 174.216 28 Template:Cite_journal"," 4.93% 136.644 5 Template:Lang"," 4.92% 136.456 2 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1,\n [\"CITEREFAlonso2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlpern1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlusine_JallohToyin_Falola2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmerican_Anthropological_Association1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndah1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_ApterLauren_Derby2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnna_Hinderer1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnna_HindererD_HoneC_A_Hone2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAsante2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabatunde_Lawa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBascom1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBascom1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeek1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBendor-Samuel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergströmMcCarthyHuiAlmarri2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBetty_Marguerite_Wass1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlier2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBode_Omojola2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolaji_CampbellR._I._Ibigbami1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowen1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrodd2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._A._Brebbia2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordelia_Olatokunbo_Osasona2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDale_Torston_Graden2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Eltis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDell_UptonJohn_Michael_Vlach1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDescendant\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiedrich_WestermannEdwin_William_SmithCyril_Daryll_Forde1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomingues_da_SilvaMisevich2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas_E._Thomas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr._Lanre_Tytler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr_Donald_R_Wehrs2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFE.G._ParrinderM._WightJohn_O\u0026#039;LearyC._M._Botley1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEades1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEarl_Phillips1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdna_M._Rodríguez-Plate2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis1894\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFEsogwa_C._Osuala1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalola2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalola2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalolaAkinyemi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalolaChilds,_Matt_D2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancesco_MontinaroGeorge_B.J._BusbyVincenzo_L._PascaliSimon_Myers2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank_Aig-ImoukhuedeNigeria._Federal_Ministry_of_Information_and_Culture1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank_Leslie_CrossElizabeth_A._Livingstone2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG._J._Afolabi_Ojo1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_ChemecheJohn_PembertonJohn_Picton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregory_Austin_Nwakunor2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurdasaniCarstensen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_John_DrewalJohn_PembertonRowland_AbiodunAllen_Wardwell1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_John_DrewalMargaret_Thompson_Drewal1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistorical_Society_of_Nigeria1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIdakwoji2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacob_Oluwatayo_Adeuyan2011\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJacob_U._Gordon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJallohFalola2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffreys2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremy_Seymour_Eades1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremy_Seymour_Eades_(Changing_cultures)1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_O._Hunwick1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_O._Hunwick2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_O._HunwickRex_S._O\u0026#039;Fahey1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJorge_Canizares-EsguerraMatt_D._ChildsJames_Sidbury2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudith_Ann-Marie_ByfieldLaRay_DenzerAnthea_Morrison2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamari_Maxine_Clarke2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKathleen_E._A._MonteithGlen_Richards2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_Carroll1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_Shillington2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKluge2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox_GeorgeMorley_David1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFL._J._Munoz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaitin1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLefèberHenk_W._A._Voorhoeve1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeroy_FernandOlaleye-Oruene_TaiwoKoeppen-Schomerus_GesinaBryan_Elizabeth2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLillian_Trager2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloyd1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLorcin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucas1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonaldParenShillingtonStacey2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakindeAjiboyeAjayi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManchester_Geographical_Society1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarco_Aurelio_Schaumloeffel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsTooleyo2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMathews2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaureen_Warner-Lewis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelvin_EmberCarol_R._EmberIan_Skoggard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMervyn_C._Alleyne1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_C._CampbellSarah_A._Tishkoff2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiguel_C._Alonso2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiguel_Willie_Ramos2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolefi_K._AsanteAma_Mazama2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoshood2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN_Umoru-Oke2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_African_Language_Resource_Center\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiara_Sudarkasa1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicholas_J._Saunders2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNike_LawalMatthew_N._O._SadikuAde_Dopamu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNnamdi_Elleh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolteJonesTaiyariOcchiali2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFObayemi1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgunremiAdediran1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgunyemi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlive_Senior2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlusegun_Obasanjo1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOwen_Emeric_Vidal1852\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFOyèláràn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPamela_Odimegwu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatricia_Lorraine_Neely2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_DiMaggioPatricia_Fernandez-KellyGilberto_CârdenasYen_Espiritu2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_E._LovejoyNicholas_Rogers2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeekYankah2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_BluntDennis_M._WarrenNorman_Thomas_Uphoff1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_G._Stone2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasheed2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Ellis_(F.L.S.)1851\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobin_Walker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoxy_HarrisBen_Rampton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalawu2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanjek1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSare2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSare2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSerra-VidalLucas-SanchezFadhlaoui-ZidBekada2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeymour2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_OttenbergDavid_Aaron_Binkley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSowunmi1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTamara_De_Silva2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerritory.)1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThornton1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTola_Adenle2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToyin_FalolaAnn_Genova2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToyin_FalolaMatt_D._Childs2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTravae2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrban_Development_Corporation_(Jamaica)1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValerie_Steele2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_C._Rucker2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillett1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFakinwumi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFd\u0026#039;Afrique2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁdébáyò_Ádésóyè2015\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Big\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 6,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 132,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 79,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Copyvio\"] = 1,\n [\"Cquote\"] = 3,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Yoruba People\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Deprecated source\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Benin\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Nigeria\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in Togo\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast\"] = 1,\n [\"Ethnic groups of Ghana\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnonym\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 8,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Scholia\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikinews\"] = 1,\n [\"Yoruba people\"] = 1,\n [\"Yoruba topics\"] = 1,\n [\"·\"] = 23,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","20.2"],["?","240","12.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","240","12.1"],["dataWrapper 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