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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia,_Latvia_and_Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia,_Latvia_and_Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia,_Latvia_and_Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland_and_Karelia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland_and_Karelia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Finland and Karelia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland_and_Karelia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moldova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moldova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Moldova </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moldova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet-occupied_Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet-occupied_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Soviet-occupied Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet-occupied_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_local_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_local_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Relations with local population </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relations_with_local_population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relations with local population subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_local_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_annexed_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_annexed_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 In annexed territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_annexed_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Soviet_Union_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Soviet_Union_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 In Soviet Union territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Soviet_Union_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 List of operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Intelligence activity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Psychological warfare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_nationalities_serving_with_the_partisans_and_Soviet_partisans_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_nationalities_serving_with_the_partisans_and_Soviet_partisans_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Foreign nationalities serving with the partisans and Soviet partisans abroad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_nationalities_serving_with_the_partisans_and_Soviet_partisans_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_minorities_serving_with_the_partisans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_minorities_serving_with_the_partisans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Ethnic minorities serving with the partisans </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnic_minorities_serving_with_the_partisans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethnic minorities serving with the partisans subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_minorities_serving_with_the_partisans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jews_and_partisans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jews_and_partisans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Jews and partisans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jews_and_partisans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Ukrainian_partisans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Ukrainian_partisans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Soviet Ukrainian partisans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Ukrainian_partisans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations_against_independence_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_against_independence_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Operations against independence movements </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operations_against_independence_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operations against independence movements subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operations_against_independence_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Polish_partisans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Polish_partisans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Relations with Polish partisans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Polish_partisans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_Ukrainian_nationalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_Ukrainian_nationalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Relations with Ukrainian nationalists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_Ukrainian_nationalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_locals_in_Baltic_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_locals_in_Baltic_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Relations with the locals in Baltic States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_locals_in_Baltic_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Historical assessment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partisan_commemoration_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partisan_commemoration_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Partisan commemoration and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Partisan_commemoration_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Partisan commemoration and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Partisan_commemoration_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commemorative_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemorative_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Commemorative holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commemorative_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partisan_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partisan_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Partisan honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partisan_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Parades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Soviet partisans</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="بارتيزان سوفييت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بارتيزان سوفييت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%85_(1941%E2%80%941944)" title="Савецкі партызанскі рух (1941—1944) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Савецкі партызанскі рух (1941—1944)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Съветски партизани – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съветски партизани" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisans_sovi%C3%A8tics" title="Partisans soviètics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partisans soviètics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetische_Partisanen" title="Sowjetische Partisanen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sowjetische Partisanen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisanos_sovi%C3%A9ticos" title="Partisanos soviéticos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partisanos soviéticos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="پارتیزان‌های شوروی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارتیزان‌های شوروی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisans_sovi%C3%A9tiques" title="Partisans soviétiques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Partisans soviétiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisan_Soviet" title="Partisan Soviet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partisan Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistenza_sovietica" title="Resistenza sovietica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Resistenza sovietica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raudonieji_partizanai" title="Raudonieji partizanai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Raudonieji partizanai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E8%BB%8D%E3%83%91%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%82%B6%E3%83%B3" title="赤軍パルチザン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤軍パルチザン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partyzantka_radziecka" title="Partyzantka radziecka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partyzantka radziecka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partisans_Sovi%C3%A9ticos" title="Partisans Soviéticos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partisans Soviéticos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partizanii_sovietici" title="Partizanii sovietici – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partizanii sovietici" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Советские партизаны в Великой Отечественной войне – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Советские партизаны в Великой Отечественной войне" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Совјетски партизани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Совјетски партизани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuvostopartisaanit" title="Neuvostopartisaanit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neuvostopartisaanit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetiska_motst%C3%A5ndsr%C3%B6relsen" title="Sovjetiska motståndsrörelsen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sovjetiska motståndsrörelsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95" title="พลพรรคโซเวียต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลพรรคโซเวียต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovyet_partizanlar%C4%B1" title="Sovyet partizanları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sovyet partizanları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Радянські партизани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радянські партизани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du_k%C3%ADch_Li%C3%AAn_X%C3%B4" title="Du kích Liên Xô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Du kích Liên Xô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF%E6%B8%B8%E6%93%8A%E9%9A%8A" title="蘇聯游擊隊 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蘇聯游擊隊" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q313830#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-fascism" title="Category:Anti-fascism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg/100px-Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg/150px-Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg/200px-Anti-Fascist-Symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="1781" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Interwar</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lions" title="Black Lions">Black Lions</a></li></ul> Central Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbeiter-Schutzbund" title="Arbeiter-Schutzbund">Arbeiter-Schutzbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republikanischer_Schutzbund" title="Republikanischer Schutzbund">Republikanischer Schutzbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(Poland)" title="Socialist Action (Poland)">Socialist Action</a></li></ul> Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion" title="Antifaschistische Aktion">Antifaschistische Aktion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Band_(resistance_group)" title="Black Band (resistance group)">Black Band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany">Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Front" title="Iron Front">Iron Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold" title="Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold">Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roter_Frontk%C3%A4mpferbund" title="Roter Frontkämpferbund">Roter Frontkämpferbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Arrows" title="Three Arrows">Three Arrows</a></li></ul> Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1922_Italian_general_strike" title="1922 Italian general strike">1922 Italian general strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo" title="Arditi del Popolo">Arditi del Popolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana" title="Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana">Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Anti-Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIGR" title="TIGR">TIGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volante_Rossa" title="Volante Rossa">Volante Rossa</a></li></ul> Spain (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>) <ul><li> <a href="/wiki/Antifascist_Worker_and_Peasant_Militias" title="Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias">Antifascist Worker and Peasant Militias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederal_militias" title="Confederal militias">Confederal militias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Brigades" title="International Brigades">International Brigades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln Brigade">Abraham Lincoln Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Battalion" title="British Battalion">British Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabrowski_Battalion" title="Dabrowski Battalion">Dabrowski Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ILP_Contingent" title="ILP Contingent">ILP Contingent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie-Papineau_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion">Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palafox_Battalion" title="Palafox Battalion">Palafox Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A4lmann_Battalion" title="Thälmann Battalion">Thälmann Battalion</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> Albania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albanian resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Albania)" title="National Liberation Movement (Albania)">National Liberation Movement</a></li></ul></li></ul> Austria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austrian resistance</a></li></ul> Baltic states <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonian resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45">Latvian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuanian resistance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soviet partisans</a></li></ul> Belgium <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgian Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_National_Movement" title="Belgian National Movement">Belgian National Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_de_l%27Ind%C3%A9pendance" title="Front de l'Indépendance">Front de l'Indépendance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Army_(Belgium)" title="Secret Army (Belgium)">Secret Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witte_Brigade" title="Witte Brigade">Witte Brigade</a></li></ul></li></ul> Bulgaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian resistance movement">Bulgarian resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Bulgaria)" title="Fatherland Front (Bulgaria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Insurgent_Army" title="People's Liberation Insurgent Army">People's Liberation Insurgent Army</a></li></ul></li></ul> Burma <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Organisation" title="Anti-Fascist Organisation">Anti-Fascist Organisation</a></li></ul> China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a></li></ul></li></ul> Czechia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%BDi%C5%BEka_partisan_brigade" title="Jan Žižka partisan brigade">Jan Žižka partisan brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> Denmark <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Danish resistance movement</a></li></ul> France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">French Resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_(World_War_II)" title="Maquis (World War II)">Maquis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_Juive" title="Armée Juive">Armée Juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Armée secrète">Armée secrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_(French_Resistance)" title="Combat (French Resistance)">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franc-Tireur_(movement)" title="Franc-Tireur (movement)">Franc-Tireur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration-Nord" title="Libération-Nord">Libération-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration-sud" title="Libération-sud">Libération-sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvements_Unis_de_la_R%C3%A9sistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouvements Unis de la Résistance">Mouvements Unis de la Résistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_the_Resistance" title="National Council of the Resistance">National Council of the Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(French_Resistance)" title="National Front (French Resistance)">National Front</a></li></ul> Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">German resistance to Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_resistance_to_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany">Catholic resistance to Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_German_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance">Pope Pius XII and the German Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="National Committee for a Free Germany">National Committee for a Free Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Committee_for_a_Free_Germany" title="Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany">AKFD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Orchestra_(espionage)" title="Red Orchestra (espionage)">Rote Kapelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saefkow-Jacob-B%C3%A4stlein_Organization" title="Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization">Saefkow-Jacob-Bästlein Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarze_Kapelle" title="Schwarze Kapelle">Schwarze Kapelle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose" title="White Rose">White Rose</a></li></ul></li></ul> Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_resistance" title="Cretan resistance">Cretan resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greek resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ELAS" title="ELAS">ELAS</a></li></ul></li></ul> Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee" title="National Liberation Committee">National Liberation Committee</a></li></ul> Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Chinese_resistance_to_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan">Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_People%27s_Emancipation_League" title="Japanese People's Emancipation League">Japanese People's Emancipation League</a></li></ul></li></ul> Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Fascist_Committee" title="Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee">Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_during_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish resistance during the Holocaust">Jewish resistance during the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Labor_Committee" title="Jewish Labor Committee">Jewish Labor Committee</a></li></ul> Luxembourg <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg resistance">Luxembourg resistance</a></li></ul> Netherlands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Dutch resistance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binnenlandse_Strijdkrachten" title="Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten">Binnenlandse Strijdkrachten</a></li></ul></li></ul> Norway <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norwegian resistance movement</a></li></ul> Poland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance movement in World War II</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish Underground State</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Bloc" title="Anti-Fascist Bloc">Anti-Fascist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">Armia Krajowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia Ludowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataliony_Ch%C5%82opskie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataliony Chłopskie">Bataliony Chłopskie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">Gwardia Ludowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfgruppe_Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampfgruppe Auschwitz">Kampfgruppe Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Armed_Forces" title="National Armed Forces">Narodowe Siły Zbrojne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olimp_(organization)" title="Olimp (organization)">Olimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Socialists" title="Polish Socialists">Polscy Socjaliści</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Combat_Organization" title="Jewish Combat Organization">Żydowska Organizacja Bojowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Military_Union" title="Jewish Military Union">Zydowski Zwiazek Walki</a></li></ul></li></ul> Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romanian resistance movement during World War II</a></li></ul> Slovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_partisans" title="Slovak partisans">Slovak partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a></li></ul> Soviet Union <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soviet partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Moldovan resistance movement</a></li></ul> Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslav resistance movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Macedonia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia">Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_Assembly_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Serbia" title="Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia">Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Council_for_the_National_Liberation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia">Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Partisans" title="Croatian Partisans">Croatian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Front_of_the_Slovenian_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Front of the Slovenian People">Liberation Front of the Slovenian People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Partisans" title="Macedonian Partisans">Macedonian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovene Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Postwar</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_anti-fascism" title="Post–World War II anti-fascism">Post–World War II anti-fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a>) Germany <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(Germany)" title="Antifa (Germany)">Antifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsch_huh,_Z%C3%A4ng_ussenander" title="Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander">Arsch huh, Zäng ussenander</a></li></ul> Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANPI" title="ANPI">ANPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Italy)" title="Liberation Day (Italy)">Liberation Day</a></li></ul> Netherlands <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist_research_group_Kafka" title="Anti-fascist research group Kafka">Anti-fascist research group Kafka</a></li></ul> Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Movement" title="Armed Forces Movement">Armed Forces Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li></ul> Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Maquis" title="Spanish Maquis">Spanish Maquis</a></li></ul> Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifascistisk_Aktion" title="Antifascistisk Aktion">Antifascistisk Aktion</a></li></ul> Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_Kinder_des_Holocaust" title="Aktion Kinder des Holocaust">Aktion Kinder des Holocaust</a></li></ul> United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/43_Group" title="43 Group">43 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/62_Group" title="62 Group">62 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascist_Action" title="Anti-Fascist Action">Anti-Fascist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nazi_League" title="Anti-Nazi League">Anti-Nazi League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unite_Against_Fascism" title="Unite Against Fascism">Unite Against Fascism</a></li></ul> United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antifa_(United_States)" title="Antifa (United States)">Antifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Racist_Action" title="Anti-Racist Action">Anti-Racist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redneck_Revolt" title="Redneck Revolt">Redneck Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuse_Fascism" title="Refuse Fascism">Refuse Fascism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Music and culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_las_Barricadas" title="A las Barricadas">A las Barricadas</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/%C2%A1Ay_Carmela!_(song)" title="¡Ay Carmela! (song)">¡Ay Carmela!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bella_ciao" title="Bella ciao">Bella ciao</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/First_they_came_..." class="mw-redirect" title="First they came ...">First they came ...</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fischia_il_vento" title="Fischia il vento">Fischia il vento</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A2ndola,_Vila_Morena" title="Grândola, Vila Morena">Grândola, Vila Morena</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Punks_Fuck_Off" title="Nazi Punks Fuck Off">Nazi Punks Fuck Off</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Against_Racism" title="Rock Against Racism">Rock Against Racism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rock_gegen_Rechts" title="Rock gegen Rechts">Rock gegen Rechts</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinheads_Against_Racial_Prejudice" title="Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice">Skinheads Against Racial Prejudice</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/This_machine_kills_fascists" title="This machine kills fascists">This machine kills fascists</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/(We_Don%27t_Need_This)_Fascist_Groove_Thang" title="(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang">(We Don't Need This) Fascist Groove Thang</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_and_anarchist_black_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Red and anarchist black metal">Red and anarchist black metal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Tactics and methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_bloc" title="Black bloc">Black bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_tactics" title="Diversity of tactics">Diversity of tactics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkshaking" title="Milkshaking">Milkshaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadism" title="Squadism">Squadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front" title="United front">United front</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">See also</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Germans_(political_current)" title="Anti-Germans (political current)">Anti-Germans (political current)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japaneseism" title="Anti-Japaneseism">Anti-Japaneseism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anti-fascism_sidebar" title="Template:Anti-fascism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anti-fascism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Anti-fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-fascism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anti-fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Soviet partisans were members of <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movements</a> that fought a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla war</a> against <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis forces</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the previously <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">Soviet-occupied territories of interwar Poland</a> in 1941–45 and eastern <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>. The activity emerged after <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> was launched from mid-1941 on. It was <a href="/wiki/Central_Headquarters_of_the_Partisan_Movement" title="Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement">coordinated and controlled by the Soviet government</a> and modeled on that of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. The partisans made a significant contribution to the war by countering German plans to exploit occupied Soviet territories economically, gave considerable help to the Red Army by conducting systematic attacks against Germany's rear communication network, disseminated political rhetoric among the local population by publishing newspapers and leaflets, and succeeded in creating and maintaining feelings of insecurity among Axis forces.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Soviet partisans also operated on interwar <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Polish</a> and Baltic territories occupied by the Soviet Union in 1939–1940, but they had significantly less support there and often clashed with local national partisan groups, as well as German-controlled auxiliary police. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_of_anti-German_Soviet_resistance">Formation of anti-German Soviet resistance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation of anti-German Soviet resistance">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">German invasion of Poland</a> in 1939, which marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)">Soviet Union invaded the eastern regions of</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">the Second Polish Republic</a> (referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">Kresy</a>) and annexed the lands totalling 201,015 square kilometres (77,612 sq mi) with a population of 13,299,000 inhabitants including ethnic Belarusians, Ukrainians, Poles, Jews, Czechs and others.<a href="#cite_note-Trela-Mazur-2">[2]</a> Soviet era sources state that in 1939, Soviet forces took control of regions of the Polish Republic that had "a population of more than 12 million, including more than 6 million Ukrainians and about 3 million Belarusians."<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The program of the partisan war was outlined in Moscow after the German attack in 1941 against the USSR. Directives issued on July 29, 1941 and in further documents by the Soviet People's Commissaries Council and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> called for the formation of partisan detachments and 'diversionist' groups in the German-occupied territories. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> iterated his commands and directives to the people in his radio speech on 3 July 1941, and appointed himself Commander-in-Chief of the Red Army on 20 July 1941.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-212-0221-07,_Russland-Nord,_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Partisanen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-212-0221-07%2C_Russland-Nord%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Partisanen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-212-0221-07%2C_Russland-Nord%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Partisanen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-212-0221-07%2C_Russland-Nord%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Partisanen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-212-0221-07%2C_Russland-Nord%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Partisanen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-212-0221-07%2C_Russland-Nord%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Partisanen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-212-0221-07%2C_Russland-Nord%2C_Erschie%C3%9Fung_von_Partisanen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Execution of alleged partisans by German soldiers, September 1941</figcaption></figure> In 1941, the core of the partisan movement were the remains of the Red Army units destroyed in the first phase of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, personnel of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_destruction_battalion_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet destruction battalion 1941">destruction battalions</a>, and the local Communist Party and <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a> activists who chose to remain in Soviet-occupied prewar Poland. The most common unit of the period was a detachment. The first detachments commanded by Red Army officers and local Communist Party activists were formed in the first days of the war between Germany and the Soviet Union, including the Starasyel'ski <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisan_detachment_1941-1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet partisan detachment 1941-1944">detachment</a> of Major Dorodnykh in the <a href="/wiki/Zhabinka" title="Zhabinka">Zhabinka</a> district (June 23, 1941)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pinsk</a> detachment of <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Korzh" title="Vasily Korzh">Vasily Korzh</a> on June 26, 1941.<a href="#cite_note-Pinsk-6">[6]</a> The first awards of the <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Hero of the Soviet Union">Hero of the Soviet Union</a> order occurred on August 6, 1941 (detachment commanders Pavlovskiy and Bumazhkov). Some partisan detachments were parachuted into German-occupied territories in the summer of 1941. Urban underground groups were formed as a force complementing the activities of partisan units, operating in rural areas. The network of underground structures developed and received a steady influx of specially chosen party activists. By the end of 1941, more than 2,000 partisan detachments (with more than 90,000 personnel) operated in German-occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-Litvinowski-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-hgraphy_caveat-8">[8]</a> However, the activity of partisan forces was not centrally coordinated and supplied until spring of 1942. In order to coordinate partisan operations the <a href="/wiki/Central_Headquarters_of_the_Partisan_Movement" title="Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement">Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement</a> under <a href="/wiki/Stavka" title="Stavka">Stavka</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a> (Chief of Staff) and initially commanded by top Politburo member <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a>, was organized on May 30, 1942. The Staff had its <a href="/wiki/Liaison_officer" title="Liaison officer">liaison</a> networks in the <a href="/wiki/Military_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Military council">Military Councils</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Front_(Soviet_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Front (Soviet Army)">Fronts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formations_of_the_Soviet_Army" title="Formations of the Soviet Army">Armies</a>. The territorial Staffs were subsequently created, dealing with the partisan movement in the respective Soviet Republics and in the occupied provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Some formations calling themselves Soviet partisans operated a long way outside Soviet territory – usually organized by former Soviet citizens who had escaped from Nazi camps. One such formation, Rodina (Motherland), acted in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-a-z.ru-11">[11]</a> In 1944 Soviet partisans provided "proletarian internationalist" help to the people of German-occupied Central Europe, with seven <a href="/wiki/Partisan_united_formation" title="Partisan united formation">united formations</a> and 26 larger <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisan_detachment_1941-1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet partisan detachment 1941-1944">detachments</a> operating in Poland, and 20 united formations and detachments operating in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bobylev-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Areas_of_operations">Areas of operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Areas of operations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus">Belarus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Belarus">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Belarusian resistance during World War II">Belarusian resistance during World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Belarus_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany">Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany</a></div> By Soviet estimates, in August 1941 about 231 <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisan_detachment_1941-1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet partisan detachment 1941-1944">detachments</a> were operating already. Units formed and inserted into Belarus totalled 437 by the end of the 1941, comprising more than 7,200 personnel.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> However, as the front line moved further away, conditions steadily worsened for the partisan units, as resources ran out, and there was no large-scale support from beyond the front until March 1942. One particular difficulty was the lack of radio communication, which was not addressed until April 1942. The partisan unit also lacked the support of local people.<a href="#cite_note-Turonek,_p._76-14">[14]</a> For several months, partisan units in Belarus were virtually left to their own devices; especially difficult was the winter of 1941–42, with severe shortages in ammunition, medicine and supplies. The actions of partisans were generally uncoordinated. German pacification operations in the summer and autumn 1941 were able to curb the partisan activity significantly. Many units went underground, and generally, in late 1941 to early 1942, the partisan units were not undertaking significant military operations, but limiting themselves to sorting out organizational problems, building up support and establishing an influence over the local people.<a href="#cite_note-Turonek,_p._76-14">[14]</a> Although data is incomplete, at the end of 1941, 99 partisan detachments and about 100 partisan groups are known to have operated in Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In winter 1941–42, 50 partisan detachments and about 50 underground organisations and groups operated in Belarus.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> During December 1941, German guard forces in the Army Group Center rear comprised 4 security divisions, <a href="/wiki/1_SS_Infantry_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="1 SS Infantry Brigade">1 SS Infantry Brigade</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_SS_Infantry_Brigade" title="2nd SS Infantry Brigade">2 SS Infantry Brigade</a>, and 260 companies from different branches of service.<a href="#cite_note-Turonek,_p._78-18">[18]</a> By the end of 1943, partisans controlled more than 100 thousand square km. of Belarus, which was about 60 percent of the republic's territory. The partisans controlled more than 20 regional centers and thousands of villages. By the time of the return of the Soviet Army, most of the Byelorussian SSR was in the hands of the partisan groups and the actual size of the republic controlled by the Germans was small.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vitsyebsk_gate_and_Western_Belarus">Vitsyebsk gate and Western Belarus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vitsyebsk gate and Western Belarus">edit</a>]</div> The turning point in the development of the Soviet partisan movement came with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Vitsyebsk_gate" title="Vitsyebsk gate">Vitsyebsk gate</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] a corridor connecting Soviet-controlled and German-occupied territories, in February 1942. Soviet strategists started taking the partisan units into account after that. The Red Army organized centralized administrative and logistical support, and the Gate proved an important factor in assisting partisan detachments in occupied territory with weapons. As a result, the partisans were able to effectively undermine German troops and significantly hamper their operations in the region from April 1942 until the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-Turonek110-20">[20]</a> Some Jews and lower-rank Soviet activists felt more secure in the partisan ranks than in civilian life under Soviet rule.<a href="#cite_note-Turonek,_p._78-18">[18]</a> In spring 1942, the concentration of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisan_detachment_1941-1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet partisan detachment 1941-1944">smaller partisan units</a> into <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisan_brigade_1941-1944" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet partisan brigade 1941-1944">brigades</a> began, prompted by the experience of the first year of war. The coordination, numerical buildup, structural reworking and established supply lines all translated into greatly increased partisan capability, which showed in the increased instances of sabotage on the railroads, with hundreds of engines and thousands of cars destroyed by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 1942 terror campaigns against the territorial administration staffed by local "collaborators and traitors" received extra emphasis.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> This resulted, however, in definite divisions within the local civilian population, resulting in the beginning of the organisation of anti-partisan units with native personnel in 1942. By November 1942, Soviet partisan units in Belarus numbered about 47,000 persons.<a href="#cite_note-Turonek,_p._78-18">[18]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A,_Russland,_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg/375px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-031-2436-03A%2C_Russland%2C_Hinrichtung_von_Partisanen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>German photo showing alleged partisans hanged by the Germans in January 1943</figcaption></figure> In January 1943, out of 56,000 partisan personnel, 11,000 operated in western Belarus, 3.5 fewer per 10,000 local people than in the east, and even more so (up to a factor of 5 to 6) if one accounts for much more efficient Soviet evacuation measures in the east during 1941.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Smallholders in the west showed "surprising" sympathies to the partisans.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> There is strong evidence that the central Soviet authorities deliberately refrained from a larger accumulation of partisan forces in western Belarus and let Polish underground military structures grow in these lands during 1941–42 in order to strengthen Moscow's relations with the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> of <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-25">[25]</a> A certain level of military cooperation, imposed by the command headquarters, was noted[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] between Soviet partisans and the Polish Home Army, <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa (AK)</a>. Soviet partisans avoided to some extent attacking people of Polish nationality during the terror campaigns in 1942. After the breakdown of diplomatic relations between the USSR and the Polish government-in-exile in April 1943 resulting from the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a> (which the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_Commission" title="Katyn Commission">Katyn Commission</a> of April–May 1943 attributed to the Soviets), the situation changed radically. From this moment on, Moscow treated the AK as a hostile military force.<a href="#cite_note-auto-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_1943–44_buildup">The 1943–44 buildup</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The 1943–44 buildup">edit</a>]</div> The buildup of the Soviet partisan force in western Belarus was ordered and implemented during 1943, with nine brigades, 10 detachments and 15 operational groups transferred from east to west, effectively tripling the partisan force there (reaching 36,000 troops in December 1943). It is estimated that 10–12,000 personnel were transferred, and about the same number came from local volunteers. The buildup of the military force was complemented by the intensification of the underground Communist Party structures and propaganda activity.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sov_partizans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sov_partizans.jpg/250px-Sov_partizans.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sov_partizans.jpg/375px-Sov_partizans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Sov_partizans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Soviet partisans on the road in Belarus, 1944 counter-offensive</figcaption></figure> The Soviet victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a>, a certain lessening of the terror campaign (de facto from December 1942, formally permitted in February 1943) and an <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> promised to collaborators who wished to return to the Soviet camp were significant factors in the 1943 growth of Soviet partisan forces. Desertions from the ranks of the German-controlled police and military formations strengthened units, with sometimes whole detachments coming over to the Soviet camp, including the <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatar</a> battalion (900 personnel, February 1943), and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Gil" title="Vladimir Gil">Vladimir Gil</a>'s 1st Russian People's Brigade of the SS (2,500 personnel, August 1943). In all, about 7,000 people of different anti-Soviet formations joined the Soviet partisan force, while about 1,900 specialists and commanders were dropped into occupied Belarus in 1943. However, local people mainly accounted for most increases in the Soviet partisan force.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> The first year of the war was devastating for the Soviet partisans of Ukraine. Nevertheless, between August 1941 and the beginning of March 1942, 30,000 partisans had been organised into more than 1,800 detachments; by the beginning of May 1942, there were just 37 detachments, consisting of 1,918 individuals, that were operational and communicating with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1942–43, Putivl' partisan detachment led by <a href="/wiki/Sydir_Kovpak" title="Sydir Kovpak">Sydir Kovpak</a> carried out a raid from the Briansk forests to eastern Ukraine through Pinsk, Volyn', Rovno, Zhitomir, and Kiev oblasts. In 1943, they carried out operations in the Carpathians. Kovpak's Sumy partisan unit covered a distance of more than 10,000 kilometers in fighting at the rear of German troops and destroyed garrisons in 39 populated areas. Kovpak's operations played an important role in the development of the partisan movement against German occupying forces.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> This precipitous growth in the strength and activity level of partisan units prompted members of the German General Staff to suggest that Hitler consider the use of poison gas as a possible remedy to deal with the growing partisan menace.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Partisans in regions of Ukraine assisted the Soviet Army in battles in Kiev, where the first partisan regiment under the command of <a href="/w/index.php?title=E.K._Chekhov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E.K. Chekhov (page does not exist)">E.K. Chekhov</a> was formed by forces from the NKVD, the local Communist Party and Komsomol. Partisans in Dnipropetrovsk province provided significant assistance to troops on the southern and southwestern fronts, who helped restrain the German offensive in the Donbass in October–November 1941. Partisan detachments operating in the Novomoskovsk region under the command of <a href="/w/index.php?title=P._Zuchenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P. Zuchenko (page does not exist)">P. Zuchenko</a> raided a prisoner of war camp where Soviets were held, and having defeated the guards of the camp, released 300 prisoners.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The partisan struggle was noteworthy in Odessa province, with partisan forces led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=V._Molodtsov-Badaev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V. Molodtsov-Badaev (page does not exist)">V. Molodtsov-Badaev</a>. Occupation forces testified that "During the two years of occupation, carried out mainly by Romanians, the city turned into a fortress of the partisan movement. Withdrawing from Odessa in the autumn of 1941, the Russians created a reliable partisan core in the city. The partisans settled in catacombs, the extensive network of which at 100 kilometers had no equal in Europe. It was a real underground fortress with staffs, shelters, logistical facilities of all kinds, right up to its own bakery and printing house, in which leaflets were printed."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> According to historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Gogun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Gogun (page does not exist)">Alexander Gogun</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> the partisans overstated their effectiveness in their reports.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> These inflated figures were passed back up the chain of command to Stalin, even finding their way into Soviet history books.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Gogun says that the primary partisan targets in 1941–42 were not the German invaders but rather the local police, who were under German direction, and civilian collaborators.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Gogun argues that the years 1943–44 were the peak of partisan activity within the territory of present-day Ukraine, as the Soviets battled the far-right, nationalistic OUN and the UPA, both of whom collaborated with the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-Gogun_103-35">[35]</a> Attempts to persuade villages supporting the OUN and UPA to cease combat against Soviet partisans led to further conflicts between them. According to Gogun, reprisal measures for attacks on Soviet partisans or support for Ukrainian nationalists included burning down villages and executions.<a href="#cite_note-Gogun_104-36">[36]</a> Gogun exclusively cites German, OUN and UPA sources when stating that whole families were killed, and children, even babies, were sometimes bayoneted or burned alive.<a href="#cite_note-Gogun_104_to_109-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Russia">edit</a>]</div> In the Bryansk region, Soviet partisans controlled large areas behind the German lines. In the summer of 1942 they effectively held more than 14,000 km2 (5,400 sq mi) with a population of over 200,000 people. Soviet partisans in the region were led by <a href="/wiki/Oleksiy_Fedorov" title="Oleksiy Fedorov">Oleksiy Fedorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Saburov" title="Alexander Saburov">Alexander Saburov</a> and others and numbered over 60,000 men.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast" title="Belgorod Oblast">Belgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oryol_Oblast" title="Oryol Oblast">Oryol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kursk_Oblast" title="Kursk Oblast">Kursk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast" title="Novgorod Oblast">Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pskov_Oblast" title="Pskov Oblast">Pskov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Oblast" title="Smolensk Oblast">Smolensk</a> regions also had significant partisan activity during the occupation period. In the Oryol and Smolensk regions, partisans were led by <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Nikolaevich_Medvedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitry Nikolaevich Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a>. Territories liberated or under partisan authority were important during the war. There were major partisan areas and zones in Leningrad, Kalinin, Smolensk, and Orel oblasts. In Kalinin Oblast, for example, the partisans held 7,000 km2 (2,700 sq mi). Partisan zones and areas made it difficult for the German-led occupation forces to carry out re-groupings and pinned down a considerable portion of their forces. During offensives by Soviet troops, German-led forces were often unable to organize strong defenses in the partisan zones. As a result, the German forces were forced to group forces only along the roads. Partisan areas were frequently used by regular Soviet troops to reach the flanks and rear of German groupings rapidly, to drop (land) airborne forces, and to disrupt organized enemy withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The partisan and underground struggle in the German-occupied territories influenced the reduction of morale and combat effectiveness of the German-led armed forces and contributed to Soviet Army victories. There was a collapse of German military and political leadership in the occupied Soviet territories that deprived German forces of raw materials, food, and labor. The political work of the partisans and underground forces was a powerful force in the struggle against occupation. According to the commander of garrisons belonging to German Army Group Center, the partisan movement was combined with "efficient and skillful propaganda, which calls on people of the occupied areas to fight against invaders." This led to more reluctance to collaborate with German occupation forces.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> According to the memoirs of Marshal G.K. Zhukov, the partisan fighters operating in Smolensk and Orel districts contributed significantly to Soviet Army victories in the summer of 1943 in Kursk and Orel. Further, as in the case of the earlier Soviet victories at Moscow and Stalingrad, the Kursk victory too stimulated strong new growth of the partisan movement overall.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Because of the aggressive partisan attacks on rail communications, German Army Group North was forced to use truck transport to move reinforcements to the crucial sectors of the front where combat raged. German occupation leader Ziemke discussed the intensity of partisan fighting in northwestern Russia, stating: "Meanwhile, the partisans had so thoroughly disrupted the railroads that the other two reserve divisions had to be routed to Pskov, 130 miles north of Nevel, and there loaded in trucks, not enough of which were available. On 9 October Kuchler decided to wait until the reinforcements were assembled before trying again to close the gap."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> According to German estimates, in August 1941, 10 percent of the Nazi rear area was full of Soviet partisans. By October 1942 this figure had risen to 75 percent, and by the autumn of the same year, fully 10 per cent of all German field divisions in Russia were engaged in fighting with partisans.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interrogation_sovjet_partisan_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Interrogation_sovjet_partisan_1942.jpg/250px-Interrogation_sovjet_partisan_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Interrogation_sovjet_partisan_1942.jpg/375px-Interrogation_sovjet_partisan_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Interrogation_sovjet_partisan_1942.jpg/500px-Interrogation_sovjet_partisan_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>German propaganda photo: interrogation of a Soviet partisan by Wehrmacht Luftwaffe <a href="/wiki/Fallschirmj%C3%A4ger" title="Fallschirmjäger">Fallschirmjäger</a> Paratroopers, Russia 1942</figcaption></figure> In 1943, after the Red Army started to liberate western Russia and north-east Ukraine, many partisans, including units led by Fedorov, Medvedev and Saburov, were ordered to re-locate their operations into central and western Ukraine still occupied by Nazis. Partisans of the Leningrad and Kalinin (Pskov and Novgorod) regions operated against German forces for as many as three years before liberation by the Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> There was a large scale sign up by women to participate.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Grishin_(Hero_of_the_Soviet_Union)" title="Sergey Grishin (Hero of the Soviet Union)">S. V. Grishin</a> led in Smolensk the partisan brigade "Thirteen" which had an all female reconnaissance including Evdokiya Karpechkina.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Due to lack of respect by men towards women, a rejection was made by Nina when a platoon made out of men was proposed to be put under the leadership of Nina Zevrova in Leningrad.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia,_Latvia_and_Lithuania">Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Latvia" title="Soviet partisans in Latvia">Soviet partisans in Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Estonia" title="Soviet partisans in Estonia">Soviet partisans in Estonia</a></div> While Soviet sources claim that thousands of partisans were operating in the Baltic region, they only operated in the <a href="/wiki/Latgale" title="Latgale">Latgale</a> region of Latvia and the <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> district.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Thus Estonia remained partisan free throughout most of the war. By 1944 only 234 partisans were fighting in Estonia and none were native volunteers, all being either <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> or <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> personnel parachuted in from the Soviet-controlled territories.<a href="#cite_note-Statiev-48">[48]</a> A very small pro-Soviet underground, however, did exist. In <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, the partisans were first under Russian and Belarusian command, and from January 1943, directly subordinated to the central Headquarters in Moscow, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Arturs_Spro%C4%A3is" title="Arturs Sproģis">Arturs Sproģis</a>. Partisan groups in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia made a significant contribution to the Soviet victory. According to Alexander Chapenko, history professor at Murmansk State University, Latvia had the most number of partisan formations. There were large partisan units led by Vilis Samsons, which carried out large military activities. In Lithuania, there were two underground forces – these are quite large subdivisions – and by mid-1944, about 220 underground Communist organizations were operating. By the end of the war, there were 2 partisan brigades and 11 detachments. Two brigades took part in the liberation of Vilnius and provided assistance to Soviet troops.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 1941, the Soviet partisan movement in Lithuania began with the actions of a small number of <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> soldiers left behind enemy lines, much like the beginning of partisan movements in Ukraine and Belarus. The movement grew throughout 1942, and in the summer of that year, the Lithuanian Soviet partisan movement began receiving material aid as well as specialists and instructors in guerrilla warfare from Soviet-held territory. On 26 November 1942, the Command of the Lithuanian Partisan Movement (Lietuvos partizaninio judėjimo štabas) was created in Moscow, headed by the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary">First Secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Communist Party">Lithuanian Communist Party</a> <a href="/wiki/Antanas_Snie%C4%8Dkus" title="Antanas Sniečkus">Antanas Sniečkus</a>, who fled to Moscow in the wake of the German invasion in 1941. Although the Soviet partisans in Lithuania were nominally under the control of the Command of the Lithuanian Partisan Movement, the guerrilla warfare specialists and instructors sent by it reported directly to the Central Command of the Partisan Movement. Modern Lithuanian historians estimate that about half of the Soviet partisans in Lithuania were escapees from <a href="/wiki/POW_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="POW camp">POW</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">concentration camps</a>, Soviet activists and Red Army soldiers left behind the quickly advancing <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a>, while the other half was made up of airdropped special operations experts. It is estimated that in total, about 5,000 people engaged in pro-Soviet underground activities in Lithuania during the war. In general, the role of Soviet dissident groups in Lithuania in Second World War was minimal.<a href="#cite_note-audrone-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland_and_Karelia">Finland and Karelia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Finland and Karelia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Finland" title="Soviet partisans in Finland">Soviet partisans in Finland</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viianki_Partisan_victims.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Viianki_Partisan_victims.jpg/250px-Viianki_Partisan_victims.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Viianki_Partisan_victims.jpg/375px-Viianki_Partisan_victims.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Viianki_Partisan_victims.jpg/500px-Viianki_Partisan_victims.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4958" data-file-height="4961" /></a><figcaption>Village of Viianki after the Soviet partisan raid, July 7, 1943.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_military_administration_in_Eastern_Karelia,_1941%E2%80%931944" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish military administration in Eastern Karelia, 1941–1944">Finnish occupation of Eastern Karelia</a>, many ethnic Russians and some Karelians supported the partisan attacks.<a href="#cite_note-Laine-51">[51]</a> Approximately 5,000 partisans altogether fought in the region, although the typical strength of the force was 1,500–2,300. Peculiarities of this front were that partisan units were not created inside occupied territory. Their personnel came from all over the Soviet Union and that they mainly operated from the Soviet side of the front line.<a href="#cite_note-Stepakov-52">[52]</a> Partisans distributed propaganda newspapers, <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish language</a> and "Lenin's Banner" in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a>. One of the more notable leaders of the partisan movement in Finland and Karelia was the future leader of the USSR, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ravn-53">[53]</a> In <a href="/wiki/East_Karelia" title="East Karelia">East Karelia</a>, most partisans attacked Finnish military supply and communication targets, but inside Finland proper, and Finnish sources claim that almost two-thirds of the attacks targeted civilians,<a href="#cite_note-Viheriävaara-54">[54]</a> killing 200 and injuring 50, mostly women, children and elderly.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Finnish sources claim that on one occasion in the small village the partisans murdered all civilians, leaving no witnesses to the atrocities.<a href="#cite_note-Viheriävaara-54">[54]</a> According to Russian historians, Finnish historians and especially the mass media have politicized the issue of relations between Soviet partisans and Finnish civilians. In particular, Finnish historians characterize actions of a sabotage group against a group of Finnish border guards in the village of Kuoska in eastern Lapland as an attack on civilians.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Russian views however differ, as according to Sergey Verigin, Director of the Institute of History in <a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk_State_University" title="Petrozavodsk State University">Petrozavodsk University</a>, the allegation that partisans killed civilians in Finland is "an absolutely unreasonable point of view. It is contrary to international law and all documents and treaties concluded after the Second World War. The hype began during perestroika. There were publications about the death of peaceful Finnish civilians at the hands of partisans. The topic has been politicized. On Finnish territory, partisans entered villages searching for food. They had no goal of specifically destroying civilians. But it's clear that there were some conflicts. And the population of the border areas had weapons i.e. it had ceased to be peaceful."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Partisan operations against Finns were estimated as being highly ineffectual.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The partisans did not have sufficient strength to attack military targets, and would often falsely report their raids to higher command, claiming attacks on German or Finnish military targets even if the victims were civilians. Already in the autumn of 1941, the report of Komissariat of Interior Affairs was highly critical, and it became only worse, as stated in the counter-intelligence agency's report of April 1944. The main explanations given for the operations' failures were the isolated headquarters at Belomorsk, which did not know what operative units were doing, personnel who had no local knowledge and were partly made up of criminals (10–20% of all personnel were conscripted from prisons) without knowledge of how to operate in harsh terrain and climate, efficient Finnish counter-partisan patrolling (more than two-thirds of the infiltrating small partisan groups were completely destroyed) and Finnish internment of the ethnic Russian civilian population in concentration camps from those regions with active partisan operations. Internees were released to secure areas, preventing partisans from receiving local supplies. In addition, many Soviet Karelians reported to the Finns the movements of the partisans and did not support the Soviet Partisans.<a href="#cite_note-Stepakov-52">[52]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moldova">Moldova</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Moldova">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Moldovan resistance during World War II</a></div> Between 1941 and 1944 forty groups were active behind the Axis front line in the <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic">Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, acting against the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romanian</a> troops which took over the territory following the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union. The partisan detachments distributed propaganda and attacked local industrial and military facilities, neutralizing around 14,000 enemy soldiers and officers and capturing extensive military equipment. With a maximum strength of 3,900, its losses amounted to 600 captured and up to 850 executed.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet-occupied_Poland">Soviet-occupied Poland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Soviet-occupied Poland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Poland" title="Soviet partisans in Poland">Soviet partisans in Poland</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Poland_(1945)_corr.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_Poland_%281945%29_corr.png/250px-Map_of_Poland_%281945%29_corr.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_Poland_%281945%29_corr.png/375px-Map_of_Poland_%281945%29_corr.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Map_of_Poland_%281945%29_corr.png/500px-Map_of_Poland_%281945%29_corr.png 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>1939–1945 border changes. The orange line depicts the extent of areas occupied by Soviet Union in 1939–1941 per the secret protocol of the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></figcaption></figure> In the former <a href="/wiki/Kresy" title="Kresy">eastern territories</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a>, attached to the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian SSR">Belarusian</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Republics">Soviet Republics</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet invasion of Poland (1939)">Soviet invasion of Poland</a>, the organization and operation of Soviet partisans were similar to that in Ukrainian and Belarusian territories. However, there were notable differences in the interaction of partisans with Polish national forces and the local population. There were also Soviet-affiliated and controlled groups, namely <a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">Gwardia Ludowa</a>, later transformed into <a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia Ludowa</a>, which while often described as parts of the Polish resistance, were de facto controlled by Soviets, and as such can also be seen as extensions of the Soviet partisans.<a href="#cite_note-ipnweb-61">[61]</a> After an initial period of wary collaboration with the independent <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a>, the conflicts between Soviet-affiliated and independent groups intensified, especially as Poles <a href="/wiki/Soviet_repressions_of_Polish_citizens_(1939%E2%80%931946)" title="Soviet repressions of Polish citizens (1939–1946)">were principally the victims of Soviet terror between 1939 and 1941</a>, and Soviet diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in exile">Polish exile government in London</a> continued to worsen and were broken off completely by Soviet government in the aftermath of the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyn Massacre">Katyn Massacre</a> in 1943. As a result, Soviet partisans started extensive operations against both the Polish underground and the civilian population of the areas seized by the Soviets in 1939. The campaign of terror resulted in reports to London of horrifying looting, rape and murder.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-62">[62]</a> This made many local AK commanders consider the Soviets as just another enemy<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-63">[63]</a> and eventually on June 22, 1943 Soviets partisans were ordered by Moscow to take on the Polish units as well.<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-98-64">[64]</a> In addition to engaging German military and police targets, according to <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Musial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogdan Musial">Bogdan Musial</a> Soviet partisans also targeted the poorly armed and trained Belarusian and Polish self-defense units<a href="#cite_note-Chod-65">[65]</a> (some of these units were formed with Nazi encouragement and were viewed as <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Home_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian Home Defence">collaborationist</a>). Additionally, Soviet partisans were instructed to opportunistically use the Nazis against Polish non-communist resistance by feeding the German forces information on Poles.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The Soviet partisans were involved in several massacres of Polish civilians, including <a href="/wiki/Naliboki_massacre" title="Naliboki massacre">at Naliboki</a>, on May 8, 1943 and <a href="/wiki/Koniuchy_massacre" title="Koniuchy massacre">at Koniuchy</a> on 29 January 1944.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-bloodlands-68">[68]</a> Soviet partisans and Red Army Officers have also murdered members of Polish <a href="/wiki/Home_Army" title="Home Army">anti-Nazi resistance</a> after inviting them to "negotiations" in 1943, and also denounced them to the Germans, who then killed the Poles.<a href="#cite_note-bloodlands-68">[68]</a> Soviet partisans attacked Polish partisans, villages and small towns in order to weaken the Polish structures in the areas which Soviet Union claimed for itself.<a href="#cite_note-Gar219-220-69">[69]</a> Frequent requisitions of food in local villages and brutal reprisal actions against villages considered disloyal to the Soviet Union sparked the creation of numerous self-defence units, often joining the ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boradyn-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Patyna-71">[71]</a> Similar assaults on the Polish resistance organizations also took place in Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Zieliński-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a> called the Polish resistance the "bands of <a href="/wiki/White_Poles" class="mw-redirect" title="White Poles">White Poles</a>", or "the <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Protégé">protégés</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Chod-65">[65]</a> On 23 June 1943 the Soviet leaders ordered the partisans to denounce Polish partisan to the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-Chod-65">[65]</a> The Soviet units were authorized to “shoot the [Polish] leaders” and “discredit, disarm, and dissolve” their units.<a href="#cite_note-Chod-65">[65]</a> Under pretences of cooperation, two sizable Polish partisan units were led to their destruction<a href="#cite_note-Chod-65">[65]</a> (a common strategy involved inviting the Polish commanders to negotiations, arresting or murdering them and attacking the Polish partisans by surprise).<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski9899-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_local_population">Relations with local population</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Relations with local population">edit</a>]</div> To survive, resistance fighters largely relied on the civilian population. This included access to food, clothing and other supplies. Soviet partisans requisitioned food, livestock and clothes from local peasants, and when peasants did not share them willingly, they often did it by force. The results of such requisitioning were made more severe by the fact that <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis powers of World War II">Axis</a> occupation forces had been already carrying out their own requisitions. This led to conflicts between Soviet partisans and local populace in areas less friendly to the Soviet Union, mostly in <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union in 1939</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">the Baltic states annexed in 1940</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski1998-101-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tec1994-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-MJC-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-77">[77]</a> Partisans are accused of provoking brutal countermeasures from the Nazi occupiers that targeted civilians. Trying to limit partisan activities, German command employed mass killings of <a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">hostages</a> among the residents of areas supporting partisan forces. In the case of partisan attack or sabotage, a number of locals would be executed. Such hostage operations happened in the form of preliminary arrests, post-attack retaliation actions, and/or compulsory "watch-groups" deployed on vulnerable sites and killed if they did not avert the attack. In Belarus alone, according to historian <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" title="Christian Gerlach">Christian Gerlach</a>, German anti-partisan actions killed an estimated 345,000 people, mostly civilians.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_annexed_territories">In annexed territories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In annexed territories">edit</a>]</div> Numerous accounts of Soviet partisan operations in former Polish territories discuss their strained relations with local peasants. Polish peasants often refused to voluntarily support the Soviet partisans, which in turn lead to the Soviets forcefully acquiring supplies.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski1998-101-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tec1994-75">[75]</a> Chodakiewicz reported that a high ranking Soviet commander said, “Most partisan units feed, clothe, and arm themselves at the expense of the local population and not by capturing booty in the struggle against fascism. That arouses in the people a feeling of hostility, and they say, ‘The Germans take everything away and one must also give something to the partisans’.”<a href="#cite_note-MJC-76">[76]</a> Among the targets of Soviet partisans were not only Axis military and their <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaboration units</a>, but also civilians accused of being <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaborators</a> or sometimes even those who were considered not to support the partisans strongly enough.<a href="#cite_note-sowjetische-80">[80]</a> In some cases, Germans allowed peasants to form self-defense units against Soviet raids, which in extreme cases led to violent clashes between the Soviet partisans and local peasants, resulting in civilian casualties, as was the case with the Koniuchy and Naliboki massacres in Polish-Lithuanian borderland in 1943–44.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Soviet_Union_territories">In Soviet Union territories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In Soviet Union territories">edit</a>]</div> In territories that were a part of the Soviet Union before the war, their relations with the locals were much better. There, Soviet partisans often had the support of civilians and the unity of partisans and the local population had a positive effect on partisan activities. Elderly men and women and children often put themselves in mortal danger. A number of Soviet sources extol the level of cooperation between the partisans and the populace, for example, a leader of the Minsk underground Communist Party committee reported: "The local people helped us in the search for weapons. From rivers, swamps, and forests, people located rifles, ammunition, shells, and all this was delivered to us." The local population provided food and clothing to partisans voluntarily.<a href="#cite_note-bsu.by-82">[82]</a> Local civilians organized into self-defense detachments, delivered food, collected weapons from past battles, and prepared lodging for partisans. Residents cared for sick and wounded fighters. Self-defense groups assisted partisans to secure areas and conduct reconnaissance.<a href="#cite_note-mipp.ru-83">[83]</a> Communist Party leadership in partisan organizations was significant and had a positive influence. Commissars were responsible for ensuring discipline and supervised all partisan activities to ensure they followed guiding principles of the partisan movement. Political commissars insisted that partisan fighters enhance their ideological and political awareness and maintain close and friendly relations with the local population.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In territories freed by the partisans, the partisans accumulated and trained reserves, provided care to the sick and wounded, built airfields to receive planes from the rest of the Soviet Union. Large numbers of Soviet citizens fleeing destruction from German-occupied areas were provided relief by partisans.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In Belarus, workers and employees of Minsk, Brest, Grodno, Borisov and other cities that were occupied by Germany transferred weapons to partisan detachments that were sometimes stationed far away from large settlements. Weapons were bought, exchanged, or taken directly from garrisons, warehouses and then taken secretly to the woods. In 1942 and in the first half of 1943, residents of the Ushachsky district in Vitebsk region handed over 260 tons of bread to partisans.<a href="#cite_note-bsu.by-82">[82]</a> On the eve of the Soviet offensive into Belarus, partisan intelligence reported on German plans to deport a portion of the population to Ostrovets and to shoot the rest of the citizens. On 3 July 1944, the partisans seized the town and held it for several days until they were relieved by advancing Soviet forces. Belorussian partisans alone managed to rescue 15,000 Soviet citizens from German hands and moved another 80,000 inhabitants from German-occupied territory to the Soviet rear.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> According to Alexander Statiev,"Despite the ruthless procurement policy sanctioned at the top level and numerous abuses by commanders that aggravated this policy, most requisitions in these regions still had a benign outcome: civilians perceived the loss of some of their assets to partisans as a fair price for the temporary absence of Germans and the eventual victory. However, most people in the borderlands, incorporated by the Soviet Union in 1939–1940, resented the Soviet regime and its representatives, the partisans."<a href="#cite_note-:0-77">[77]</a> At the same time, when pressed for supplies, partisans also engaged in significant amount of plunder:<a href="#cite_note-:0-77">[77]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[Soviet partisan] commanders frequently overstepped the blurred line between requisition and robbery. Balitskii described how the partisans from the unit commanded by Yakov Mel’nik ‘ransacked Rudnitsa village like jackals and robbed almost all peasants’ (Bazhan2010, p. 452). Other units confiscated the entire potato crop in several villages having threatened their residents with execution (Bazhan2010, p. 418); they beat peasants up with rifle rods to force them to surrender harnesses and clothes and smashed the stoves in peasant homes to extract steel chimneys (Bazhan2010, pp. 424, 427). Balitskii called these gangs ‘bastards...alienating peasants from the real partisans engaged in fight against the fascists’ (Bazhan2010, p. 424). Ivan Syromolotnyi, inspector of the Central Committee of the Ukrainian Communist Party, reported that partisans from the formation commanded by Aleksandr Saburov ‘resemble bandits. People flee from his unit to the forests as they flee from the Germans. Plunder is unlimited’ (Gogun & Kentii2006, p. 143). According to Dmitrii Medvedev, commander of Pobediteli unit, Saburov’s partisans became so accustomed to plunder that their commanders could not restrain them any longer. When he demanded that Ivan Shitov, commander of one of Saburov’s units, stop ‘the banditry and robberies’, ‘the former commissar of Shitov’s battalion asked me: “Do you want our partisans to kill us in the first action?”’ (Gogun & Kentii2006, p. 180). All these sweeping requisitions and plain plunder, sanctioned by field commanders, took place in villages considered generally loyal.</blockquote> Particularly in Crimea, the Soviet partisans relation with local populace, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>, was very bad. Having failed to properly provision the troops before the area was overrun by the Germans, partisans launched "in the words of the Crimean Provincial Party Committee, ‘violent confiscations of food in Tatar villages without distinguishing friends from foes'". This resulted in violent conflict between mostly Slavic partisans and local Tatars, encouraged by the Germans who allowed Tatar villages to raise self-defence militia. Being unable to obtain supplies, the Soviet partisans suffered major casualties, and the partisan resistance in the Crimea nearly vanished by the summer of 1942.<a href="#cite_note-:0-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_operations">List of operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: List of operations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Railroad_traffic_disruptions_in_the_area_of_Army_Group_Center,_August_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map showing railroad traffic disruptions in the area of Army Group Center, August 1943" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Railroad_traffic_disruptions_in_the_area_of_Army_Group_Center%2C_August_1943.jpg/220px-Railroad_traffic_disruptions_in_the_area_of_Army_Group_Center%2C_August_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Railroad_traffic_disruptions_in_the_area_of_Army_Group_Center%2C_August_1943.jpg/330px-Railroad_traffic_disruptions_in_the_area_of_Army_Group_Center%2C_August_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Railroad_traffic_disruptions_in_the_area_of_Army_Group_Center%2C_August_1943.jpg/440px-Railroad_traffic_disruptions_in_the_area_of_Army_Group_Center%2C_August_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>A map showing railroad traffic disruptions in the area of Army Group Center, August 1943.</figcaption></figure>Vasily Korzh raid, Autumn 1941 – March 23, 1942. 1,000 km (620 mi) raid of a partisan formation in the <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pinsk</a> <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblasts</a> of Belarus. <ul><li>Battle of Bryansk forests, May 1942. Partisan battle against the Nazi <a href="/wiki/Punitive_expedition" title="Punitive expedition">punitive expedition</a> that included five infantry divisions, military police, 120 tanks and aviation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Raid of <a href="/wiki/Sydir_Kovpak" title="Sydir Kovpak">Sydir Kovpak</a>, October 26 – November 29, 1942. Raid in Bryansk forests and Eastern Ukraine.</li> <li>Battle of Bryansk forests, May–June 1943. Partisan battle in the Bryansk forests with German punitive expeditions.</li> <li>Operation Rails War, August 3 – September 15, 1943. A major operation of partisan formations against the railroad communications intended to disrupt the German reinforcements and supplies for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Smolensk (1943)">Battle of Smolensk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> It involved concentrated actions by more than 100,000 partisan fighters from Belarus, the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tver_Oblast" title="Tver Oblast">Kalinin Oblast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Oblast" title="Smolensk Oblast">Smolensk Oblast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oryol_Oblast" title="Oryol Oblast">Oryol Oblast</a> and Ukraine within an area 1,000 km (620 mi) along the front and 750 km (470 mi) wide. Reportedly, more than 230,000 rails were destroyed, along with many bridges, trains and other railroad infrastructure. The operation seriously incapacitated German logistics and was instrumental in the Soviet victory at Kursk.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Concert" title="Operation Concert">Operation Concert</a>, September 19 – November 1, 1943. "Concerto"<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> was a major operation of partisan formations against the railroad communications intended to disrupt the German reinforcements and supplies for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a> and on the direction of the Soviet offensive in the Smolensk and <a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a> directions. Partisans from Belarus, Karelia, the <a href="/wiki/Tver_Oblast" title="Tver Oblast">Kalinin Oblast</a>, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> participated in the operations. The area of the operation was 900 km (560 mi) along the front (excluding Karelia and Crimea) and 400 km (250 mi) wide. Despite bad weather that only permitted the airlift of less than 50% of the planned supplies, the operation lead to a 35–40% decrease in the railroad capacity in the area of operations. This was critical for the success of Soviet military operations in the autumn of 1943. In Belarus alone, the partisans claimed the destruction of more than 90,000 rails along with 1,061 trains, 72 railroad bridges and 58 Axis garrisons. According to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet historiography">Soviet historiography</a>, Axis losses totalled more than 53,000 soldiers.</li> <li>Battle of Polotsk-Leppel, April 1944. Major battle between Belarusian partisans and German punitive expeditions.</li> <li>Battle of Borisovsk-Begoml, April 22 – May 15, 1944. Major battle between Belarusian partisans and German punitive expeditions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a>, June 22 – August 19, 1944. Belarusian partisans took major part in Operation Bagration. They were often considered the fifth front (along with the <a href="/wiki/1st_Baltic_Front" title="1st Baltic Front">1st Baltic Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/1st_Belorussian_Front" title="1st Belorussian Front">1st Belorussian Front</a>, <a href="/wiki/2nd_Belorussian_Front" title="2nd Belorussian Front">2nd Belorussian Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Belorussian_Front" title="3rd Belorussian Front">3rd Belorussian Front</a>). Upwards of 300,000 partisans took part in the operation.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intelligence_activity">Intelligence activity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Intelligence activity">edit</a>]</div> From the very beginning of its existence, the partisan intelligence had been aimed chiefly at serving the Red Army operational purposes. It had frequently been asked to provide detailed information on enemy's whereabouts, strengths, armaments, movements and intentions. Yet, the partisans’ ability to meet the expectations of military consumers was limited. In 1941–1942, they relied chiefly on field intelligence – foot patrols, observation and questioning of local population – and only from late 1942 onwards succeeded in developing human intelligence capabilities. Unfortunately, the majority of their agents and collaborators were illiterate farmers and laborers unprepared for intelligence work. Technological means of collection such as communications interceptors and night vision devices were used by the partisans only on rare occasions. Besides, the wide scale deployment and high efficiency of the German security services limited the partisans’ gathering capabilities in the military field to the rural areas, almost completely preventing their access to the Wehrmacht's bases and decision making centers. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_the_partisans_in_the_village_Bichevaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monument_to_the_partisans_in_the_village_Bichevaya.jpg/220px-Monument_to_the_partisans_in_the_village_Bichevaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monument_to_the_partisans_in_the_village_Bichevaya.jpg/330px-Monument_to_the_partisans_in_the_village_Bichevaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Monument_to_the_partisans_in_the_village_Bichevaya.jpg/440px-Monument_to_the_partisans_in_the_village_Bichevaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to Soviet partisans in <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_Krai" title="Khabarovsk Krai">Khabarovsk Krai</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> Partisan intelligence's contribution to the political leadership of the Soviet Union and its intelligence community appears to have been more significant, especially in collecting information on conditions in the occupied territories, as well as on the structure of the occupation administration, its everyday behavior, local collaborators and sympathizers. This contribution allowed the Soviet regime to maintain its authority and control behind the German lines and reinforced its anti-Nazi propaganda effort in the occupied territories and in the West. The Soviet intelligence and security services used the information obtained by the partisans for improving their operational capabilities in the German-controlled territories and preparing the measures for reoccupation of Eastern Poland and the Baltic States.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-YF2-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_warfare">Psychological warfare</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Psychological warfare">edit</a>]</div> The partisan propaganda means had developed over the occupation period. In its early stage, the partisan messages were mainly short and unsophisticated and used simple spreading channels, such as verbal communication and leaflets. Consequently, some of the big-sized and mighty partisan detachments succeeded in establishing their own print houses that published periodic ‘partisan newspapers’ based on the propaganda broadcasts from Moscow and local reality.<a href="#cite_note-YF2-92">[92]</a> The effect of the partisan psychological warfare is hard to evaluate. Nevertheless, it appears that at least a part of the defections from the Wehrmacht and other Axis troops, that occurred on the Eastern front in 1942–1944, might be attributed to the partisan propaganda effort, as well as the relatively high number of the local volunteers to the Soviet guerrilla detachments starting from the summer of 1943. Furthermore, in many occupied areas the very presence of anti-German irregulars emphasized the continued presence of ‘Kremlin's watchful eye’, unnerved occupying forces and their collaborators and thus undermined the enemy's attempt to ‘pacify’ the local populace.<a href="#cite_note-YF2-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_nationalities_serving_with_the_partisans_and_Soviet_partisans_abroad">Foreign nationalities serving with the partisans and Soviet partisans abroad</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Foreign nationalities serving with the partisans and Soviet partisans abroad">edit</a>]</div> A significant number of Soviet citizens were outside Soviet borders during the war and many took part in numerous partisan formations and saboteur groups in France, Poland, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, and other countries. More than 40,000 Soviet citizens joined partisan formations in these countries. For example, about 25,000 Soviet partisans fought in Poland and Czechoslovakia. Some of these perished in the resistance and have become national heroes in the countries they fought in, including M. Gusein-Zade in Yugoslavia, F. Poletaev in Italy, and V. Porik in France. More than 12,000 Soviet partisans operated in Poland alone, the most notable of which were P. Vershigora's 1st Ukrainian Partisan division and other partisan brigades and units commanded by I. Banov, V. Karasev, G. Kovalev, S. Sankov, and several others. Many of these partisans, together with 600,000 Red Army soldiers, died on Polish soil.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_minorities_serving_with_the_partisans">Ethnic minorities serving with the partisans</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ethnic minorities serving with the partisans">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jews_and_partisans">Jews and partisans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Jews and partisans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a></div> Able-bodied male Jews were usually welcomed by the partisans (sometimes only if they brought their own weapons). More than 10% of the Soviet partisan movement were Jews.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> However, Jewish women, children, and the elderly were usually not welcome. Often, however, separate Jewish groups, both guerrilla units and mixed family groups of <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> (like the <a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a>), were subordinated to the communist partisan leadership and considered as Soviet allies.<a href="#cite_note-sowjetische-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Ukrainian_partisans">Soviet Ukrainian partisans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Soviet Ukrainian partisans">edit</a>]</div> The Soviet Ukrainian partisans achieved some success only in Slovakia, a nominally independent country under German tutelage. The Slovakian countryside and mountains became a ‘hotbed’ for the Soviet guerrillas in the second half of 1944. Dozens of the partisan detachments that came from Soviet Ukraine and formerly Soviet-occupied Poland conducted sabotage acts against German communication lines, harassed the local German community and finally took an active part in the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovak National Uprising</a> launched by the Slovak resistance movement on 29 August 1944. The insurgents established their headquarters in the central-Slovakian town Banská Bystrica, conducted contacts with the Allied powers, managed to hold out for two months against the German and the Slovak collaborationist troops, and even dispatched sabotage and intelligence units to Hungary and Moravia.<a href="#cite_note-YF2-92">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partisan_priest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Partisan_priest.jpg/220px-Partisan_priest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Partisan_priest.jpg/330px-Partisan_priest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Partisan_priest.jpg/440px-Partisan_priest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>A village priest being awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_%22To_a_Partisan_of_the_Patriotic_War%22" title="Medal "To a Partisan of the Patriotic War"">Medal "To a Partisan of the Patriotic War"</a> 2nd class in Ukraine</figcaption></figure> However, due to the Red Army's inability or possibly unwillingness to support the rebels, many of whom were loyal to the London-based <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovak government-in-exile</a>, the Slovak National Uprising was brutally suppressed in late October 1944. The attempt of the Soviet Ukrainian partisans to continue the guerrilla war in the Carpathian Mountains during the winter of 1944–1945 had little effect on the Germans but led to severe losses among the partisans. Most returned to the Soviet-controlled territory without being able to assist the Red Army war effort. Nonetheless, the remnants of the Soviet Ukrainian partisan networks remained active in Slovakia and Moravia, mostly in the intelligence field, until early May.<a href="#cite_note-YF2-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations_against_independence_movements">Operations against independence movements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Operations against independence movements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet_partisans" title="Anti-Soviet partisans">Anti-Soviet partisans</a></div> In addition to fighting the Nazis, Soviet partisans fought against organizations that sought to establish <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independent</a> non-communist states of Poland,<a href="#cite_note-sowjetische-80">[80]</a> Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus and Ukraine. Most of the resistance groups in the Baltic States and Poland sought to re-establish independent states free of Soviet domination.<a href="#cite_note-sowjetische-80">[80]</a> Soviet partisans are therefore a controversial issue in those countries. In Latvia, former Soviet partisan <a href="/wiki/Vasiliy_Kononov" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasiliy Kononov">Vasiliy Kononov</a> was prosecuted and convicted for war crimes against locals. The conviction was ultimately upheld by <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Polish_partisans">Relations with Polish partisans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Relations with Polish partisans">edit</a>]</div> In the early years of the war, following German invasion of the Soviet Union, many Polish and Soviet partisans saw Germans as the common enemy, and hostility between the two groups was limited. However, by mid-1943, as the Soviets gained the upper hand and started to push German forces westwards, and following the breakdown of diplomatic relationship between <a href="/wiki/Polish_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish government in exile">Polish government in exile</a> and the Soviet Union in the aftermath of the revelations about the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a> on June 22, 1943, Soviet partisans received orders to engage non-communist Polish partisans of <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a>, and the hostilities between the two groups escalated.<a href="#cite_note-Levine2010-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Piotrowski-98-64">[64]</a> On numerous occasions in the years 1943–1944, the Soviets would invite Polish partisans to talks, then disarm them and some times execute the Polish partisan leaders.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Nevertheless, some <a href="/wiki/Poles_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles (people)">Poles</a> who had been <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">taken by force to work as slave labourers</a> in Nazi Germany – such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Kubiak" title="Stefan Kubiak">Stefan Kubiak</a> – escaped their German captors and joined Soviet partisan units as an opportunity to fight back against their oppressors.<a href="#cite_note-kubiak1-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-kubiak2-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_Ukrainian_nationalists">Relations with Ukrainian nationalists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Relations with Ukrainian nationalists">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a> (UPA) formed in 1942 as a military arm of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> engaged in armed conflicts with Soviet partisans and the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Polish resistance</a>. While the UPA initially attempted to find a common anti-Soviet ground with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> against the USSR, it soon was driven underground as it became apparent that the Germans' intentions for Ukraine were to establish a German colony with a subjugated local population, not an independent country as the UPA hoped for. As such, the UPA was driven underground and fought both the Nazi occupiers and the Soviet forces (including partisans) at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-Subt475-101">[101]</a> Later, the UPA and Soviet partisan leaders tried to negotiate a temporary alliance, but Moscow's NKVD Headquarters began harshly suppressing such moves by its local commanders. With both sides becoming established enemies, the Ukrainian civil population was primarily concerned with their survival.<a href="#cite_note-Subt475-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_locals_in_Baltic_States">Relations with the locals in Baltic States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Relations with the locals in Baltic States">edit</a>]</div> Soviet partisan relations with the population of the Baltic countries were complex. The Soviet government annexed these territories in June 1940 and faced increasing resistance after repressive actions against the Baltic populations. The German offensive in the Baltic was swift and effectively defeated the Soviet forces stationed there. But over time, the number of Soviet underground workers increased. Their ranks, as in the other occupied territories, grew at the expense of the NKVD sabotage groups that were being abandoned, escaped prisoners of war. The local population also became increasingly dissatisfied with Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Soviet forces focused on communicating with the local population. In August 1941, regular radio programs began in Latvian from Moscow. The newspaper "For Soviet Latvia” began to be published. According to the Daugavpils Regional Commissioner in his report of 20 May 1942:<blockquote>“The activities of the partisans in the <a href="/wiki/Latgale" title="Latgale">Latgale</a> region are rampant. There are daily reports that clashes with guerrilla groups occur in different places, which are partially parachuted or crossed the border or consist of prisoners of war who escaped from camps and armed by local residents. The number of fleeing increases every day. The guerrillas do not seek more shelter from the population, but organize their bases in impassable forests and wetlands, from where they are attacking settlements."<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a></blockquote>In November and December 1943, punitive expeditions were organized against Oshkaln partisans, and police from Riga province were mobilized. Partisans maneuvred and retreated to the Zalveskie forests (40 km west of <a href="/wiki/J%C4%93kabpils" title="Jēkabpils">Jekabpils</a>). Due to the support of the local population, the Oshkaln partisans withstood difficulties of the winter of 1943/44.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Latvian headquarters of the partisan movement reported that in the summer of 1944, partisans of eastern and central Latvia directly rescued more than 3,220 from being transferred to western Latvia, and also 278 Soviet soldiers were liberated from captivity, and they immediately joined partisan detachments. In the woodlands in the north-east of Latvia, about 1,500 families of civilians were hiding under the direct protection of the detachments of the 1st Partisan brigade.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Their involvement in actions that affected the civilian population (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Koniuchy_massacre" title="Koniuchy massacre">killing of the Polish civilians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kani%C5%ABkai" title="Kaniūkai">Kaniūkai</a> and the destruction of the village of Bakaloriškės).<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The anti-Soviet resistance movements in the Baltic states, known as the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_national_partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian national partisans">Latvian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a>, (established before the Soviet re-occupation in 1944), and <a href="/wiki/Local_Self-Defence_in_Lithuania_during_the_Nazi_German_occupation_(1941%E2%80%931944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Self-Defence in Lithuania during the Nazi German occupation (1941–1944)">local self-defence</a> units often came into conflict with Soviet partisan groups. In Estonia and Latvia, almost all the Soviet partisan units, dropped by air, were either destroyed by the German forces or the local self-defense units. In eastern and south-eastern Lithuania, Soviet partisans constantly clashed with Polish <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Armia Krajowa</a> (Home Army) partisans; AK did not recognise any territorial changes after 1939 and considered this region as a legal part of Poland, while the Soviets planned to annex it into the Soviet Union after the war. Only in April 1944 did Polish and Soviet partisans start coordinating their actions against the Germans.<a href="#cite_note-audrone-50">[50]</a> Some historians assert that the Soviet reactions to returning partisans were not better than for Soviet POWs. However, most of the partisans were included in Soviet regular forces. A lot of former POWs avoided repressions because of joining the partisan units after the escape. In 1955, a pardon was given to all returned prisoners of war and Nazi collaborators.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_assessment">Historical assessment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Historical assessment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partisan_Village_19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Partisan_Village_19.jpg/220px-Partisan_Village_19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Partisan_Village_19.jpg/330px-Partisan_Village_19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Partisan_Village_19.jpg/440px-Partisan_Village_19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Soviet partisan village reconstruction in <a href="/wiki/Rostov_Oblast" title="Rostov Oblast">Rostov Oblast</a>, Russia</figcaption></figure> With the German supply lines already over-extended, the partisan operations in the rear of the front lines were able to severely disrupt the flow of supplies to the army that acted deep into Soviet territory. In the second half of the war, major partisan operations were coordinated with Soviet offensives. Upon liberation of parts of the Soviet territory, the corresponding partisan detachments usually joined the regular Army. According to Soviet sources, the partisans were a vital force of the war. From 90,000 men and women by the end of 1941 (including underground) they grew to 220,000 in 1942, and to more than 550,000 in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-a-z.ru-11">[11]</a> The Soviet partisan activity was a strategic factor in the defeat of the German forces on the Soviet-German front. During the summer and autumn of 1942, when partisan warfare was not at its peak, the German Army devoted about 10 percent of its overall strength in fighting partisans, including 15 regular and security divisions and 144 security and police battalions. At the same time, the total strength of German and Italian forces in North Africa was 12 divisions. The partisans made significant contributions to the war effort by interrupting German plans to exploit Soviet territories economically. German forces obtained only one-seventh of what they looted from other European countries. While about $1 billion worth of food and other products were expropriated from Soviet territories by the Germans, more than $26 billion worth of goods and services were extracted from other European countries.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-109">[109]</a> The partisans rendered substantial help to Soviet Army forces operating at the front by conducting damaging strikes against the German rear area communication network. Partisan activities combined with the Soviet Army's increasing offensive success helped to inspire the local population in occupied territories to join or support the struggle against the German occupation. According to historian Leonid Grenkevich, This partisan warfare on so vast a scale was unprecedented in Russian history. In the end, it was a genuine people's war. In general, the populace supported the partisan fighters by providing them not only moral support, and care and attention, but also food and masses of intelligence information.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-109">[109]</a> According to historian Geoffrey Hosking, "All in all, the Soviet peoples displayed between 1941 and 1945 endurance, resourcefulness and determination which may be well beyond the capacities of economically more advanced nations. They won the war partly because of, partly in spite of, their leaders . . . The war showed the Soviet system at its best and at its worst."<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Historian Matthew Cooper argued that, "The guerrilla was not simply a man fighting for his country; he was a political being struggling for a powerful and pervasive cause, against his own race as well as against the enemy. Militarily, he was to assist the progress of the Red Army by creating unbearable conditions in the enemy's rear; politically he was to be the champion of the class struggle in the furtherance of the Communist millennium. The Soviet partisans were representatives of the Soviet regime and evidence that neither it nor ideology was defeated."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The partisan movement succeeded in accomplishing its ideological tasks. US Air Force historians N. F. Parrish, L. B. Atkinson, and A. F. Simpson remarked, "Aside from direct or indirect damage to the German war machine, the Moscow-controlled partisan movement was the sole effective means by which the Soviet government could maintain a measure of control of, and extract varying degrees of loyalty from, the Soviet populations behind the German lines."<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The historian J. Armstrong also highly praised Soviet partisans ’efforts in this field, stating, "The great accomplishment of the partisans in the psychological field was their major contribution in turning the population of the occupied territories against the Germans."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Polish historian <a href="/wiki/Marek_Jan_Chodakiewicz" title="Marek Jan Chodakiewicz">Marek Jan Chodakiewicz</a>:<a href="#cite_note-MJC-76">[76]</a> alleges that the "Soviet-allied guerrillas routinely engaged in plundering peasants. He argues that they "lacked popular support" and claims that such allegations have been "eliminated from the standard Soviet narrative about them". The book Soviet partisans in 1941–1944 by Polish author <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Musia%C5%82" title="Bogdan Musiał">Bogdan Musial</a> was criticized by Belarusian media for denigrating the partisan movement.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Partisan_commemoration_and_legacy">Partisan commemoration and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Partisan commemoration and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commemorative_holidays">Commemorative holidays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Commemorative holidays">edit</a>]</div> Partisans and Underground Fighters Day (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: День партизан и подпольщиков) is a holiday in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> celebrated on June 29 since 2010, celebrating the veterans of Partisan units throughout the USSR. It was established by the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma" title="State Duma">State Duma</a> in March 2009 at the initiative of the <a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a> Regional Duma. On 11 April 2009, President <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Medvedev" title="Dmitry Medvedev">Dmitry Medvedev</a> made the act into law.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> It officially marks the anniversary 1941 directive of the Council of People's Commissars signed on this date declaring the intention to create partisan detachments.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The Day of Partisan Glory (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: День партизанської слави) is celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> on 22 September,<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> first appearing on the Ukrainian calendar in October 2001 after an order came from President <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Kuchma" title="Leonid Kuchma">Leonid Kuchma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In 2011, the main celebrations dedicated to the Day of Partisan Glory and the 70th anniversary of the partisan movement were held in the city of Putivl in the <a href="/wiki/Sumy_Oblast" title="Sumy Oblast">Sumy Oblast</a> of Ukraine. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partisan_honours">Partisan honours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Partisan honours">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Medal_%22To_a_Partisan_of_the_Patriotic_War%22" title="Medal "To a Partisan of the Patriotic War"">Medal "To a Partisan of the Patriotic War"</a> was a Soviet award with two classes on introduced on 2 February 1943 for partisans who demonstrate exemplary performance in war. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parades">Parades</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Parades">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_2019_04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_2019_04.jpg/220px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_2019_04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_2019_04.jpg/330px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_2019_04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_2019_04.jpg/440px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_2019_04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>Soldiers depicting Belorussian partisans during a parade in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> on the 75th anniversary of the Liberation of Belarus in 2019.</figcaption></figure> Today, reenactments of the famous <a href="/wiki/Partisans_Parade" title="Partisans Parade">Partisans Parade</a> are currently held every year by youth unions, university students and reenactment groups.<a href="#cite_note-belta-122">[122]</a> Every five years, reenactors from the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Belarus" title="Armed Forces of Belarus">Armed Forces of Belarus</a> take part in the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Independence_Day_Parade" title="Minsk Independence Day Parade">Minsk Independence Day Parade</a> as part of its historical part, dressed in the uniforms of Partisan formations and marching under with weapons from that era. Both the uniforms and the weapons are provided by the <a href="/wiki/Belarusfilm" title="Belarusfilm">Belarusfilm</a> studio.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> This was done at the 2014<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> and 2019 jubilee parade editions was done for the first time in 2020 for the <a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory Day Parade">Victory Day Parade</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/2020_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2020 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2020 Moscow Victory Day Parade</a>, the banners of the <a href="/wiki/Zheleznyak" title="Zheleznyak">Zheleznyak</a> Partisan Detachment and three Red Army units who participated in the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Offensive">Minsk Offensive</a> were carried by personnel of the <a href="/wiki/Honor_Guard_Company_(Belarus)" title="Honor Guard Company (Belarus)">Honor Guard Company of the Armed Forces of Belarus</a> on <a href="/wiki/Red_Square" title="Red Square">Red Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandenbek%C3%A4mpfung" title="Bandenbekämpfung">Bandenbekämpfung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Come_and_See" title="Come and See">Come and See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Leśni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">People's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisan_united_formation_1941%E2%80%9344" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet partisan united formation 1941–44">Soviet partisan united formation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_brigade" title="Partisan brigade">Partisan brigade</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisan_regiment_1941%E2%80%9344" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet partisan regiment 1941–44">partisan regiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisan_detachment_1941%E2%80%9344" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet partisan detachment 1941–44">Partisan detachment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisan_group_1941%E2%80%9344" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet partisan group 1941–44">Partisan group</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Guard_(Soviet_resistance)" title="Young Guard (Soviet resistance)">Young Guard (Soviet resistance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_resistance_volunteers_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China">Chinese resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslav Partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Partisans" title="Croatian Partisans">Croatian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Partisans" title="Macedonian Partisans">Macedonian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovene Partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_partisans" title="Slovak partisans">Slovak partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Partisans">Italian Partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greek Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuke-Tepe_(1025)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuke-Tepe (1025)">Yuke-Tepe (1025)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Leonid D. Grenkevich. The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1944: A Critical Historiographical Analysis.Routledge. 2013. p.325 </li> <li id="cite_note-Trela-Mazur-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Trela-Mazur_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElżbieta_Trela-Mazur1997" class="citation book cs1">Elżbieta Trela-Mazur (1997). Włodzimierz Bonusiak; Stanisław Jan Ciesielski; Zygmunt Mańkowski; Mikołaj Iwanow (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wGq1AAAAIAAJ">Sowietyzacja oświaty w Małopolsce Wschodniej pod radziecką okupacją 1939–1941</a> [Sovietization of eastern Poland during the Soviet occupation in 1939–1941]. Kielce: Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna im. Jana Kochanowskiego. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-7133-100-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-7133-100-8"><bdi>978-83-7133-100-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407235416/https://books.google.ca/books?id=wGq1AAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-07. Retrieved 2016-03-01. <q>Among the population of Eastern territories were circa 38% Poles, 37% Ukrainians, 14,5% Belarusians, 8,4% Jews, 0,9% Russians and 0,6% Germans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sowietyzacja+o%C5%9Bwiaty+w+Ma%C5%82opolsce+Wschodniej+pod+radzieck%C4%85+okupacj%C4%85+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Kielce&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Wy%C5%BCsza+Szko%C5%82a+Pedagogiczna+im.+Jana+Kochanowskiego&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-83-7133-100-8&rft.au=El%C5%BCbieta+Trela-Mazur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwGq1AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> [Семиряга Михаил Иванович, Тайны сталинской дипломатии 1939—1941. М.: Высшая школа., 1992. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://militera.lib.ru/research/semiryaga1/03.html#">http://militera.lib.ru/research/semiryaga1/03.html#</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317110126/http://militera.lib.ru/research/semiryaga1/03.html">Archived</a> 2018-03-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> J.V. Stalin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1941/07/03.htm">Radio Broadcast, July 3, 1941.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304234214/https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1941/07/03.htm">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Marxists.org </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> (HistBel-5) Гісторыя Беларусі: У 6 т. Т. 5. Беларусь у 1917–1945. – Мн.: Экаперспектыва, 2006. – 613 с.; іл. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/985-469-149-7" title="Special:BookSources/985-469-149-7">985-469-149-7</a>. p. 492. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pinsk-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Pinsk_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNik2002" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Nik (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060621002530/http://pinskhistory.by.ru/Book/42.html">"ПИНСК В ГОДЫ ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ... (Pinsk during the Great Patriotic...)"</a>. Istoria Pinska (History of Pinsk) (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pinskhistory.by.ru/Book/42.html">the original</a> on 2006-06-21. Retrieved 2006-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Istoria+Pinska+%28History+of+Pinsk%29&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9A+%D0%92+%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%AB+%D0%92%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%99+%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%99...+%28Pinsk+during+the+Great+Patriotic...%29&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Nik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpinskhistory.by.ru%2FBook%2F42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Litvinowski-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Litvinowski_7-0">^</a> Літвіноўскі І. А. (Litvinowski) Партызанскі рух у Вялікую Айчынную вайну 1941–1945 // Беларуская энцыклапедыя: У 18 т. Т. 12. – Мінск: БелЭн, 2001. – 560 с. p. 134. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/985-11-0198-2" title="Special:BookSources/985-11-0198-2">985-11-0198-2</a> (т.12). </li> <li id="cite_note-hgraphy_caveat-8"><a href="#cite_ref-hgraphy_caveat_8-0">^</a> NB: usually the Soviet and post-Soviet writings on the Soviet partisan movement borrow data directly or indirectly from the Ponomarenko (Пономаренко П.К. Партизанское движение в Великой Отечественной войне. М., 1943.) and Volin (Волин Б.М. Всенародная партизанская война. М., 1942.) books, which could be intentionally exaggerating. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> pp. 528–541, Velikaya Otechestvennaya Voina </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wwii-soldat.narod.ru/GALER/ARTICLES/p.htm">"ГАЛЕРЕЯ ВЕТЕРАНОВ"</a>. wwii-soldat.narod.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070101201813/http://wwii-soldat.narod.ru/GALER/ARTICLES/p.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-01-01. Retrieved 2006-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wwii-soldat.narod.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%AF+%D0%92%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%92&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwwii-soldat.narod.ru%2FGALER%2FARTICLES%2Fp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-z.ru-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a-z.ru_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-a-z.ru_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.a-z.ru/women_cd2/12/2/i80_181.htm">"У ПОЛЬСКИХ МСТИТЕЛЕЙ"</a>. www.a-z.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070806010202/http://www.a-z.ru/women_cd2/12/2/i80_181.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-08-06. Retrieved 2006-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.a-z.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A3+%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%AC%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A5+%D0%9C%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.a-z.ru%2Fwomen_cd2%2F12%2F2%2Fi80_181.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bobylev-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Bobylev_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvarious_authorsP.L._Bobylev1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">various authors; P.L. Bobylev (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182327/http://www.biografia.ru/cgi-bin/quotes.pl?oaction=show&name=voyna084"><bdi lang="ru">"Великая Отечественная война." Вопросы и ответы.</bdi></a> ["Great Patriotic War"; questions and answers] (in Russian). Moscow: Politizdat. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografia.ru/cgi-bin/quotes.pl?oaction=show&name=voyna084">the original</a> on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2006-08-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0.%22+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B.&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Politizdat&rft.date=1985&rft.au=various+authors&rft.au=P.L.+Bobylev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biografia.ru%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquotes.pl%3Foaction%3Dshow%26name%3Dvoyna084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> (All-people struggle in Belarus against the German-fascist invaders) Всенародная борьба в Белоруссии против немецко-фашистских захватчиков. Т. 1. С. 84, 112., as cited in (HistB5) Гісторыя Беларусі: У 6 т. Т. 5. Беларусь у 1917–1945. – Мн.: Экаперспектыва, 2006. – 613 с.; іл. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/985-469-149-7" title="Special:BookSources/985-469-149-7">985-469-149-7</a>. p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turonek,_p._76-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turonek,_p._76_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turonek,_p._76_14-1">b</a> Jerzy Turonek, Białoruś pod okupacją niemiecką, Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka_i_Wiedza" title="Książka i Wiedza">Książka i Wiedza</a>, 1993; p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> (All-people struggle...) V.1. p. 107., as cited in (HistB5) p. 493. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> (HistB5) p. 493. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> At the end of 1941, only in the <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> area were there were more than 50 partisan groups operational, including more than 2,000 troops. </li> <li id="cite_note-Turonek,_p._78-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turonek,_p._78_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turonek,_p._78_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turonek,_p._78_18-2">c</a> Turonek, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Вячеслав Иванович Боярский. Партизанство: вчера, сегодня, завтра. Граница, 2003. p. 218 </li> <li id="cite_note-Turonek110-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Turonek110_20-0">^</a> Turonek, pp. 110–112. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> By the German sources. Turonek, p. 79. Also noted is that this result, while in itself impressive, was less relevant than expected, as the German offensive in 1942 came further south. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Mentioned as primary in the report of the HQ of partisan movement on November 9, 1942. Turonek, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Turonek, pp. 83, 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Turonek, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_25-1">b</a> Turonek, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Turonek, pp. 84, 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGogun2015">Gogun 2015</a>, pp. 36–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Aleksander A. Maslov. Fallen Soviet Generals: Soviet General Officers Killed in Battle, 1941–1945. Routledge. p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Grenkevich, p. 209 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Пантелеймон Кондратьевич Пономаренко, Александр Михайлович СамсоновВсенародная борьба в тылу немецко-фашистских захватчиков, 1941–1944. Наука, 1986. p. 135 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://expertonline.kz/a886/">"Ложь, большая ложь и история"</a>. 2012-09-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010095641/http://expertonline.kz/a886/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-10. Retrieved 2018-10-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C%2C+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2012-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexpertonline.kz%2Fa886%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGogun2015">Gogun 2015</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGogun2015">Gogun 2015</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGogun2015">Gogun 2015</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gogun_103-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Gogun_103_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGogun2015">Gogun 2015</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gogun_104-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Gogun_104_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGogun2015">Gogun 2015</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gogun_104_to_109-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Gogun_104_to_109_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGogun2015">Gogun 2015</a>, pp. 106–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Вячеслав Иванович Боярский. Партизанство: вчера, сегодня, завтра. Граница, 2003. p. 217 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Пантелеймон Кондратьевич Пономаренко, Александр Михайлович СамсоновВсенародная борьба в тылу немецко-фашистских захватчиков, 1941–1944. Наука, 1986. p. 377 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Grenkevich, p. 255 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Grenkevich, p. 226 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Grenkevich, p. 224 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Hill, Alexander, The war behind the Eastern Front : the Soviet partisan movement in North-West Russia, 1941–1944. Frank Cass, 2005 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714657115" title="Special:BookSources/0714657115">0714657115</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrylova2010" class="citation book cs1">Krylova, Anna (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4gaAQgAACAAJ&q=partizanka">Soviet Women in Combat: A History of Violence on the Eastern Front</a> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521197342" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521197342"><bdi>978-0521197342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Women+in+Combat%3A+A+History+of+Violence+on+the+Eastern+Front&rft.pages=204&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521197342&rft.aulast=Krylova&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4gaAQgAACAAJ%26q%3Dpartizanka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarkwickCardonaCardona2012" class="citation book cs1">Markwick, R.; Cardona, E. Charon; Cardona, Euridice Charon (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fwp7e8LWbMYC&q=partizanka&pg=PT128">Soviet Women on the Frontline in the Second World War</a> (illustrated ed.). Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230362543" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230362543"><bdi>978-0230362543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Women+on+the+Frontline+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0230362543&rft.aulast=Markwick&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Cardona%2C+E.+Charon&rft.au=Cardona%2C+Euridice+Charon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFwp7e8LWbMYC%26q%3Dpartizanka%26pg%3DPT128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSlepyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Slepyan, Kenneth (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvsLAQAAMAAJ&q=partizanka">Stalin's guerrillas: Soviet partisans in World War II</a> (illustrated ed.). University Press of Kansas. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700614806" title="Special:BookSources/9780700614806"><bdi>9780700614806</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+guerrillas%3A+Soviet+partisans+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=204&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780700614806&rft.aulast=Slepyan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvsLAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpartizanka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrusin2010" class="citation book cs1">Prusin, Alexander V. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QRAE5wYtR5MC&pg=PA179">The Lands Between: Conflict in the East European Borderlands, 1870–1992</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929753-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-929753-5"><bdi>978-0-19-929753-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lands+Between%3A+Conflict+in+the+East+European+Borderlands%2C+1870%E2%80%931992&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-929753-5&rft.aulast=Prusin&rft.aufirst=Alexander+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRAE5wYtR5MC%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statiev-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Statiev_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStatiev2010" class="citation book cs1">Statiev, Alexander (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4O-0WaSL9XwC&pg=PA200">The Soviet Counterinsurgency in the Western Borderlands</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76833-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-76833-7"><bdi>978-0-521-76833-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Counterinsurgency+in+the+Western+Borderlands&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-76833-7&rft.aulast=Statiev&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4O-0WaSL9XwC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ria.ru/radio/20150403/1056458522.html">"Партизаны Прибалтики: особенности национального сопротивления"</a>. 3 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181008214214/https://ria.ru/radio/20150403/1056458522.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-08. Retrieved 2018-10-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%3A+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.date=2015-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fria.ru%2Fradio%2F20150403%2F1056458522.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-audrone-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-audrone_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-audrone_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/1/audrone.htm">"Audronė Janavičienė. Soviet saboteurs in Lithuania (1941–1944). Lietuvos gyventojų genocido ir rezistencijos tyrimo centras"</a> (in Lithuanian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060426070919/http://www.genocid.lt/Leidyba/1/audrone.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-04-26. Retrieved 2006-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audron%C4%97+Janavi%C4%8Dien%C4%97.+Soviet+saboteurs+in+Lithuania+%281941%E2%80%931944%29.+Lietuvos+gyventoj%C5%B3+genocido+ir+rezistencijos+tyrimo+centras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genocid.lt%2FLeidyba%2F1%2Faudrone.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laine-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Laine_51-0">^</a> Laine, Antti: Suur-Suomen kahdet kasvot, 1982, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-1-06947-0" title="Special:BookSources/951-1-06947-0">951-1-06947-0</a>, Otava </li> <li id="cite_note-Stepakov-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stepakov_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stepakov_52-1">b</a> Stepakov, Victor and Frolov, Dmitry: Komandos, 2004, Moscow </li> <li id="cite_note-ravn-53"><a href="#cite_ref-ravn_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051102050211/http://www.ravnenie-na-pobedu.ru/regions/10/history1.html">""Равнение на Победу" (Eyes toward Victory), the Republic of Karelia"</a> (in Russian). the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, National Delphi Council of Russia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ravnenie-na-pobedu.ru/regions/10/history1.html">the original</a> on November 2, 2005. Retrieved August 10, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%22+%28Eyes+toward+Victory%29%2C+the+Republic+of+Karelia&rft.pub=the+Ministry+of+Education+and+Science+of+the+Russian+Federation%2C+National+Delphi+Council+of+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ravnenie-na-pobedu.ru%2Fregions%2F10%2Fhistory1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Viheriävaara-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Viheriävaara_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Viheriävaara_54-1">b</a> Eino Viheriävaara, (1982). Partisaanien jäljet 1941–1944, Oulun Kirjateollisuus Oy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-99396-6-0" title="Special:BookSources/951-99396-6-0">951-99396-6-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Veikko Erkkilä, (1999). Vaiettu sota, Arator Oy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/952-9619-18-9" title="Special:BookSources/952-9619-18-9">952-9619-18-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Lauri Hannikainen, (1992). Implementing Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts: The Case of Finland, Martinuss Nijoff Publishers, Dordrecht. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7923-1611-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7923-1611-8">0-7923-1611-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Tyyne Martikainen,(1988) "Neuvostoliiton partisaanien tuhoiskut siviilikyliin 1941–1944, PS-paino Värisuora Oy <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-97949-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/951-97949-0-5">951-97949-0-5</a>, Tyyne Martikainen, (2002). Partisaanisodan siviiliuhrit, PS-Paino Värisuora Oy. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/952-91-4327-3" title="Special:BookSources/952-91-4327-3">952-91-4327-3</a>, Tyyne Martikaianen, (2002, 2004) "Rauha on ainoa mahdollisuutemme – Partisaanisodan kansainvälinen sovitusseminaari", English summary, Jatkosodan Siviiliveteraanit ry <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-98964-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/951-98964-4-9">951-98964-4-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rabkrin.org/reydyi-sovetskih-partizan-na-territoriyu-finlyandii-v-1942-1944-gg-statya/">"Рейды советских партизан на территорию Финляндии в 1942–1944 гг. * Статья"</a>. June 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+1942%E2%80%931944+%D0%B3%D0%B3.+%2A+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frabkrin.org%2Freydyi-sovetskih-partizan-na-territoriyu-finlyandii-v-1942-1944-gg-statya%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rk.karelia.ru/special-projects/nasha-vojna/partizany-v-karelii-mify-i-pravda/">"Партизаны в Карелии: мифы и правда"</a>. November 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%3A+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.date=2016-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frk.karelia.ru%2Fspecial-projects%2Fnasha-vojna%2Fpartizany-v-karelii-mify-i-pravda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoraru2015" class="citation journal cs1">Moraru, Anton (16 April 2015). "Mișcarea teroristă în spatele Frontului Român". <a href="/wiki/Literatura_%C8%99i_Arta" title="Literatura și Arta">Literatura și Arta</a>. 16 (3633): 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literatura+%C8%99i+Arta&rft.atitle=Mi%C8%99carea+terorist%C4%83+%C3%AEn+spatele+Frontului+Rom%C3%A2n&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3633&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2015-04-16&rft.aulast=Moraru&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipnweb-61"><a href="#cite_ref-ipnweb_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150619041415/http://ipn.gov.pl/najwazniejsze-wiadomosci/informacja-historyczna/gwardia-ludowa,-armia-ludowa">Gwardia Ludowa, Armia Ludowa</a> (in Polish), <a href="/wiki/Instytut_Pami%C4%99ci_Narodowej" class="mw-redirect" title="Instytut Pamięci Narodowej">Instytut Pamięci Narodowej</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipn.gov.pl/portal/pl/398/4908/">the original</a> on 2015-06-19, retrieved 2019-09-19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gwardia+Ludowa%2C+Armia+Ludowa&rft.pub=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipn.gov.pl%2Fportal%2Fpl%2F398%2F4908%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYohanan_Cohen1989" class="citation book cs1">Yohanan Cohen (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aN96TB0RUB8C&q=Soviet+partisans+Poland&pg=PA127">"The "London Government""</a>. Small Nations in Times of Crisis and Confrontation. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">SUNY Press</a>. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0018-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0018-0"><bdi>978-0-7914-0018-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22London+Government%22&rft.btitle=Small+Nations+in+Times+of+Crisis+and+Confrontation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0018-0&rft.au=Yohanan+Cohen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaN96TB0RUB8C%26q%3DSoviet%2Bpartisans%2BPoland%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski_63-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a>, Poland's Holocaust, McFarland & Company, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3">0-7864-0371-3</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/88">Google Print, p. 88</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/89">p. 89</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/90">p. 90</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski-98-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski-98_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski-98_64-1">b</a> Piotrowski, Poland's Holocaust, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/98">p. 98</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chod-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chod_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chod_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chod_65-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chod_65-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chod_65-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/%7Esarmatia/406/262choda.html">Review of Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718034701/http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/406/262choda.html">Archived</a> 2012-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Musial" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogdan Musial">Bogdan Musial</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Marek_Jan_Chodakiewicz" title="Marek Jan Chodakiewicz">Marek Jan Chodakiewicz</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian_Review" title="Sarmatian Review">Sarmatian Review</a>, April 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Musia%C5%82" title="Bogdan Musiał">Bogdan Musiał</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2006-t5-n1_(9)/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2006-t5-n1_(9)-s379-385/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2006-t5-n1_(9)-s379-385.pdf">Memorandum Pantelejmona Ponomarienki z 20 stycznia 1943 r.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160427093438/http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media//files/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2006-t5-n1_(9)/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2006-t5-n1_(9)-s379-385/Pamiec_i_Sprawiedliwosc-r2006-t5-n1_(9)-s379-385.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-04-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "O zachowaniu się Polaków i niektórych naszych zadaniach", Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość, Pismo Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej, Warszawa, 1.09.2006, ISSN 1427-7476, s. 379–380. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNarodowej" class="citation web cs1">Narodowej, Instytut Pamięci. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/dla-mediow/komunikaty/10278,Komunikat-dot-sledztwa-w-sprawie-zbrodni-popelnionych-przez-partyzantow-sowiecki.html">"Komunikat dot. śledztwa w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych przez partyzantów sowieckich w latach 1942–1944 na terenie byłego województwa nowogródzkiego"</a>. Instytut Pamięci Narodowej.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci+Narodowej&rft.atitle=Komunikat+dot.+%C5%9Bledztwa+w+sprawie+zbrodni+pope%C5%82nionych+przez+partyzant%C3%B3w+sowieckich+w+latach+1942%E2%80%931944+na+terenie+by%C5%82ego+wojew%C3%B3dztwa+nowogr%C3%B3dzkiego&rft.aulast=Narodowej&rft.aufirst=Instytut+Pami%C4%99ci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipn.gov.pl%2Fpl%2Fdla-mediow%2Fkomunikaty%2F10278%2CKomunikat-dot-sledztwa-w-sprawie-zbrodni-popelnionych-przez-partyzantow-sowiecki.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloodlands-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloodlands_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloodlands_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2012" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Timothy (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadlyinnocentsp0000gard">Bloodlands – Europe between Hitler and Stalin</a>. Basic Books. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465032976" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465032976"><bdi>978-0465032976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodlands+%E2%80%93+Europe+between+Hitler+and+Stalin&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0465032976&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeadlyinnocentsp0000gard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gar219-220-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Gar219-220_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJózef_Garliński1975" class="citation journal cs1">Józef Garliński (April 1975). "The Polish Underground State 1939–1945". Journal of Contemporary History. 10 (2): 219–259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947501000202">10.1177/002200947501000202</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260146">260146</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159844616">159844616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=The+Polish+Underground+State+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E219-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.date=1975-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159844616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260146%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200947501000202&rft.au=J%C3%B3zef+Garli%C5%84ski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> P. 230 </li> <li id="cite_note-Boradyn-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Boradyn_70-0">^</a> (in Polish) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZygmunt_Boradyn1999" class="citation book cs1">Zygmunt Boradyn (1999). Niemen rzeka niezgody. Polsko-sowiecka wojna partyzancka na Nowogródczyźnie 1943-1944. Warsaw: Rytm. p. 336. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8387893080" title="Special:BookSources/8387893080"><bdi>8387893080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Niemen+rzeka+niezgody.+Polsko-sowiecka+wojna+partyzancka+na+Nowogr%C3%B3dczy%C5%BAnie+1943-1944&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Rytm&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=8387893080&rft.au=Zygmunt+Boradyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patyna-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Patyna_71-0">^</a> (in Polish) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichał_PatynaZbigniew_Cierpiński2004" class="citation book cs1">Michał Patyna; Zbigniew Cierpiński (April 2004). "Raport z badań przeprowadzonych podczas obozu naukowego KWSM na Białorusi i Litwie w lipcu 2003 r.". In Marian Wolański (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020050129/http://www.kwsm.uni.wroc.pl/publikacje/ZNS3.pdf">Zeszyty Naukowe Koła Wschodnioeuropejskiego Stosunków Międzynarodowych</a> (PDF). Zdzisław J. Winnicki. Wrocław: Wrocław University. pp. 7–17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1730-654X">1730-654X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kwsm.uni.wroc.pl/publikacje/ZNS3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2012-10-20. Retrieved 2021-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Raport+z+bada%C5%84+przeprowadzonych+podczas+obozu+naukowego+KWSM+na+Bia%C5%82orusi+i+Litwie+w+lipcu+2003+r.&rft.btitle=Zeszyty+Naukowe+Ko%C5%82a+Wschodnioeuropejskiego+Stosunk%C3%B3w+Mi%C4%99dzynarodowych&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.pub=Wroc%C5%82aw+University&rft.date=2004-04&rft.issn=1730-654X&rft.au=Micha%C5%82+Patyna&rft.au=Zbigniew+Cierpi%C5%84ski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kwsm.uni.wroc.pl%2Fpublikacje%2FZNS3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zieliński-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Zieliński_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyszard_Zieliński" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ryszard Zieliński. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110814213801/http://donbas.blox.pl/2005/11/W-sierpniu-1943-r-partyzantka-dokonala-dywersji.html">"W sierpniu 1943 r. partyzantka dokonała dywersji na torach kolejowych między Ostrogiem a Sławutą"</a>. Na Wołyniu i Podolu, Polacy Donbasu (in Polish). Towarzystwo Kultury Polskiej na Donbasie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://donbas.blox.pl/2005/11/W-sierpniu-1943-r-partyzantka-dokonala-dywersji.html">the original</a> on 2011-08-14. Retrieved 2006-05-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Na+Wo%C5%82yniu+i+Podolu%2C+Polacy+Donbasu&rft.atitle=W+sierpniu+1943+r.+partyzantka+dokona%C5%82a+dywersji+na+torach+kolejowych+mi%C4%99dzy+Ostrogiem+a+S%C5%82awut%C4%85&rft.au=Ryszard+Zieli%C5%84ski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdonbas.blox.pl%2F2005%2F11%2FW-sierpniu-1943-r-partyzantka-dokonala-dywersji.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski9899-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski9899_73-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Piotrowski_(sociologist)" title="Tadeusz Piotrowski (sociologist)">Tadeusz Piotrowski</a>, Poland's Holocaust, McFarland & Company, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-0371-3">0-7864-0371-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/polandsholocaust00piot/page/98">Google Print, p.98-99</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piotrowski1998-101-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski1998-101_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piotrowski1998-101_74-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTadeusz_Piotrowski1998" class="citation book cs1">Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hC0-dk7vpM8C&pg=PA101">Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918–1947</a>. McFarland. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0371-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-0371-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland%27s+Holocaust%3A+Ethnic+Strife%2C+Collaboration+with+Occupying+Forces+and+Genocide+in+the+Second+Republic%2C+1918%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0371-4&rft.au=Tadeusz+Piotrowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhC0-dk7vpM8C%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tec1994-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tec1994_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tec1994_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNechama_Tec1994" class="citation book cs1">Nechama Tec (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tM9EeN01rvYC&pg=PA73">Defiance</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 72–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509390-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509390-2"><bdi>978-0-19-509390-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defiance&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509390-2&rft.au=Nechama+Tec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtM9EeN01rvYC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MJC-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MJC_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJC_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MJC_76-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNews_&_Publications2006" class="citation journal cs1">News & Publications (1 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwp.edu/news_publications/detail/the-myth-exposed">"The myth exposed by Marek Jan Chodakiewicz"</a>. The Sarmatian Review. 26 (2): 1217–1220. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306141837/http://www.iwp.edu/news_publications/detail/the-myth-exposed">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sarmatian+Review&rft.atitle=The+myth+exposed+by+Marek+Jan+Chodakiewicz&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1217-%3C%2Fspan%3E1220&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft.au=News+%26+Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwp.edu%2Fnews_publications%2Fdetail%2Fthe-myth-exposed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> [Also in:] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarek_Jan_Chodakiewicz2006" class="citation web cs1">Marek Jan Chodakiewicz (21 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/406/262choda.html">"Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland. Innenansichten aus dem Gebiet Baranovici 1941–1944. Eine Dokumentation"</a>. The Sarmatian Review. Russian documents translated into German by Tatjana Wanjat in Schriftenreihe der Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, vol. 88. Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718034701/http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/406/262choda.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 1 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sowjetische+Partisanen+in+Wei%C3%9Fru%C3%9Fland.+Innenansichten+aus+dem+Gebiet+Baranovici+1941%E2%80%931944.+Eine+Dokumentation&rft.pages=Russian+documents+translated+into+German+by+Tatjana+Wanjat+in+%27%27Schriftenreihe+der+Vierteljahrshefte+f%C3%BCr+Zeitgeschichte%27%27%2C+vol.+88.+Munich%3A+R.+Oldenbourg+Verlag&rft.pub=The+Sarmatian+Review&rft.date=2006-04-21&rft.au=Marek+Jan+Chodakiewicz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruf.rice.edu%2F~sarmatia%2F406%2F262choda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_77-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStatiev2014" class="citation journal cs1">Statiev, Alexander (2014-10-21). "Soviet Partisan Violence against Soviet Civilians: Targeting Their Own". 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Houston Circle of the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052645/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Nl8_AQAAIAAJ&q=The+Soviet-allied+guerrillas+routinely+engaged+in+plundering+peasants.+Documents+show+that+partisan+activity+often+amounted+to+banditry,+rape,+pillage,+and+murder&dq=The+Soviet-allied+guerrillas+routinely+engaged+in+plundering+peasants.+Documents+show+that+partisan+activity+often+amounted+to+banditry,+rape,+pillage,+and+murder&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiG65mqs7HbAhWm6IMKHV7xCOkQ6AEIKTAA">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-09. Retrieved 2018-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sarmatian+Review&rft.pub=Houston+Circle+of+the+Polish+Institute+of+Arts+and+Sciences+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNl8_AQAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BSoviet-allied%2Bguerrillas%2Broutinely%2Bengaged%2Bin%2Bplundering%2Bpeasants.%2BDocuments%2Bshow%2Bthat%2Bpartisan%2Bactivity%2Boften%2Bamounted%2Bto%2Bbanditry%2C%2Brape%2C%2Bpillage%2C%2Band%2Bmurder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sowjetische-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sowjetische_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sowjetische_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sowjetische_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sowjetische_80-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/406/262choda.html">"Sowjetische Partisanen in Weißrußland: SR, April 2006"</a>. www.ruf.rice.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718034701/http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/406/262choda.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-07-18. Retrieved 2016-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ruf.rice.edu&rft.atitle=Sowjetische+Partisanen+in+Wei%C3%9Fru%C3%9Fland%3A+SR%2C+April+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ruf.rice.edu%2F~sarmatia%2F406%2F262choda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZizas2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zizas, Rimantas (2014). Sovietiniai partizanai Lietuvoje 1941–1944 m. (in Lithuanian). 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The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1944: A Critical Historiographical Analysis.Routledge. 2013. p. 311 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glory.rin.ru/cgi-bin/event.pl?act=more&id=32&place=&name=&word=&ids=&start=1&page=3">"Аллея Славы"</a>. glory.rin.ru.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glory.rin.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglory.rin.ru%2Fcgi-bin%2Fevent.pl%3Fact%3Dmore%26id%3D32%26place%3D%26name%3D%26word%3D%26ids%3D%26start%3D1%26page%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://slonimtown.nm.ru/rels.htm">"QIP.RU"</a>. slonimtown.nm.ru.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=slonimtown.nm.ru&rft.atitle=QIP.RU&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fslonimtown.nm.ru%2Frels.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glory.rin.ru/cgi-bin/event.pl?act=more&id=33&place=&name=&word=&ids=&start=1&page=3">"Аллея Славы"</a>. glory.rin.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051221200530/http://glory.rin.ru/cgi-bin/event.pl?act=more&id=33&place=&name=&word=&ids=&start=1&page=3">Archived</a> from the original on 2005-12-21. 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J.F. Muracciole and G. Piketty (Robert Laffont, Paris 2015): 938–943. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Yaacov Falkov, Forest Spies. The Intelligence Activity of the Soviet Partisans (Magnes Press and Yad Vashem Press: Jerusalem, 2017) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Leonid D. Grenkevich. The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1944: A Critical Historiographical Analysis.Routledge. 2013. p. 263 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Martin Gilbert, 'The Holocaust' (1986), p. 515. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaughton2016" class="citation book cs1">Haughton, Tim (2016). Aftermath: Legacies and Memories of War in Europe, 1918–1945–1989. 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Jun 18, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.tut.by/society/403697.html">the original</a> on February 27, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TUT.BY&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5+3+%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5+%22%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%22+%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.date=2014-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.tut.by%2Fsociety%2F403697.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vitbichi.by/amp/navstrechu_75_letiyu_velikoy_pobedy/post42398.html">"Военнослужащие Беларуси приняли участие в параде в честь 75-летия Великой Победы в Москве | Витебск | Новости Витебска и Витебской области"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+75-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5+%26%23124%3B+%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA+%26%23124%3B+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitbichi.by%2Famp%2Fnavstrechu_75_letiyu_velikoy_pobedy%2Fpost42398.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.belta.by/society/view/belarusian-military-carry-belarus-flag-at-victory-parade-in-moscow-131258-2020/">"Belarusian military carry Belarus' flag at Victory parade in Moscow"</a>. eng.belta.by. Jun 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eng.belta.by&rft.atitle=Belarusian+military+carry+Belarus%27+flag+at+Victory+parade+in+Moscow&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.belta.by%2Fsociety%2Fview%2Fbelarusian-military-carry-belarus-flag-at-victory-parade-in-moscow-131258-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGogun2015" class="citation book cs1">Gogun, Alexander (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aHsqCwAAQBAJ">Stalin's Commandos: Ukrainian Partisan Forces on the Eastern Front</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/I.B.Tauris" class="mw-redirect" title="I.B.Tauris">I.B.Tauris</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-784-53168-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-784-53168-3"><bdi>978-1-784-53168-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Commandos%3A+Ukrainian+Partisan+Forces+on+the+Eastern+Front&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-784-53168-3&rft.aulast=Gogun&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaHsqCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Grenkevich, Leonid D. The Soviet partisan movement, 1941–1944 : a critical historiographical analysis, Frank Cass Publishers, 1999 (hardcover <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4874-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-4874-4">0-7146-4874-4</a>, paperback <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-4428-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-4428-5">0-7146-4428-5</a>).</li> <li>Hill, Alexander, Soviet Partisan versus German Security Soldier. Osprey Publishing, 2019 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1472825667" title="Special:BookSources/1472825667">1472825667</a>)</li> <li>Hill, Alexander, The war behind the Eastern Front : the Soviet partisan movement in North-West Russia, 1941–1944. Frank Cass, 2005 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714657115" title="Special:BookSources/0714657115">0714657115</a>)</li> <li>Kagan, Jack, & Dov Cohen. Surviving the Holocaust With the Russian Jewish Partisans, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85303-336-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85303-336-6">0-85303-336-6</a></li> <li>Musial, Bogdan. Sowjetische Partisanen 1941–1941: Mythos und Wirklichkeit. Ferdinand Schöningh, 2009.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-50676-687-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-50676-687-8">978-3-50676-687-8</a> According to Yehuda Bauer, Musial's book is “a most important contribution” to the history of the war, the Soviet partisans, and Polish-Jewish partisan relations in Belorussia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYehuda_Bauer2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yehuda Bauer (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/research/about/studies/back-issues/38-2.html">"Bogdan Musial. Sowjetische Partisanen 1941–1944: Mythos und Wirklichkeit. Paderborn : Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag, 2009. 592 S. ISBN 978-3-506-76687-8"</a>. Yad Vashem Studies. 38 (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem+Studies&rft.atitle=Bogdan+Musial.+Sowjetische+Partisanen+1941%E2%80%931944%3A+Mythos+und+Wirklichkeit.+Paderborn+%3A+Ferdinand+Sch%C3%B6ningh+Verlag%2C+2009.+592+S.+ISBN+978-3-506-76687-8&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Yehuda+Bauer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Fresearch%2Fabout%2Fstudies%2Fback-issues%2F38-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Shepherd Juliette & Pattinson, War in a Twilight World: Partisan and Anti-partisan Warfare in Eastern Europe, 1939–45, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230575691" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230575691">978-0230575691</a></li> <li>Slepyan, Kenneth. Stalin's guerrillas : Soviet partisans in World War II. University Press of Kansas, 2006 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1480-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-1480-X">0-7006-1480-X</a> ).</li> <li>Smilovitskii, Leonid. Antisemitism in the Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1944: The Case of Belorussia in: Holocaust and Genocide Studies 20, 2006</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTuronek,_Jerzy1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Turonek" title="Jerzy Turonek">Turonek, Jerzy</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_iuCAAAAIAAJ&q=Bramy">Białoruś pod okupacją niemiecką</a> [Belarus under the German occupation]. Warsaw: <a href="/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka_i_Wiedza" title="Książka i Wiedza">Książka i Wiedza</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8305126113" title="Special:BookSources/978-8305126113"><bdi>978-8305126113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bia%C5%82oru%C5%9B+pod+okupacj%C4%85+niemieck%C4%85&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka+i+Wiedza&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-8305126113&rft.au=Turonek%2C+Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_iuCAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DBramy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+partisans" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Yaacov Falkov, "Between the Nazi Hammer and the Soviet Anvil: The Untold Story of the Red Guerrillas in the Baltic Region, 1941-1945", in Chris Murray (ed.), Unknown Conflicts of the Second World War: Forgotten Fronts (London: Routledge, 2019), pp. 96–119. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1138612945" title="Special:BookSources/978-1138612945">978-1138612945</a></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7712" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, 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colspan="2" style="background:lightsteelblue;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Template:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Template talk:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Resistance_in_World_War_II_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Resistance in World War II by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Resistance_during_World_War_II_by_country93" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance during World War II</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-communist resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Baltic States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">June Uprising in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_partisans" title="Estonian partisans">Estonian partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anti-fascist resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_resistance_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian resistance during World War II">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_German-occupied_Channel_Islands" title="Resistance in the German-occupied Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_German-occupied_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_partisans" title="Slovak partisans">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Romanian resistance movement during World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Belarusian resistance during World War II">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Moldovan resistance during World War II">Moldova</a></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Crimean resistance during World War II">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taganrog_resistance_movement" title="Taganrog resistance movement">Taganrog</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Partisans" title="Croatian Partisans">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Partisans" title="Macedonian Partisans">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Partisans" title="Slovene Partisans">Slovenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&oldid=1275021439">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_partisans&oldid=1275021439</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_partisans" 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