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class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 545</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: granular sludge</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">365</span> A Remotely Piloted Aerial Application System to Control Rangeland Grasshoppers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Martin">Daniel Martin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roberto%20Rodriguez"> Roberto Rodriguez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Derek%20Woller"> Derek Woller</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chris%20Reuter"> Chris Reuter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lonnie%20Black"> Lonnie Black</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Latheef"> Mohamed Latheef</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The grasshoppers comprised of heterogeneous assemblages of Acrididae (Family: Orthoptera) species periodically reach outbreak levels by their gregarious behavior and voracious feeding habits, devouring stems and leaves of food crops and rangeland pasture. Cattle consume about 1.5-2.5% of their body weight in forage per day, so pound for pound, a grasshopper will eat 12-20 times as much plant material as a steer and cause serious economic damage to the cattle industry, especially during a drought when forage is already scarce. Grasshoppers annually consume more than 20% of rangeland forages in the western United States at an estimated loss of $1.25 billion per year in forage. A remotely piloted aerial application system with both a spreader and spray application system was used to apply granular insect bait and a liquid formulation of Carbaryl for control of grasshopper infestations on rangeland in New Mexico, United States. Pattern testing and calibration of both the granular and liquid application systems were conducted to determine proper application rate set up and distribution pattern. From these tests, an effective swath was calculated. Results showed that 14 days after application, granular baits were only effective on those grasshopper species that accepted the baits. The liquid formulation at 16 ounces per acre was highly successful at controlling all grasshopper species. Results of this study indicated that a remotely piloted aerial application system can be used to effectively deliver grasshopper control products in both granular and liquid form. However, the spray application treatment proved to be most effective and efficient for all grasshopper species present. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Carbaryl" title="Carbaryl">Carbaryl</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Grasshopper" title=" Grasshopper"> Grasshopper</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Insecticidal%20Efficacy" title=" Insecticidal Efficacy"> Insecticidal Efficacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Remotely%20Piloted%20Aerial%20Application%20System" title=" Remotely Piloted Aerial Application System"> Remotely Piloted Aerial Application System</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138081/a-remotely-piloted-aerial-application-system-to-control-rangeland-grasshoppers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/138081.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">226</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">364</span> Treatment Process of Sludge from Leachate with an Activated Sludge System and Extended Aeration System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ch%C3%A1vez">A. Chávez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Rodr%C3%ADguez"> A. Rodríguez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Pinz%C3%B3n"> F. Pinzón</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Society is concerned about measures of environmental, economic and social impacts generated in the solid waste disposal. These places of confinement, also known as landfills, are locations where problems of pollution and damage to human health are reduced. They are technically designed and operated, using engineering principles, storing the residue in a small area, compact it to reduce volume and covering them with soil layers. Problems preventing liquid (leachate) and gases produced by the decomposition of organic matter. Despite planning and site selection for disposal, monitoring and control of selected processes, remains the dilemma of the leachate as extreme concentration of pollutants, devastating soil, flora and fauna; aggressive processes requiring priority attention. A biological technology is the activated sludge system, used for tributaries with high pollutant loads. Since transforms biodegradable dissolved and particulate matter into CO2, H2O and sludge; transform suspended and no Settleable solids; change nutrients as nitrogen and phosphorous; and degrades heavy metals. The microorganisms that remove organic matter in the processes are in generally facultative heterotrophic bacteria, forming heterogeneous populations. Is possible to find unicellular fungi, algae, protozoa and rotifers, that process the organic carbon source and oxygen, as well as the nitrogen and phosphorus because are vital for cell synthesis. The mixture of the substrate, in this case sludge leachate, molasses and wastewater is maintained ventilated by mechanical aeration diffusers. Considering as the biological processes work to remove dissolved material (< 45 microns), generating biomass, easily obtained by decantation processes. The design consists of an artificial support and aeration pumps, favoring develop microorganisms (denitrifying) using oxygen (O) with nitrate, resulting in nitrogen (N) in the gas phase. Thus, avoiding negative effects of the presence of ammonia or phosphorus. Overall the activated sludge system includes about 8 hours of hydraulic retention time, which does not prevent the demand for nitrification, which occurs on average in a value of MLSS 3,000 mg/L. The extended aeration works with times greater than 24 hours detention; with ratio of organic load/biomass inventory under 0.1; and average stay time (sludge age) more than 8 days. This project developed a pilot system with sludge leachate from Doña Juana landfill - RSDJ –, located in Bogota, Colombia, where they will be subjected to a process of activated sludge and extended aeration through a sequential Bach reactor - SBR, to be dump in hydric sources, avoiding ecological collapse. The system worked with a dwell time of 8 days, 30 L capacity, mainly by removing values of BOD and COD above 90%, with initial data of 1720 mg/L and 6500 mg/L respectively. Motivating the deliberate nitrification is expected to be possible commercial use diffused aeration systems for sludge leachate from landfills. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sludge" title="sludge">sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landfill" title=" landfill"> landfill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=leachate" title=" leachate"> leachate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SBR" title=" SBR"> SBR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25785/treatment-process-of-sludge-from-leachate-with-an-activated-sludge-system-and-extended-aeration-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25785.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">279</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">363</span> The Relationship between Operating Condition and Sludge Wasting of an Aerobic Suspension-Sequencing Batch Reactor (ASSBR) Treating Phenolic Wastewater</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Alattabi">Ali Alattabi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Clare%20Harris"> Clare Harris</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafid%20Alkhaddar"> Rafid Alkhaddar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Alzeyadi"> Ali Alzeyadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW) can be considered as one of the most significant source of aquatic environmental pollution. It consists of oil and grease along with many other toxic organic pollutants. In recent years, a new technique was implemented using different types of membranes and sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) to treat PRW. SBR is a fill and draw type sludge system which operates in time instead of space. Many researchers have optimised SBRs’ operating conditions to obtain maximum removal of undesired wastewater pollutants. It has gained more importance mainly because of its essential flexibility in cycle time. It can handle shock loads, requires less area for operation and easy to operate. However, bulking sludge or discharging floating or settled sludge during the draw or decant phase with some SBR configurations are still one of the problems of SBR system. The main aim of this study is to develop and innovative design for the SBR optimising the process variables to result is a more robust and efficient process. Several experimental tests will be developed to determine the removal percentages of chemical oxygen demand (COD), Phenol and nitrogen compounds from synthetic PRW. Furthermore, the dissolved oxygen (DO), pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of the SBR system will be monitored online to ensure a good environment for the microorganisms to biodegrade the organic matter effectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=petroleum%20refinery%20wastewater" title="petroleum refinery wastewater">petroleum refinery wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sequencing%20batch%20reactor" title=" sequencing batch reactor"> sequencing batch reactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic%20retention%20time" title=" hydraulic retention time"> hydraulic retention time</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phenol" title=" Phenol"> Phenol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=COD" title=" COD"> COD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixed%20liquor%20suspended%20solids%20%28MLSS%29" title=" mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)"> mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40360/the-relationship-between-operating-condition-and-sludge-wasting-of-an-aerobic-suspension-sequencing-batch-reactor-assbr-treating-phenolic-wastewater" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/40360.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">268</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">362</span> An Improvement of a Dynamic Model of the Secondary Sedimentation Tank and Field Validation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahir%20Bakiri">Zahir Bakiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saci%20Nacefa"> Saci Nacefa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper a comparison in made between two models, with and without dispersion term, and focused on the characterization of the movement of the sludge blanket in the secondary sedimentation tank using the solid flux theory and the velocity settling. This allowed us develop a one-dimensional models, with and without dispersion based on a thorough experimental study carried out in situ and the application of online data which are the mass load flow, transfer concentration, and influent characteristic. On the other hand, in the proposed model, the new settling velocity law (double-exponential function) used is based on the Vesilind function. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater" title="wastewater">wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activated%20sludge" title=" activated sludge"> activated sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sedimentation" title=" sedimentation"> sedimentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=settling%20velocity" title=" settling velocity"> settling velocity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=settling%20models" title=" settling models"> settling models</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23073/an-improvement-of-a-dynamic-model-of-the-secondary-sedimentation-tank-and-field-validation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/23073.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">392</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">361</span> Nanofibrous Ion Exchangers</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jarom%C3%ADr%20Marek">Jaromír Marek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jakub%20Wiener"> Jakub Wiener</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan%20Wang"> Yan Wang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main goal of this study was to find simple and industrially applicable production of ion exchangers based on nanofibrous polystyrene matrix and characterization of prepared material. Starting polystyrene nanofibers were sulfonated and crosslinked under appropriate conditions at the same time by sulfuric acid. Strongly acidic cation exchanger was obtained in such a way. The polymer matrix was made from polystyrene nanofibers prepared by Nanospider technology. Various types postpolymerization reactions and other methods of crosslinking were studied. Greatly different behavior between nano and microsize materials was observed. The final nanofibrous material was characterized and compared to common granular ion exchangers and available microfibrous ion exchangers. The sorption properties of nanofibrous ion exchangers were compared with the granular ion exchangers. For nanofibrous ion exchangers of comparable ion exchange capacity was observed considerably faster adsorption kinetics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrospinning" title="electrospinning">electrospinning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ion%20exchangers" title=" ion exchangers"> ion exchangers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nanofibers" title=" nanofibers"> nanofibers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polystyrene" title=" polystyrene"> polystyrene</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7821/nanofibrous-ion-exchangers" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/7821.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">261</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">360</span> Effect of Different Levels of Distillery Yeast Sludge on Immune Level, Egg Quality and Performance of Layers as a Substitute for Soybean Meal </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rana%20Bilal">Rana Bilal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Faiz-Ul-Hassan"> Faiz-Ul-Hassan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moazzam%20Jameel"> Moazzam Jameel</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There is a dire need to replace high-cost protein with more economical protein to overcome animal protein shortage in developing nations especially countries like Pakistan. In conjunction with these efforts, the current study was planned to evaluate the effects of various dried distillery yeast sludge (DYS) levels on the immune level, egg quality, and performance of layers by replacing soybean meal. The study was designed with two hundred layers of Hy-Line variety. Distillery yeast sludge was dried and ground for 2 mm mesh size and after this proximate and mineral analysis was determined. Five isocaloric and isonitrogeneous feeds were given containing C (control), 5, 10, 15, 20% distillery yeast sludge by replacing soybean meal. The trial was performed in the completely randomized design with five treatments, 4 replicates and 10 hen per replicate. Results demonstrated that feed intake, egg production, feed conversion ratio decreased (P < 0.05) with the increased dietary DYS. However, statistically significant decrease (P < 0.05) was found in hens having DYS20 diet than control. Layers on Diets C, DYS5 and DYS10 exerted a higher immune level than DYS15 and DYS20 diets. Egg weight, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, egg albumen height as well as haugh unit score were affected significantly by the increased level of DYS. In general, results of this study demonstrated that inclusion of DYS up to 10% showed no adverse effects on health and performance of layers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=egg%20quality" title="egg quality">egg quality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=immunity" title=" immunity"> immunity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=layers" title=" layers"> layers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance" title=" performance"> performance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90734/effect-of-different-levels-of-distillery-yeast-sludge-on-immune-level-egg-quality-and-performance-of-layers-as-a-substitute-for-soybean-meal" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90734.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">359</span> Catalytic Hydrothermal Decarboxylation of Lipid from Activated Sludge for Renewable Diesel Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ifeanyichukwu%20Edeh">Ifeanyichukwu Edeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tim%20Overton"> Tim Overton</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Steve%20Bowra"> Steve Bowra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently biodiesel is produced from plant oils or animal’s fats by a liquid-phase catalysed transesterification process at low temperature. Although biodiesel is renewable and to a large extent sustainable, inherent properties such as poor cold flow, low oxidation stability, low cetane value restrict application to blends with fossil fuels. An alternative to biodiesel is renewable diesel produced by catalytic hydrotreating of oils and fats and is considered a drop in fuel because its properties are similar to petroleum diesel. In addition to developing alternative productions routes there is continued interest in reducing the cost of the feed stock, waste cooking oils and fats are increasingly used as the feedstocks due to low cost. However, use of oils and fat are highly adulterated resulting in high free fatty acid content which turn impacts on the efficiency of FAME production. Therefore, in light of the need to develop, alternative lipid feed stocks and related efficient catalysis the present study investigates the potential of producing renewable diesel from the lipids-extracted from activated sludge, a waste water treatment by-product, through catalytic hydrothermal decarboxylation. The microbial lipids were first extracted from the activated sludge using the Folch et al method before hydrothermal decarboxylation reactions were carried out using palladium (Pd/C) and platinum (Pt/C) on activated carbon as the catalysts in a batch reactor. The impact of three temperatures 290, 300, 330 °C and residence time between 30 min and 4hrs was assessed. At the end of the reaction, the products were recovered using organic solvents and characterized using gas chromatography (GC). The principle products of the reaction were pentadecane and heptadecane. The highest yields of pentadecane and heptadecane from lipid-extract were 23.23% and 15.21%, respectively. These yields were obtained at 290 °C and residence time 1h using Pt/C. To the best of our knowledge, the current work is the first investigation on the hydrothermal decarboxylation of lipid-extract from activated sludge. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activated%20sludge" title="activated sludge">activated sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipid" title=" lipid"> lipid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20decarboxylation" title=" hydrothermal decarboxylation"> hydrothermal decarboxylation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%20diesel" title=" renewable diesel"> renewable diesel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41566/catalytic-hydrothermal-decarboxylation-of-lipid-from-activated-sludge-for-renewable-diesel-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41566.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">322</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">358</span> Biochemical Identification and Study of Antibiotic Resistance in Isolated Bacteria from WWTP TIMGAD</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdessemed%20Zineb">Abdessemed Zineb</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atia%20Yahia"> Atia Yahia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yeza%20Salima"> Yeza Salima </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Water is self-purified by activated sludge process which makes its uniqueness. The main goal is the microbial biocenosis study of the input and output water of the waste water treatment system plant Timgad. 89.47% of the identified biocenosis belongs to ɤ-Proteobacteria while the remaining 10.52 % is equally divided between α-Proteobacteria and β-Proteobacteria. The antibiotics susceptibility profiles reveal that over 30 % are wild strains while the penicillinases are often present (11.30-20 %) with also other profiles. This proportion is worrying that the water discharged join the Oued Soltez used for irrigation. This disadvantage involves the installation of a chlorination step. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activated%20sludge" title="activated sludge">activated sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biocenosis" title=" biocenosis"> biocenosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antibiotics%20profiles" title=" antibiotics profiles"> antibiotics profiles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=penicillinases" title=" penicillinases"> penicillinases</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physic-chemical%20quality" title=" physic-chemical quality"> physic-chemical quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26876/biochemical-identification-and-study-of-antibiotic-resistance-in-isolated-bacteria-from-wwtp-timgad" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26876.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">357</span> Ragging and Sludging Measurement in Membrane Bioreactors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pompilia%20Buzatu">Pompilia Buzatu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hazim%20Qiblawey"> Hazim Qiblawey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Albert%20Odai"> Albert Odai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jana%20Jamaleddin"> Jana Jamaleddin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Nasser"> Mustafa Nasser</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simon%20J.%20Judd"> Simon J. Judd</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology is challenged by the tendency for the membrane permeability to decrease due to ‘clogging’. Clogging includes ‘sludging’, the filling of the membrane channels with sludge solids, and ‘ragging’, the aggregation of short filaments to form long rag-like particles. Both sludging and ragging demand manual intervention to clear out the solids, which is time-consuming, labour-intensive and potentially damaging to the membranes. These factors impact on costs more significantly than membrane surface fouling which, unlike clogging, is largely mitigated by the chemical clean. However, practical evaluation of MBR clogging has thus far been limited. This paper presents the results of recent work attempting to quantify sludging and clogging based on simple bench-scale tests. Results from a novel ragging simulation trial indicated that rags can be formed within 24-36 hours from dispersed < 5 mm-long filaments at concentrations of 5-10 mg/L under gently agitated conditions. Rag formation occurred for both a cotton wool standard and samples taken from an operating municipal MBR, with between 15% and 75% of the added fibrous material forming a single rag. The extent of rag formation depended both on the material type or origin – lint from laundering operations forming zero rags – and the filament length. Sludging rates were quantified using a bespoke parallel-channel test cell representing the membrane channels of an immersed flat sheet MBR. Sludge samples were provided from two local MBRs, one treating municipal and the other industrial effluent. Bulk sludge properties measured comprised mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration, capillary suction time (CST), particle size, soluble COD (sCOD) and rheology (apparent viscosity μₐ vs shear rate γ). The fouling and sludging propensity of the sludge was determined using the test cell, ‘fouling’ being quantified as the pressure incline rate against flux via the flux step test (for which clogging was absent) and sludging by photographing the channel and processing the image to determine the ratio of the clogged to unclogged regions. A substantial difference in rheological and fouling behaviour was evident between the two sludge sources, the industrial sludge having a higher viscosity but less shear-thinning than the municipal. Fouling, as manifested by the pressure increase Δp/Δt, as a function of flux from classic flux-step experiments (where no clogging was evident), was more rapid for the industrial sludge. Across all samples of both sludge origins the expected trend of increased fouling propensity with increased CST and sCOD was demonstrated, whereas no correlation was observed between clogging rate and these parameters. The relative contribution of fouling and clogging was appraised by adjusting the clogging propensity via increasing the MLSS both with and without a commensurate increase in the COD. Results indicated that whereas for the municipal sludge the fouling propensity was affected by the increased sCOD, there was no associated increased in the sludging propensity (or cake formation). The clogging rate actually decreased on increasing the MLSS. Against this, for the industrial sludge the clogging rate dramatically increased with solids concentration despite a decrease in the soluble COD. From this was surmised that sludging did not relate to fouling. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clogging" title="clogging">clogging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane%20bioreactors" title=" membrane bioreactors"> membrane bioreactors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ragging" title=" ragging"> ragging</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sludge" title=" sludge"> sludge</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95264/ragging-and-sludging-measurement-in-membrane-bioreactors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95264.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">187</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">356</span> Reactors with Effective Mixing as a Solutions for Micro-Biogas Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Zielinski">M. Zielinski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Debowski"> M. Debowski</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Rusanowska"> P. Rusanowska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Glowacka-Gil"> A. Glowacka-Gil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Zielinska"> M. Zielinska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Cydzik-Kwiatkowska"> A. Cydzik-Kwiatkowska</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Kazimierowicz"> J. Kazimierowicz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Technologies for the micro-biogas plant with heating and mixing systems are presented as a part of the Research Coordination for a Low-Cost Biomethane Production at Small and Medium Scale Applications (Record Biomap). The main objective of the Record Biomap project is to build a network of operators and scientific institutions interested in cooperation and the development of promising technologies in the sector of small and medium-sized biogas plants. The activities carried out in the project will bridge the gap between research and market and reduce the time of implementation of new, efficient technological and technical solutions. Reactor with simultaneously mixing and heating system is a concrete tank with a rectangular cross-section. In the reactor, heating is integrated with the mixing of substrate and anaerobic sludge. This reactor is solution dedicated for substrates with high solids content, which cannot be introduced to the reactor with pumps, even with positive displacement pumps. Substrates are poured to the reactor and then with a screw pump, they are mixed with anaerobic sludge. The pumped sludge, flowing through the screw pump, is simultaneously heated by a heat exchanger. The level of the fermentation sludge inside the reactor chamber is above the bottom edge of the cover. Cover of the reactor is equipped with the screw pump driver. Inside the reactor, an electric motor is installed that is driving a screw pump. The heated sludge circulates in the digester. The post-fermented sludge is collected using a drain well. The inlet to the drain well is below the level of the sludge in the digester. The biogas is discharged from the reactor by the biogas intake valve located on the cover. The technology is very useful for fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass and substrates with high content of dry mass (organic wastes). The other technology is a reactor for micro-biogas plant with a pressure mixing system. The reactor has a form of plastic or concrete tank with a circular cross-section. The effective mixing of sludge is ensured by profiled at 90° bottom of the tank. Substrates for fermentation are supplied by an inlet well. The inlet well is equipped with a cover that eliminates odour release. The introduction of a new portion of substrates is preceded by pumping of digestate to the disposal well. Optionally, digestate can gravitationally flow to digestate storage tank. The obtained biogas is discharged into the separator. The valve supplies biogas to the blower. The blower presses the biogas from the fermentation chamber in such a way as to facilitate the introduction of a new portion of substrates. Biogas is discharged from the reactor by valve that enables biogas removal but prevents suction from outside the reactor. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biogas" title="biogas">biogas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digestion" title=" digestion"> digestion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20system" title=" heating system"> heating system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mixing%20system" title=" mixing system"> mixing system</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97992/reactors-with-effective-mixing-as-a-solutions-for-micro-biogas-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97992.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">159</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">355</span> Treatment of Dredged Marine Sediments for Their Reuse in Road Construction</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F.%20Ben%20Abdelghani">F. Ben Abdelghani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20Maherezi"> W. Maherezi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Dredging operations generate, each year, a great quantity of marine sediments. These raw materials can not be used in road construction without a specific treatment process. Sediments suitability tests has shown that most of studied sediments are not suitable to be used in road construction. In order to improve their compacity and their mechanical performance, addition of a granular material is recommended. The use of a dredged sand, to improve the granular mixture containing sediments, allows a better management of the two types of dredge materials (sand and sediment). In this study, a new road material containing dredged marine sediments and dredged sand is formulated and treated by adding various binders. Mechanical performance investigation of different mixtures by measuring Proctor-IPI values and simple compressive strengths is realized. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dredged%20sediments" title="dredged sediments">dredged sediments</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=suitability%20tests" title=" suitability tests"> suitability tests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=road%20construction" title=" road construction"> road construction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydraulic%20binder" title=" hydraulic binder"> hydraulic binder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20performance" title=" mechanical performance"> mechanical performance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41254/treatment-of-dredged-marine-sediments-for-their-reuse-in-road-construction" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/41254.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">365</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">354</span> Determination of the Bearing Capacity of Granular Pumice Soils by Laboratory Tests</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20%20Yildiz">Mustafa Yildiz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Sinan%20Soganci"> Ali Sinan Soganci</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Pumice soils are countered in many projects such as transportation roads, channels and residential units throughout the World. The pumice deposits are characterized by the vesicular nature of their particles. When the pumice soils are evaluated considering the geotechnical viewpoint, they differ from silica sands in terms of physical and engineering characteristics. These differences are low grain strength, high friction angle, void ratio and compressibility. At stresses greater than a few hundred kPa, the stress-strain-strength behaviour of these soils is determined by particle crushing. Particle crushing leads to changes in the density and reduction in the components of shear stress due to expansion. In this study, the bearing capacity and behaviour of granular pumice soils compared to sand-gravels were investigated by laboratory model tests. Firstly the geotechnical properties of granular pumice soils were determined; then, the behaviour of pumice soils with an equivalent diameter of sand and gravel soils were investigated by model rectangular and circular foundation types and were compared with each other. For this purpose, basic types of model footing (15*15 cm, 20*20 cm, Φ=15 cm and Φ=20 cm) have been selected. When the experimental results of model bearing capacity are analyzed, the values of sand and gravel bearing capacity tests were found to be 1.0-1.5 times higher than the bearing capacity of pumice the same size. This fact has shown that sand and gravel have a higher bearing capacity than pumice of the similar particle sizes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pumice%20soils" title="pumice soils">pumice soils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laboratory%20model%20tests" title=" laboratory model tests"> laboratory model tests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bearing%20capacity" title=" bearing capacity"> bearing capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laboratory%20model%20tests" title=" laboratory model tests"> laboratory model tests</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nev%C5%9Fehir" title=" Nevşehir"> Nevşehir</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77587/determination-of-the-bearing-capacity-of-granular-pumice-soils-by-laboratory-tests" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/77587.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">219</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">353</span> A Combined Activated Sludge-Sonication Process for Abattoir Wastewater Treatment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pello%20Alfonso-Muniozguren">Pello Alfonso-Muniozguren</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Madeleine%20Bussemaker"> Madeleine Bussemaker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Devendra%20Saroj"> Devendra Saroj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Judy%20Lee"> Judy Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wastewater treatment is becoming a worldwide concern due to new and tighter environmental regulations, and the increasing need for fresh water for the exponentially growing population. The meat industry has one of the highest consumption of water producing up to 10 times more polluted (BOD) wastewaters in comparison to domestic sewage. Therefore, suitable wastewater treatment methods are required to ensure the wastewater quality meet regulations before discharge. In the present study, a combined lab scale activated sludge-sonication system was used to treat pre-treated abattoir wastewater. A hydraulic retention time of 24 hours and a solid retention time of 13 days were used for the activated sludge process and using ultrasound as tertiary treatment. Different ultrasonic frequencies, powers and sonication times were applied to the samples and results were analysed for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids, pH, total coliforms and total viable counts. Additionally, both mechanical and chemical effects of ultrasound were quantified for organic matter removal (COD and BOD) and disinfection (microorganism inactivation) using different techniques such as aluminum foil pitting, flow cytometry, and KI dosimetry. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=abattoir%20wastewater" title="abattoir wastewater">abattoir wastewater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ultrasound" title=" ultrasound"> ultrasound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater%20treatment" title=" wastewater treatment"> wastewater treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20disinfection" title=" water disinfection"> water disinfection</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87214/a-combined-activated-sludge-sonication-process-for-abattoir-wastewater-treatment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/87214.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">352</span> A Multigranular Linguistic ARAS Model in Group Decision Making</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wiem%20Daoud%20Ben%20Amor">Wiem Daoud Ben Amor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Luis%20Mart%C3%ADnez%20L%C3%B3pez"> Luis Martínez López</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hela%20Moalla%20Frikha"> Hela Moalla Frikha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most of the multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM) problems dealing with qualitative criteria require consideration of the large background of expert information. It is common that experts have different degrees of knowledge for giving their alternative assessments according to criteria. So, it seems logical that they use different evaluation scales to express their judgment, i.e., multi granular linguistic scales. In this context, we propose the extension of the classical additive ratio assessment (ARAS) method to the case of a hierarchical linguistics term for managing multi granular linguistic scales in uncertain contexts where uncertainty is modeled by means in linguistic information. The proposed approach is called the extended hierarchical linguistics-ARAS method (ARAS-ELH). Within the ARAS-ELH approach, the DM can diagnose the results (the ranking of the alternatives) in a decomposed style, i.e., not only at one level of the hierarchy but also at the intermediate ones. Also, the developed approach allows a feedback transformation i.e the collective final results of all experts able to be transformed at any level of the extended linguistic hierarchy that each expert has previously used. Therefore, the ARAS-ELH technique makes it easier for decision-makers to understand the results. Finally, An MCGDM case study is given to illustrate the proposed approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=additive%20ratio%20assessment" title="additive ratio assessment">additive ratio assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extended%20hierarchical%20linguistic" title=" extended hierarchical linguistic"> extended hierarchical linguistic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi-criteria%20group%20decision%20making%20problems" title=" multi-criteria group decision making problems"> multi-criteria group decision making problems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multi%20granular%20linguistic%20contexts" title=" multi granular linguistic contexts"> multi granular linguistic contexts</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141933/a-multigranular-linguistic-aras-model-in-group-decision-making" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/141933.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">215</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">351</span> Soil-Structure Interaction Models for the Reinforced Foundation System – A State-of-the-Art Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ashwini%20V.%20Chavan">Ashwini V. Chavan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sukhanand%20S.%20Bhosale"> Sukhanand S. Bhosale</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Challenges of weak soil subgrade are often resolved either by stabilization or reinforcing it. However, it is also practiced to reinforce the granular fill to improve the load-settlement behavior of over weak soil strata. The inclusion of reinforcement in the engineered granular fill provided a new impetus for the development of enhanced Soil-Structure Interaction (SSI) models, also known as mechanical foundation models or lumped parameter models. Several researchers have been working in this direction to understand the mechanism of granular fill-reinforcement interaction and the response of weak soil under the application of load. These models have been developed by extending available SSI models such as the Winkler Model, Pasternak Model, Hetenyi Model, Kerr Model etc., and are helpful to visualize the load-settlement behavior of a physical system through 1-D and 2-D analysis considering beam and plate resting on the foundation respectively. Based on the literature survey, these models are categorized as ‘Reinforced Pasternak Model,’ ‘Double Beam Model,’ ‘Reinforced Timoshenko Beam Model,’ and ‘Reinforced Kerr Model.’ The present work reviews the past 30+ years of research in the field of SSI models for reinforced foundation systems, presenting the conceptual development of these models systematically and discussing their limitations. Special efforts are taken to tabulate the parameters and their significance in the load-settlement analysis, which may be helpful in future studies for the comparison and enhancement of results and findings of physical models. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geosynthetics" title="geosynthetics">geosynthetics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mathematical%20modeling" title=" mathematical modeling"> mathematical modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reinforced%20foundation" title=" reinforced foundation"> reinforced foundation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil-structure%20interaction" title=" soil-structure interaction"> soil-structure interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ground%20improvement" title=" ground improvement"> ground improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20soil" title=" soft soil"> soft soil</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140460/soil-structure-interaction-models-for-the-reinforced-foundation-system-a-state-of-the-art-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140460.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">128</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">350</span> Production of Medicinal Bio-active Amino Acid Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid In Dairy Sludge Medium</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farideh%20Tabatabaee%20Yazdi">Farideh Tabatabaee Yazdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fereshteh%20Falah"> Fereshteh Falah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Vasiee"> Alireza Vasiee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Introduction: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid that is widely present in organisms. GABA is a kind of pharmacological and biological component and its application is wide and useful. Several important physiological functions of GABA have been characterized, such as neurotransmission and induction of hypotension. GABA is also a strong secretagogue of insulin from the pancreas and effectively inhibits small airway-derived lung adenocarcinoma and tranquilizer. Many microorganisms can produce GABA, and lactic acid bacteria have been a focus of research in recent years because lactic acid bacteria possess special physiological activities and are generally regarded as safe. Among them, the Lb. Brevis produced the highest amount of GABA. The major factors affecting GABA production have been characterized, including carbon sources and glutamate concentration. The use of food industry waste to produce valuable products such as amino acids seems to be a good way to reduce production costs and prevent the waste of food resources. In a dairy factory, a high volume of sludge is produced from a separator that contains useful compounds such as growth factors, carbon, nitrogen, and organic matter that can be used by different microorganisms such as Lb.brevis as carbon and nitrogen sources. Therefore, it is a good source of GABA production. GABA is primarily formed by the irreversible α-decarboxylation reaction of L-glutamic acid or its salts, catalysed by the GAD enzyme. In the present study, this aim was achieved for the fast-growing of Lb.brevis and producing GABA, using the dairy industry sludge as a suitable growth medium. Lactobacillus Brevis strains obtained from Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC) were used as model strains. In order to prepare dairy sludge as a medium, sterilization should be done at 121 ° C for 15 minutes. Lb. Brevis was inoculated to the sludge media at pH=6 and incubated for 120 hours at 30 ° C. After fermentation, the supernatant solution is centrifuged and then, the GABA produced was analyzed by the Thin Layer chromatography (TLC) method qualitatively and by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method quantitatively. By increasing the percentage of dairy sludge in the culture medium, the amount of GABA increased. Also, evaluated the growth of bacteria in this medium showed the positive effect of dairy sludge on the growth of Lb.brevis, which resulted in the production of more GABA. GABA-producing LAB offers the opportunity of developing naturally fermented health-oriented products. Although some GABA-producing LAB has been isolated to find strains suitable for different fermentations, further screening of various GABA-producing strains from LAB, especially high-yielding strains, is necessary. The production of lactic acid, bacterial gamma-aminobutyric acid, is safe and eco-friendly. The use of dairy industry waste causes enhanced environmental safety. Also provides the possibility of producing valuable compounds such as GABA. In general, dairy sludge is a suitable medium for the growth of Lactic Acid Bacteria and produce this amino acid that can reduce the final cost of it by providing carbon and nitrogen source. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GABA" title="GABA">GABA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lactobacillus" title=" Lactobacillus"> Lactobacillus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=HPLC" title=" HPLC"> HPLC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dairy%20sludge" title=" dairy sludge"> dairy sludge</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160637/production-of-medicinal-bio-active-amino-acid-gamma-aminobutyric-acid-in-dairy-sludge-medium" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160637.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">349</span> Effects of Particle Size Distribution on Mechanical Strength and Physical Properties in Engineered Quartz Stone</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esra%20Arici">Esra Arici</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Duygu%20Olmez"> Duygu Olmez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Murat%20Ozkan"> Murat Ozkan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nurcan%20Topcu"> Nurcan Topcu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Furkan%20Capraz"> Furkan Capraz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gokhan%20Deniz"> Gokhan Deniz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arman%20Altinyay"> Arman Altinyay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Engineered quartz stone is a composite material comprising approximately 90 wt.% fine quartz aggregate with a variety of particle size ranges and `10 wt.% unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). In this study, the objective is to investigate the influence of particle size distribution on mechanical strength and physical properties of the engineered stone slabs. For this purpose, granular quartz with two particle size ranges of 63-200 µm and 100-300 µm were used individually and mixed with a difference in ratios of mixing. The void volume of each granular packing was measured in order to define the amount of filler; quartz powder with the size of less than 38 µm, and UPR required filling inter-particle spaces. Test slabs were prepared using vibration-compression under vacuum. The study reports that both impact strength and flexural strength of samples increased as the mix ratio of the particle size range of 63-200 µm increased. On the other hand, the values of water absorption rate, apparent density and abrasion resistance were not affected by the particle size distribution owing to vacuum compaction. It is found that increasing the mix ratio of the particle size range of 63-200 µm caused the higher porosity. This led to increasing in the amount of the binder paste needed. It is also observed that homogeneity in the slabs was improved with the particle size range of 63-200 µm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engineered%20quartz%20stone" title="engineered quartz stone">engineered quartz stone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fine%20quartz%20aggregate" title=" fine quartz aggregate"> fine quartz aggregate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=granular%20packing" title=" granular packing"> granular packing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20strength" title=" mechanical strength"> mechanical strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20size%20distribution" title=" particle size distribution"> particle size distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physical%20properties." title=" physical properties."> physical properties.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110565/effects-of-particle-size-distribution-on-mechanical-strength-and-physical-properties-in-engineered-quartz-stone" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/110565.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">154</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">348</span> Phytochemicals Quatification, Trace Metal Accumulation Pattern and Contamination Risk Assessment of Different Variety of Tomatoes Cultivated on Municipal Waste Sludge Treated Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mathodzi%20Nditsheni">Mathodzi Nditsheni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Olawole%20Emmanuel%20Aina"> Olawole Emmanuel Aina</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joshua%20Oluwole%20Olowoyo"> Joshua Oluwole Olowoyo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The ever-increasing world population is putting extreme pressure on the already limited agricultural resources for food production. Different soil enhancers were introduced by famers to meet the need of the ever-increasing population demand for food. One of the soil enhancers is the municipal waste sludge. This research investigated the differences in the concentrations of trace metals and levels of phytochemicals in four different tomato varieties cultivated on soil treated with municipal waste sludge in Pretoria, South Africa. Fruits were harvested at maturity and analyzed for trace metals and phytochemicals contents using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) and a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) respectively. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the differences in the concentrations of trace metals and phytochemical from different tomato varieties were significant. From the study, Rodade tomato bioaccumulated the highest concentrations of Mn, Cr, Cu and Ni, Roma bioaccumulated the highest concentrations of, Cd, Fe and Pb while Heinz bioaccumulated the highest concentrations of As and Zn. Cherry tomato on the other hand, recorded the lowest concentrations for most metals, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. The results of the study further showed that phenolic and flavonoids content were higher in the Solanum lycopersicum fruit grown in soils treated with municipal waste sludge. The study also showed that there was an inverse relationship between the levels of trace metals and phytochemicals. The calculated contamination factor values of trace metals like Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were above the safe value of 1 which indicated that the tomato fruits may be unsafe for human consumption. However, the contamination factor values for the remaining trace metals were well below the safe value of 1. From the results obtained either for the control group or the treatment, the tomato varieties used in the study, bioaccumulated the toxic trace metals in their fruits and some of the values obtained were higher than the acceptable limit, which may then imply that the varieties of tomato used in this study bio accumulated the toxic trace metals from the soil, hence care should be taken when these tomato varieties are either cultivated or harvested from polluted areas <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trace%20metals" title="trace metals">trace metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flavonoids" title=" flavonoids"> flavonoids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phenolics" title=" phenolics"> phenolics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20sludge" title=" waste sludge"> waste sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tomato" title=" tomato"> tomato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contamination%20factors" title=" contamination factors"> contamination factors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163007/phytochemicals-quatification-trace-metal-accumulation-pattern-and-contamination-risk-assessment-of-different-variety-of-tomatoes-cultivated-on-municipal-waste-sludge-treated-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163007.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">76</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">347</span> Reduction of Toxic Matter from Marginal Water Using Sludge Recycling from Combination of Stepped Cascade Weir with Limestone Trickling Filter</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dheyaa%20Wajid%20Abbood">Dheyaa Wajid Abbood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eitizaz%20Awad%20Jasim"> Eitizaz Awad Jasim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this investigation is to confirm the activity of a sludge recycling process in trickling filter filled with limestone as an alternative biological process over conventional high-cost treatment process with regard to toxic matter reduction from marginal water. The combination system of stepped cascade weir with limestone trickling filter has been designed and constructed in the environmental hydraulic laboratory, Al-Mustansiriya University, College of Engineering. A set of experiments has been conducted during the period from August 2013 to July 2014. Seven days of continuous operation with different continuous flow rates (0.4m3/hr, 0.5 m3/hr, 0.6 m3/hr, 0.7m3/hr,0.8 m3/hr, 0.9 m3/hr, and 1m3/hr) after ten days of acclimatization experiments were carried out. Results indicate that the concentrations of toxic matter were decreasing with increasing of operation time, sludge recirculation ratio, and flow rate. The toxic matter measured includes (Mineral oils, Petroleum products, Phenols, Biocides, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and Surfactants) which are used in these experiments were ranged between (0.074 nm-0.156 nm). Results indicated that the overall reduction efficiency after 4, 28, 52, 76, 100, 124, and 148 hours of operation were (55%, 48%, 42%, 50%, 59%, 61%, and 64%) when the combination of stepped cascade weir with limestone trickling filter is used. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toxic%20matter" title="toxic matter">toxic matter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=marginal%20water" title=" marginal water"> marginal water</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trickling%20filter" title=" trickling filter"> trickling filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stepped%20cascade%20weir" title=" stepped cascade weir"> stepped cascade weir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=removal%20efficiency" title=" removal efficiency"> removal efficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32593/reduction-of-toxic-matter-from-marginal-water-using-sludge-recycling-from-combination-of-stepped-cascade-weir-with-limestone-trickling-filter" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32593.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">346</span> The Effect of Grading Characteristics on the Shear Strength and Mechanical Behavior of Granular Classes of Sand-Silt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Youssouf%20Benmeriem">Youssouf Benmeriem </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Shear strength of sandy soils has been considered as the important parameter to study the stability of different civil engineering structures when subjected to monotonic, cyclic and earthquake loading conditions. The proposed research investigated the effect of grading characteristics on the shear strength and mechanical behavior of granular classes of sands mixed with silt in loose and dense states (Dr = 15% and 90%). The laboratory investigation aimed at understanding the extent or degree at which shear strength of sand-silt mixture soil is affected by its gradation under static loading conditions. For the purpose of clarifying and evaluating the shear strength characteristics of sandy soils, a series of Casagrande shear box tests were carried out on different reconstituted samples of sand-silt mixtures with various gradations. The soil samples were tested under different normal stresses (100, 200 and 300 kPa). The results from this laboratory investigation were used to develop insight into the shear strength response of sand and sand-silt mixtures under monotonic loading conditions. The analysis of the obtained data revealed that the grading characteristics (D10, D50, Cu, ESR, and MGSR) have significant influence on the shear strength response. It was found that shear strength can be correlated to the grading characteristics for the sand-silt mixture. The effective size ratio (ESR) and mean grain size ratio (MGSR) appear as pertinent parameters to predict the shear strength response of the sand-silt mixtures for soil gradation under study. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grading%20characteristics" title="grading characteristics">grading characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=granular%20classes%20of%20sands" title=" granular classes of sands"> granular classes of sands</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20behavior" title=" mechanical behavior"> mechanical behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sand-silt" title=" sand-silt"> sand-silt</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20strength" title=" shear strength"> shear strength</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12681/the-effect-of-grading-characteristics-on-the-shear-strength-and-mechanical-behavior-of-granular-classes-of-sand-silt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/12681.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">389</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">345</span> Reduction of Toxic Matter from Marginal Water Treatment Using Sludge Recycling from Combination of Stepped Cascade Weir with Limestone Trickling Filter</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dheyaa%20Wajid%20Abbood">Dheyaa Wajid Abbood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Mohammed%20Tawfeeq%20Baqer"> Ali Mohammed Tawfeeq Baqer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eitizaz%20Awad%20Jasim"> Eitizaz Awad Jasim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this investigation is to confirm the activity of a sludge recycling process in trickling filter filled with limestone as an alternative biological process over conventional high-cost treatment process with regard to toxic matter reduction from marginal water. The combination system of stepped cascade weir with limestone trickling filter has been designed and constructed in the Environmental Hydraulic Laboratory, Al-Mustansiriya University, College of Engineering. A set of experiments has been conducted during the period from August 2013 to July 2014. Seven days of continuous operation with different continuous flow rates (0.4m3/hr, 0.5 m3/hr, 0.6 m3/hr, 0.7m3/hr,0.8 m3/hr, 0.9 m3/hr, and 1m3/hr) after ten days of acclimatization experiments were carried out. Results indicate that the concentrations of toxic matter were decreasing with increasing of operation time, sludge recirculation ratio, and flow rate. The toxic matter measured includes (Mineral oils, Petroleum products, Phenols, Biocides, Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and Surfactants) which are used in these experiments were ranged between (0.074 nm-0.156 nm). Results indicated that the overall reduction efficiency after 4, 28, 52, 76, 100, 124, and 148 hours of operation were (55%, 48%, 42%, 50%, 59%, 61%, and 64%) when the combination of stepped cascade weir with limestone trickling filter is used. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marginal%20water" title="Marginal water ">Marginal water </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Toxic%20matter" title="Toxic matter">Toxic matter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stepped%20Cascade%20weir" title=" Stepped Cascade weir"> Stepped Cascade weir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limestone%20trickling%20filter" title=" limestone trickling filter"> limestone trickling filter</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33447/reduction-of-toxic-matter-from-marginal-water-treatment-using-sludge-recycling-from-combination-of-stepped-cascade-weir-with-limestone-trickling-filter" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/33447.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">403</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">344</span> Use of Benin Laterites for the Mix Design of Structural Concrete</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yemalin%20D.%20Agossou">Yemalin D. Agossou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andre%20Lecomte"> Andre Lecomte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Remi%20Boissiere"> Remi Boissiere</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Edmond%20C.%20Adjovi"> Edmond C. Adjovi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelouahab%20Khelil"> Abdelouahab Khelil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a mixed design trial of structural concretes with laterites from Benin. These materials are often the only granular resources readily available in many tropical regions. In the first step, concretes were designed with raw laterites, but the performances obtained were rather disappointing in spite of high cement dosages. A detailed physical characterization of these materials then showed that they contained a significant proportion of fine clays and that the coarsest fraction (gravel) contained a variety of facies, some of which were not very dense or indurated. Washing these laterites, and even the elimination of the most friable grains of the gravel fraction, made it possible to obtain concretes with satisfactory properties in terms of workability, density and mechanical strength. However, they were found to be slightly less stiff than concretes made with more traditional aggregates. It is, therefore, possible to obtain structural concretes with only laterites and cement but at the cost of eliminating some of their granular constituents. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laterites" title="laterites">laterites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aggregates" title=" aggregates"> aggregates</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concretes" title=" concretes"> concretes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mix%20design" title=" mix design"> mix design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143955/use-of-benin-laterites-for-the-mix-design-of-structural-concrete" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/143955.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">343</span> Treatment of High Concentration Cutting Fluid Wastewater by Ceramic Membrane Bioreactor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kai-Shiang%20Chang">Kai-Shiang Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shiao-Shing%20Chen"> Shiao-Shing Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saikat%20Sinha%20Ray"> Saikat Sinha Ray</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hung-Te%20Hsu"> Hung-Te Hsu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, membrane bioreactors (MBR) have been widely utilized as it can effectively replace conventional activated sludge process (CAS). Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is found to be more effective technology compared to other conventional activated sludge process and advanced membrane separation technique. Additionally, as far as the MBR is concerned, it is having excellent control of sludge retention time (SRT) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) and conducive to the retention of high concentration of sludge biomass. The membrane bioreactor (MBR) can effectively reduce footprint in terms of area and omit the secondary processing procedures in the conventional activated sludge process (CAS). Currently, as per the membrane technology, the ceramic membrane is found to have highly strong anti-acid-base properties, and it is more suitable than polymeric membrane while using for backwash and chemical cleaning. This study is based upon the treatment of Cutting Fluid wastewater, as the Cutting Fluid is widely used in the cutting equipment. However, the Cutting Fluid wastewater is very difficult to treat. In this study, the ceramic membrane was used and combine with of MBR system to treat the Cutting Fluid wastewater. In this present study, different kind of chemical coagulants have been utilized for pretreatment purpose in order to get the supernatant and simultaneously this wastewater (supernatant) was treated by MBR process. Nevertheless, ceramic membrane has three advantages such as high mechanical strength, drug resistance and reuse. During the experiment, the backwash technique was used for every interval of 10 minutes in order to avoid fouling of the membrane. In this study, during pretreatment the Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) removal efficiency was found to be 71-86% and oil removal efficiency was analyzed to be 83-92%. This pretreatment study suggests that it is quiet effective methodology to reduce COD and oil concentration. Finally, In the MBR system when the HRT is more than 7.5 hour, the COD removal efficiency was found to be 87-93% and could achieve 100% oil removal efficiency. Coagulation test series were seen in Refs coagulants for the treatment of wastewater containing cutting oil with better oil and COD removal efficiency. The results also showed that the oil removal efficiency in the MBR system could reduce the oil content to less than 1 mg / L when the oil quality was 126 mg / L. Therefore, in this paper, the performance of membrane bioreactor by utilizing ceramic membrane has been demonstrated for treatment of Cutting Fluid wastewater. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane%20bioreactor" title="membrane bioreactor">membrane bioreactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cutting%20fluid" title=" cutting fluid"> cutting fluid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil" title=" oil"> oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=chemical%20oxygen%20demand" title=" chemical oxygen demand"> chemical oxygen demand</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62949/treatment-of-high-concentration-cutting-fluid-wastewater-by-ceramic-membrane-bioreactor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62949.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">342</span> Parameters Identification of Granular Soils around PMT Test by Inverse Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Younes%20Abed">Younes Abed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The successful application of in-situ testing of soils heavily depends on development of interpretation methods of tests. The pressuremeter test simulates the expansion of a cylindrical cavity and because it has well defined boundary conditions, it is more unable to rigorous theoretical analysis (i. e. cavity expansion theory) then most other in-situ tests. In this article, and in order to make the identification process more convenient, we propose a relatively simple procedure which involves the numerical identification of some mechanical parameters of a granular soil, especially, the elastic modulus and the friction angle from a pressuremeter curve. The procedure, applied here to identify the parameters of generalised prager model associated to the Drucker & Prager criterion from a pressuremeter curve, is based on an inverse analysis approach, which consists of minimizing the function representing the difference between the experimental curve and the curve obtained by integrating the model along the loading path in in-situ testing. The numerical process implemented here is based on the established finite element program. We present a validation of the proposed approach by a database of tests on expansion of cylindrical cavity. This database consists of four types of tests; thick cylinder tests carried out on the Hostun RF sand, pressuremeter tests carried out on the Hostun sand, in-situ pressuremeter tests carried out at the site of Fos with marine self-boring pressuremeter and in-situ pressuremeter tests realized on the site of Labenne with Menard pressuremeter. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=granular%20soils" title="granular soils">granular soils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cavity%20expansion" title=" cavity expansion"> cavity expansion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressuremeter%20test" title=" pressuremeter test"> pressuremeter test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title=" finite element method"> finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=identification%20procedure" title=" identification procedure"> identification procedure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2474/parameters-identification-of-granular-soils-around-pmt-test-by-inverse-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2474.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">298</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">341</span> Effectiveness of Catalysis in Ozonation for the Removal of Herbizide 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid from Contaminated Water</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Shanthi">S. Shanthi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Catalyzed oxidation processes show extraordinary guarantee for application in numerous wastewater treatment ranges. Advanced oxidation processes are emerging innovation that might be utilized for particular objectives in wastewater treatment. This research work provides a solution for removal a refractory organic compound 2,4-dichlorophenoxyaceticacid a common water pollutant. All studies were done in batch mode in a constantly stirred reactor. Alternative ozonation processes catalysed by transition metals or granular activated carbon have been investigated for degradation of organics. Catalytic ozonation under study are homogeneous catalytic ozonation, which is based on ozone activation by transition metal ions present in aqueous solution, and secondly as heterogeneous catalytic ozonation in the presence of Granular Activated Carbon (GAC). The present studies reveal that heterogeneous catalytic ozonation using GAC favour the ozonation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyaceticacid by increasing the rate of ozonation and a much higher degradation of substrates were obtained in a given time. Be that it may, Fe2+and Fe3+ ions decreased the rate of degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyaceticacid indicating that it acts as a negative catalyst. In case of heterogeneous catalytic ozonation using GAC catalyst it was found that during the initial 5 minutes of contact solution concentration decreased significantly as the pollutants were adsorbed initially. Thereafter the substrate started getting oxidized and ozonation became a dominates the treatment process. The exhausted GAC was found to be regenerated in situ. The percentage reduction of the substrate was maximum achieved in minimum possible time when GAC catalyst is employed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ozonation" title="ozonation">ozonation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=homogeneous%20catalysis" title=" homogeneous catalysis"> homogeneous catalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heterogeneous%20catalysis" title=" heterogeneous catalysis"> heterogeneous catalysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=granular%20activated%20carbon" title=" granular activated carbon"> granular activated carbon</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52722/effectiveness-of-catalysis-in-ozonation-for-the-removal-of-herbizide-24-dichlorophenoxyacetic-acid-from-contaminated-water" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52722.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">255</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">340</span> Development of Heating Elements Based on Fe₂O₃ Reduction Products by Waste Active Sludge</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abigail%20Parra%20Parra">Abigail Parra Parra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jorge%20L.%20Morelos%20Hernandez"> Jorge L. Morelos Hernandez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pedro%20A.%20Marquez%20Agilar"> Pedro A. Marquez Agilar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marina%20Vlasova"> Marina Vlasova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jesus%20Colin%20De%20La%20Cruz"> Jesus Colin De La Cruz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Carbothermal reduction of metal oxides is widely used both in metallurgical processes and in the production of oxygen-free refractory ceramics. As a rule, crushed coke and graphite are used as a reducing agent. The products of carbonization of organic compounds are among the innovative reducing agents. The aim of this work was to study the process of reduction of iron oxide (hematite) down to iron by waste active sludge (WAS) carbonization products. WAS was chosen due to the accumulation of a large amount of this type of waste, soil pollution, and the relevance of the development of technologies for its disposal. The studies have shown that the temperature treatment of mixtures WAS-Fe₂O₃ in the temperature range 900-1000 ºC for 1-5 hours under oxygen deficiency is described by the following scheme: WAS + Fe₂O₃→ C,CO + Fe₂O₃→ C + FexO → Fe (amorphous and crystalline). During the heat treatment of the mixtures, strong samples are formed. The study of the electrical conductive properties of such samples showed that, depending on the ratio of the components in the initial mixtures, it is possible to change the values of electrical resistivity from 5.6 Ω‧m to 151.6 Ω‧m When a current is passed through the samples, they are heated from 240 to 378ºC. Thus, based on WAS-Fe₂O₃ mixtures, heating elements can be created that can be used to heat ceramics and concrete. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fe%E2%82%82O%E2%82%83" title="Fe₂O₃">Fe₂O₃</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reduction" title=" reduction"> reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20activate%20sludge" title=" waste activate sludge"> waste activate sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electroconductivity" title=" electroconductivity"> electroconductivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131454/development-of-heating-elements-based-on-fe2o3-reduction-products-by-waste-active-sludge" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/131454.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">339</span> Environmental Engineering Case Study of Waste Water Treatement</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harold%20Jideofor">Harold Jideofor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Wastewater treatment consists of applying known technology to improve or upgrade the quality of a wastewater. Usually wastewater treatment will involve collecting the wastewater in a central, segregated location (the Wastewater Treatment Plant) and subjecting the wastewater to various treatment processes. Most often, since large volumes of wastewater are involved, treatment processes are carried out on continuously flowing wastewaters (continuous flow or "open" systems) rather than as "batch" or a series of periodic treatment processes in which treatment is carried out on parcels or "batches" of wastewaters. While most wastewater treatment processes are continuous flow, certain operations, such as vacuum filtration, involving storage of sludge, the addition of chemicals, filtration and removal or disposal of the treated sludge, are routinely handled as periodic batch operations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wastewater%20treatment" title="wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20engineering" title=" environmental engineering"> environmental engineering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20water" title=" waste water"> waste water</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14980/environmental-engineering-case-study-of-waste-water-treatement" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14980.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">594</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">338</span> Isolation and Selection of Strains Perspective for Sewage Sludge Processing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Zh.%20Aupova">A. Zh. Aupova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Ulankyzy"> A. Ulankyzy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Sarsenova"> A. Sarsenova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Kussayin"> A. Kussayin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sh.%20Turarbek"> Sh. Turarbek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20Moldagulova"> N. Moldagulova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Kurmanbayev"> A. Kurmanbayev</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the methods of organic waste bioconversion into environmentally-friendly fertilizer is composting. Microorganisms that produce hydrolytic enzymes play a significant role in accelerating the process of organic waste composting. We studied the enzymatic potential (amylase, protease, cellulase, lipase, urease activity) of bacteria isolated from the sewage sludge of Nur-Sultan, Rudny, and Fort-Shevchenko cities, the dacha soil of Nur-Sultan city, and freshly cut grass from the dacha for processing organic waste and identifying active strains. Microorganism isolation was carried out by the cultures enrichment method on liquid nutrient media, followed by inoculating on different solid media to isolate individual colonies. As a result, sixty-one microorganisms were isolated, three of which were thermophiles (DS1, DS2, and DS3). The highest number of isolates, twenty-one and eighteen, were isolated from sewage sludge of Nur-Sultan and Rudny cities, respectively. Ten isolates were isolated from the wastewater of the sewage treatment plant in Fort-Shevchenko. From the dacha soil of Nur-Sultan city and freshly cut grass - 9 and 5 isolates were revealed, respectively. The lipolytic, proteolytic, amylolytic, cellulolytic, ureolytic, and oil-oxidizing activities of isolates were studied. According to the results of experiments, starch hydrolysis (amylolytic activity) was found in 2 isolates - CB2/2, and CB2/1. Three isolates - CB2, CB2/1, and CB1/1 were selected for the highest ability to break down casein. Among isolated 61 bacterial cultures, three isolates could break down fats - CB3, CBG1/1, and IL3. Seven strains had cellulolytic activity - DS1, DS2, IL3, IL5, P2, P5, and P3. Six isolates rapidly decomposed urea. Isolate P1 could break down casein and cellulose. Isolate DS3 was a thermophile and had cellulolytic activity. Thus, based on the conducted studies, 15 isolates were selected as a potential for sewage sludge composting - CB2, CB3, CB1/1, CB2/2, CBG1/1, CB2/1, DS1, DS2, DS3, IL3, IL5, P1, P2, P5, P3. Selected strains were identified on a mass spectrometer (Maldi-TOF). The isolate - CB 3 was referred to the genus Rhodococcus rhodochrous; two isolates CB2 and CB1 / 1 - to Bacillus cereus, CB 2/2 - to Cryseobacterium arachidis, CBG 1/1 - to Pseudoxanthomonas sp., CB2/1 - to Bacillus megaterium, DS1 - to Pediococcus acidilactici, DS2 - to Paenibacillus residui, DS3 - to Brevibacillus invocatus, three strains IL3, P5, P3 - to Enterobacter cloacae, two strains IL5, P2 - to Ochrobactrum intermedium, and P1 - Bacillus lichenoformis. Hence, 60 isolates were isolated from the wastewater of the cities of Nur-Sultan, Rudny, Fort-Shevchenko, the dacha soil of Nur-Sultan city, and freshly cut grass from the dacha. Based on the highest enzymatic activity, 15 active isolates were selected and identified. These strains may become the candidates for bio preparation for sewage sludge processing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sewage%20sludge" title="sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composting" title=" composting"> composting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bacteria" title=" bacteria"> bacteria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzymatic%20activity" title=" enzymatic activity"> enzymatic activity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151903/isolation-and-selection-of-strains-perspective-for-sewage-sludge-processing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/151903.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">108</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">337</span> Membrane Bioreactor versus Activated Sludge Process for Aerobic Wastewater Treatment and Recycling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sarra%20Kitanou">Sarra Kitanou</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems are one of the most widely used wastewater treatment processes for various municipal and industrial waste streams. It is based on complex interactions between biological processes, filtration process and rheological properties of the liquid to be treated. Its complexity makes understanding system operation and optimization more difficult, and traditional methods based on experimental analysis are costly and time consuming. The present study was based on an external membrane bioreactor pilot scale with ceramic membranes compared to conventional activated sludge process (ASP) plant. Both systems received their influent from a domestic wastewater. The membrane bioreactor (MBR) produced an effluent with much better quality than ASP in terms of total suspended solids (TSS), organic matter such as biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Phosphorus and total Nitrogen. Other effluent quality parameters also indicate substantial differences between ASP and MBR. This study leads to conclude that in the case domestic wastewater, MBR treatment has excellent effluent quality. Hence, the replacement of the ASP by the MBRs may be justified on the basis of their improved removal of solids, nutrients, and micropollutants. Furthermore, in terms of reuse the great quality of the treated water allows it to be reused for irrigation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aerobic%20wastewater%20treatment" title="aerobic wastewater treatment">aerobic wastewater treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conventional%20activated%20sludge%20process" title=" conventional activated sludge process"> conventional activated sludge process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=membrane%20bioreactor" title=" membrane bioreactor"> membrane bioreactor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reuse%20for%20irrigation" title=" reuse for irrigation"> reuse for irrigation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167997/membrane-bioreactor-versus-activated-sludge-process-for-aerobic-wastewater-treatment-and-recycling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/167997.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">82</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">336</span> Biogas Potential of Deinking Sludge from Wastepaper Recycling Industry: Influence of Dewatering Degree and High Calcium Carbonate Content</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moses%20Kolade%20Ogun">Moses Kolade Ogun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ina%20Korner"> Ina Korner</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To improve on the sustainable resource management in the wastepaper recycling industry, studies into the valorization of wastes generated by the industry are necessary. The industry produces different residues, among which is the deinking sludge (DS). The DS is generated from the deinking process and constitutes a major fraction of the residues generated by the European pulp and paper industry. The traditional treatment of DS by incineration is capital intensive due to energy requirement for dewatering and the need for complementary fuel source due to DS low calorific value. This could be replaced by a biotechnological approach. This study, therefore, investigated the biogas potential of different DS streams (different dewatering degrees) and the influence of the high calcium carbonate content of DS on its biogas potential. Dewatered DS (solid fraction) sample from filter press and the filtrate (liquid fraction) were collected from a partner wastepaper recycling company in Germany. The solid fraction and the liquid fraction were mixed in proportion to realize DS with different water content (55–91% fresh mass). Spiked samples of DS using deionized water, cellulose and calcium carbonate were prepared to simulate DS with varying calcium carbonate content (0– 40% dry matter). Seeding sludge was collected from an existing biogas plant treating sewage sludge in Germany. Biogas potential was studied using a 1-liter batch test system under the mesophilic condition and ran for 21 days. Specific biogas potential in the range 133- 230 NL/kg-organic dry matter was observed for DS samples investigated. It was found out that an increase in the liquid fraction leads to an increase in the specific biogas potential and a reduction in the absolute biogas potential (NL-biogas/ fresh mass). By comparing the absolute biogas potential curve and the specific biogas potential curve, an optimal dewatering degree corresponding to a water content of about 70% fresh mass was identified. This degree of dewatering is a compromise when factors such as biogas yield, reactor size, energy required for dewatering and operation cost are considered. No inhibitory influence was observed in the biogas potential of DS due to the reported high calcium carbonate content of DS. This study confirms that DS is a potential bioresource for biogas production. Further optimization such as nitrogen supplementation due to DS high C/N ratio can increase biogas yield. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biogas" title="biogas">biogas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calcium%20carbonate" title=" calcium carbonate"> calcium carbonate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deinking%20sludge" title=" deinking sludge"> deinking sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dewatering" title=" dewatering"> dewatering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20content" title=" water content"> water content</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/103940/biogas-potential-of-deinking-sludge-from-wastepaper-recycling-industry-influence-of-dewatering-degree-and-high-calcium-carbonate-content" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a 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