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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German–Lutician_alliance_against_Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 German–Lutician alliance against Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German–Lutician_alliance_against_Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German–Lutician_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German–Lutician_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 German–Lutician war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German–Lutician_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_wars_and_Obodrite_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_wars_and_Obodrite_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Civil wars and Obodrite rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_wars_and_Obodrite_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_and_conversion_of_the_Lutician_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_and_conversion_of_the_Lutician_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Division and conversion of the Lutician areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_and_conversion_of_the_Lutician_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Religion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Religion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Radgosc_(Rethra)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radgosc_(Rethra)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Radgosc (Rethra) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radgosc_(Rethra)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-12th-century_burial_site_at_Sanzkow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12th-century_burial_site_at_Sanzkow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 12th-century burial site at Sanzkow </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12th-century_burial_site_at_Sanzkow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" > 19 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Люцічы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Люцічы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%96%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Люцічы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Люцічы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Лютичи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лютичи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lutici" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lutici" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutizen" title="Lutizen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lutizen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luticios" title="Luticios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luticios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lutici" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutycojo" title="Lutycojo – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Lutycojo" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lutici" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liutici" title="Liutici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Liutici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ლუტიჩები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუტიჩები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABc%C3%ABce" title="Lëcëce – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Lëcëce" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wieleci" title="Wieleci – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wieleci" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Лютичи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лютичи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%89%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7)" title="Љутићи (племенски савез) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Љутићи (племенски савез)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljuti%C4%87i_(pleme)" title="Ljutići (pleme) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ljutići (pleme)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">10th to 12th-century federation of West Slavic tribes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Lutician Federation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">10th century – 1168</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div style="padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png/120px-Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png/180px-Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png/240px-Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="310" /></a></div> <div>A black bull's head, the symbol supposedly associated with <a href="/wiki/Redarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Redarians">Redarians</a> and their capital <a href="/wiki/Rethra" title="Rethra">Rethra</a></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutizenbund.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Lutician"><img alt="Location of Lutician" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lutizenbund.PNG/250px-Lutizenbund.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lutizenbund.PNG/375px-Lutizenbund.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lutizenbund.PNG/500px-Lutizenbund.PNG 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="616" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Independent <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavic</a> tribes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">none, only political/religious centre: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rethra" title="Rethra">Rethra or Radgosc</a> (until 12th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Arkona</a> (since 12th cent.–1168)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian Slavic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">Polabian<a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a>, the known major cults: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svarozhich" class="mw-redirect" title="Svarozhich">Svarozhich</a>/<a href="/wiki/Radegast_(god)" title="Radegast (god)">Radegast</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rethra" title="Rethra">Rethra-Radgosc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetovid" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetovid">Svetovid</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jaromarsburg" title="Jaromarsburg">Arkona</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerovit" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerovit">Gerovit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Havelberg" title="Havelberg">Havelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugiewit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugiewit">Rugiewit</a> with <a href="/wiki/Porenut" title="Porenut">Porenut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porewit" class="mw-redirect" title="Porewit">Porewit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charenza" title="Charenza">Charenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triglav_(mythology)" title="Triglav (mythology)">Triglav</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_an_der_Havel" title="Brandenburg an der Havel">Brennabor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernoglav" title="Chernoglav">Chernoglav</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jasmund" title="Jasmund">Jasmund</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pripegala" title="Pripegala">Pripegala</a> (disputed)</li> <li>folk <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a> of minor cults (unnamed <a href="/wiki/Lel_and_Polel" title="Lel and Polel">twins gods</a> near <a href="/wiki/Tollensesee" title="Tollensesee">Tollensesee</a> etc)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobog" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobog">Chernobog</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Chronica_Slavorum" title="Chronica Slavorum">Helmold</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a> (missionaries, some nobles)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Petty_kingdom" title="Petty kingdom">Petty</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic mythology">pagan</a> <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">no sole ruler/leader<a href="#endnote_leader">a</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly" title="House of Assembly">Popular assembly</a> of social elites</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Formed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10th century </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Conquest_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest (military)">Conquest</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rethra" title="Rethra">Rethra</a>, collapse </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12th century</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Arkona" title="Siege of Arkona">Conquest of Arkona</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark_(Middle_Ages)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark (Middle Ages)">Danes</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"> 1168</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png/18px-Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png/27px-Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png/36px-Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="310" /></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Confederation of the Veleti</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Billung_March" title="Billung March"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CoA_T%C3%BCbingen%2C_BW.svg/18px-CoA_T%C3%BCbingen%2C_BW.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CoA_T%C3%BCbingen%2C_BW.svg/27px-CoA_T%C3%BCbingen%2C_BW.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/CoA_T%C3%BCbingen%2C_BW.svg/36px-CoA_T%C3%BCbingen%2C_BW.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Billung_March" title="Billung March">Billung March (Duchy of Saxony)</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Rani_(Slavic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani (Slavic tribe)">Rani of Rügen</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Rani_(Slavic_tribe)" title="Rani (Slavic tribe)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png/18px-Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png/27px-Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png/36px-Heraldic_biull%27s_head.png 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="310" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg/18px-Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg/27px-Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg/36px-Shield_and_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_%28c.1200-c.1300%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="905" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">∟Northern March</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Blason_Maison_d%27Ascanie.svg/18px-Blason_Maison_d%27Ascanie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Blason_Maison_d%27Ascanie.svg/27px-Blason_Maison_d%27Ascanie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Blason_Maison_d%27Ascanie.svg/36px-Blason_Maison_d%27Ascanie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">∟March of Brandenburg</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/18px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/27px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/36px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="611" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">∟Duchy of Saxony</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Arms_of_the_house_of_Ascania_%28ancient%29.svg/18px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Ascania_%28ancient%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Arms_of_the_house_of_Ascania_%28ancient%29.svg/27px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Ascania_%28ancient%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Arms_of_the_house_of_Ascania_%28ancient%29.svg/36px-Arms_of_the_house_of_Ascania_%28ancient%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/March_of_Lusatia" title="March of Lusatia">∟March of Lusatia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/March_of_Lusatia" title="March of Lusatia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Armoiries_Basse-Lusace_2.svg/18px-Armoiries_Basse-Lusace_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Armoiries_Basse-Lusace_2.svg/27px-Armoiries_Basse-Lusace_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Armoiries_Basse-Lusace_2.svg/36px-Armoiries_Basse-Lusace_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_leader">^</a> In addition to tribal <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">princes/chiefs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">pagan</a> high priests as local rulers.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Lutici or Liutizi<a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a> <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Names_and_spelling_variants">(known by various spelling variants)</a> were a federation of <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian</a> tribes, who between the 10th and 12th centuries lived in what is now northeastern <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Four tribes made up the core of the federation: the <a href="/wiki/Redarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Redarians">Redarians</a> (Redari, Redarii), <a href="/wiki/Circipanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Circipanians">Circipanians</a> (Circipani), <a href="/wiki/Kessinians" title="Kessinians">Kessinians</a> (Kessini, Kycini, Chizzini) and <a href="/wiki/Tollensians" title="Tollensians">Tollensians</a> (Tholenzi). At least in part, the Lutici were a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Veleti</a>. In contrast to the former and the neighboring peoples, the Lutici were not led by a Christian monarch or duke, rather power was asserted through consensus formed in central assemblies of the social elites, and the Lutici worshipped nature and several deities. The political and religious center was <a href="/wiki/Radgosc" class="mw-redirect" title="Radgosc">Radgosc</a> (also referred to by several other names, e.g. Riedegost or Rethra). The Lutici were first recorded by written sources in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Slav_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Slav Rising">uprising of 983</a>, by which they annihilated the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Billung_march" class="mw-redirect" title="Billung march">Billung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern Marches</a>. Hostilities continued until 997. Thereafter, tensions with the empire eased, and in 1003 the Lutici entered an alliance with the emperor against duke <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolesław I of Poland">Bolesław I of Poland</a>. However, by 1033 the alliance broke apart, and a German–Lutician war broke out that lasted until 1035, when the Lutici became tributaries of the empire again, but otherwise retained their independence. A civil war between the core tribes began the decline of the Lutici in 1056/57. The neighboring <a href="/wiki/Obodrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Obodrites">Obodrites</a> intervened and subdued the northwestern faction. In 1066, the Lutici succeeded in stirring up <a href="/wiki/Slavic_rebellion_of_1066" title="Slavic rebellion of 1066">a revolt against the Obodrite elites</a>, in the course of which <a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_(Bishop_of_Mecklenburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scotus (Bishop of Mecklenburg)">John</a>, the bishop of Mecklenburg, was captured and sacrificed at Radgosc. As a consequence, the bishop of Halberstadt and the emperor sacked and destroyed Radgosc in subsequent campaigns, and its role as the leading pagan cult site was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Swantewit" class="mw-redirect" title="Swantewit">Swantewit</a> temple at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Arkona</a>. Another civil war in the 1070s led to a further decline of the Lutician federation, who then were unable to resist conquests and looting by their neighbors in the following decades. During the first half of the 12th century, the settlement area of the Lutici was partitioned between Obodrite principalities, the later <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg">Duchy of Mecklenburg</a> (west), the re-constituted <a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a>, which became the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> (south), and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> (east). The Lutici were converted to Christianity, and in the 13th century were assimilated by German settlers and became part of the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> people during the <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veleti_origins">Veleti origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Veleti origins">edit</a>]</div> At least in part, the Lutici were a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Veleti</a> (Wilzi, Wilci), who are referred to by sources of the late 8th and first half of the 9th centuries as having inhabited the same region, and according to the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Geographer" title="Bavarian Geographer">Bavarian Geographer</a> were likewise organized in four tribes (regiones).<a href="#cite_note-RGAXIX51-3">[2]</a> Whether the Lutici were ethnically identical with the Veleti remains unproven.<a href="#cite_note-RGAXIX51-3">[2]</a> Contemporary chronicles sometimes connect the Lutici to the Veleti,<a href="#cite_note-RGAXIX51-3">[2]</a> e.g. <a href="/wiki/Adam_von_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam von Bremen">Adam von Bremen</a> (Gesta II,22) refers to them as "Leuticios, qui alio nomine Wilzi dicuntur", and <a href="/wiki/Helmold_von_Bosau" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmold von Bosau">Helmold von Bosau</a> (Chronica Slavorum I,2) says "Hii quatuor populi a fortidudine Wilzi sive Lutici appellantur." Modern scholarship sometimes refers to both entities by a double name, e.g. "Wilzen-Lutizen" in German or "Wieleci-Lucice" in Polish.<a href="#cite_note-RGAXIX51-3">[2]</a> In the second half of the 9th century, the Veleti disappeared from written records.<a href="#cite_note-Fritze138-4">[3]</a> Lutician tribes first appear in written records after this gap: the Redarii were mentioned first in 928 by <a href="/wiki/Widukind_of_Corvey" title="Widukind of Corvey">Widukind of Corvey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> who listed them in the context of Slavic tribes subdued by <a href="/wiki/Henry_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry I, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fritze138-4">[3]</a> Incidentally, this list also contains the first mention of the Veleti after beforementioned gap, and the Redarians are listed as a separate entity from the Veleti.<a href="#cite_note-Fritze138-4">[3]</a> In 955, the Tollensians and Circipanians are first mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Annales_Sangallenses_maiores" title="Annales Sangallenses maiores">annals of St. Gallen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> likewise in addition to the Veleti, in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Recknitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Recknitz">Battle of Recknitz</a> (Raxa).<a href="#cite_note-Fritze138-4">[3]</a> This co-listing of Veleti with Redarians, Tollensians and/or Circipanians was however not repeated in subsequent records, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty" title="Ottonian dynasty">Ottonian</a> documents do not mention the Veleti at all, while repeatedly referencing Redarians, Tollensians, Circipanes and other tribes in the respective area.<a href="#cite_note-Fritze139-7">[6]</a> Furthermore, there are only very few mentions of the Veleti in 10th-century sources: in addition to beforementioned records, the Veleti are referenced only in the annals of St. Gallen in 995 and in the annals of Quedlinburg in 995 and 997.<a href="#cite_note-Fritze138-4">[3]</a> According to Fritze (1982), this reflects the uncertain nomenclature after the Veleti's decline, at least as a political entity, in the mid-9th century.<a href="#cite_note-Fritze139-7">[6]</a> A variant of the designation "Lutici" was first recorded in the annals of Hildesheim in 991, and starting in eastern <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a>, this name was gradually adopted by other chroniclers.<a href="#cite_note-Fritze140-8">[7]</a> The first mention of the Kessinians is an entry in Adam von Bremen's <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a>, referring to the year of 1056.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> The Lutici were a federation of several smaller tribes between the <a href="/wiki/Warnow" title="Warnow">Warnow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mildenitz_(river)" title="Mildenitz (river)">Mildenitz</a> in the west, the <a href="/wiki/Havel" title="Havel">Havel</a> in the south and the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> in the east,<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn101-10">[9]</a> with the core formed by four tribes: Redarians, Tolensians, Kessinians and Circipanians.<a href="#cite_note-RGAXIX51-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herrmann261-11">[10]</a> Within the federation, power was asserted by representatives of the clans and settlement communities (the "elders").<a href="#cite_note-RGAXIX51-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garipzanov198-12">[11]</a> The highest political institution of both Veleti and Lutici was the assembly of the free, yet in contrast to the Veleti who were led by a prince, the Lutici were a "tribe without a ruler", meaning political power was asserted via discourse in an assembly.<a href="#cite_note-RGAXIX51-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garipzanov198-12">[11]</a> This type of government had its roots in the Veleti period: since the mid-9th century, no Veleti princes or kings are recorded, and archaeology has revealed that in this period, many small strongholds were built in the area, in part on the ruins of the earlier, large strongholds.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann261-11">[10]</a> During the Lutician assemblies, decisions were made based on consensus,<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann261-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hengst500-13">[12]</a> and once a decision had been made it was enforced by "severe punishment" of any violations.<a href="#cite_note-Hengst500-13">[12]</a> While similar types of government have been postulated for archaic Slavic societies, this was unusual for contemporary ones, who were usually led by a prince, duke or king asserting power via feudal dependencies.<a href="#cite_note-RGAXIX51-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Garipzanov200-14">[13]</a> Though missing a monarch, the Lutici had a social hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann261-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hengst500-13">[12]</a> Political power was asserted by nobles, priests and free farmers.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann261-11">[10]</a> A reference to social differentiation is made by <a href="/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg" title="Thietmar of Merseburg">Thietmar</a> (Chronicon VI, 25), who reported a progressive fine system imposing higher fines for offenses on persons with a higher social status.<a href="#cite_note-Hengst500-13">[12]</a> Whether or not the Lutician tribes had a common ethnic identity remains speculative:<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> The cultural differences to the neighboring tribes (<a href="/wiki/Obodrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Obodrites">Obodrites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hevelli" title="Hevelli">Hevelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(Slavic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)">Pomeranians</a>) were minor, while differences with the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian faith">Christian</a> culture and military pressure asserted by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> have most probably resulted in a common identity, evidently in mutual solidarity<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> expressed by the common councils and combined military campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke107-17">[16]</a> Thietmar (VIII/5) refers to the resulting way of life as libertas more Liuticio.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke107-17">[16]</a> The most important stronghold of the Lutici was <a href="/wiki/Radgosc" class="mw-redirect" title="Radgosc">Radgosc</a> or Riedegost in the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Redarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Redarii">Redarii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> After a period of dominance by the <a href="/wiki/Hevelli" title="Hevelli">Hevelli</a>, centered on the other important <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wendish</a> stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg_an_der_Havel" title="Brandenburg an der Havel">Brenna</a> (Brandenburg), the Redarii became a dominant regional power themselves after the 930s.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke98-19">[18]</a> This is documented by the amount of silver tribute the Redarii were to pay to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, and the failure of the latter to permanently subdue the area despite multiple campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke98-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_spelling_variants">Names and spelling variants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Names and spelling variants">edit</a>]</div> The name of the Lutici has survived in its many Latinized spelling variants used by contemporary chroniclers, most of which are still used in modern historiography in addition to their English, German and Polish renderings. The etymology of these terms is not sure, it has been proposed that they derive from the ur-Slavic root *ljutъ, meaning "wild", "fierce", or from the Slavic root *lutъ or its Latin equivalent lutum, meaning "swamp".<a href="#cite_note-Luebke51-20">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a> original might have been *L'utici.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann14-21">[20]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Spelling variants of "Lutici" </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 25%">Latinized form*</th> <th style="width:25%">Anglicized form</th> <th style="width:25%">Germanized form</th> <th style="width:25%">Polonized form </th></tr> <tr> <td>Lutici</td> <td>Luticians</td> <td>-</td> <td>Lucice </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leutici</td> <td>Leuticians</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liutici</td> <td>Liuticians</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lyutici</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lutitii</td> <td>Lutitians</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>-</td> <td>Liutitians</td> <td>-</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lutizi</td> <td>Lutizians</td> <td>Lutizen</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leutizi</td> <td>Leutizians</td> <td>Leutizen</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liutizi</td> <td>Liutizians</td> <td>Liutizen</td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dd>* as adopted from contemporary Latin sources by Anglo-Saxon historiography</dd></dl> </div> The names of the four subtribes relate to their respective settlement areas: the Kessini around their main stronghold Kessin on the lower <a href="/wiki/Warnow" title="Warnow">Warnow</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Luebke51-20">[19]</a> the Circipani were centered on the upper <a href="/wiki/Peene" title="Peene">Peene</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Luebke51-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herrmann13-22">[21]</a> the Tollensians on the <a href="/wiki/Tollense" title="Tollense">Tollense</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Luebke51-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herrmann13-22">[21]</a> and the Redarians lived south of Lake <a href="/wiki/Tollensesee" title="Tollensesee">Tollensesee</a> around Radgosc.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke51-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herrmann14-21">[20]</a> In the latter case though, it is unknown whether the name of the deity is the root of the stronghold's and the tribe's name or if it is the other way around (see <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Rethra">section on Radgosc</a> below), and alternative theories connect their name to a hypothetical river "Rada" or propose a translation as "red-haired people".<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann14-21">[20]</a> Earlier theories translating "Redarii" as "farmers", "plowers" or "warriors" have been refuted.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann14-21">[20]</a> The names of these tribes likewise survived in various spelling variants, including Tolensane and Tholenzi for the Tollensians;<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann13-22">[21]</a> Circipani, Zcirizspani and Zerezpani for the Circipanians;<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann13-22">[21]</a> as well as Riaderi, Redarii, and Rederi for the Redarians.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann14-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">History of <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/75px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/113px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg/150px-Arms_of_Brandenburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="378" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/75px-Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/113px-Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg/150px-Arms_of_East_Prussia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="355" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a> (965 – 983)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lutician federation</a> (983 – 12th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a> (pre – 13th century)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> (1157–1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> (1224 – 1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_margraves_and_electors_of_Brandenburg" title="List of margraves and electors of Brandenburg">Elector of Brandenburg</a> (1356 – 1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> (1525 – 1618)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malbork_Voivodeship" title="Malbork Voivodeship">Malbork Voivodeship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Warmia" title="Prince-Bishopric of Warmia">Prince-Bishopric of Warmia</a> within <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal (Polish) Prussia</a> (Poland 1454/1466 – 1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a> (1618 – 1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> (1701 – 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> (1918 – 1947)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Present</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzia%C5%82dowo" title="Działdowo">Działdowo</a> area (from 1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a> (1920–1939, from 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warmia" title="Warmia">Warmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masuria" title="Masuria">Masuria</a> within <a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Recovered Territories</a> (from 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a> (from 1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> (1947–1952, from 1990)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_of_983">Revolt of 983</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Revolt of 983">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_revolt_of_983" title="Slavic revolt of 983">Slavic revolt of 983</a></div> In 983, the Lutici initiated an open rebellion, and in the ensuing war (983–995) succeeded in revoking imperial control over most of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billung_March" title="Billung March">Billung</a> marches, where the corresponding bishoprics of <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Brandenburg" title="Diocese of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Havelberg" title="Bishopric of Havelberg">Havelberg</a> were de facto annihilated.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke99-23">[22]</a> The rebellion did not only affect Lutician territories, but also those of the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Obodrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Obodrites">Obodrites</a> (also Abodriti) and <a href="/wiki/Hevelli" title="Hevelli">Hevelli</a> (also Stodorani).<a href="#cite_note-Luebke99-23">[22]</a> The strategically important Hevellian Brandenburg was sacked by Lutician forces and successfully defended against the Saxon margraves and Hevellian princes.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke99-23">[22]</a> Incidentally, the pagan Luticians appointed Kizo, a Saxon Christian, commander of the Brandenburg.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke103-24">[23]</a> Contemporary German chronicler Thietmar (VI, 25) blames the uprising on maltreatment of the Lutici by the margraves: "warriors, who used to be our servants, now free as a consequence of our injustices ['iniquitates']."<a href="#cite_note-Hengst501-25">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutizenbund.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lutizenbund.PNG/220px-Lutizenbund.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lutizenbund.PNG/330px-Lutizenbund.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Lutizenbund.PNG/440px-Lutizenbund.PNG 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Lutician federation (983–1056/57)</figcaption></figure> In the Obodrite principality, the Luticians initiated a revolt aimed at the abolishment of feudal rule and Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-Luebke99-23">[22]</a> drawing on consideral support from the Obodrite populace.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke97-26">[25]</a> In part, the Obodrite revolt was successful: the princely family, though in part remaining Christian, dissolved Christian institutions, and the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Oldenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Oldenburg">Bishop of Oldenburg</a> had to abandon his bishopric.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke97-26">[25]</a> The Obodrite rebels destroyed the see in Oldenburg and also the see of the diocese, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn102-27">[26]</a> The ensuing war with the Saxons however culminated in the sack of the Obodrite stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Dorf_Mecklenburg" title="Dorf Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a> by <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, in 995.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke97-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> The uprising had started when the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> was weakened by the defeat emperor <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a> had suffered against the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stilo" title="Battle of Stilo">Battle of Stilo</a> (982).<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn101-10">[9]</a> Otto II died in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> shortly after the rebellion started, and three weeks later, his three-year-old son Otto III was crowned and anointed <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Germans">king of the Germans</a> by the archbishops of <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> (Aix-la-Chapelle) on Christmas 983.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn102-27">[26]</a> The coronation was not undisputed: an oppositional group had formed in the empire supporting the kingship of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavarian</a> duke <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Quarrelsome" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Quarrelsome">Henry the Quarrelsome</a>, and the Christian West Slavic dukes <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia">Boleslaus II of Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I of Poland</a> as well as the Christian Obodrite prince <a href="/wiki/Mstivoj" title="Mstivoj">Mstivoj</a> were among the latter's supporters.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> All of them had accepted Henry's claim to the throne at the <a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg" title="Quedlinburg">Quedlinburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Hoftag" title="Hoftag">Hoftag</a> of Easter 984,<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn108-30">[29]</a> and only at the Quedlinburg Hoftag of Easter 986 Otto III was accepted as king by the opposition, including the Bohemian and Polish dukes.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn109-31">[30]</a> While neither Mstivoj (also Mistui, died between 992 and 995), nor his son and successor Mstislav were present at the 986 meeting, they continued to maintain close ties to the empire,<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn109-31">[30]</a> despite their participation in campaigns into Saxon <a href="/wiki/Nordalbingia" title="Nordalbingia">Nordalbingia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Altmark" title="Altmark">Altmark</a> in the initial stage of the uprising.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn108-30">[29]</a> Handling of the Lutician rebellion thus became a central objective for the young king, and several campaigns of the Lutici and Obodriti into the eastern <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Duchy of Saxony</a> and German campaigns vice versa are recorded for nearly every year of his kingship.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn102-27">[26]</a> Thereby, the Saxons experienced several difficulties resulting from the de-central organization of the Lutici.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn103-32">[31]</a> Apart from the attempted reconquest of the lost sees of the bishoprics,<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn101ff-33">[32]</a> the Saxon armies faced wide heaths, lake- and woodlands that lacked targets suitable to decide the war.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn103-32">[31]</a> According to the Annales Quedlinburgensis, the first Saxon campaign of 985 thus followed a tactic of <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched earth</a>: "with fire and slaughter, they devastated the whole region" (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: totam terram illam incendiis et caedibus devastaverunt), a characterization that applied to the following campaigns as well. Following a hypothesis forwarded in modern historiography, e.g. by <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Althoff" title="Gerd Althoff">Gerd Althoff</a>, these campaigns had not the primary purpose of a reconquest, but rather the purpose of looting and taking revenge.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn103-32">[31]</a> The first such campaign in which Otto III participated was in 986, when Otto was six years old.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn102-27">[26]</a> In 991, at the age of eleven, he participated in the temporary reconquest of Brandenburg, which was soon lost again due to the treason of a Saxon defector. In 992, he participated again in the subsequent siege of Brandenburg, where the Saxon army suffered heavy casualties before it was victorious in 993.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn102-27">[26]</a> In 994 however, the war's tide turned again.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn103-32">[31]</a> Thus, Otto III organized a campaign involving an abundance of princes of the empire, which was also the first campaign he led as an independent ruler, since before 994/995 he had been under the tutelage<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn107-34">[33]</a> of his mother <a href="/wiki/Theophanu" title="Theophanu">Theophanu</a>, and after her death, under the tutelage of his grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Italy" title="Adelaide of Italy">Adelaide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Willigis" title="Willigis">Willigis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Mainz">archbishop of Mainz</a>. Among the participants of the campaign were <a href="/wiki/Bernard_I_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernard I of Saxony">Bernard I of Saxony</a>, his former rival <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Quarrelsome" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry the Quarrelsome">Henry the Quarrelsome</a> of Bavaria along with his son and later emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV (II)</a>, also the bishops <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Regensburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Regensburg">of Regensburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freising" title="Freising">Freising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Magdeburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Magdeburg">the archbishop of Magdeburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gisilher_(Archbishop_of_Magdeburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisilher (Archbishop of Magdeburg)">Giselher</a> with his suffragan Eiko), <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Mei%C3%9Fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishopric of Meißen">of Meißen</a>, as well as the margraves <a href="/wiki/Gero" title="Gero">Gero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liuthar" class="mw-redirect" title="Liuthar">Liuthar</a>, duke <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko</a>'s son <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolesław I of Poland">Bolesław I of Poland</a>, a son of duke <a href="/wiki/Boleslaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Boleslaus II, Duke of Bohemia">Boleslaus II of Bohemia</a>, and the latter's rival <a href="/wiki/Sob%C4%9Bslav_(died_1004)" title="Soběslav (died 1004)">Soběslav</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague" title="Adalbert of Prague">Adalbert of Prague</a>. While Henry the Quarrelsome died before the campaign started in 995,<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn107-34">[33]</a> and his son Henry IV (II) thereupon returned to Bavaria to secure his succession, the participant's list and the assembled force distinguished this campaign from the mostly Saxon campaigns mounted to crush the rebellion before.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn108-30">[29]</a> The 995 campaign also played a role in Bohemian history: Boleslaus II, against his promises, made use of the absence of his rival Soběslav, marched on the latter's stronghold in <a href="/wiki/Libice_nad_Cidlinou" title="Libice nad Cidlinou">Libice</a> (Libitz an der Cidlina) and killed the members of his family, the opposing <a href="/wiki/Slavn%C3%ADk_dynasty" title="Slavník dynasty">Slavnikids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> In early 996, Otto III left for Rome to receive the imperial crown from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_V" title="Pope Gregory V">pope Gregory V</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn137-36">[35]</a> At the same time, <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague" title="Adalbert of Prague">Adalbert of Prague</a> was also in Rome, and both Otto and Adalbert left – on different routes – in June 996, to meet again in <a href="/wiki/Ingelheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingelheim">Ingelheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> during the fall.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn137-36">[35]</a> Adalbert, who in Rome and with the pope's consent had agreed on going on a mission into pagan territory,<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn137-36">[35]</a> yet he was still undecided on whether he should try to convert the Lutici or the <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn138-37">[36]</a> Eventually he settled for a mission to the Prussians, who killed him on 23 April 997.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn138-37">[36]</a> Also in 997, Otto III mounted a last campaign into the areas held by the Lutici, targeting the Hevelli. Afterwards, Otto III instead focussed on plans to re-organize the Holy Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Petersohn138-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German–Lutician_alliance_against_Poland">German–Lutician alliance against Poland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: German–Lutician alliance against Poland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Bautzen_and_Merseburg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Treaties of Bautzen and Merseburg (disambiguation)">Treaties of Bautzen and Merseburg (disambiguation)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_der_Reichenauer_Schule_004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Meister_der_Reichenauer_Schule_004.jpg/250px-Meister_der_Reichenauer_Schule_004.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Meister_der_Reichenauer_Schule_004.jpg/375px-Meister_der_Reichenauer_Schule_004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Meister_der_Reichenauer_Schule_004.jpg/500px-Meister_der_Reichenauer_Schule_004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1133" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">"Sclavinia", "Germania", "Gallia" and "Roma" with presents for <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a> (c. 1000)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Perikopenbuch_Heinrich_und_Kunigunde.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Perikopenbuch_Heinrich_und_Kunigunde.jpg/250px-Perikopenbuch_Heinrich_und_Kunigunde.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Perikopenbuch_Heinrich_und_Kunigunde.jpg/375px-Perikopenbuch_Heinrich_und_Kunigunde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Perikopenbuch_Heinrich_und_Kunigunde.jpg/500px-Perikopenbuch_Heinrich_und_Kunigunde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5021" data-file-height="6534" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">"Germania", "Gallia" and "Roma" pay hommage to <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a> (between 1007 and 1012)</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Contemporary illustrations of the personalized provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> paying hommage to the emperors <a href="/wiki/Otto_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto III</a> (above) and <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a> (below). "Sclavinia", symbolizing the Slavic lands, is depicted in the above, but missing in the below illustration.</div></div></div></div> After the Lutici gained independence, Otto III allied against them with <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko I of Poland">Mieszko I of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Gniezno" title="Congress of Gniezno">whom he wanted to integrate</a> in his renovatio imperii Romani.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann356-358-38">[37]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Lutici#Dubious" title="Talk:Lutici">discuss</a>] Mieszko's successor <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_Chrobry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolesław I Chrobry">Bolesław I Chrobry</a> however expanded his realm and denied Otto's successor <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II</a> homage for <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, conquered in 1003.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann356-39">[38]</a> Furthermore, Bolesław supported the inner-German opposition to Henry.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann356-39">[38]</a> This led Henry to abandon the reconquest of the Lutician areas, and instead offer them an alliance against Bolesław, first recorded at a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg" title="Quedlinburg">Quedlinburg</a> on 28 March 1003.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann356-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hengst495-40">[39]</a> Since the Lutici remained pagan, this policy was widely criticized in the empire, especially by the clergy.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann356-39">[38]</a> By 1004, Henry had expelled Bolesław from Bohemia and adjacent territories in <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a>, and by 1005 mounted a counteroffensive.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann357-41">[40]</a> The Lutici, who participated in the campaign, caused dismay among the Christian army when carrying idols of their deities with them.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann357-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hengst496-42">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thietmar_of_Merseburg" title="Thietmar of Merseburg">Thietmar of Merseburg</a> blames delays that prevented the imperial army from decisively defeating Bolesław on the Lutici, and obviously it was not in the Lutician interest to eliminate Bolesław's threat to Henry as this was the basis for the German-Lutician alliance preventing the resumption of German campaigns into Lutician territory.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann357-41">[40]</a> On the other hand, the delays were caused also by corrupt guides and several Saxon nobles, who also opposed campaigns against Christian Bolesław and rather supported re-establishing control and mission of the pagan Lutici.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann358-43">[42]</a> The campaign was aborted near <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> when Bolesław's envoys negotiated a peace.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann358-43">[42]</a> Afterwards, Bolesław negotiated an anti-Lutician alliance "in Christo" with unknown nobles at <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, while "with words and money" trying to instigate Lutician and Bohemian campaigns against Henry at the same time, according to the testimony of Lutician and Bohemian envoys at <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> (Easter 1007).<a href="#cite_note-Hengst496-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herrmann358359-44">[43]</a> The Lutician and Bohemian envoys demanded a prompt attack on Bolesław, yet Henry faced considerable opposition of several nobles against a renewed war.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann359-45">[44]</a> The war (1007–1013) was then started by Bolesław, and sources do not mention Lutician participation.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann359-45">[44]</a> The next record of the Lutici in the sources is of negotiations in <a href="/wiki/Amberg" title="Amberg">Amberg</a> in November 1012, confirming the alliance of 1003.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann359360-46">[45]</a> Considerable Lutician forces participated in the two following campaigns of Henry II against Bolesław in 1015 and 1017.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann360-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hengst496497-48">[47]</a> In 1017 however, two incidents led to the temporary departure of the Lutici from the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Hengst497-49">[48]</a> First, a stone's throw of a compagnon of margrave <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Billung" title="Hermann Billung">Hermann Billung</a> damaged a Lutician idol, and Henry II had to reconcile them with twelve pounds of silver.<a href="#cite_note-Hengst497-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herrmann361-50">[49]</a> Secondly, they lost fifty warriors and an idol of a female deity in a flood while crossing the <a href="/wiki/Mulde" title="Mulde">Mulde</a> river,<a href="#cite_note-Hengst497-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herrmann361-50">[49]</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wurzen" title="Wurzen">Wurzen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hengst497-49">[48]</a> The Lutici interpreted these incidents as bad omen, and departed determined to break the alliance with the emperor.<a href="#cite_note-Hengst497-49">[48]</a> Yet, an assembly was convoked where it was decided to re-enter the war on the emperor's side, and two Lutician armies again attacked Bolesław later in 1017.<a href="#cite_note-Hengst497-49">[48]</a> One Lutician army joined the emperor's forces in the siege of Glogau (Thietmar VII, 59), while the other attacked another stronghold of Bolesław and devastated the surrounding region once they had lost 100 men in an unsuccessful attempt to take it (Thietmar VII, 61).<a href="#cite_note-Hengst497-49">[48]</a> Günther, an eremite from Magdeburg, tried to mission in the Lutician lands during the same year without success.<a href="#cite_note-Hengst497-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Herrmann361-50">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Bautzen" title="Peace of Bautzen">Peace of Bautzen</a> (1018) ended the war between Henry and Bolesław, and the Lutici attacked their western neighbors, the <a href="/wiki/Obodrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Obodrites">Obodrite</a> dukes, during the same year.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann361-50">[49]</a> They justified the attack with the fact that the Obodrites had not participated in the war.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann361-50">[49]</a> The Lutici were supported by part of the Obodrites, and the resulting revolt expelled Obodrite duke Mstislav to Saxony and destroyed the see in Oldenburg.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann362-51">[50]</a> This caused the Danish king <a href="/wiki/Canute_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Canute the Great">Canute the Great</a> to intervene in 1019, and the duke of Saxony and the bishop of Bremen, previously in a dispute about influence in the Obodrite areas, combined their forces in 1020 and ended the revolt in 1021.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann362-51">[50]</a> When Henry II died, Bolesław I of Poland used the power vacuum in the empire to crown himself king in 1025.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann363-52">[51]</a> While he died in the same year, his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Mieszko_II_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieszko II of Poland">Mieszko II</a> also took on the royal title, denied paying homage to the successor of Henry II, emperor <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a>, and coveted the Lutici territories.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann363-52">[51]</a> Conrad renewed the German–Lutician alliance.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann363-52">[51]</a> In 1028, Mieszko invaded and devastated the area east of the <a href="/wiki/Saale" title="Saale">Saale</a> river in a campaign which also affected the Lutician associate tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Hevelli" title="Hevelli">Hevelli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann363-52">[51]</a> Thus, in the same year, Lutician delegates asked Conrad for help against "tyrant Mieszko" at a synode in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6hlde" title="Pöhlde">Pöhlde</a>; Conrad's answer, however, is not recorded.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann363-52">[51]</a> From 1029 to 1032, the emperor mounted several campaigns against Miesko II, utterly defeating him and forcing him into the disadvantageous <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Merseburg" title="Treaty of Merseburg">Peace of Merseburg</a> in 1033.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann364-53">[52]</a> Whether Lutician forces participated in the campaigns is not known.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann364-53">[52]</a> With Poland defeated and disintegrating in a civil war, the German–Lutician alliance had lost its basis, and a new war began.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann364-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German–Lutician_war">German–Lutician war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: German–Lutician war">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konr%C3%A1d2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Konr%C3%A1d2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a></figcaption></figure> In 1033, a Lutician army repeatedly attacked the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Werben_(Elbe)" title="Werben (Elbe)">Werben</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann364-53">[52]</a> A Saxon relief army was defeated, whereby 42 knights were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann364-53">[52]</a> Emperor Conrad II however focussed on securing succession in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy-Arles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Burgundy-Arles">Burgundy</a> and thus refrained from immediate retaliation.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann364-53">[52]</a> In 1035, the Lutici sacked Werben after an act of treason and killed most of the defendants.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann364-53">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conrad_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor">Conrad II</a>, supported by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bretislav_of_Bohemia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bretislav of Bohemia (page does not exist)">Bretislav of Bohemia</a>, retaliated with a large-scale campaign into the Lutician territories.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann364-53">[52]</a> The result was inconclusive, with both sides suffering heavy casualties.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann364-53">[52]</a> A subsequent campaign mounted primarily by Saxon nobles resulted in the defeat of the Lutici, who had to agree to a high tribute and provide hostages.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann364-53">[52]</a> Despite the defeat, the Lutici retained their autonomy, and the bishoprics of Brandenburg and Havelberg were not reinstated.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann364-53">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_wars_and_Obodrite_rule">Civil wars and Obodrite rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Civil wars and Obodrite rule">edit</a>]</div> In 1056/1057, the Lutician federation disintegrated in a civil war.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann366-54">[53]</a> Kessini and Circipani fought against Tollensians and Redarii.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann261-11">[10]</a> The dispute was decided by an intervention of the <a href="/wiki/Obodrites" class="mw-redirect" title="Obodrites">Obodrite</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Gottschalk_(Obotrite_prince)" title="Gottschalk (Obotrite prince)">Gottschalk</a>, son-in-law of the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> jarl <a href="/wiki/Sven_Estridson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sven Estridson">Sven Estridson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann365-55">[54]</a> After Obodrite ruler <a href="/wiki/Ratibor_(Polabian_prince)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratibor (Polabian prince)">Ratibor</a> and his sons had been killed in battle in 1043, Gottschalk had established himself as the new ruler of the Obodrite and part of the Lutician realm with the support of Sven Estridson and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_II,_Duke_of_Saxony" title="Bernard II, Duke of Saxony">Bernard II, Duke of Saxony</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann365-55">[54]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">Gesta</a> II, 79), Gottschalk went to the "Slavic lands with a mighty force, attacked everybody and caused great fear among the pagans".<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann365-55">[54]</a> In 1057, again with the support of Bernard II and Sven Estridson, Gottschalk subdued the Kessini and Circipani and integrated them into his realm.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann365-55">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_4_g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Heinrich_4_g.jpg/220px-Heinrich_4_g.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="381" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Heinrich_4_g.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a></figcaption></figure> In 1066, the Lutici were involved in the Obodrite revolt,<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann261-11">[10]</a> in the course of which Gottschalk was slain,<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann365-55">[54]</a> his wife and her abigails were chased out of Mecklenburg naked, and a monk, Ansvar, and others were stoned to death in <a href="/wiki/Ratzeburg" title="Ratzeburg">Ratzeburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wille94-56">[55]</a> Adam of Bremen (III, 51) further recorded the capture of the elderly Mecklenburg bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_(Bishop_of_Mecklenburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scotus (Bishop of Mecklenburg)">"Iohannes" (Johann, John Scotus)</a>, who was carried to Radgosc, where his severed head was sacrificed to Redigost.<a href="#cite_note-Wille94-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schmidt75-57">[56]</a> However, Halberstadt bishop Burchard sacked Radgosc in the winter of 1067/1068, and as a symbol of his victory rode home on the temple's <a href="/wiki/Horse_worship" title="Horse worship">sacred horse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann366-54">[53]</a> In the winter of 1069, king and later emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a> led a follow-up campaign into the Lutician territories, looting and pillaging the area.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann366-54">[53]</a> In 1073 however, Henry IV sought to win the Lutici as allies against a Saxon opposition led by <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Northeim" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto of Northeim">Otto of Northeim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann366-54">[53]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Bruno_of_Querfurt" title="Bruno of Querfurt">Bruno of Querfurt</a>, Henry IV offered to the Lutici the chance of conquering as much Saxon land as they desired.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann366-54">[53]</a> The Saxon nobles then tried to also win the Lutici as allies against Henry IV:<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann366-54">[53]</a> Among the Lutici, another civil war broke out between the factions supporting either Otto or Henry, resulting in a high death toll.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann366-54">[53]</a> As a consequence, the Lutici were unable to attack either Henry or Otto.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann366-54">[53]</a> However, due to the emerging <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a>, Henry IV had to shift his focus away from the Lutician areas, so the remaining Lutici retained their independence.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann366-54">[53]</a> In 1090, the Obodrite prince <a href="/wiki/Henry_(Obotrite_prince)" title="Henry (Obotrite prince)">Henry</a> had consolidated the Obodrite realm with Danish and Saxon support, and killed his rival <a href="/wiki/Kruto" class="mw-redirect" title="Kruto">Kruto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann366367-58">[57]</a> After an Obodrite revolt was quelled in 1093, Henry expanded eastward in several campaigns, and subdued all Lutician areas north of the <a href="/wiki/Havel" title="Havel">Havel</a> river.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann367-59">[58]</a> In 1100/1101, Henry's combined Obodrite and Saxon forces sieged <a href="/wiki/Havelberg" title="Havelberg">Havelberg</a> to quell a revolt of the <a href="/wiki/Hevelli" title="Hevelli">Hevelli</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brisani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brisani (page does not exist)">Brisani</a>, while his son Mistue looted the territory of the nearby <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linoni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linoni (page does not exist)">Linoni</a> with 300 Slavs and 200 Saxons.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann379-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_and_conversion_of_the_Lutician_areas">Division and conversion of the Lutician areas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Division and conversion of the Lutician areas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrymouth_expedition_pomerania_lutici.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wrymouth_expedition_pomerania_lutici.png/220px-Wrymouth_expedition_pomerania_lutici.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wrymouth_expedition_pomerania_lutici.png/330px-Wrymouth_expedition_pomerania_lutici.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wrymouth_expedition_pomerania_lutici.png/440px-Wrymouth_expedition_pomerania_lutici.png 2x" data-file-width="634" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>The expedition of <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Bolesław III Wrymouth</a>, Duke of Poland, to <a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> and east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> to subjugate the Slavic Lutici, in 1121.<a href="#cite_note-Michalek-61">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> In 1110, upon getting news of the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V</a> in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=German-Polish_War_of_1109&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German-Polish War of 1109 (page does not exist)">German-Polish War of 1109</a> the <a href="/wiki/Do%C5%82%C4%99%C5%BCanie" class="mw-redirect" title="Dołężanie">Dołężanie</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Redarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Redarians">Redarians</a> rebelled against German authority. The uprising was quelled by <a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_Supplinburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothair of Supplinburg">Lothair of Supplinburg</a>, who had recently been made <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Saxony" class="mw-redirect" title="Duke of Saxony">Duke of Saxony</a> by Henry. However, Lothair and Henry became engaged in a struggle of their own.<a href="#cite_note-Michalek-61">[60]</a> When in 1115 Lothair defeated Henry in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Welfesholz" title="Battle of Welfesholz">Battle of Welfesholz</a>, the emperor's influence in Saxony and the <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wendish</a> territories had virtually disappeared.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann380-62">[61]</a> On the other hand, Lothair then followed an expansionist policy himself.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann380-62">[61]</a> Among the tribes he campaigned against, regardless of whether they were within the Obodrite sphere of interest, were also the Kessini, whose prince Dumar was subdued, along with his sons, in 1114. This campaign was supported by the (nominal) margrave of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a>, whose army included 300 Circipanian cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann380-62">[61]</a> Several subsequent campaigns of Lothair into the Lutician areas followed between 1115 and 1127.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt105-63">[62]</a> In 1121, Lothair mounted another successful campaign against the Kessini, this time sacking their main stronghold <a href="/wiki/Kessin" title="Kessin">Kessin</a> and subduing their prince Sventipolk.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann380-62">[61]</a> In the same year, <a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Bolesław III Wrymouth</a> advanced from the lower <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> region deep into Lutician territory, reaching and devastating the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCritz" title="Müritz">Müritz</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> According to Maleczynski (1939), Bolesław thereby "most likely took <a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtzkow" title="Gützkow">Gützkow</a>" and, with reference to the 1121 campaign of <a href="/wiki/Lothair_III,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Lothair III, Holy Roman Emperor">Lothair of Supplinburg</a>, "German and Polish expansion met at Müritz lake and the upper <a href="/wiki/Peene" title="Peene">Peene</a> river, and probably in the vicinity of today's <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>."<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Enders (1986) says that during the same campaign, Bolesław destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Ukrani" title="Ukrani">Ukrainian</a> stronghold of Nadam, following a thesis that Nadam was located near today's <a href="/wiki/Nieden" title="Nieden">Nieden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Herrmann (1968) proposed that Bolesław's campaign followed a fork of the <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>–<a href="/wiki/Malchow" title="Malchow">Malchow</a> route which ran from Lake Müritz to Stettin/<a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, via Nieden.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In 1127, a campaign of Lothair was also targeted at the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtzkow" title="Gützkow">Gützkow</a> area.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt105-63">[62]</a> With his campaigns, Lothair renewed the German claim to the areas lost in 983.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt105-63">[62]</a> In 1127, Kessin was again sacked, along with <a href="/wiki/Werle" title="Werle">Werle</a>, this time by Obodrite prince Sventipolk.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann381-68">[67]</a> A son of Henry (deceased 1125), Sventipolk struggled for his father's heritage against his brother Knud.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann381-68">[67]</a> In his campaign against the Kessini he was supported by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_I,_Count_of_Schauenburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf I, Count of Schauenburg (page does not exist)">Adolf I, Count of Schauenburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann381-68">[67]</a> However, Sventipolk, his son Swinike and his brother Knud were all murdered in 1128, and in 1129 Lothair (<a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Germans">king of the Germans</a> since 1125) gave the "kingdom of the Obodrites" to Danish <a href="/wiki/Knud_Lavard" class="mw-redirect" title="Knud Lavard">Knud Lavard</a>, who was however murdered by a relative in 1131.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann382-69">[68]</a> His successor in the eastern Obodrite realm, up to the <a href="/wiki/Peene" title="Peene">Peene</a> river, was <a href="/wiki/Niklot" title="Niklot">Niklot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann382-69">[68]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Szczecin_Zamek_Ksiazat_Pomorskich_sw_Otton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Szczecin_Zamek_Ksiazat_Pomorskich_sw_Otton.jpg/220px-Szczecin_Zamek_Ksiazat_Pomorskich_sw_Otton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="460" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Szczecin_Zamek_Ksiazat_Pomorskich_sw_Otton.jpg/330px-Szczecin_Zamek_Ksiazat_Pomorskich_sw_Otton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Szczecin_Zamek_Ksiazat_Pomorskich_sw_Otton.jpg/440px-Szczecin_Zamek_Ksiazat_Pomorskich_sw_Otton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Bamberg" title="Otto of Bamberg">Otto of Bamberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Dukes%27_Castle,_Szczecin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomeranian Dukes' Castle, Szczecin">Pomeranian Dukes' Castle, Szczecin</a> (Stettin)</figcaption></figure> The eastern Lutician areas between the <a href="/wiki/Peene" title="Peene">Peene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tollense" title="Tollense">Tollense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uecker" title="Uecker">Uecker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> rivers had by then been subdued by the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Pomeranian duke</a> <a href="/wiki/Wartislaw_I,_Duke_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Wartislaw I, Duke of Pomerania">Wartislaw I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann384-70">[69]</a> and the Lutician primores of this area <a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="Conversion of Pomerania">converted to Christianity in 1128</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann385-71">[70]</a> Thence the Pomeranian dukes occasionally styled themselves dux Liuticiorum.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> The conversion of the Lutici was accomplished by <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Bamberg" title="Otto of Bamberg">Otto of Bamberg</a>, who had also missioned the <a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(Slavic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)">Pomeranians (Slavic tribe)</a> and the tribes on the lower <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prissani" title="Prissani">Prissani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolinians" title="Wolinians">Wolinians</a>, all under Wartislaw's rule) in 1124/25.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt105-63">[62]</a> Bolesław III of Poland had subdued Wartislaw after his abovementioned Lutician campaign, and in 1127 was on the verge of attacking Wartislaw again because of the latter's Lutician conquests, which had considerably strengthened Wartislaw's position. When Otto of Bamberg waited for Wartislaw I in <a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a> in 1128 to convert the Lutici, the Pomeranian duke appeared with two armies, and according to Otto's biographer Herbod looted and burned the surrounding areas before he held talks with Otto about the conversion.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt105-63">[62]</a> Wartislaw had also convened a meeting of the Lutician nobles at <a href="/wiki/Usedom_(town)" title="Usedom (town)">Usedom</a>, where they accepted Christianity upon Otto's and Wartislaw's appearance.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt106-73">[72]</a> Otto then destroyed the pagan temples at <a href="/wiki/Wolgast" title="Wolgast">Wolgast</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtzkow" title="Gützkow">Gützkow</a>, before he mediated in the dispute between Wartislaw I and Bolesław III.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt107-74">[73]</a> Bolesław aborted his preparations for war, and in turn Wartislaw accepted Bolesław's superiority for his territories east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>, while for the Lutician areas his superior was Lothair.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt107-74">[73]</a> When the pope crowned Lothair Holy Roman Emperor at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> on 6 June 1133, he also issued a document addressed at bishop Norbert of Magdeburg listing a "Bishopric of Stettin" for the Lutician areas between Elbe and Oder, and a Pomeranian bishopric for the areas east of the Oder.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt107-74">[73]</a> These bishoprics however never materialized, instead the <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin" title="Bishopric of Cammin">Bishopric of Wollin</a> was founded in 1140 for the areas then ruled by Wartislaw.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> In 1134, Lothair gave the Northern March,<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann381-68">[67]</a> i.e. the area south of the <a href="/wiki/Peene" title="Peene">Peene</a> river,<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann380-62">[61]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_the_Bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Albrecht the Bear">Albrecht the Bear</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">House of Ascania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann381-68">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wendish_Crusade" title="Wendish Crusade">Wendish Crusade</a> of 1147 targeted the Obodrite and Lutician areas.<a href="#cite_note-Brather85-76">[75]</a> After a period of Danish rule in the northern part, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>'s duchies of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Pomerania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a> (successor of the Obodrite state) as well as the <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> (successor of the Northern March) had consolidated in the former Lutician areas.<a href="#cite_note-Brather85-76">[75]</a> In the course of the <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a> in the 13th century, the Lutici were assimilated by German settlers,<a href="#cite_note-Brather85-76">[75]</a> ultimately becoming part of the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt75-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> Traditionally, the Lutici worshipped nature in <a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">sacred groves</a> or at springs, lakes, and rivers.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke103-24">[23]</a> There, worship and sacrificing were done in the open without the support of priests.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke103-24">[23]</a> In addition, the Lutici maintained several cult sites.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke103-24">[23]</a> The density of Lutician temples was the highest in the whole Slavic settlement area.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke103-24">[23]</a> As of 2002, about twenty such cult sites have been identified,<a href="#cite_note-Luebke104-77">[76]</a> with Radgosc being the most important one before the <a href="/wiki/Svantevit" class="mw-redirect" title="Svantevit">Svantevit</a> temple at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Arkona" title="Cape Arkona">Arkona</a> took over the leading role after Radgosc's destruction.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt75-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Luebke104-77">[76]</a> Cult sites such as Radgosc were maintained by priests, and since in Lutician society politics was closely tied to religious beliefs and not ruled by a secular monarch, the Radgosc priests were extremely influential.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt75-57">[56]</a> According to Thietmar (VI, 25), every Lutician region had its own temple, each home to a special idol.<a href="#cite_note-Hengst500-13">[12]</a> The maintenance of temple sites marks the transition from the worship of nature to the worship of idols representing personalized deities, a trend that in historiography is interpreted as resulting from contacts to Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke104-77">[76]</a> While the erection of cult sites flourished since the 10th century, an idol dating to the 7th to 8th century has been found in <a href="/wiki/Feldberger_Seenlandschaft" title="Feldberger Seenlandschaft">Feldberg</a>, and a cult site surrounded by planks was found in the fortress of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gro%C3%9F_Raden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Groß Raden (page does not exist)">Groß Raden</a>, dating to the second half of the 9th century.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke103-24">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radgosc_(Rethra)">Radgosc (Rethra)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Radgosc (Rethra)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lieps_infotafel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lieps_infotafel.jpg/220px-Lieps_infotafel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lieps_infotafel.jpg/330px-Lieps_infotafel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lieps_infotafel.jpg/440px-Lieps_infotafel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2026" data-file-height="2857" /></a><figcaption>Information board near the lake <a href="/wiki/Lieps" title="Lieps">Lieps</a>, claiming to be the site of Radgosc (Rethra). However, a scholarly consensus on the temple's location has not yet been established, and various theories have been forwarded and refuted.</figcaption></figure> The main deity worshipped in Radgosc was reported as Zuarasici by Thietmar (VI, 23), and as Redigost (Redigast, Riedegost) by Adam of Bremen (II, 21; III, 51) and <a href="/wiki/Helmold_of_Bosau" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmold of Bosau">Helmold</a> (I, 2).<a href="#cite_note-Luebke104-77">[76]</a> This is interpreted by historians and linguists in different ways: probably, the different names mark the transition from an appellativum related with the Iranian root xvar, "sun", to a distinct personalized deity with the name Riedegost.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke104-77">[76]</a> This could then have been adopted as the name of the temple (Radgosc) and as the name of the tribe settling there (Redarii).<a href="#cite_note-Luebke104-77">[76]</a> Following the alternative hypothesis, it was the other way around: Adam of Bremen and Helmold mistakenly adopted the name of the temple site as the name of the deity, which was correctly identified by Thietmar and corresponds with <a href="/wiki/Svaro%C5%BEi%C4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Svarožič">Svarožič</a> or <a href="/wiki/Svarog" title="Svarog">Svarog</a>. According to a third theory, Riedegost was the second name of Thietmar's Zuarasici.<a href="#cite_note-Luebke104-77">[76]</a> Thietmar (VI, 25) details Radgosc's elevated position as follows: "To [Rethra], they bid farewell when they go to war, [Rethra] is honoured with due gift upon their fortunate return, and it is carefully determined [...] by lot and horse [oracle], what sacrifices the priests have to make to the deities. When in their unspeakable wrath however, they are comforted with the blood of animals and humans."<a href="#cite_note-Hengst500-13">[12]</a> According to Helmold of Bosau, the revolt of 983 was started after a meeting at the civitas Rethre, and the successful beginning of the revolt of 1066 was according to Adam of Bremen celebrated in Radgosc by the ritual decapitation of captured bishop <a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_(Bishop_of_Mecklenburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Scotus (Bishop of Mecklenburg)">Johann of Mecklenburg</a> and the sacrifice of his head, stuck on a lance, to Riedegost.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt75-57">[56]</a> The last historical record of "Rheda" is an entry in the Annals of Augsburg for the year 1068,<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt76-78">[77]</a> describing its capture by bishop Burchard and the abduction of its sacred horse.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt75-57">[56]</a> It is assumed that Radgosc was destroyed either in this or one of the following campaigns, probably it was destroyed and rebuilt several times since Ebo's Vita <a href="/wiki/Otto_of_Bamberg" title="Otto of Bamberg">Ottonis episcopi Bambergensis</a> (III, 5) mentions the destruction of "the Lutician civitas and temple" by king <a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_Supplinburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Lothair of Supplinburg">Lothair of Supplinburg</a> in 1126/27, without specifying its name.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt76-78">[77]</a> Thietmar (VI, 23) described Radgosc as a castle (urbs) with three horns (tricornis) and three gates (tres in se continens portas), two of which could be reached by land, while the third and smallest one faced a lake (mare) to the east, supposedly a terrifying sight (horribile visu). The castle was surrounded by woodland (silva).<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt76-78">[77]</a> Inside the castle, there was a wooden temple grounded on animal horns, and in this temple there were idols of several deities, who each had a name engraved and wore helmet and armor, with Zuarasici being the highest deity.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt77-79">[78]</a> Guidons (vexilla) of these deities were stored inside the temple and were only to leave the room during a war.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt77-79">[78]</a> Thietmar wrote this when the Lutici were allies of the emperor, an alliance he opposed, and included his Radgosc report with the purpose of advising the Germans against it.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt77-79">[78]</a> He also explicitly turned to the reader and advised them to not follow the Lutician cult, but instead adhere to the Holy Bible.<a href="#cite_note-Hengst501-25">[24]</a> Adam of Bremen wrote his <a href="/wiki/Gesta_Hammaburgensis_ecclesiae_pontificum" title="Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum">Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum</a> when Radgosc was already in decline, and gave a somewhat differing account: according to him, Radgosc, "seat of the idols" (sedes ydolatriae) was surrounded by a deep lake and had nine gates. He described Redigast as the superior deity in a large, demonic temple (templum ibi magnum constructum est demonibus, princeps est Redigast), that could be reached by a wooden bridge by those who wanted to sacrifice or ask the oracle.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt78-80">[79]</a> 12th-century chronicler Helmold largely followed Adam's version.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt78-80">[79]</a> The difference in the numbers used by Thietmar ("three", tricornis) and Adam ("nine") might be explained with the symbolic use of these numbers, meant not to accurately describe Radgosc, but rather connect it to the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt8598-81">[80]</a> The boar, who according to Thietmar came out of the lake prior to a war to take pleasure in the mud, thereby "terribly shaking and appearing to many", might likewise be a symbol Thietmar used for the devil rather than an actual oracle, in contrast to the horse oracle.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt98-82">[81]</a> The location of the former temple of Radgosc is still unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt79-83">[82]</a> Theories that Radgosc might have been at <a href="/wiki/Feldberger_Seenlandschaft" title="Feldberger Seenlandschaft">Feldberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wanzkaer_See" title="Wanzkaer See">Wanzka Abbey</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gnoien" title="Gnoien">Gnoien</a> were refuted. Most theories focus on the area of <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Strelitz_(district)" title="Mecklenburg-Strelitz (district)">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tollensesee" title="Tollensesee">Tollensesee</a> in particular.<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt79-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="12th-century_burial_site_at_Sanzkow">12th-century burial site at Sanzkow</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 12th-century burial site at Sanzkow">edit</a>]</div> Archaeological records suggest an average life expectancy of 20 to 30 years, primarily due to a high infant and child mortality.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann55-84">[83]</a> Excavations in the <a href="/wiki/Siedenbr%C3%BCnzow" title="Siedenbrünzow">Sanzkow</a> burial site near <a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a> revealed that 25.8% of the buried children were under the age of 6 years, another 4.4% under the age of 12 years, adding to an estimated infant mortality of 20%.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann55-84">[83]</a> For those who reached adulthood, the average death age was 40.7 years (males) and 34.1 years (females),<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann55-84">[83]</a> and only 4.4%, primarily men, reached the age of 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann56-85">[84]</a> The lower life expectancy of women results from puerperal mortality: An average woman gave birth to three to four children in intervals of three to four years.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann56-85">[84]</a> The average heights of adult males was 1.70 m (5 ft 7 in) and 1.60 m (5 ft 3 in) for adult women.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann57-86">[85]</a> Medical research of teeth revealed a healthy diet with sufficient protein and low carbohydrate shares and a two-year breastfeeding period.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann60-87">[86]</a> Serious pathological deformations of bones were found in 28% of the adult Sanzkow skeletons, less serious ones in 44%.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann64-88">[87]</a> Most adults suffered from <a href="/wiki/Spondylosis_deformans" title="Spondylosis deformans">spondylosis deformans</a>, especially men above the age of twenty years, but also women above the age of thirty years.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann60-87">[86]</a> Combined with high rates of <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>, likewise primarily affecting males,<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann61-89">[88]</a> and other skeleton deformations, this points to high physical strain especially of the male population.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann6061-90">[89]</a> An extraordinarily high rate of bone fractures (15% of the adult population, primarily men) indicates massive involvement in battles and accidents.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann61-89">[88]</a> Skull injuries from strokes, swords and arrows were also common.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann61-89">[88]</a> Two bodies at Sanzkow were buried as <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampires</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann62-91">[90]</a> For one of those, there is evidence for a head injury that might have resulted in brain dysfunctions: this man was buried with three large rocks placed on his face, breast and legs.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> One woman had a <a href="/wiki/Denture" class="mw-redirect" title="Denture">denture</a>, and there is also evidence for <a href="/wiki/Trepanation" class="mw-redirect" title="Trepanation">trepanations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herrmann63-93">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_Slavic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medieval Slavic tribes">List of medieval Slavic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Veleti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wends</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Compared to the original old <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic religion</a>, the pagan religion of <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a> was "reformed" (improved) by wooden temples and priesthood as a high social class with political influence. Almost every Polabian tribe had its own pagan cult of a deity of military function or some version of the supreme god, whose high priests had sometimes military retinue and were equal to the chiefs or politically stronger. This made a pagan cults more organized and the <a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian Slavs</a> more resistant to <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> than other Slavic peoples who had less organized paganism and was practiced as a <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religion</a>. It also caused the creation of a local <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracies</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarner2013" class="citation book cs1">Warner, David A. (1 January 2013). "The Chronicon of Thietmar of Merseburg". Ottonian Germany. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7765%2F9781526112774.00008">10.7765/9781526112774.00008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-1277-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5261-1277-4"><bdi>978-1-5261-1277-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Chronicon+of+Thietmar+of+Merseburg&rft.btitle=Ottonian+Germany&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7765%2F9781526112774.00008&rft.isbn=978-1-5261-1277-4&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutici" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RGAXIX51-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RGAXIX51_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RGAXIX51_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RGAXIX51_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RGAXIX51_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RGAXIX51_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RGAXIX51_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RGAXIX51_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RGAXIX51_3-7">h</a> Lübke (2001), <a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_germanischen_Altertumskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde">RGA</a> XIX p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritze138-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fritze138_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritze138_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritze138_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritze138_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritze138_4-4">e</a> Fritze (1982), p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Fritze (1982), pp. 135-36. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Fritze (1982), p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritze139-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fritze139_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritze139_7-1">b</a> Fritze (1982), p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritze140-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Fritze140_8-0">^</a> Fritze (1982), p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Fritze (1982), p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersohn101-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn101_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn101_10-1">b</a> Petersohn (2003), p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann261-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann261_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann261_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann261_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann261_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann261_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann261_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann261_11-6">g</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-Garipzanov198-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garipzanov198_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garipzanov198_12-1">b</a> Garipzanov (2008), p. 198 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hengst500-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst500_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst500_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst500_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst500_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst500_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst500_13-5">f</a> Hengst (2005), p. 500 </li> <li id="cite_note-Garipzanov200-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Garipzanov200_14-0">^</a> Garipzanov (2008), p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Lübke (2002), pp. 105f </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Lübke (2002), p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-Luebke107-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke107_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke107_17-1">b</a> Lübke (2002), p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Lübke (2002), pp. 98-99 </li> <li id="cite_note-Luebke98-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke98_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke98_19-1">b</a> Lübke (2002), p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-Luebke51-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke51_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke51_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke51_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke51_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke51_20-4">e</a> Lübke (2001), p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann14-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann14_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann14_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann14_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann14_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann14_21-4">e</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann13-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann13_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann13_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann13_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann13_22-3">d</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Luebke99-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke99_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke99_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke99_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke99_23-3">d</a> Lübke (2002), p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-Luebke103-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke103_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke103_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke103_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke103_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke103_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke103_24-5">f</a> Lübke (2002), p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hengst501-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst501_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst501_25-1">b</a> Hengst (2005), p. 501 </li> <li id="cite_note-Luebke97-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke97_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke97_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke97_26-2">c</a> Lübke (2002), p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersohn102-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn102_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn102_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn102_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn102_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn102_27-4">e</a> Petersohn (2003), p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Petersohn (2003), p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Petersohn (2003), pp. 108, 111 </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersohn108-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn108_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn108_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn108_30-2">c</a> Petersohn (2003), p. 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersohn109-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn109_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn109_31-1">b</a> Petersohn (2003), p. 109 </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersohn103-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn103_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn103_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn103_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn103_32-3">d</a> Petersohn (2003), p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersohn101ff-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn101ff_33-0">^</a> Petersohn (2003), pp. 101ff </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersohn107-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn107_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn107_34-1">b</a> Petersohn (2003), p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Petersohn (2003), pp. 121-122 </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersohn137-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn137_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn137_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn137_36-2">c</a> Petersohn (2003), p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersohn138-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn138_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn138_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petersohn138_37-2">c</a> Petersohn (2003), p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann356-358-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann356-358_38-0">^</a> Herrmann (1985), pp. 356, 358 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann356-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann356_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann356_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann356_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann356_39-3">d</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 356 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hengst495-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Hengst495_40-0">^</a> Hengst (2005), p. 495 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann357-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann357_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann357_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann357_41-2">c</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 357 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hengst496-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst496_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst496_42-1">b</a> Hengst (2005), p. 496 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann358-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann358_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann358_43-1">b</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 358 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann358359-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann358359_44-0">^</a> Herrmann (1985), pp. 358, 359 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann359-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann359_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann359_45-1">b</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 359 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann359360-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann359360_46-0">^</a> Herrmann (1985), pp. 359, 360 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann360-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann360_47-0">^</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 360 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hengst496497-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Hengst496497_48-0">^</a> Hengst (2005), pp. 496, 497 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hengst497-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst497_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst497_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst497_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst497_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst497_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst497_49-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst497_49-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hengst497_49-7">h</a> Hengst (2005), p. 497 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann361-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann361_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann361_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann361_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann361_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann361_50-4">e</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 361 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann362-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann362_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann362_51-1">b</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 362 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann363-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann363_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann363_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann363_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann363_52-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann363_52-4">e</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 363 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann364-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann364_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann364_53-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann364_53-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann364_53-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann364_53-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann364_53-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann364_53-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann364_53-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann364_53-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann364_53-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann364_53-10">k</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 364 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann366-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann366_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann366_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann366_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann366_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann366_54-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann366_54-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann366_54-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann366_54-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann366_54-8">i</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 366 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann365-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann365_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann365_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann365_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann365_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann365_55-4">e</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 365 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wille94-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wille94_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wille94_56-1">b</a> Müller-Wille (1991), p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt75-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt75_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt75_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt75_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt75_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt75_57-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt75_57-5">f</a> Schmidt (2009), p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann366367-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann366367_58-0">^</a> Herrmann (1985), pp. 366-367 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann367-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann367_59-0">^</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 367 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann379-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann379_60-0">^</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 379 </li> <li id="cite_note-Michalek-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michalek_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michalek_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrzej_Michałek2007" class="citation book cs1">Andrzej Michałek (2007). Słowianie Zachodni. Monarchie wczesnofeudalne. Bellona. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-11-10737-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-11-10737-3"><bdi>978-83-11-10737-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C5%82owianie+Zachodni.+Monarchie+wczesnofeudalne&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-83-11-10737-3&rft.au=Andrzej+Micha%C5%82ek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutici" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann380-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann380_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann380_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann380_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann380_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann380_62-4">e</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 380 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt105-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt105_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt105_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt105_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt105_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt105_63-4">e</a> Schmidt (2009), p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Primary source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00001081_00896.html">Ebo III.4</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Monumenta_Germaniae_Historica" title="Monumenta Germaniae Historica">MGH SS 12</a>). In secondary literature: Brüske, Wolfgang: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Lutizenbundes... [Studies of the Lutician federation's history...] (Mitteldeutsche Forschungen, vol. 3), Münster/Cologne 1955, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6hvSAAAAMAAJ&q=m%C3%BCritz+ebo">p. 94</a>: "[In 1121], Bolesław penetrated deep into Lutician territory. He advanced towards Müritz lake and devastated the area so thoroughly that it was nearly devoid of humans, as reported by Ebo." Similarly, with reference to Ebo: Schultze, Johannes: Die Mark Brandenburg, vol. 1, Berlin 1961, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hsUrAQAAIAAJ&q=müritz+1121">p. 59</a>; Eggert, Oskar: Geschichte Pommerns, vol. 1, Hamburg 1974, p. 41; Herrmann, Joachim et al.: Die Slawen in Deutschland. Geschichte und Kultur der slawischen Stämme westlich von Oder und Neiße vom 6. bis 12. Jahrhundert, Berlin 1985, pp. 385, 552 (fn. 15); Gaethke, Hans-Otto: Kämpfe und Herrschaft Heinrichs von (Alt-) Lübeck und Lothars von Supplingenburg im Slawenland 1093/1106-1125, in: Zeitschrift des Vereins für Lübeckische Geschichte und Altertumskunde (ZVLGA), vol. 80 (2000), pp. 63-163, here pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1-DiAAAAMAAJ&q=%22und+angaben+des+fischers%22">126</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1-DiAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Vermutlich+im+Anschlu%C3%9F+an+die+Eroberung+Stettins%22">136</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Maleczynski, Karol: Bolesław III Krzywousty, Lwow 1939 (repr. Wroclaw 1975), p. 154: "Na zachodzie podbój polski objął znowuż zapewne miejscowości Kocków i Dymin" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XTsBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22i+Dymin%22">(preview)</a> and "Ekspansja polska i niemiecka zetknęłyby się w taki sposób ze sobą na przestrzeni górnego biegu Piany od Jeziora Morzyckiego ewentualnie po okolice dzisiejszego Stralsundu." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XTsBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22ewentualnie+po+okolice+dzisiejszego+Stralsundu%22">(preview)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Primary source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00000887_00739.html">Herbord II.5</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Monumenta_Germaniae_Historica" title="Monumenta Germaniae Historica">MGH SS 20</a>, where Nadam/Naclam is identified as Nakel/<a href="/wiki/Nak%C5%82o_nad_Noteci%C4%85" title="Nakło nad Notecią">Nakło</a>). Richter, Friedrich: Das Dorf Nieden. Versuch einer Ortschronik, in: Heimatkalender des Kreises Prenzlau 8/1933, p. 128, proposed that the Nadam destroyed by Bolesław in 1121 was near Nieden, an <a href="/wiki/Uckermark" title="Uckermark">Uckermark</a> village. Herrmann, Joachim: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und gesellschaftliche Verhältnisse der slawischen Stämme zwischen Oder/Neisse und Elbe (Schriften der Sektion für Vor- und Frühgeschichte / Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, vol. 23), Berlin 1968, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5LMKAQAAIAAJ&q=%22nadam%22">p. 122.</a> and Enders, Lieselott: Historisches Ortslexikon für Brandenburg, vol. 8/2 (Uckermark), Weimar 1986, p. 710 agree and relate Nieden to Bolesław's 1121 Müritz campaign. Kirsch, Kerstin: Slawen und Deutsche in der Uckermark. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur Siedlungsentwicklung vom 11. bis zum 14. Jahrhundert. Forschungen zur Geschichte und Kultur des östlichen Europa, vol. 21, Stuttgart 2004, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg1vxkqGdd8C&pg=PA75">p. 75</a>, with reference to Enders says that "it was proposed that Bolesław on his way to the Müritz destroyed the Ukrainian stronghold Nieden on the Ucker river in the north of the later Uckermark". </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Herrmann, Joachim: Siedlung, Wirtschaft und gesellschaftliche Verhältnisse der slawischen Stämme zwischen Oder/Neisse und Elbe (Schriften der Sektion für Vor- und Frühgeschichte / Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, vol. 23), Berlin 1968, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5LMKAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Boleslaw+III+benutzte%22">p. 122.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann381-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann381_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann381_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann381_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann381_68-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann381_68-4">e</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 381 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann382-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann382_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann382_69-1">b</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 382 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann384-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann384_70-0">^</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 384 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann385-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann385_71-0">^</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 385 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Schultze (1964), p. 142 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt106-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt106_73-0">^</a> Schmidt (2009), p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt107-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt107_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt107_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt107_74-2">c</a> Schmidt (2009), p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Schmidt (2009), pp. 267–268 </li> <li id="cite_note-Brather85-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brather85_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brather85_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brather85_76-2">c</a> Brather (2001), p. 85 </li> <li id="cite_note-Luebke104-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke104_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke104_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke104_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke104_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke104_77-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke104_77-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luebke104_77-6">g</a> Lübke (2002), p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt76-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt76_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt76_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt76_78-2">c</a> Schmidt (2009), p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt77-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt77_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt77_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt77_79-2">c</a> Schmidt (2009), p. 77 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt78-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt78_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt78_80-1">b</a> Schmidt (2009), p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt8598-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt8598_81-0">^</a> Schmidt (2009), pp. 85-98 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt98-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt98_82-0">^</a> Schmidt (2009), p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmidt79-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt79_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmidt79_83-1">b</a> Schmidt (2009), p. 79, with detailed analysis on the following pages. </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann55-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann55_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann55_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann55_84-2">c</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann56-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann56_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann56_85-1">b</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann57-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann57_86-0">^</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann60-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann60_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann60_87-1">b</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann64-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann64_88-0">^</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 64 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann61-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann61_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann61_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann61_89-2">c</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann6061-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann6061_90-0">^</a> Herrmann (1985), pp. 60, 61 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann62-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann62_91-0">^</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Stülzebach (1998), p. 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrmann63-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrmann63_93-0">^</a> Herrmann (1985), p. 63 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <link 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Archäologie der westlichen Slawen. Siedlung, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft im früh- und hochmittelalterlichen Ostmitteleuropa. Ergänzungsbände zum <a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_germanischen_Altertumskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde">Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde</a> (in German). Vol. 30. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017061-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017061-2"><bdi>3-11-017061-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arch%C3%A4ologie+der+westlichen+Slawen.+Siedlung%2C+Wirtschaft+und+Gesellschaft+im+fr%C3%BCh-+und+hochmittelalterlichen+Ostmitteleuropa&rft.series=Erg%C3%A4nzungsb%C3%A4nde+zum+Reallexikon+der+germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=3-11-017061-2&rft.aulast=Brather&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutici" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritze1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fritze, Wolfgang H. (1982). "Beobachtungen zu Entstehung und Wesen des Lutizenbundes". 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Friedrich-Meinecke-Institut der Freien Universität Berlin. pp. 130–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-428-05151-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-428-05151-3"><bdi>3-428-05151-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beobachtungen+zu+Entstehung+und+Wesen+des+Lutizenbundes&rft.btitle=Fr%C3%BChzeit+zwischen+Ostsee+und+Donau&rft.series=Germania+Slavica+III&rft.pages=130-166&rft.pub=Friedrich-Meinecke-Institut+der+Freien+Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=3-428-05151-3&rft.aulast=Fritze&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutici" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaripzanov2008" class="citation book cs1">Garipzanov, Ildar H. (2008). Franks, Northmen, and Slavs. Identities and state formation in early medieval Europe. Cursor mundi. Vol. 5. Geary, Patrick J.; Urbańczyk, Przemysław. Brepols. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52615-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52615-7"><bdi>978-2-503-52615-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franks%2C+Northmen%2C+and+Slavs.+Identities+and+state+formation+in+early+medieval+Europe&rft.series=Cursor+mundi&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-2-503-52615-7&rft.aulast=Garipzanov&rft.aufirst=Ildar+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutici" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHengst2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hengst, Karlheinz (2005). ""Es gibt keine bösen Völker - nur böseMenschen". Beobachtungen zum Slawenbild im Mittelalter. Die Slawen als Nachbarn der Deutschen aus Sicht eines Bischofs in Mitteldeutschland vor 1000 Jahren". In Kersten, Sandra (ed.). Spiegelungen. Entwürfe zu Identität und Alterität. Festschrift für Elke Mehnert (in German). Frank & Timme. pp. 453–514. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-86596-015-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-86596-015-4"><bdi>3-86596-015-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Es+gibt+keine+b%C3%B6sen+V%C3%B6lker+-+nur+b%C3%B6seMenschen%22.+Beobachtungen+zum+Slawenbild+im+Mittelalter.+Die+Slawen+als+Nachbarn+der+Deutschen+aus+Sicht+eines+Bischofs+in+Mitteldeutschland+vor+1000+Jahren&rft.btitle=Spiegelungen.+Entw%C3%BCrfe+zu+Identit%C3%A4t+und+Alterit%C3%A4t.+Festschrift+f%C3%BCr+Elke+Mehnert&rft.pages=453-514&rft.pub=Frank+%26+Timme&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-86596-015-4&rft.aulast=Hengst&rft.aufirst=Karlheinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutici" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrmann1985" class="citation book cs1">Herrmann, Joachim (1985). 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Berlin: Akademie-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-376-08338-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-376-08338-8"><bdi>978-0-376-08338-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Slawen+in+Deutschland%3A+Geschichte+und+Kultur+der+slawischen+St%C3%A4mme+westlich+von+Oder+und+Nei%C3%9Fe+vom+6.+bis+12.+Jahrhundert&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Akademie-Verlag&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-376-08338-8&rft.aulast=Herrmann&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutici" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLübke2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lübke, Christian (2001). "Lutizen. Historisches". In Beck, Heinrich; et al. 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Berlin: Akademie Verlag. pp. 91–110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-05-003749-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-05-003749-0"><bdi>3-05-003749-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zwischen+Polen+und+dem+Reich.+Elbslawen+und+Gentilreligion&rft.btitle=Polen+und+Deutschland+vor+1000+Jahren.+Die+Berliner+Tagung+%C3%BCber+den+%22Akt+von+Gnesen%22&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Europa+im+Mittelalter.+Abhandlungen+und+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+historischen+Komparatistik&rft.pages=91-110&rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-05-003749-0&rft.aulast=L%C3%BCbke&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutici" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Wille1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Müller-Wille, Michael (1991). Starigard/Oldenburg. Ein slawischer Herrschersitz des frühen Mittelalters in Ostholstein (in German). Wachholtz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Starigard%2FOldenburg.+Ein+slawischer+Herrschersitz+des+fr%C3%BChen+Mittelalters+in+Ostholstein&rft.pub=Wachholtz&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Wille&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutici" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersohn2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Petersohn, Jürgen (2003). "König Otto III und die Slawen an Ostsee, Oder und Elbe um das Jahr 995". Frühmittelalterliche Studien (in German). 37 (37). 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Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission zu Berlin beim Friedrich-Meinecke-Institut der Freien Universität Berlin (in German). Vol. 13. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-000457-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-000457-7"><bdi>3-11-000457-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forschungen+zur+brandenburgischen+und+preu%C3%9Fischen+Geschichte&rft.series=Ver%C3%B6ffentlichungen+der+Historischen+Kommission+zu+Berlin+beim+Friedrich-Meinecke-Institut+der+Freien+Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=3-11-000457-7&rft.aulast=Schultze&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutici" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStülzebach1998" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stülzebach, Annett (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cma.d-r.de/1-98/stuelzebach.pdf">"Vampir- und Wiedergängererscheinungen aus volkskundlicher und archäologischer Sicht"</a> (PDF). Concilium Medii Aevi (in German) (1): 97–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Concilium+Medii+Aevi&rft.atitle=Vampir-+und+Wiederg%C3%A4ngererscheinungen+aus+volkskundlicher+und+arch%C3%A4ologischer+Sicht&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-121&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=St%C3%BClzebach&rft.aufirst=Annett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cma.d-r.de%2F1-98%2Fstuelzebach.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALutici" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutici&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719060222/http://bsbdmgh.bsb.lrz-muenchen.de/dmgh_new/app/web?action=loadBook&bookId=00000689">MGH Scriptores Rerum Germanicarum Nova Series (SS rer. Germ. N.S.) IX. Thietmari Merseburgensis Episcopi. Chronicon (Scan)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719060226/http://bsbdmgh.bsb.lrz-muenchen.de/dmgh_new/app/web?action=loadBook&bookId=00000756">MGH Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi (SS rer. Germ.) II. Magistrati Adam Bremensis. Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum (Scan)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719060234/http://bsbdmgh.bsb.lrz-muenchen.de/dmgh_new/app/web?action=loadBook&bookId=00000735">MGH Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi (SS rer. Germ.) XXXII. Helmoldi Presbyteri Bozovienis. Chronica Slavorum (Scan)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719060239/http://bsbdmgh.bsb.lrz-muenchen.de/dmgh_new/app/web?action=loadBook&bookId=00000719">MGH Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum separatim editi (SS rer. Germ.) LXXII. Annales Quedlinburgenses (Scan)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/~db/bsb00000870/images/index.html?seite=139">MGH V Scriptorum III. 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pomeranian_history" title="Template:Pomeranian history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pomeranian_history" title="Template talk:Pomeranian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pomeranian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pomeranian history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Pomerania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania" title="History of Pomerania">History of Pomerania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Pomerania" title="Early history of Pomerania">10,000 BC – 600 AD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Middle Ages">600–1100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_High_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the High Middle Ages">1100–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Late Middle Ages">1300–1500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania_during_the_Early_Modern_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania during the Early Modern Age">1500–1806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1806%E2%80%931933)" title="History of Pomerania (1806–1933)">1806–1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1933%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Pomerania (1933–1945)">1933–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pomerania_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Pomerania (1945–present)">1945–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Administrative" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pomerania" title="Western Pomerania">Western Pomerania</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billung_March" title="Billung March">Billung March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_March" title="Northern March">Northern March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_R%C3%BCgen" title="Principality of Rügen">Principality of Rügen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">List of dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_G%C3%BCtzkow" title="County of Gützkow">Gützkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania">Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Demmin" title="Pomerania-Demmin">Pomerania-Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stettin" title="Pomerania-Stettin">Pomerania-Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Schlawe" title="Pomerania-Schlawe">Pomerania-Schlawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Wolgast" title="Pomerania-Wolgast">Pomerania-Wolgast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stolp">Pomerania-Stolp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Neustettin" title="Pomerania-Neustettin">Pomerania-Neustettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stargard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stargard">Pomerania-Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-R%C3%BCgenwalde" title="Pomerania-Rügenwalde">Pomerania-Rügenwalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp" title="Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp">Pomerania-Wolgast-Stolp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Barth" title="Pomerania-Barth">Pomerania-Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania 1815–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stettin_(region)" title="Stettin (region)">Stettin Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund_(region)" title="Stralsund (region)">Stralsund Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_placenames_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania" title="List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania">List of placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_of_Police" title="Enclave of Police">Enclave of Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern#German_Democratic_Republic" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern 1946–1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Frankfurt" title="Bezirk Frankfurt">Bezirk Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Neubrandenburg" title="Bezirk Neubrandenburg">Bezirk Neubrandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk_Rostock" title="Bezirk Rostock">Bezirk Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a> </div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">List of dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin" title="Bishopric of Cammin">Cammin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Schlawe_and_Stolp" title="Lands of Schlawe and Stolp">Schlawe-Stolp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania">Partitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stolp">Pomerania-Stolp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Brandenburgian Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starostwo_of_Draheim" title="Starostwo of Draheim">Starostwo of Draheim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania 1815–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stettin_(region)" title="Stettin (region)">Stettin Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)" title="Köslin (region)">Köslin Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_placenames_in_the_Province_of_Pomerania" title="List of placenames in the Province of Pomerania">List of placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg-Bütow</a> classified as <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Pomerania" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Pomerania">House of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">List of dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_the_Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania">Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1466%E2%80%931772)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg-Bütow Pawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1653%E2%80%931815)" title="Province of Pomerania (1653–1815)">Brandenburgian Pomerania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lauenburg_and_B%C3%BCtow_Land" title="Lauenburg and Bütow Land">Lauenburg and Bütow Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania 1815–1945</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin_(region)" title="Köslin (region)">Köslin Region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kashubia" title="Kashubia">Kashubia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kociewie" title="Kociewie">Kociewie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuchola_Forest" title="Tuchola Forest">Tuchola Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Land" title="Chełmno Land">Chełmno Land</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia#As_part_of_Poland" title="Pomerelia">Polish Pomerelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerelia#Danish_conquest_and_independence" title="Pomerelia">Danish Pomerelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerelia" title="Duchy of Pomerelia">Duchy of Pomerelia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samborides" title="Samborides">Samborides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Duchy of Gdańsk">Duchy of Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%9Awiecie_and_Lubiszewo" title="Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo">Duchy of Świecie and Lubiszewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bia%C5%82ogarda" title="Duchy of Białogarda">Duchy of Białogarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lubiszewo" title="Duchy of Lubiszewo">Duchy of Lubiszewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%9Awiecie" title="Duchy of Świecie">Duchy of Świecie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a> 1466–1793 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1466%E2%80%931772)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1466–1772)">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_Voivodeship" title="Chełmno Voivodeship">Chełmno Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Free City of Danzig 1807–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Prussia" title="West Prussia">West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posen-West_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Posen-West Prussia">Posen-West Prussia Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Pomeranian Voivodeship 1919–1939</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig 1920–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1945%E2%80%931975)" title="Gdańsk Voivodeship (1945–1975)">Gdańsk Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Voivodeship#1946-1975" title="Bydgoszcz Voivodeship">Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin_Voivodeship_(1946%E2%80%931975)" title="Szczecin Voivodeship (1946–1975)">Szczecin Voivodeship 1946–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1950%E2%80%931975)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1950–1975)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1950–1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Gdańsk Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Gdańsk Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koszalin_Voivodeship_(1975%E2%80%931998)" title="Koszalin Voivodeship (1975–1998)">Koszalin Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk_Voivodeship" title="Słupsk Voivodeship">Słupsk Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bydgoszcz_Voivodeship#1975–1998" title="Bydgoszcz Voivodeship">Bydgoszcz Voivodeship 1975–1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84_Voivodeship" title="Toruń Voivodeship">Toruń Voivodeship</a> 1975–1998</li> <li>Contemporary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship">Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship" title="West Pomeranian Voivodeship">West Pomeranian Voivodeship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gmina_Bia%C5%82y_B%C3%B3r" title="Gmina Biały Bór">Gmina Biały Bór</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship">Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ecclesiastical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ecclesiastical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Pomerania" title="Christianization of Pomerania">Christianization of Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Cammin" title="Bishopric of Cammin">Diocese of Wollin/Cammin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Kolberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Kolberg">Diocese of Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Che%C5%82mno" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Chełmno">Diocese of Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_See_of_Roskilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient See of Roskilde">Diocese of Roskilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Northern_Germany" title="Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany">Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Berlin#Breslau's_Prince-Episcopal_Delegation_for_Brandenburg_and_Pomerania" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin">Prince-Episcopal Delegation for Brandenburg and Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig">Apostolic Administration of the Free City of Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_T%C3%BCtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of Tütz">Apostolic Administration of Tütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Territorial_Prelature_of_Schneidem%C3%BChl" title="Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Schneidemühl">Prelature of Schneidemühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_Kamie%C5%84,_Lubusz_and_the_Prelature_of_Pi%C5%82a" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administration of Kamień, Lubusz and the Prelature of Piła">Apostolic Administration of Kamień (Cammin), Lubusz (Lebus) and the Prelature of Piła (Schneidemühl)</a> with see in <a href="/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a> 1945–1972</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Berlin" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin">Archdiocese of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Bydgoszcz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Bydgoszcz">Diocese of Bydgoszcz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk">Archdiocese of Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Koszalin-Ko%C5%82obrzeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg">Diocese of Koszalin-Kołobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Pelplin" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Pelplin">Diocese of Pelplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Szczecin-Kamie%C5%84" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień">Archdiocese of Szczecin-Kamień</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Toru%C5%84" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Toruń">Diocese of Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Włocławek">Diocese of Włocławek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_State_Church_in_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical State Church in Prussia">Evangelical State Church in Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Evangelical_Church" title="Pomeranian Evangelical Church">Pomeranian Evangelical Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Extant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Northern_Germany" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany</a> <ul><li>Lutheran Diocese of Mecklenburg and Pomerania</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany">Evangelical Reformed Church in Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_of_the_Augsburg_Confession_in_Poland" title="Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland">Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Diocese_of_Pomerania-Greater_Poland" title="Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland">Lutheran Diocese of Pomerania-Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Diocese_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław">Lutheran Diocese of Wrocław</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church_in_Poland" title="Pentecostal Church in Poland">Pentecostal Church in Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Demography_and_anthropology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Pomerania" title="Demographic history of Pomerania">Demography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeological cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg_culture" title="Hamburg culture">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maglemosian_culture" title="Maglemosian culture">Maglemosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erteb%C3%B8lle_culture" title="Ertebølle culture">Ertebølle-Ellerbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havelland_culture" title="Havelland culture">Havelland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comb_Ceramic_culture" title="Comb Ceramic culture">Comb Ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusatian_culture" title="Lusatian culture">Lusatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jastorf_culture" title="Jastorf culture">Jastorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_culture" title="Pomeranian culture">Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oksywie_culture" title="Oksywie culture">Oksywie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wielbark_culture" title="Wielbark culture">Wielbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustow_group" title="Gustow group">Gustow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%99bczyn_culture" title="Dębczyn culture">Dębczyn (Denzin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula_Veneti" title="Vistula Veneti">Vistula Veneti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(tribe)" title="Pomeranians (tribe)">Slavic Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prissani" title="Prissani">Prissani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_(tribe)" title="Rani (tribe)">Rani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrani" title="Ukrani">Ukrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Veleti</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lutici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velunzani" class="mw-redirect" title="Velunzani">Velunzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(German_people)" title="Pomeranians (German people)">German Pomeranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major demographic events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_from_Poland_during_and_after_World_War_II" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II">WWII flight and expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered_Territories" title="Recovered Territories">Post-WWII settlement of Poles and Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Languages and dialects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_Prussian_dialect" title="Low Prussian dialect">Low Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pomeranian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Pomeranian dialect">Central Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch_dialect" title="Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch dialect">Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">East Pomeranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Pomeranian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="West Pomeranian dialect">West Pomeranian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polabian_language" title="Polabian language">Polabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_language" title="Pomeranian language">Pomeranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_language" title="Kashubian language">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_language" title="Slovincian language">Slovincian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Treaties" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Treaties</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1200–1500</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kremmen" title="Treaty of Kremmen">Kremmen</a> (1236)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Landin" title="Treaty of Landin">Landin</a> (1250)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C4%99pno" title="Treaty of Kępno">Kępno</a> (1282)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Soldin_(1309)" title="Treaty of Soldin (1309)">Soldin (1309)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Templin" title="Treaty of Templin">Templin</a> (1317)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Ueckerm%C3%BCnde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Ueckermünde (page does not exist)">Ueckermünde</a> (1327)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kalisz_(1343)" title="Treaty of Kalisz (1343)">Kalisz</a> (1343)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1354)" title="Treaty of Stralsund (1354)">Stralsund (1354)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1370)" title="Treaty of Stralsund (1370)">Stralsund (1370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyzdry" title="Treaty of Pyzdry">Pyzdry</a> (1390)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Raci%C4%85%C5%BCek" title="Peace of Raciążek">Raciążek (1404)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Thorn_(1411)" title="Peace of Thorn (1411)">Thorn, First</a> (1411)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Eberswalde_(1415)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Eberswalde (1415) (page does not exist)">Eberswalde, First</a> (1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Melno" title="Treaty of Melno">Melno</a> (1422)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Perleberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Perleberg (page does not exist)">Perleberg</a> (1427)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Eberswalde_(1427)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Eberswalde (1427) (page does not exist)">Eberswalde, Second</a> (1427)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_%C5%81%C4%99czyca" title="Truce of Łęczyca">Łęczyca (1433)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Kujawski" title="Peace of Brześć Kujawski">Brześć Kujawski</a> (1435)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Soldin_(1466)" title="Treaty of Soldin (1466)">Soldin (1466)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)" title="Second Peace of Thorn (1466)">Thorn, Second (1466)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Prenzlau" title="Treaty of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a> (1448/1468/1472/1479)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pyritz" title="Treaty of Pyritz">Pyritz</a> (1493)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1500–1700</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_Thorn" title="Compromise of Thorn">Thorn</a> (1521)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Treaty of Kraków">Kraków</a> (1525)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Grimnitz" title="Treaty of Grimnitz">Grimnitz</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Augsburg" title="Peace of Augsburg">Augsburg</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Lublin</a> (1569)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1570)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1570)">Stettin (1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Franzburg" title="Capitulation of Franzburg">Franzburg</a> (1627)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Stettin (1630)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Westphalia</a> (1648)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1653)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1653)">Stettin (1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Labiau" title="Treaty of Labiau">Labiau</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bromberg" title="Treaty of Bromberg">Wehlau and Bromberg</a> (1657)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Oliva</a> (1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1679)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)">Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Lund" title="Peace of Lund">Lund (1679)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1700–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Stockholm_(Great_Northern_War)" title="Treaties of Stockholm (Great Northern War)">Stockholm</a> (1719 / 1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Frederiksborg" title="Treaty of Frederiksborg">Frederiksborg</a> (1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Polish Partitions Treaties</a> (1772/1773, 1793, 1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Vienna</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation_Treaty" title="North German Confederation Treaty">North German Confederation Treaty</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Peace of Prague (1866)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Versailles</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1925" title="Concordat of 1925">Polish Concordat</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_Concordat" title="Prussian Concordat">Prussian Concordat</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Soviet_Frontier_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Soviet Frontier Treaty">Molotov–Ribbentrop</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zgorzelec" title="Treaty of Zgorzelec">Zgorzelec</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1970)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1970)">Moscow (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1970)">Warsaw (1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pomerania" title="Bay of Pomerania">Polish-East German Maritime Border Agreement</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Two Plus Four</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification#German_Reunification_Treaty" title="German reunification">German Reunification Treaty</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Polish_Border_Treaty" title="German–Polish Border Treaty">German–Polish Border Treaty</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Good_Neighbourship" title="Treaty of Good Neighbourship">Treaty of Good Neighbourship</a> (1991)</li> <li><a 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