CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Black Sea raid - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"edb05563-6c04-43f1-8764-3182c228c889","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Black_Sea_raid","wgTitle":"Black Sea raid","wgCurRevisionId":1255256208,"wgRevisionId":1255256208,"wgArticleId":44244084,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Coordinates on Wikidata","CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)","Naval battles of World War I involving Russia","Naval battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire","Black Sea naval operations of World War I","Conflicts in 1914","October 1914 events","False flag operations","Military history of Odesa","Military history of Sevastopol", "History of Yalta","Novorossiysk","History of Krasnodar Krai"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Black_Sea_raid","wgRelevantArticleId":44244084,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":44,"lon":35},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled": false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q25040984","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements", "mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Shelling_of_Sevastopol_by_the_Turkish_Fleet_on_30._October_1914.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="842"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Shelling_of_Sevastopol_by_the_Turkish_Fleet_on_30._October_1914.png/800px-Shelling_of_Sevastopol_by_the_Turkish_Fleet_on_30._October_1914.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="561"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Shelling_of_Sevastopol_by_the_Turkish_Fleet_on_30._October_1914.png/640px-Shelling_of_Sevastopol_by_the_Turkish_Fleet_on_30._October_1914.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="449"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Black Sea raid - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_raid"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea_raid"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Black_Sea_raid rootpage-Black_Sea_raid skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Black+Sea+raid" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Black+Sea+raid" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Black+Sea+raid" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Black+Sea+raid" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Raid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Raid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Raid subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sortie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sortie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sortie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sortie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Odessa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odessa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Odessa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odessa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sebastopol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sebastopol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Sebastopol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sebastopol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feodosia_and_Yalta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feodosia_and_Yalta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Feodosia and Yalta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feodosia_and_Yalta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novorossiysk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novorossiysk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Novorossiysk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novorossiysk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ramifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ramifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Sea raid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="غارة البحر الأسود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غارة البحر الأسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_de_la_mer_Noire" title="Raid de la mer Noire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raid de la mer Noire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyerbuan_Laut_Hitam" title="Penyerbuan Laut Hitam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyerbuan Laut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_fekete-tengeri_orosz_kik%C3%B6t%C5%91k_t%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_l%C3%B6vet%C3%A9se" title="A fekete-tengeri orosz kikötők török lövetése – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A fekete-tengeri orosz kikötők török lövetése" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Севастопольская побудка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Севастопольская побудка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karadeniz_Bask%C4%B1n%C4%B1" title="Karadeniz Baskını – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karadeniz Baskını" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Чорноморський рейд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорноморський рейд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25040984#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Black_Sea_raid" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_raid"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Black_Sea_raid" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Black_Sea_raid" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&oldid=1255256208" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Black_Sea_raid&id=1255256208&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBlack_Sea_raid"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBlack_Sea_raid"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Black_Sea_raid&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_Sea_raid" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25040984" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Black_Sea_raid&params=44_N_35_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°N</span> <span class="longitude">35°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44°N 35°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44; 35</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ottoman naval sortie against Russian ports in WW1</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Black Sea raid</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shelling_of_Sevastopol_by_the_Turkish_Fleet_on_30._October_1914.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Shelling_of_Sevastopol_by_the_Turkish_Fleet_on_30._October_1914.png/300px-Shelling_of_Sevastopol_by_the_Turkish_Fleet_on_30._October_1914.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Shelling_of_Sevastopol_by_the_Turkish_Fleet_on_30._October_1914.png/450px-Shelling_of_Sevastopol_by_the_Turkish_Fleet_on_30._October_1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Shelling_of_Sevastopol_by_the_Turkish_Fleet_on_30._October_1914.png/600px-Shelling_of_Sevastopol_by_the_Turkish_Fleet_on_30._October_1914.png 2x" data-file-width="1189" data-file-height="834" /></a></span><br /><i>Shelling of Sevastopol by the Turkish Fleet on 30. October 1914</i> (illustration by W. Stöwer)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>29 October 1914<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Black_Sea_raid&params=44_N_35_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°N</span> <span class="longitude">35°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44°N 35°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44; 35</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Ottoman victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia_%281914-1917%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire"><img alt="German Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/23px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/35px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg/46px-War_Ensign_of_Germany_%281903%E2%80%931919%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Souchon" title="Wilhelm Souchon">Wilhelm Souchon</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> N/A</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1 <a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruiser</a><br />1 <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruiser</a><br />1 <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruiser</a><br />1 <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_cruiser" title="Torpedo cruiser">torpedo cruiser</a><br />4 <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a><br />1 <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Shore defences<br />1 <a href="/wiki/Pre-dreadnought" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-dreadnought">pre-dreadnought</a><br />1 minelayer<br />1 gunboat<br />3 destroyers</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1 battlecruiser damaged</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1 minelayer scuttled<br />1 gunboat sunk<br />1 destroyer damaged<br />Numerous merchant vessels damaged or destroyed<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Unknown human losses<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Sea_(1914–1918)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Template:Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Black Sea naval campaign of World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Sea_(1914–1918)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Black Sea (1914–1918)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Sarych" title="Battle of Cape Sarych">Cape Sarych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_10_May_1915" title="Action of 10 May 1915">10 May 1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirpen_Island" title="Battle of Kirpen Island">Kirpen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_8_January_1916" title="Action of 8 January 1916">8 January 1916</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Black Sea raid</b> was an Ottoman naval sortie against Russian ports in the Black Sea on 29 October 1914, supported by Germany, that led to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman entry into World War I</a>. The attack was conceived by Ottoman War Minister <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a>, German Admiral <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Souchon" title="Wilhelm Souchon">Wilhelm Souchon</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">German foreign ministry</a>. </p><p>The German government had been hoping that the Ottomans would enter the war to support them but the government in Istanbul was undecided. The Germanophile Ottoman War Minister, Enver Pasha, began conspiring with the German ambassador to bring the empire into the war. Attempts to secure widespread support in the government failed, so Enver decided to instigate conflict. With the help of the Ottoman naval minister and German Admiral Wilhelm Souchon, Enver arranged for the Ottoman fleet to go out to sea on 29 October supposedly to perform maneuvers. They were to provoke Russian vessels into opening fire and then accuse them of inciting war. Instead, Souchon raided the Russian coast in a flagrant display of hostility, causing little lasting damage but enraging the Russians. </p><p>Enver impeded attempts by anti-war officials in Istanbul to apologise for the incident. The Russians declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 2 November, followed by the British and the French three days later; the British quickly initiated naval attacks in the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>. The Ottomans did not officially declare war until 11 November. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman entry into World War I</a></div> <p>In the months before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, officials of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> vainly tried to secure an alliance with a <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012106_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012106-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Germanophile" title="Germanophile">Germanophile</a> Ottoman War Minister <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> directly proposed an alliance on 22 July 1914 to the German ambassador in Istanbul, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Freiherr_von_Wangenheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim">Hans Freiherr von Wangenheim</a>, but he was rebuffed. <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm II">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a> overruled Wangenheim two days later, and an Ottoman draft for an alliance was delivered in Berlin on 28 July—the day World War I began. The <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a> had climaxed and it appeared Germany would be fighting a <a href="/wiki/Two-front_war" title="Two-front war">two-front war</a> with <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>. With the Germans hesitant to make any more significant military obligations, Wangenheim was authorised by German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Theobald_von_Bethmann_Hollweg" title="Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg">Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg</a> to sign the agreement only if the Ottoman Empire would "undertake action against Russia worthy of its name."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012107_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012107-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 August, Enver offered Wangenheim the new battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Agincourt_(1913)" title="HMS Agincourt (1913)"><i>Sultân Osmân-ı Evvel</i></a> in exchange for German protection. This was likely a clever ploy; <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> officials, in order to bolster the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> to wage war against Germany, had already seized <i>Sultan Osman-ı Evvel</i> and the battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Erin" title="HMS Erin"><i>Reşadiye</i></a>, which were under construction in their shipyards. Wagenheim and the majority of the Ottoman government were unaware of this. Enver probably already knew of the seizure, since actually releasing the battleship to a foreign nation would have caused an uproar from the public and the government. Ambassador Wagenheim signed the treaty the next day, creating the secret <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93German_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–German alliance">Ottoman–German alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201060–61_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201060–61-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the alliance did not automatically bring the Ottomans into the war as Germany had hoped. The literal wording of the treaty obligated Germany to oppose any foreign infringements on Ottoman territory—particularly by Russia—but only required that the Ottoman Empire assist Germany as per the latter's <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1882)" title="Triple Alliance (1882)">own terms</a> with <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>. Since Germany had proactively declared war on Russia several days before Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire was not compelled to join the conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012108_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012108-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Said_Halim_Pasha" title="Said Halim Pasha">Said Halim Pasha</a> and Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Djavid_Bey" class="mw-redirect" title="Djavid Bey">Djavid Bey</a> were opposed to Ottoman involvement in the war and viewed the alliance as a passive agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2016107_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2016107-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Ottoman officials were hesitant to rush into an armed conflict following the disastrous <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>, especially considering the possibility that the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan states">Balkan states</a> might attack the Empire should it become belligerent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014101_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014101-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMS_Goeben_in_Sevastopol.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SMS_Goeben_in_Sevastopol.png/220px-SMS_Goeben_in_Sevastopol.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SMS_Goeben_in_Sevastopol.png/330px-SMS_Goeben_in_Sevastopol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SMS_Goeben_in_Sevastopol.png/440px-SMS_Goeben_in_Sevastopol.png 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman battlecruiser <i><a href="/wiki/SMS_Goeben" title="SMS Goeben">Yavuz Sultan Selim</a></i> (formerly SMS <i>Goeben</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, 1918, after <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> withdrew from <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, in the Mediterranean, the German <a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/SMS_Goeben" title="SMS Goeben">SMS <i>Goeben</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/SMS_Breslau" title="SMS Breslau">SMS <i>Breslau</i></a> were cruising off of <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Souchon" title="Wilhelm Souchon">Wilhelm Souchon</a>, the squadron's commander, had been holding his position in order to interfere with <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> troop convoys. He had received orders on 3 August that his ships should retreat to Ottoman waters, but chose to linger for one day and shell two ports. It had already been arranged on 1 August between the Germans and Enver that Souchon's squadron would be allowed safe passage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201062_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201062-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While coaling in <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>, Souchon received a telegram rescinding these orders, as other Ottoman officials now learning of Enver's deal objected to the plan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012111_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012111-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the development, Souchon resolved to continue towards the Ottoman Empire, having concluded that an attempt to return to Germany would result in his ships' destruction at the hands of the British and the French and a withdrawal to the Austro-Hungarian coast would leave them trapped in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> for the remainder of the war. With the Royal Navy <a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Goeben_and_Breslau" title="Pursuit of Goeben and Breslau">in close pursuit</a>, Souchon continued east, feinting a retreat towards Austria-Hungary in an attempt to confuse the British. To make the ruse more convincing, Austrian Admiral <a href="/wiki/Anton_Haus" title="Anton Haus">Anton Haus</a> sortied south with a large fleet in a maneuver meant to appear like a rendezvous with Souchon. Once the latter reached Greek waters, the former returned to port. The Germans insisted that Haus follow Souchon to Istanbul so that his ships could support an anticipated campaign against the Russians in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, but the Austrian admiral thought that the Ottoman capital would make for a poor base of operations and did not want to leave Austria-Hungary's coast undefended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014107_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Souchon approached the Ottoman Empire, which still had not authorised his ships' entry to its waters. On 8 August, he decided to force the issue and dispatched a support vessel to Istanbul with a message for the German naval attaché to give to the Ottomans: he needed immediate passage through <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a> on the grounds of "military necessity" and was prepared to enter them "without formal approval." On the morning of 10 August, Souchon was given permission to enter the straits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012111_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012111-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The day before, the Ottoman government had proposed to Wangenheim that a fictitious purchase of the German ships be arranged, so their presence would not compromise Ottoman neutrality. The next day the German Chancellor cabled Wangenheim, rejecting the idea and demanding that the Ottomans immediately join the war. The Grand Vizier accosted Wangenheim for the premature arrival of the ships and repeated the demand for a fictitious sale. The Ottoman government subsequently declared that it had purchased both ships for 80 million <a href="/wiki/German_Papiermark" class="mw-redirect" title="German Papiermark">German marks</a>. On 14 August, Wangenheim advised the German government that it would be best to go along with the sale, lest they risk angering the Ottomans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201065_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201065-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 August, the ships were formally integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a> while their crews were given new uniforms and formally reenlisted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201065_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201065-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British had thought this action was meant to counterbalance their seizure of the Ottoman battleships, but this was not strictly the case. The Ottomans feared the Entente, particularly Russia, would attempt to partition the empire if they won the war, whereas Germany and Austria-Hungary would not. Once the British became aware of this, they feared that the Ottomans were more likely to enter the conflict in Germany's favour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201067_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201067-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Russia's failures</a> in its operations against Germany in late August, Russian incursion in Ottoman territory seemed unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201070_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201070-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Ottoman officials reached neutrality agreements with the governments of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> while <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> displayed pro-German tenancies, alleviating their fears of a Balkan threat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014108_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014108-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enver then began to move his defensive policy towards an aggressive one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201070_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201070-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M_113_5_amiral_Souchon_et_ses_officiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/M_113_5_amiral_Souchon_et_ses_officiers.jpg/220px-M_113_5_amiral_Souchon_et_ses_officiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/M_113_5_amiral_Souchon_et_ses_officiers.jpg/330px-M_113_5_amiral_Souchon_et_ses_officiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/M_113_5_amiral_Souchon_et_ses_officiers.jpg/440px-M_113_5_amiral_Souchon_et_ses_officiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="1222" /></a><figcaption>Admiral <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Souchon" title="Wilhelm Souchon">Wilhelm Souchon</a> and his officers in Ottoman naval uniforms</figcaption></figure> <p>In a discussion over the weekend of 12–13 September, Enver gave Souchon permission to take his ships into the Black Sea to perform maneuvers. The Ottoman naval minister, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Djemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Djemal">Ahmed Djemal</a>, discovered Souchon's plans and strictly forbade him from moving out of the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015120_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015120-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Council of Ministers (Ottoman Empire)">Ottoman cabinet</a> debated the matter over the next few days, and on 17 September Enver told Souchon that his authorisation to operate in the Black Sea was "withdrawn until further notice." Furious, Souchon went ashore the next day and berated Grand Vizier Halim for his government's "faithless and indecisive behavior" while threatening to take matters into his own hands and "behave as dictated by the conscience of a military officer."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015121_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015121-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently demanded that Enver, at the very least, allow the German light cruiser to stage exercises near the mouth of the Bosphorus with several Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a>. Here Souchon hoped the ships could engage the Russian <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a> and bring the Ottoman Empire into the war. Enver promised to do what he could.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015121_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015121-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 September, Souchon was made vice admiral and commander-in-chief of the Ottoman Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowling2014131_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowling2014131-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later Enver ordered the closing of the Dardanelles to foreign shipping without the consultation of his advisers. This had an immediate effect on the Russian economy, as nearly half of the country's exports traveled through the straits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201070_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201070-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 October Enver told Ambassador Wangenheim that he had won the sympathy of Minister of the Interior <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Talaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmed Talaat">Mehmed Talaat</a> and President of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Ottoman Empire)">Chamber of Deputies</a> <a href="/wiki/Halil_Mente%C5%9Fe" title="Halil Menteşe">Halil Menteşe</a> and that he planned on securing the support of Djemal. If that failed, he would provoke a cabinet crisis and create a pro-war government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201071_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201071-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After gaining Djemal's sympathies, the conspiring Ottomans informed the Germans that they would go to war as soon as they received the equivalent of two million <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_lira" title="Ottoman lira">lira</a> in gold, money the Germans knew the Ottoman Empire would need to fund a war. The money was shipped through <a href="/wiki/Romania_during_World_War_I#Before_the_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Romania during World War I">neutral Romania</a>, and the last of it arrived on 21 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201071_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201071-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Informants working for the Russian ambassador in Istanbul, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Nikolayevich_von_Giers" title="Mikhail Nikolayevich von Giers">Mikhail Nikolayevich von Giers</a>, forwarded the information about the payments to Russian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a>. Sazonov had suspected the Ottomans' and Germans' intentions, and warned the Russian naval commanders in <a href="/wiki/Sebastopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastopol">Sebastopol</a> to be prepared for an attack. On 21 October, Admiral Kazimir Ketlinski assured the foreign minister that the Black Sea Fleet was "completely ready" for action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 October 1914, Enver covertly presented a series of plans to Wangenheim on how to bring the country into the war. The Germans approved of an attack on Russian naval forces.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the last minute Talaat and Menteşe changed their minds and resolved that the Ottomans should keep the gold and remain neutral, though Talaat soon reverted to his old position. Enver gave up on trying to unify the government to pass a declaration of war, and concluded that the Russians would need to be provoked into declaring war to instigate desirable action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201071_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201071-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He told the Germans this on 23 October, and assured them that he would only need Minister Djemal's support to achieve his goals. The next day Enver told Admiral Souchon he should take the fleet into the Black Sea and attack Russian ships if a "suitable opportunity presented itself." Djemal then secretly ordered all Ottoman naval officers to strictly follow Souchon's directives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2003353_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2003353-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 October, Ambassador Girs forwarded one of his informant's predictions to Sazonov: the attack would take place on 29 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Raid">Raid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Raid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sortie">Sortie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sortie"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Sea_Raid_-_Operation_of_the_Turkish_navy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Black_Sea_Raid_-_Operation_of_the_Turkish_navy.svg/330px-Black_Sea_Raid_-_Operation_of_the_Turkish_navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Black_Sea_Raid_-_Operation_of_the_Turkish_navy.svg/495px-Black_Sea_Raid_-_Operation_of_the_Turkish_navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Black_Sea_Raid_-_Operation_of_the_Turkish_navy.svg/660px-Black_Sea_Raid_-_Operation_of_the_Turkish_navy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="649" /></a><figcaption>The routes of the ships involved in the Black Sea raid<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevengül197665_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESevengül197665-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>On 27 October, the Ottoman fleet put to sea under the guise of performing maneuvers. Enver had originally envisioned an encounter at sea in which the Ottomans would claim self-defence, but Admiral Souchon conceived a direct assault on Russian ports. He would later say his intention was "to force the Turks, even against their will, to spread the war."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201072_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201072-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German battlecruiser, now known as <i>Yavuz Sultan Selim</i>, was to sail with two destroyers and a gunboat to attack Sebastopol. The light cruiser <i>Breslau</i>, now known as <i>Midilli</i>, protected cruiser <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cruiser_Hamidiye" title="Ottoman cruiser Hamidiye"><i>Hamidieh</i></a>, and the torpedo cruiser <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cruiser_Berk-i_Satvet" title="Ottoman cruiser Berk-i Satvet"><i>Berk-i Satvet</i></a> were to attack Novorossiysk and Feodosia. Three destroyers were detailed for Odessa. On the way, one of these destroyers experienced engine trouble and was forced to turn back.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian naval officers were under specific instruction not to fire first on the Ottomans in the event of a confrontation. The Russian government wanted to make it clear to any third party that the Ottomans would be the ones to instigate hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks">Attacks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Odessa">Odessa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Odessa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after 03:00 on 29 October, the destroyers <i>Muavenet</i> and <i>Gairet</i> entered the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>. From a distance about 70 yards (64 m), a torpedo was launched into the Russian <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> <i>Donetz</i>, quickly sinking it. The two destroyers proceeded to damage merchant vessels, shore installations, five oil tanks, and a sugar refinery.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destroyers had conducted their raid earlier than Souchon had intended, and the Russians managed to radio a warning to the forces in Sebastopol. By the time <i>Yavuz</i> arrived, the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_artillery" title="Coastal artillery">coastal artillery</a> was manned.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sebastopol">Sebastopol</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sebastopol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just before 06:30, <i>Yavuz</i> sighted Sebastopol and proceeded to bombard the port for 15 minutes. During this time she exchanged fire with the pre-dreadnought <a href="/wiki/Russian_battleship_Georgii_Pobedonosets" title="Russian battleship Georgii Pobedonosets"><i>Georgii Pobedonosets</i></a> and shore batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014107_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three heavy caliber shells from the batteries managed to damage <i>Yavuz</i> before she withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2014263_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2014263-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loaded Russian <a href="/wiki/Minelayer" title="Minelayer">minelayer</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_minelayer_Prut" title="Russian minelayer Prut"><i>Prut</i></a> happened upon the attack and was scuttled by her crew to avoid being detonated. Since <i>Prut</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s arrival had been expected, the defensive minefield around the port was inoperative. By the time it was activated 20 minutes later, the Ottomans had cleared the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern2012Chapter_3:_The_Mediterranean_1914–1915_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern2012Chapter_3:_The_Mediterranean_1914–1915-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three Russian destroyers attempted to pursue, but their attack dissolved after the lead ship was struck by a shell.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Feodosia_and_Yalta">Feodosia and Yalta</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Feodosia and Yalta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Midilli_Raids_Novorossiysk_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Midilli_Raids_Novorossiysk_2.jpg/220px-Midilli_Raids_Novorossiysk_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Midilli_Raids_Novorossiysk_2.jpg/330px-Midilli_Raids_Novorossiysk_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Midilli_Raids_Novorossiysk_2.jpg/440px-Midilli_Raids_Novorossiysk_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a> harbour bombarded by the Ottoman cruiser <i><a href="/wiki/SMS_Breslau" title="SMS Breslau">Midilli</a></i> (formerly SMS <i>Breslau</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>At around the same time <i>Hamidieh</i> arrived off of <a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Feodosia</a>. Seeing no signs of armed opposition, a German and a Turkish officer went ashore to warn the civilian population before bombarding the port two hours later.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200135_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson200135-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After attacking Feodosia, <i>Hamidieh</i> bombarded <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a>, setting several granaries on fire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015128_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015128-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Novorossiysk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly before 10:50, <i>Berk-i Satvet</i> sent a shore party to warn the defenceless population of <a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a>, before opening up with her guns. She was soon thereafter joined by <i>Midilli</i>, which had been busy laying mines in the <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait" title="Kerch Strait">Kerch Strait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Midilli</i> fired a total of 308 shells, sinking several Russian grain cargo ships and destroying about 50 oil tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On their way back to Ottoman territory, <i>Midilli'</i>s crew attempted to cut Sebastopol's undersea telegraph cable with <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna, Bulgaria</a>, but failed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014108_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014108-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the afternoon following the raid, Souchon radioed <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> that Russian ships had "shadowed all movements of the Turkish fleet and systematically disrupted all exercises," and as such had "opened hostilities." The Russians attempted to but were unable to pursue the Ottoman fleet. The raiding force returned to Ottoman waters on 1 November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014107_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottoman press reported the action on 31 October, claiming that the Russians had planned on mining the Bosphorus and destroying their fleet without a formal declaration of war, compelling the Ottoman navy to retaliate after an engagement at sea by bombarding the Russian coast.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times_Company19171032–1033_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times_Company19171032–1033-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German military officers were disappointed by the limited extent of the attack, which ultimately achieved more political goals than strategic ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200136_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson200136-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia's Black Sea Fleet was not seriously damaged by the raid. The gunboat <i>Donetz</i> was later raised and returned to service.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern2012Chapter_3:_The_Mediterranean_1914–1915_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern2012Chapter_3:_The_Mediterranean_1914–1915-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramifications">Ramifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ramifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ismail_enver1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ismail_enver1.jpg/220px-Ismail_enver1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ismail_enver1.jpg/330px-Ismail_enver1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Ismail_enver1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman War Minister <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A two-day political crisis followed the raid. It was obvious to the Ottoman government that Enver had allowed the attack to occur. As soon as the news of the event reached Istanbul, the Grand Vizier and the Cabinet forced Enver to wire a ceasefire order to Souchon. Several officials, including the Grand Vizier, threatened to resign in protest of the raid. Four later would, including Djavid Bey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent2005Chapter_5:_Germany_and_the_End_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2005Chapter_5:_Germany_and_the_End_of_the_Ottoman_Empire-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though many in the government thought it opportune to attack Russia, <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_solidarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet solidarity">cabinet solidarity</a> was regarded as vital and a letter of apology was soon drafted. On 31 October Enver informed the Germans of the planned apology and said there was nothing he could do.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201072_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201072-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British, ill-informed of the situation in Istanbul, believed the entire Ottoman government was conspiring with the Germans. The <a href="/wiki/British_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cabinet">British Cabinet</a> sent an ultimatum to the Ottomans, demanding that they remove Admiral Souchon and his German subordinates from their posts and expel Germany's military mission,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201072_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201072-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which consisted of approximately 2,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011112_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011112-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottomans did not comply. On 31 October, <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, acting on his own initiative, ordered British forces in the Mediterranean to commence hostilities against the Ottoman Empire. This was not carried out immediately, so the Ottomans were unaware of what had transpired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201072_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201072-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian Foreign Ministry withdrew Ambassador Girs from Istanbul.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Enver, still fearing that the Russians would accept the Ottoman apology, decided to interfere. Just before the message was sent, he inserted a passage that accused the Russians of instigating the conflict. On 1 November the message arrived in <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>. Foreign Minister Sazonov responded with an ultimatum, demanding that the Ottomans expel the German military mission. The Ottomans rejected this proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011112_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011112-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That same day British forces in the Mediterranean carried out Churchill's orders by attacking Ottoman merchant vessels off of the port of <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>. That night at an Ottoman Cabinet meeting, the Grand Vizier's anti-war faction was forced to accept that the Empire was at war, and that there was little they could do to avoid conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201073_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201073-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russians declared war on the Ottoman Empire on 2 November 1914. Admiral <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Eberhardt" title="Andrei Eberhardt">Andrei Eberhardt</a> immediately ordered Russia's fleet to retaliate against the Ottomans for the raid. On 4 November, a Russian task force bombarded <a href="/wiki/Zonguldak" title="Zonguldak">Zonguldak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014109_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014109-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 November British warships bombarded outer forts in the Dardanelles.<sup id="cite_ref-GM_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two days later the United Kingdom extended a declaration of war to the Ottoman Empire, as did France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014108_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014108-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to these attacks, there was a common impression in Britain that Churchill had brought the Ottomans into the war. <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a> held this belief for several years to come. In the meantime, Churchill tried to promote the advantages of the conflict, such as the possibility of territorial gains in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> (the reason that would ultimately bring <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a> and Balkans nations like Greece into the war).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201074_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201074-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman government finally declared war on the Triple Entente on 11 November. Three days later <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a> called for a <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> campaign by <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> against the Entente powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014108_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014108-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Because of the different calendars used at the time, contemporary Russian sources date the raid to 16 October 1914 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Style date">O.S.</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>; Turkish sources to 16 Teşrin-i Evvel 1330 using the <a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar">Rumi calendar</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The number of merchantmen damaged and destroyed is disputed. Erickson and Sondhaus claim that only 6 vessels were lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200136_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson200136-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014107_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014107-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dowling and Tucker state that the total casualties from the entire raid amount to 6 vessels sunk and around 12 damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2014263_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2014263-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowling2014131_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowling2014131-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McMeekin and Miller state that 14 vessels alone were sunk at Novorossiysk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GM_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GM-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but McMeekin later lowered that estimate to 12 vessels sunk.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015128_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015128-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Most sources do not list any statistics on Russia's human losses. Kieser states that the Ottomans "took dozens of crew prisoners-of-war."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieser2015Propaganda,_Mobilization,_and_Strategies_of_War_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser2015Propaganda,_Mobilization,_and_Strategies_of_War-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman press claimed that 75 sailors were captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times_Company19171032–1033_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times_Company19171032–1033-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson200136-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200136_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200136_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2001">Erickson 2001</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014107-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014107_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014107_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014107_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014107_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSondhaus2014">Sondhaus 2014</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETucker2014263-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2014263_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETucker2014263_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTucker2014">Tucker 2014</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowling2014131-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowling2014131_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowling2014131_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowling2014">Dowling 2014</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011111_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMeekin2011">McMeekin 2011</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GM-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GM_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GM_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller1999">Miller 1999</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015128-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015128_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015128_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMeekin2015">McMeekin 2015</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieser2015Propaganda,_Mobilization,_and_Strategies_of_War-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieser2015Propaganda,_Mobilization,_and_Strategies_of_War_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieser2015">Kieser 2015</a>, Propaganda, Mobilization, and Strategies of War.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times_Company19171032–1033-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times_Company19171032–1033_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENew_York_Times_Company19171032–1033_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNew_York_Times_Company1917">New York Times Company 1917</a>, pp. 1032–1033.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012106-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012106_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMeekin2012">McMeekin 2012</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012107-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012107_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMeekin2012">McMeekin 2012</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201060–61-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201060–61_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFromkin2010">Fromkin 2010</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012108-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012108_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMeekin2012">McMeekin 2012</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGingeras2016107-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGingeras2016107_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGingeras2016">Gingeras 2016</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014101-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014101_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSondhaus2014">Sondhaus 2014</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201062-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201062_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFromkin2010">Fromkin 2010</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012111-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012111_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2012111_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMeekin2012">McMeekin 2012</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201065-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201065_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201065_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFromkin2010">Fromkin 2010</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201067-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201067_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFromkin2010">Fromkin 2010</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201070-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201070_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201070_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201070_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFromkin2010">Fromkin 2010</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014108-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014108_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014108_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014108_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014108_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSondhaus2014">Sondhaus 2014</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015120-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015120_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMeekin2015">McMeekin 2015</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015121-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015121_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2015121_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMeekin2015">McMeekin 2015</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201071-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201071_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201071_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201071_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFromkin2010">Fromkin 2010</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2003353-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamiltonHerwig2003353_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamiltonHerwig2003">Hamilton & Herwig 2003</a>, p. 353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESevengül197665-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESevengül197665_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSevengül1976">Sevengül 1976</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201072-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201072_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201072_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201072_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201072_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFromkin2010">Fromkin 2010</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalpern2012Chapter_3:_The_Mediterranean_1914–1915-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern2012Chapter_3:_The_Mediterranean_1914–1915_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalpern2012Chapter_3:_The_Mediterranean_1914–1915_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalpern2012">Halpern 2012</a>, Chapter 3: The Mediterranean 1914–1915.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErickson200135-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErickson200135_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErickson2001">Erickson 2001</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent2005Chapter_5:_Germany_and_the_End_of_the_Ottoman_Empire-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKent2005Chapter_5:_Germany_and_the_End_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKent2005">Kent 2005</a>, Chapter 5: Germany and the End of the Ottoman Empire.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011112-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011112_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcMeekin2011112_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcMeekin2011">McMeekin 2011</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201073-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201073_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFromkin2010">Fromkin 2010</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014109-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus2014109_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSondhaus2014">Sondhaus 2014</a>, p. 109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFromkin201074-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFromkin201074_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFromkin2010">Fromkin 2010</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDowling2014" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Timothy C., ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ"><i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya and Beyond</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-948-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%3A+From+the+Mongol+Conquest+to+Afghanistan%2C+Chechnya+and+Beyond&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-948-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTq2BQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErickson2001" class="citation book cs1">Erickson, Edward J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XUlsP0YuI1AC"><i>Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War</i></a>. Contributions to the Study of American Literature. Vol. 201 (illus. ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31516-9"><bdi>978-0-313-31516-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordered+to+Die%3A+A+History+of+the+Ottoman+Army+in+the+First+World+War&rft.series=Contributions+to+the+Study+of+American+Literature&rft.edition=illus.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31516-9&rft.aulast=Erickson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXUlsP0YuI1AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFromkin2010" class="citation book cs1">Fromkin, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OV0i1mJdNSwC"><i>Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East</i></a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-8852-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-8852-0"><bdi>978-1-4299-8852-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+to+End+All+Peace%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+the+Creation+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-8852-0&rft.aulast=Fromkin&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOV0i1mJdNSwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGingeras2016" class="citation book cs1">Gingeras, Ryan (24 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AYiMCwAAQBAJ"><i>Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1908–1922</i></a>. The Greater War (illus. ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967607-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967607-1"><bdi>978-0-19-967607-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+of+the+Sultanate%3A+The+Great+War+and+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+1908%E2%80%931922&rft.series=The+Greater+War&rft.edition=illus.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-03-24&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967607-1&rft.aulast=Gingeras&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAYiMCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpern2012" class="citation book cs1">Halpern, Paul G. (11 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wK4_6LF60GsC"><i>A Naval History of World War I</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-172-6"><bdi>978-1-61251-172-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Naval+History+of+World+War+I&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2012-10-11&rft.isbn=978-1-61251-172-6&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=Paul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwK4_6LF60GsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonHerwig2003" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger H., eds. (24 February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fcILAQAAQBAJ"><i>The Origins of World War I</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-39386-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-39386-8"><bdi>978-1-107-39386-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+World+War+I&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-02-24&rft.isbn=978-1-107-39386-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfcILAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKent2005" class="citation book cs1">Kent, Marian, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dfOQAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-77799-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-77799-9"><bdi>978-1-135-77799-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Powers+and+the+End+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-135-77799-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdfOQAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieser2015" class="citation book cs1">Kieser, Hans-Lukas (28 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1fO5CwAAQBAJ"><i>World War I and the End of the Ottomans: From the Balkan Wars to the Armenian Genocide</i></a>. I. B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-947-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-947-7"><bdi>978-0-85772-947-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I+and+the+End+of+the+Ottomans%3A+From+the+Balkan+Wars+to+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pub=I.+B.Tauris&rft.date=2015-09-28&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-947-7&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1fO5CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin2012" class="citation book cs1">McMeekin, Sean (7 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6k5HzkboGvcC"><i>The Berlin-Baghdad Express</i></a> (illus. repr. ed.). Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05853-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05853-8"><bdi>978-0-674-05853-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berlin-Baghdad+Express&rft.edition=illus.+repr.&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012-05-07&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05853-8&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6k5HzkboGvcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin2015" class="citation book cs1">McMeekin, Sean (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gI3aCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908–1923</i></a> (illus. ed.). Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-532-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-532-3"><bdi>978-1-59420-532-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ottoman+Endgame%3A+War%2C+Revolution+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+Middle+East%2C+1908%E2%80%931923&rft.edition=illus.&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-532-3&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgI3aCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin2011" class="citation book cs1">McMeekin, Sean (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vQF099JYW_EC"><i>The Russian Origins of the First World War</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06320-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06320-4"><bdi>978-0-674-06320-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Origins+of+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06320-4&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvQF099JYW_EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1999" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Geoffrey (December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwpda.org/naval/turkmill.htm">"Turkey Enters the War and British Actions"</a>. Great War Primary Document Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turkey+Enters+the+War+and+British+Actions&rft.pub=Great+War+Primary+Document+Archive&rft.date=1999-12&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gwpda.org%2Fnaval%2Fturkmill.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Times_Company1917" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newyorktimescurr01newyuoft"><i>The New York Times Current History of the European War</i></a>. New York Times. 1917. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11258754">11258754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Current+History+of+the+European+War&rft.pub=New+York+Times&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11258754&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewyorktimescurr01newyuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSevengül1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sevengül, Hüsamettin (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msb.gov.tr/Content/Upload/Docs/askeritariharsiv/112-Birinci_Dunya_Harbinde_Turk_Deniz_Harekati.pdf"><i>Birinci Dünya Harbinde Türk Harbi – Deniz Harekatı</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Turkish). Genelkurmay Harp Tarihi Başkanlığı.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birinci+D%C3%BCnya+Harbinde+T%C3%BCrk+Harbi+%E2%80%93+Deniz+Harekat%C4%B1&rft.pub=Genelkurmay+Harp+Tarihi+Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Seveng%C3%BCl&rft.aufirst=H%C3%BCsamettin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msb.gov.tr%2FContent%2FUpload%2FDocs%2Faskeritariharsiv%2F112-Birinci_Dunya_Harbinde_Turk_Deniz_Harekati.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondhaus2014" class="citation book cs1">Sondhaus, Lawrence (27 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MYf2AwAAQBAJ"><i>The Great War at Sea: A Naval History of the First World War</i></a> (illus. ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03690-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-03690-1"><bdi>978-1-107-03690-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+War+at+Sea%3A+A+Naval+History+of+the+First+World+War&rft.edition=illus.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft.isbn=978-1-107-03690-1&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMYf2AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_C._Tucker" title="Spencer C. Tucker">Tucker, Spencer C.</a>, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DBwTBQAAQBAJ"><i>World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection</i></a>. Vol. I (rev, illus. ed.). ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-965-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-965-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-965-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+I%3A+The+Definitive+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection%3A+The+Definitive+Encyclopedia+and+Document+Collection&rft.edition=rev%2C+illus.&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-965-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDBwTBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Sea+raid" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_I" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_I" title="Template:World War I"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_I" title="Template talk:World War I"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_I" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War I"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_I" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_I" title="Outline of World War I">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_I" title="List of military engagements of World War I">Military engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_I" title="Aftermath of World War I">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Economic history of World War I">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_geography_in_World_War_I" title="Role of geography in World War I">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of World War I">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_I" title="Home front during World War I">Home fronts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_memorials" title="World War I memorials">Memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_I" title="Opposition to World War I">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_in_popular_culture" title="World War I in popular culture">Popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_I" title="Propaganda in World War I">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_puppet_states" title="List of World War I puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_I" title="Technology during World War I">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Theatres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="European theatre of World War I">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Middle Eastern theatre of World War I">Middle Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">Sinai and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_campaign" title="Mesopotamian campaign">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Hejaz & Levant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/African_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="African theatre of World War I">African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Africa_campaign" title="South West Africa campaign">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamerun_campaign" title="Kamerun campaign">Kamerun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togoland_campaign" title="Togoland campaign">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_operations_in_North_Africa_during_World_War_I" title="Military operations in North Africa during World War I">North</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">Asian and Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_German_Samoa" title="Occupation of German Samoa">German Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_occupation_of_German_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian occupation of German New Guinea">German New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U-boat_campaign" title="U-boat campaign">U-boat campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_U-boat_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I">North Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_in_the_Mediterranean_during_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare in the Mediterranean during World War I">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Principal<br />participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_I" title="Allied leaders of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_I" title="Belgium in World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_during_World_War_I" title="China during World War I">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_during_World_War_I" title="Greece during World War I">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro#World_War_I" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia_in_the_First_World_War" title="Russia in the First World War">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)#Russia_at_war,_1914–1916" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia#Serbia_in_World_War_I_(1914–1918)" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I" title="Siam in World War I">Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Central_Powers_of_World_War_I" title="Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi Campaign">Senussi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritz Rebellion">South African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Darfur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I" title="Timeline of World War I">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Pre-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a> (1880–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a> (1905–06)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a> (1908–09)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> (1911–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a> (1912–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a> (1913)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Prelude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_I" title="Causes of World War I">Origins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_causes_of_World_War_I" title="Historiography of the causes of World War I">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_riots_in_Sarajevo" title="Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo">Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1914</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1914)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1914)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Frontiers" title="Battle of the Frontiers">Battle of the Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cer" title="Battle of Cer">Battle of Cer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Galicia" title="Battle of Galicia">Battle of Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_East_Prussia_(1914)" title="Russian invasion of East Prussia (1914)">Russian invasion of East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg" title="Battle of Tannenberg">Battle of Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tsingtao" title="Siege of Tsingtao">Siege of Tsingtao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="First Battle of the Masurian Lakes">First Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Couronn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Grand Couronné">Battle of Grand Couronné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="First Battle of the Marne">First Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Przemy%C5%9Bl" title="Siege of Przemyśl">Siege of Przemyśl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_Sea" title="Race to the Sea">Race to the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Ypres" title="First Battle of Ypres">First Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Sea raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolubara" title="Battle of Kolubara">Battle of Kolubara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1915</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Masurian_Lakes" title="Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes">Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%81om%C5%BCa" title="Battle of Łomża">Battle of Łomża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Ypres" title="Second Battle of Ypres">Second Battle of Ypres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_RMS_Lusitania" title="Sinking of the RMS Lusitania">Sinking of the RMS <i>Lusitania</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Battle of Gallipoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Artois" title="Second Battle of Artois">Second Battle of Artois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_the_Isonzo" title="Battles of the Isonzo">Battles of the Isonzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlice%E2%80%93Tarn%C3%B3w_offensive" title="Gorlice–Tarnów offensive">Gorlice–Tarnów offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Russia)" title="Great Retreat (Russia)">Great Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bug%E2%80%93Narew_Offensive" title="Bug–Narew Offensive">Bug-Narew Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Novogeorgievsk" title="Siege of Novogeorgievsk">Siege of Novogeorgievsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Bug_offensive" title="Vistula–Bug offensive">Vistula–Bug offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Champagne" title="Second Battle of Champagne">Second Battle of Champagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_offensive_(1915)" title="Kosovo offensive (1915)">Kosovo offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kut" title="Siege of Kut">Siege of Kut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Loos" title="Battle of Loos">Battle of Loos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">1916</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_offensive" title="Erzurum offensive">Erzurum offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun" title="Battle of Verdun">Battle of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Naroch_offensive" title="Lake Naroch offensive">Lake Naroch offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asiago" title="Battle of Asiago">Battle of Asiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland" title="Battle of Jutland">Battle of Jutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_day_on_the_Somme" title="First day on the Somme">first day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brusilov_offensive" title="Brusilov offensive">Brusilov offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baranovichi_offensive" title="Baranovichi offensive">Baranovichi offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Romani" title="Battle of Romani">Battle of Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastir_offensive" title="Monastir offensive">Monastir offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Transylvania" title="Battle of Transylvania">Battle of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1917</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Baghdad_(1917)" title="Fall of Baghdad (1917)">Capture of Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_telegram" title="Zimmermann telegram">Zimmermann telegram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1917)" title="Battle of Arras (1917)">Second battle of Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_the_Aisne" class="mw-redirect" title="Second battle of the Aisne">Second battle of the Aisne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky_offensive" title="Kerensky offensive">Kerensky offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărăști">Battle of Mărăști</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Passchendaele" title="Battle of Passchendaele">Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C4%83r%C4%83%C8%99e%C8%99ti" title="Battle of Mărășești">Battle of Mărășești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Oituz" title="Third Battle of Oituz">Third Battle of Oituz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caporetto" title="Battle of Caporetto">Battle of Caporetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Palestine_offensive" title="Southern Palestine offensive">Southern Palestine offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Malmaison" title="Battle of La Malmaison">Battle of La Malmaison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Foc%C8%99ani" title="Armistice of Focșani">Armistice of Focșani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_between_Russia_and_the_Central_Powers" title="Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers">Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_I_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Timeline of World War I (1917–1918)">1918</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Faustschlag" title="Operation Faustschlag">Operation Faustschlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_spring_offensive" title="German spring offensive">German spring offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge_Raid" title="Zeebrugge Raid">Zeebrugge Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Goychay" title="Battle of Goychay">Battle of Goychay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Piave_River" title="Second Battle of the Piave River">Second Battle of the Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne" title="Second Battle of the Marne">Second Battle of the Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Offensive" title="Hundred Days Offensive">Hundred Days Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vardar_offensive" title="Vardar offensive">Vardar offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Megiddo_(1918)" title="Battle of Megiddo (1918)">Battle of Megiddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Transjordan_attack" title="Third Transjordan attack">Third Transjordan attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meuse%E2%80%93Argonne_offensive" title="Meuse–Argonne offensive">Meuse–Argonne offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Battle of Vittorio Veneto">Battle of Vittorio Veneto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Salonica" title="Armistice of Salonica">Armistice of Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">Armistice of Mudros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Villa_Giusti" title="Armistice of Villa Giusti">Armistice of Villa Giusti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Romanian_campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Second Romanian campaign of World War I">Second Romanian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">Armistice with Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bollettino_della_Vittoria_Navale" title="Bollettino della Vittoria Navale">Naval Victory Bulletin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Belgrade" title="Armistice of Belgrade">Armistice of Belgrade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Co-belligerent conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland_campaign" title="Somaliland campaign">Somaliland campaign</a> (1900–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritz_rebellion" title="Maritz rebellion">Maritz rebellion</a> (1914–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat_rebellion" title="Muscat rebellion">Muscat rebellion</a> (1913–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a> (1914–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovambo_Uprising" title="Ovambo Uprising">Ovambo Uprising</a> (1914–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_rebellion" title="Kelantan rebellion">Kelantan rebellion</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senussi_campaign" title="Senussi campaign">Senussi campaign</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a> (1915–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> (1916–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Central Asian Revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Darfur" title="Invasion of Darfur">Invasion of Darfur</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaocen_revolt" title="Kaocen revolt">Kaocen revolt</a> (1916–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> (1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Post-War conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_and_interventions_in_Hungary_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Revolutions and interventions in Hungary (1918–1920)">Revolutions and interventions in Hungary</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1918–1919)">Greater Poland Uprising</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a> (1918–19)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Egyptian_revolution" title="1919 Egyptian revolution">Egyptian Revolution</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_War" title="Polish–Lithuanian War">Polish–Lithuanian War</a> (1919–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_during_the_Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence">Anglo-Turkish War</a> (1918–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Turkish_War" title="Franco-Turkish War">Franco-Turkish War</a> (1918–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Revolt" title="Iraqi Revolt">Iraqi Revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_War" title="Vlora War">Vlora War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Syrian_War" title="Franco-Syrian War">Franco-Syrian War</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Soviet–Georgian War</a> (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:left;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Warfare</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_World_War_I" title="Aviation in World War I">Aviation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_I" title="Strategic bombing during World War I">Strategic bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons_in_World_War_I" title="Chemical weapons in World War I">Chemical weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_cryptography" title="World War I cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_World_War_I" title="Horses in World War I">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_in_World_War_I" title="Logistics in World War I">Logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">Naval warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convoys_in_World_War_I" title="Convoys in World War I">Convoy system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">Trench warfare</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Conscription" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Conscription</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_conscription_in_Australia" title="World War I conscription in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seferberlik" title="Seferberlik">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recruitment_to_the_British_Army_during_World_War_I" title="Recruitment to the British Army during World War I">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_casualties" title="World War I casualties">Casualties</a> /<br />Civilian impact</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>British casualties <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_parliamentarians_who_died_in_the_First_World_War" title="List of British parliamentarians who died in the First World War">Parliamentarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_casualties_of_World_War_I" title="Ottoman casualties of World War I">Ottoman casualties</a></li> <li>Sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rugby_union_players_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of international rugby union players killed in World War I">Rugby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympians_killed_in_World_War_I" title="List of Olympians killed in World War I">Olympians</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Disease</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923 cholera pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_typhus_and_relapsing_fever_epidemic_in_Serbia" title="1915 typhus and relapsing fever epidemic in Serbia">1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu" title="Spanish flu">Spanish flu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_occupation_of_Serbia" title="Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia">Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia</a></li> <li>Bulgarian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Albania" title="Bulgarian occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_occupation_of_Serbia_(World_War_I)" title="Bulgarian occupation of Serbia (World War I)">Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li>German occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War I">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Luxembourg_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_north-east_France_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of north-east France during World War I">Northeast France</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Enemy_Territory_Administration" title="Occupied Enemy Territory Administration">Occupied Enemy Territory Administration</a></li> <li>Russian occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Eastern_Galicia_(1914%E2%80%931915)" title="Russian occupation of Eastern Galicia (1914–1915)">Eastern Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Prisoners of war in World War I">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Germans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_I" title="Italian prisoners of war in World War I">Italians</a></li> <li>POW locations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_I_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Canada" title="List of World War I prisoner-of-war camps in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_prisoners_of_war_in_Germany" title="World War I prisoners of war in Germany">Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_World_War_I" title="German prisoner-of-war camps in World War I">camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war_camps_in_Switzerland_during_World_War_I" title="Prisoner of war camps in Switzerland during World War I">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_World_War_I" title="Refugees of World War I">Refugees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Belgian refugees <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_the_Netherlands_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in the Netherlands during the First World War">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_refugees_in_Britain_during_the_First_World_War" title="Belgian refugees in Britain during the First World War">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_I" title="War crimes in World War I">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Allied blockades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Blockade of the Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon famine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportations_from_East_Prussia_during_World_War_I" title="Deportations from East Prussia during World War I">Deportations from East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_Kalisz" title="Destruction of Kalisz">Destruction of Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Dinant" title="Sack of Dinant">Sack of Dinant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ottoman_genocides" title="Late Ottoman genocides">Late Ottoman genocides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide (Sayfo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_of_Belgium" title="Rape of Belgium">Rape of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_revolt_of_1916" title="Central Asian revolt of 1916">Urkun (Kyrgyzstan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Canadian_internment" title="Ukrainian Canadian internment">Ukrainian Canadian internment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_I" title="Diplomatic history of World War I">Diplomacy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Entry into the war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_entry_into_World_War_I" title="French entry into World War I">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Ottoman entry into World War I">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Russian entry into World War I">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_entry_into_World_War_I" title="British entry into World War I">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_I" title="Declarations of war during World War I">Declarations of war</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/To_my_peoples" title="To my peoples">Austria-Hungary against Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_declaration_of_war_upon_Germany_(1914)" title="United Kingdom declaration of war upon Germany (1914)">UK against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire_in_World_War_I#Declaration_of_jihad" title="Ottoman Empire in World War I">Ottomans against the Triple Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Germany_(1917)" title="United States declaration of war on Germany (1917)">USA against Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_declaration_of_war_on_Austria-Hungary" title="United States declaration of war on Austria-Hungary">USA against Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Agreement" title="Constantinople Agreement">Constantinople Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1915)" title="Treaty of London (1915)">Treaty of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Damascus Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_treaty_(1915)" title="Bulgaria–Germany treaty (1915)">Bulgaria–Germany treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Darin" title="Treaty of Darin">Treaty of Darin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sykes%E2%80%93Picot_Agreement" title="Sykes–Picot Agreement">Sykes–Picot Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sazonov%E2%80%93Pal%C3%A9ologue_Agreement" title="Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement">Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1916)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1916)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_of_Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne" title="Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne">Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Peace treaties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modus_vivendi_of_Acroma" title="Modus vivendi of Acroma">Modus vivendi of Acroma</a></li> <li>Treaties of Brest-Litovsk <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Russia–Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Ukraine–Central Powers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1918)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1918)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrest_of_a_Suspect_in_Sarajevo" title="Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo">Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutilated_victory" title="Mutilated victory">Mutilated victory</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Virgin" title="The Golden Virgin">The Golden Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/They_shall_not_pass" title="They shall not pass">They shall not pass</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_I" title="Category:World War I">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&oldid=1255256208">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&oldid=1255256208</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_World_War_I_involving_Russia" title="Category:Naval battles of World War I involving Russia">Naval battles of World War I involving Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_of_World_War_I_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire">Naval battles of World War I involving the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Black_Sea_naval_operations_of_World_War_I" title="Category:Black Sea naval operations of World War I">Black Sea naval operations of World War I</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1914" title="Category:Conflicts in 1914">Conflicts in 1914</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:October_1914_events" title="Category:October 1914 events">October 1914 events</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:False_flag_operations" title="Category:False flag operations">False flag operations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Odesa" title="Category:Military history of Odesa">Military history of Odesa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Sevastopol" title="Category:Military history of Sevastopol">Military history of Sevastopol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Yalta" title="Category:History of Yalta">History of Yalta</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novorossiysk" title="Category:Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Krasnodar_Krai" title="Category:History of Krasnodar Krai">History of Krasnodar Krai</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 23:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_Sea_raid&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-j6hcb","wgBackendResponseTime":165,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.944","walltime":"1.313","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6135,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":200603,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8780,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":84711,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1046.226 1 -total"," 31.16% 325.955 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 18.79% 196.600 60 Template:Sfn"," 17.78% 185.993 15 Template:Cite_book"," 15.76% 164.872 1 Template:Black_Sea_naval_campaign_of_World_War_I"," 10.44% 109.238 1 Template:Campaignbox"," 8.27% 86.537 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.27% 76.051 4 Template:Ship"," 6.54% 68.438 8 Template:Military_navigation"," 6.53% 68.350 72 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.562","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9779884,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFDowling2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErickson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFromkin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGingeras2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalpern2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamiltonHerwig2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKieser2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMeekin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMeekin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMeekin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_York_Times_Company1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSevengül1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSondhaus2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Black Sea naval campaign of World War I\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"SMS\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 60,\n [\"Ship\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"World War I\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f7b5ccf54-8gklk","timestamp":"20241125151529","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Black Sea raid","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_Sea_raid","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25040984","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25040984","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2014-10-29T10:33:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-03T23:43:14Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4a\/Shelling_of_Sevastopol_by_the_Turkish_Fleet_on_30._October_1914.png","headline":"1914 Ottoman naval sortie against Russian ports in WW1"}</script> </body> </html>