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<!DOCTYPE html> <HTML lang="en"> <HEAD> <TITLE>War and natural resource exploitation</TITLE> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.0.0/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-Gn5384xqQ1aoWXA+058RXPxPg6fy4IWvTNh0E263XmFcJlSAwiGgFAW/dAiS6JXm" crossorigin="anonymous"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/font-awesome.min.css">   <link href="/css/normalnew.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link href="/css/pushy.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"/> <link rel="icon" type="image.jpg" href="/favicon.ico">  <script type='text/javascript'> var captchaContainer = null; var loadCaptcha = function() { captchaContainer = grecaptcha.render('captcha_container', { 'sitekey' : '6LdQebIaAAAAACSKxvbloyrkQ_q-MqhOAGgD5PQV', 'callback' : function(response) { console.log(response); } }); }; </script> <META NAME="handle" CONTENT="RePEc:zur:iewwpx:481"><META NAME="description" CONTENT="Downloadable! Although the relationship between natural resources and civil war has received much attention, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Controversies and contradictions in the stylized facts persist because resource extraction is treated as exogenous while in reality fighting affects extraction. We study endogenous fighting, armament, and extraction method, speed and investment. Rapacious resource exploitation has economic costs, but can nevertheless be preferred to balanced depletion due to lowered incentives for future rebel attacks. With private exploitation, rebels fight more than the government if they can renege on the contract with the mining company, and hence government turnover is larger in this case. Incentive-compatible license fees paid by private companies and mining investment are lower in unstable countries, and increase with the quality of the government army and office rents. This implies that privatised resource exploitation is more attractive for governments who have incentives to fight hard, i.e., in the presence of large office rents and a strong army. With endogenous weapon investments, the government invests more under balanced than under rapacious or private extraction. If the government can commit before mining licenses are auctioned, it will invest more in weapons under private extraction than under balanced and rapacious nationalized extraction."> <META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="Conflict; natural resources; private resource exploitation; mining investment; license fee"> <META NAME="jel_code" CONTENT="D45; D74; L71; Q34"> <META NAME="author" CONTENT="Frederick van der Ploeg & Dominic Rohner"> <META NAME="author_shortid" CONTENT="pro229; pva185"> <META NAME="title" CONTENT="War and natural resource exploitation"> <META NAME="download" CONTENT="1"> <META NAME="freedownload" CONTENT="1"> <META NAME="date" CONTENT="2010-02-02"> <META NAME="citation_publication_date" CONTENT="2010/03"> <META NAME="citation_authors" content="Frederick van der Ploeg; Dominic Rohner"> <META NAME="citation_title" content="War and natural resource exploitation"> <META NAME="citation_abstract" content="Although the relationship between natural resources and civil war has received much attention, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Controversies and contradictions in the stylized facts persist because resource extraction is treated as exogenous while in reality fighting affects extraction. We study endogenous fighting, armament, and extraction method, speed and investment. Rapacious resource exploitation has economic costs, but can nevertheless be preferred to balanced depletion due to lowered incentives for future rebel attacks. With private exploitation, rebels fight more than the government if they can renege on the contract with the mining company, and hence government turnover is larger in this case. Incentive-compatible license fees paid by private companies and mining investment are lower in unstable countries, and increase with the quality of the government army and office rents. This implies that privatised resource exploitation is more attractive for governments who have incentives to fight hard, i.e., in the presence of large office rents and a strong army. With endogenous weapon investments, the government invests more under balanced than under rapacious or private extraction. If the government can commit before mining licenses are auctioned, it will invest more in weapons under private extraction than under balanced and rapacious nationalized extraction."> <META NAME="citation_publisher" content="Institute for Empirical Research in Economics - University of Zurich"> <META NAME="citation_journal_title" content="IEW - Working Papers"> <META NAME="citation_keywords" content="Conflict; natural resources; private resource exploitation; mining investment; license fee"> <META NAME="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://ideas.repec.org/p/zur/iewwpx/481.html"> <META NAME="citation_abstract_pdf_url" content="https://ideas.repec.org/p/zur/iewwpx/481.html"> <META NAME="redif-type" content="paper"> <META NAME="citation_type" content="redif-paper"> <META NAME="citation_technical_report_number" content="481"> <META NAME="citation_year" content="2010"> <META NAME="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <META NAME="twitter:site" content="@repec_org"> <META NAME="twitter:title" content="War and natural resource exploitation, by Frederick van der Ploeg; Dom"> <META NAME="twitter:description" content="Although the relationship between natural resources and civil war has received much attention, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. 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Controversies and contradictions in the stylized facts p"> <META PROPERTY="og:url" content="https://ideas.repec.org//p/zur/iewwpx/481.html"> <META PROPERTY="og:image" content="https://ideas.repec.org/cgi-bin/twimage.cgi?p&zur:iewwpx:481"> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "http://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@id": "#periodical", "@type": "Periodical", "name": "IEW - Working Papers", "publisher": "Institute for Empirical Research in Economics - University of Zurich", "url": "https://ideas.repec.org/s/zur/iewwpx.html", "requiresSubscription": "false" }, { "@id": "#number", "@type": "PublicationIssue", "datePublished": "2010-03", "issueNumber": "481" }, { "@id": "#article", "@type": "ScholarlyArticle", "name": "War and natural resource exploitation", "url": "https://ideas.repec.org//p/zur/iewwpx/481.html", "description": "Although the relationship between natural resources and civil war has received much attention, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Controversies and contradictions in the stylized facts persist because resource extraction is treated as exogenous while in reality fighting affects extraction. We study endogenous fighting, armament, and extraction method, speed and investment. Rapacious resource exploitation has economic costs, but can nevertheless be preferred to balanced depletion due to lowered incentives for future rebel attacks. With private exploitation, rebels fight more than the government if they can renege on the contract with the mining company, and hence government turnover is larger in this case. Incentive-compatible license fees paid by private companies and mining investment are lower in unstable countries, and increase with the quality of the government army and office rents. This implies that privatised resource exploitation is more attractive for governments who have incentives to fight hard, i.e., in the presence of large office rents and a strong army. With endogenous weapon investments, the government invests more under balanced than under rapacious or private extraction. 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exploitation</h1></div> <div> <ul class="nav nav-pills" id="myTab" role="tablist"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link active" id="author-abstract-tab" data-toggle="tab" href="#author-abstract" role="tab" aria-controls="author-abstract" aria-selected="true">Author & abstract</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link download-tab" id="download-tab" data-toggle="tab" href="#download" role="tab" aria-controls="download" aria-selected="false">Download & other version</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" id="refs-tab" data-toggle="tab" href="#refs" role="tab" aria-controls="refs" aria-selected="false">75 References</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" id="cites-tab" href="/r/zur/iewwpx/481.html" role="tab" aria-controls="cites" aria-selected="false">34 Citations</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" id="mrel-tab" data-toggle="tab" href="#mrel" role="tab" aria-controls="mrel" aria-selected="false">Most related</a> </li> <li 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href="/e/pva185.html">Frederick (Rick) van der Ploeg </A></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <h2 style="clear:left">Abstract</h2><div id="abstract-body">Although the relationship between natural resources and civil war has received much attention, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Controversies and contradictions in the stylized facts persist because resource extraction is treated as exogenous while in reality fighting affects extraction. We study endogenous fighting, armament, and extraction method, speed and investment. Rapacious resource exploitation has economic costs, but can nevertheless be preferred to balanced depletion due to lowered incentives for future rebel attacks. With private exploitation, rebels fight more than the government if they can renege on the contract with the mining company, and hence government turnover is larger in this case. Incentive-compatible license fees paid by private companies and mining investment are lower in unstable countries, and increase with the quality of the government army and office rents. This implies that privatised resource exploitation is more attractive for governments who have incentives to fight hard, i.e., in the presence of large office rents and a strong army. With endogenous weapon investments, the government invests more under balanced than under rapacious or private extraction. If the government can commit before mining licenses are auctioned, it will invest more in weapons under private extraction than under balanced and rapacious nationalized extraction.</div> <h2>Suggested Citation</h2> <div id="biblio-body"> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Frederick van der Ploeg & Dominic Rohner, 2010. "<B><A HREF="/p/zur/iewwpx/481.html">War and natural resource exploitation</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/zur/iewwpx.html">IEW - Working Papers</A> 481, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics - University of Zurich. </li> Handle: <i style="word-break:break-all">RePEc:zur:iewwpx:481</i> <form method="post" action="/cgi-bin/refs.cgi" enctype="multipart/form-data" target="refs" class="form-inline" role="form" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <input type="hidden" name="handle" value="RePEc:zur:iewwpx:481"> <div class="pull-left" style="padding-right: 2px;"> <input type="submit" class="btn btn-default fa" name="ref" value="Export reference "> as </div> <div class="col-xs-8" style="padding-left: 0;"> <select name="output" size="1"> <option value="0">HTML</option> <option value="0.5">HTML with abstract</option> <option value="1">plain text</option> <option value="1.5">plain text with abstract</option> <option value="2">BibTeX</option> <option value="3">RIS (EndNote, RefMan, ProCite)</option> <option value="4">ReDIF</option> <option value="6">JSON</option> </select> </div> </form></div> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="download" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="download-tab"> <h2>Download full text from publisher</h2><p></p> <FORM METHOD=GET ACTION="/cgi-bin/get_doc.pl" target="_blank"> <INPUT TYPE=HIDDEN NAME="urn" VALUE="RePEc:zur:iewwpx:481"><INPUT TYPE="radio" NAME="url" VALUE="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/51740/1/iewwp481.pdf" checked><B>File URL:</B> <span style="word-break:break-all">https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/51740/1/iewwp481.pdf</span><BR><B>Download Restriction:</B> no<BR> <font size="+2" color="red">---><INPUT TYPE="SUBMIT" class="btn fa" VALUE="Download the selected file " style="color:white;background-color:#2d4e8b;"><---</font></FORM><P><h2>Other versions of this item:</h2> <div class="publishedas"><UL><LI class="list-group-item downgate"> van der Ploeg, Frederick & Rohner, Dominic, 2012. "<B><A HREF="https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/eecrev/v56y2012i8p1714-1729.html">War and natural resource exploitation</A></B>," <A HREF="https://ideas.repec.org/s/eee/eecrev.html">European Economic Review</A>, Elsevier, vol. 56(8), pages 1714-1729. </UL></div><div class="otherversion"><UL><LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Rick Van der Ploeg & Dominic Rohner, 2010. "<B><A HREF="https://ideas.repec.org/p/oxf/oxcrwp/042.html">War and Natural Resource Exploitation</A></B>," <A HREF="https://ideas.repec.org/s/oxf/oxcrwp.html">OxCarre Working Papers</A> 042, Oxford Centre for the Analysis of Resource Rich Economies, University of Oxford. <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Frederick Van der Ploeg & Dominic Rohner, 2010. "<B><A HREF="https://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_3244.html">War and Natural Resource Exploitation</A></B>," <A HREF="https://ideas.repec.org/s/ces/ceswps.html">CESifo Working Paper Series</A> 3244, CESifo. </UL></div> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="refs" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="refs-tab"><h2>References listed on IDEAS</h2><form method="post" action="/cgi-bin/refs.cgi" enctype="multipart/form-data" target="refs" class="form-inline" role="form" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> <input type="hidden" name="handle" 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Discussion Papers. </UL></div> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Sergei Guriev & Konstantin Sonin & Anton Kolotilin, 2007. "<B><A HREF="/p/cfr/cefirw/w0115.html">Determinants of Expropriation in the Oil Sector: A Theory and Evidence from Panel Data</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/cfr/cefirw.html">Working Papers</A> w0115, Center for Economic and Financial Research (CEFIR). <div class="otherversion"><UL> <LI class="list-group-item downnone"> Anton Kolotilin & Sergei Guriev & Konstantin Sonin, 2011. "<B><A HREF="/p/hal/journl/hal-03415478.html">Determinants of Expropriation in the Oil Sector: A Theory and Evidence from Panel Data</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/hal/journl.html">Post-Print</A> hal-03415478, HAL. <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Guriev, Sergei & Sonin, Konstantin & Kolotilin, Anton, 2008. 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Brunnschweiler & Erwin Bulte, 2008. "<B><A HREF="/p/eth/wpswif/08-78.html">Natural Resources and Violent Conflict: Resource Abundance, Dependence and the Onset of Civil Wars</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/eth/wpswif.html">CER-ETH Economics working paper series</A> 08/78, CER-ETH - Center of Economic Research (CER-ETH) at ETH Zurich. <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Christa N Brunnschweiler & Erwin H Bulte, 2009. "<B><A HREF="/p/oxf/oxcrwp/018.html">Natural Resources and Violent Conflict: Resource Abundance, Dependenc and the Onset of Civil Wars</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/oxf/oxcrwp.html">OxCarre Working Papers</A> 018, Oxford Centre for the Analysis of Resource Rich Economies, University of Oxford. </UL></div> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Ola Olsson & Heather Congdon Fors, 2004. "<B><A HREF="/a/sae/joupea/v41y2004i3p321-336.html">Congo: The Prize of Predation</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/sae/joupea.html">Journal of Peace Research</A>, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 41(3), pages 321-336, May. <div class="otherversion"><UL> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Olsson, Ola & Congdon, Heather, 2003. "<B><A HREF="/p/hhs/gunwpe/0097.html">Congo: The Prize of Predation</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/hhs/gunwpe.html">Working Papers in Economics</A> 97, University of Gothenburg, Department of Economics, revised 30 Oct 2003. </UL></div> <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Timothy Besley & Torsten Persson, 2011. "<B><A HREF="/a/oup/qjecon/v126y2011i3p1411-1445.html">The Logic of Political Violence</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/oup/qjecon.html">The Quarterly Journal of Economics</A>, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 126(3), pages 1411-1445. <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Beviá, Carmen & Corchón, Luis C., 2010. "<B><A HREF="/a/eee/gamebe/v68y2010i2p469-487.html">Peace agreements without commitment</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/eee/gamebe.html">Games and Economic Behavior</A>, Elsevier, vol. 68(2), pages 469-487, March. <div class="otherversion"><UL> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Carmen Beviá & Luis C. Corchón, 2008. "<B><A HREF="/p/bge/wpaper/340.html">Peace Agreements Without Commitment</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/bge/wpaper.html">Working Papers</A> 340, Barcelona School of Economics. <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Beviá, Carmen, 2008. "<B><A HREF="/p/cte/werepe/we081508.html">Peace agreements without commitment</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/cte/werepe.html">UC3M Working papers. Economics</A> we081508, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. Departamento de EconomÃa. </UL></div> <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Paul Collier & Anke Hoeffler, 2004. "<B><A HREF="/a/oup/oxecpp/v56y2004i4p563-595.html">Greed and grievance in civil war</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/oup/oxecpp.html">Oxford Economic Papers</A>, Oxford University Press, vol. 56(4), pages 563-595, October. <div class="otherversion"><UL> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Collier, Paul & Hoeffler, Anke, 2000. "<B><A HREF="/p/wbk/wbrwps/2355.html">Greed and grievance in civil war</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/wbk/wbrwps.html">Policy Research Working Paper Series</A> 2355, The World Bank. <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Paul Collier & Anke Hoeffler, 2004. "<B><A HREF="/p/wpa/wuwpdc/0409007.html">Greed and Grievance in Civil War</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/wpa/wuwpdc.html">Development and Comp Systems</A> 0409007, University Library of Munich, Germany. </UL></div> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Quan V. Le, 2004. "<B><A HREF="/a/wly/jintdv/v16y2004i4p589-604.html">Political and economic determinants of private investment</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/wly/jintdv.html">Journal of International Development</A>, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 16(4), pages 589-604. <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Stephen Morris & Stephen Coate, 1999. "<B><A HREF="/a/aea/aecrev/v89y1999i5p1327-1336.html">Policy Persistence</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/aea/aecrev.html">American Economic Review</A>, American Economic Association, vol. 89(5), pages 1327-1336, December. <div class="otherversion"><UL> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Stephen Coate & Stephen Morris, "undated". "<B><A HREF="/p/cla/penntw/8a66677895e9fcb3f6d813c0c6f99b54.html">Policy Persistence</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/cla/penntw.html">Penn CARESS Working Papers</A> 8a66677895e9fcb3f6d813c0c, Penn Economics Department. <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Stephen Coate & Stephen Morris, "undated". "<B><A HREF="/p/wop/pennca/97-2.html">Policy Persistence</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/wop/pennca.html">CARESS Working Papres</A> 97-2, University of Pennsylvania Center for Analytic Research and Economics in the Social Sciences. <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Stephen Coate & Stephen Morris, "undated". "<B><A HREF="/p/wop/pennca/95-19.html">"Policy Persistence ''</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/wop/pennca.html">CARESS Working Papres</A> 95-19, University of Pennsylvania Center for Analytic Research and Economics in the Social Sciences. </UL></div> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Massimo Morelli & Dominic Rohner, 2010. "<B><A HREF="/p/zur/iewwpx/498.html">Natural resource distribution and multiple forms of civil war</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/zur/iewwpx.html">IEW - Working Papers</A> 498, Institute for Empirical Research in Economics - University of Zurich. <div class="otherversion"><UL> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Massimo Morelli & Dominic Rohner, 2010. "<B><A HREF="/p/oxf/oxcrwp/050.html">Natural Resource Distribution and Multiple Forms of Civil War</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/oxf/oxcrwp.html">OxCarre Working Papers</A> 050, Oxford Centre for the Analysis of Resource Rich Economies, University of Oxford. <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Massimo Morelli & Dominic Rohner, 2010. "<B><A HREF="/p/hic/wpaper/80.html">Natural Resource Distribution and Multiple Forms of Civil War</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/hic/wpaper.html">HiCN Working Papers</A> 80, Households in Conflict Network. <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Massimo Morelli & Dominic Rohner, 2010. "<B><A HREF="/p/eui/euiwps/eco2010-33.html">Natural Resource Distribution and Multiple Forms of Civil War</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/eui/euiwps.html">Economics Working Papers</A> ECO2010/33, European University Institute. </UL></div> <LI class="list-group-item downnone"> Frederick van der Ploeg, 2010. "<B><A HREF="/a/ier/iecrev/v51y2010i2p365-381.html">Voracious Transformation Of A Common Natural Resource Into Productive Capital</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/ier/iecrev.html">International Economic Review</A>, Department of Economics, University of Pennsylvania and Osaka University Institute of Social and Economic Research Association, vol. 51(2), pages 365-381, May. <div class="otherversion"><UL> <LI class="list-group-item downnone"> Rick Van der Ploeg, 2008. "<B><A HREF="/p/oxf/oxcrwp/002.html">Voracious Transformation of a Common Natural Resource into Productive Capital</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/oxf/oxcrwp.html">OxCarre Working Papers</A> 002, Oxford Centre for the Analysis of Resource Rich Economies, University of Oxford. </UL></div> <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Ngo Long, 2011. "<B><A HREF="/a/spr/dyngam/v1y2011i1p115-148.html">Dynamic Games in the Economics of Natural Resources: A Survey</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/spr/dyngam.html">Dynamic Games and Applications</A>, Springer, vol. 1(1), pages 115-148, March. <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Andersen, Jørgen Juel & Aslaksen, Silje, 2013. "<B><A HREF="/a/eee/deveco/v100y2013i1p89-106.html">Oil and political survival</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/eee/deveco.html">Journal of Development Economics</A>, Elsevier, vol. 100(1), pages 89-106. <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Ernesto Dal Bó & Pedro Dal Bó, 2011. "<B><A HREF="/a/bla/jeurec/v9y2011i4p646-677.html">Workers, Warriors, And Criminals: Social Conflict In General Equilibrium</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/bla/jeurec.html">Journal of the European Economic Association</A>, European Economic Association, vol. 9(4), pages 646-677, August. <div class="otherversion"><UL> <LI class="list-group-item downnone"> Pedro Dal BÃ³ & Ernesto Dal BÃ³, 2004. "<B><A HREF="/p/ecm/nasm04/642.html">Workers, Warriors and Criminals: Social Conflict in General Equilibrium</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/ecm/nasm04.html">Econometric Society 2004 North American Summer Meetings</A> 642, Econometric Society. <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Pedro DalBo & Ernesto DalBo, 2004. "<B><A HREF="/p/bro/econwp/2004-11.html">Workers, Warriors and Criminals: Social Conflict in General Equilibrium</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/bro/econwp.html">Working Papers</A> 2004-11, Brown University, Department of Economics. <LI class="list-group-item downnone"> Pedro Dal bÃ³, 2004. "<B><A HREF="/p/ecm/latm04/341.html">Workers, Warriors and Criminals: Social Conflict in General Equilibrium</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/ecm/latm04.html">Econometric Society 2004 Latin American Meetings</A> 341, Econometric Society. </UL></div> <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Robert T. Deacon & Henning Bohn, 2000. "<B><A HREF="/a/aea/aecrev/v90y2000i3p526-549.html">Ownership Risk, Investment, and the Use of Natural Resources</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/aea/aecrev.html">American Economic Review</A>, American Economic Association, vol. 90(3), pages 526-549, June. <div class="otherversion"><UL> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Bohn, Henning & Deacon, Robert T., 1997. "<B><A HREF="/p/ags/rffdps/10710.html">Ownership Risk, Investment, and the Use of Natural Resources</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/ags/rffdps.html">Discussion Papers</A> 10710, Resources for the Future. <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Bohn, Henning & Deacon, Robert, 1997. "<B><A HREF="/p/rff/dpaper/dp-97-20.html">Ownership Risk, Investment, and the Use of Natural Resources</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/rff/dpaper.html">RFF Working Paper Series</A> dp-97-20, Resources for the Future. </UL></div> <LI class="list-group-item downnone"> Markus Brückner & Antonio Ciccone, 2010. "<B><A HREF="/a/ecj/econjl/v120y2010i544p519-534.html">International Commodity Prices, Growth and the Outbreak of Civil War in Sub-Saharan Africa</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/ecj/econjl.html">Economic Journal</A>, Royal Economic Society, vol. 120(544), pages 519-534, May. <div class="otherversion"><UL> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Markus Brückner & Antonio Ciccone, 2007. "<B><A HREF="/p/upf/upfgen/1053.html">International commodity prices, growth and the outbreak of Civil War in Sub-Saharan Africa</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/upf/upfgen.html">Economics Working Papers</A> 1053, Department of Economics and Business, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, revised Aug 2009. <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Markus Brückner & Antonio Ciccone, 2009. "<B><A HREF="/p/fda/fdaddt/2009-37.html">International Commodity Prices, Growth, and the Outbreak of Civil War in Sub-Saharan Africa</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/fda/fdaddt.html">Working Papers</A> 2009-37, FEDEA. </UL></div> <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Laurent-Lucchetti, Jérémy & Santugini, Marc, 2012. "<B><A HREF="/a/eee/jeeman/v63y2012i2p242-259.html">Ownership risk and the use of common-pool natural resources</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/eee/jeeman.html">Journal of Environmental Economics and Management</A>, Elsevier, vol. 63(2), pages 242-259. <div class="otherversion"><UL> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Jérémy LAURENT-LUCCHETTI & Marc SANTUGINI, 2010. "<B><A HREF="/p/iea/carech/1003.html">Ownership Risk and the Use of Common-Pool Natural Resources</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/iea/carech.html">Cahiers de recherche</A> 10-03, HEC Montréal, Institut d'économie appliquée, revised May 2011. </UL></div> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Paivi Lujala, 2010. "<B><A HREF="/a/sae/joupea/v47y2010i1p15-28.html">The spoils of nature: Armed civil conflict and rebel access to natural resources</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/sae/joupea.html">Journal of Peace Research</A>, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 47(1), pages 15-28, January. <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Durham, Yvonne & Hirshleifer, Jack & Smith, Vernon L., 2008. "<B><A HREF="/h/eee/expchp/1-16.html">The Paradox of Power</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/eee/expchp.html">Handbook of Experimental Economics Results</A>, in: Charles R. Plott & Vernon L. Smith (ed.), <A HREF="/b/eee/exphes/1.html">Handbook of Experimental Economics Results</A>, edition 1, volume 1, chapter 16, pages 127-137, Elsevier. <div class="publishedas"><UL> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Jack Hirshleifer, 1991. "<B><A HREF="/a/bla/ecopol/v3y1991i3p177-200.html">The Paradox Of Power</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/bla/ecopol.html">Economics and Politics</A>, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 3(3), pages 177-200, November. </UL></div> <LI class="list-group-item downnone"> Avinash Dixit, 2008. "<B><A HREF="/h/spr/sprchp/978-3-540-79182-9_30.html">Strategic Behavior in Contests</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/spr/sprchp.html">Springer Books</A>, in: Roger D. Congleton & Arye L. Hillman & Kai A. Konrad (ed.), <A HREF="/b/spr/sprbok/978-3-540-79182-9.html">40 Years of Research on Rent Seeking 1</A>, pages 431-438, Springer. <div class="publishedas"><UL> <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Dixit, Avinash K, 1987. "<B><A HREF="/a/aea/aecrev/v77y1987i5p891-98.html">Strategic Behavior in Contests</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/aea/aecrev.html">American Economic Review</A>, American Economic Association, vol. 77(5), pages 891-898, December. </UL></div> <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Maxwell, John W. & Reuveny, Rafael, 2005. "<B><A HREF="/a/eee/jeborg/v58y2005i1p30-52.html">Continuing conflict</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/eee/jeborg.html">Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization</A>, Elsevier, vol. 58(1), pages 30-52, September. <div class="otherversion"><UL> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> John W. Maxwell & Rafael Reuveny, 2004. "<B><A HREF="/p/iuk/wpaper/2004-27.html">Continuing Conflict</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/iuk/wpaper.html">Working Papers</A> 2004-27, Indiana University, Kelley School of Business, Department of Business Economics and Public Policy. </UL></div> <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Cederman, Lars-Erik & Girardin, Luc, 2007. "<B><A HREF="/a/cup/apsrev/v101y2007i01p173-185_07.html">Beyond Fractionalization: Mapping Ethnicity onto Nationalist Insurgencies</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/cup/apsrev.html">American Political Science Review</A>, Cambridge University Press, vol. 101(1), pages 173-185, February. <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> John C.B. Cooper, 2003. "<B><A HREF="/a/bla/opecrv/v27y2003i1p1-8.html">Price elasticity of demand for crude oil: estimates for 23 countries</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/bla/opecrv.html">OPEC Energy Review</A>, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, vol. 27(1), pages 1-8, March. <LI class="list-group-item downfree"> Macartan Humphreys, 2005. "<B><A HREF="/a/sae/jocore/v49y2005i4p508-537.html">Natural Resources, Conflict, and Conflict Resolution</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/sae/jocore.html">Journal of Conflict Resolution</A>, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 49(4), pages 508-537, August. <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Grossman, Herschel I. & Mendoza, Juan, 2003. "<B><A HREF="/a/eee/poleco/v19y2003i4p747-758.html">Scarcity and appropriative competition</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/eee/poleco.html">European Journal of Political Economy</A>, Elsevier, vol. 19(4), pages 747-758, November. <LI class="list-group-item downgate"> Sergei Guriev & Anton Kolotilin & Konstantin Sonin, 2011. 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"<B><A HREF="/p/str/wpaper/1819.html">The role of markets and preferences on resource conflicts</A></B>," <A HREF="/s/str/wpaper.html">Working Papers</A> 1819, University of Strathclyde Business School, Department of Economics. </ol> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="more" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="more-tab"> <H2> More about this item</H2> <h3>Keywords</h3> <A HREF="/cgi-bin/htsearch2?q=%22Conflict%22" rel="nofollow">Conflict</A>; <A HREF="/cgi-bin/htsearch2?q=%22natural+resources%22" rel="nofollow">natural resources</A>; <A HREF="/cgi-bin/htsearch2?q=%22private+resource+exploitation%22" rel="nofollow">private resource exploitation</A>; <A HREF="/cgi-bin/htsearch2?q=%22mining+investment%22" rel="nofollow">mining investment</A>; <A HREF="/cgi-bin/htsearch2?q=%22license+fee%22" rel="nofollow">license fee</A>; <BR><A HREF="/cgi-bin/htsearch2?q=%22Conflict%22 %22natural+resources%22 %22private+resource+exploitation%22 %22mining+investment%22 %22license+fee%22 " rel="nofollow">All these keywords</A>. <H3><A HREF="/j/">JEL</A> classification:</h3> <UL> <LI><A HREF="/j/D45.html"><B>D45</B></A> - Microeconomics - - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design - - - Rationing; Licensing</LI> <LI><A HREF="/j/D74.html"><B>D74</B></A> - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions</LI> <LI><A HREF="/j/L71.html"><B>L71</B></A> - Industrial Organization - - Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction - - - Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels</LI> <LI><A HREF="/j/Q34.html"><B>Q34</B></A> - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation - - - Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts</LI> </UL><P> <h3>NEP fields</h3> This paper has been announced in the following <A HREF="http://nep.repec.org/">NEP Reports</A>: <UL><LI><A HREF="/n/nep-cta/2010-03-20.html">NEP-CTA-2010-03-20</A> (Contract Theory and Applications)</LI> <LI><A HREF="/n/nep-env/2010-03-20.html">NEP-ENV-2010-03-20</A> (Environmental Economics)</LI> </UL> <h3>Statistics</h3> <A HREF="http://logec.repec.org/scripts/paperstat.pl?h=RePEc:zur:iewwpx:481">Access and download statistics</A> </div>  <div class="tab-pane fade" id="correct" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="correct-tab"> <h2>Corrections</H2> <P>All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. 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