CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Ecology of Bermuda - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a14065a0-6230-49ab-a6ad-065c6f92c4f0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Ecology_of_Bermuda","wgTitle":"Ecology of Bermuda","wgCurRevisionId":1258083459,"wgRevisionId":1258083459,"wgArticleId":2147062,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Biota of Bermuda","Biota of archipelagoes","Environment of Bermuda","Flora of Bermuda","Nearctic ecoregions","Natural history of Bermuda","Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests","Wildlife by country"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Ecology_of_Bermuda","wgRelevantArticleId":2147062,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Wildlife_of_Bermuda","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Ecology_of_Bermuda","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8001359","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp" ,"ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Image-Juniperus_bermudiana_-_mature.jpg/1200px-Image-Juniperus_bermudiana_-_mature.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Image-Juniperus_bermudiana_-_mature.jpg/800px-Image-Juniperus_bermudiana_-_mature.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1067"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Image-Juniperus_bermudiana_-_mature.jpg/640px-Image-Juniperus_bermudiana_-_mature.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="853"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Ecology of Bermuda - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_of_Bermuda"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_of_Bermuda"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Ecology_of_Bermuda rootpage-Ecology_of_Bermuda skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ecology+of+Bermuda" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ecology+of+Bermuda" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Ecology+of+Bermuda" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Ecology+of+Bermuda" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Plants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Plants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Endemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Endemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Native</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Land Animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Land_Animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Land Animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Land_Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amphibians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphibians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Amphibians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphibians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reptiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reptiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reptiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reptiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Insects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Ants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrestrial_Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial_Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Terrestrial Invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial_Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_Life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_Life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Marine Life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marine_Life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Marine Life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Marine_Life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_Mammals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_Mammals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Marine Mammals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_Mammals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_Invertebrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_Invertebrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Marine Invertebrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_Invertebrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sea_Squirts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_Squirts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Sea Squirts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_Squirts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crustaceans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crustaceans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Crustaceans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crustaceans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_and_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_and_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Threats and preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_and_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ecology of Bermuda</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 3 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-3" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">3 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermudaj_subtropikaj_koniferaroj" title="Bermudaj subtropikaj koniferaroj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bermudaj subtropikaj koniferaroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2" title="ความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพในเบอร์มิวดา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความหลากหลายทางชีวภาพในเบอร์มิวดา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Субтропічні хвойні ліси Бермудських островів – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Субтропічні хвойні ліси Бермудських островів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8001359#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_Bermuda" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ecology_of_Bermuda" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_Bermuda"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_Bermuda"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Ecology_of_Bermuda" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Ecology_of_Bermuda" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&oldid=1258083459" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Ecology_of_Bermuda&id=1258083459&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEcology_of_Bermuda"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEcology_of_Bermuda"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bermuda_Subtropical_Conifer_Forests_Ecoregion" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8001359" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wildlife_of_Bermuda&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Bermuda">Wildlife of Bermuda</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Image-Juniperus_bermudiana_-_mature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Image-Juniperus_bermudiana_-_mature.jpg/300px-Image-Juniperus_bermudiana_-_mature.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Image-Juniperus_bermudiana_-_mature.jpg/450px-Image-Juniperus_bermudiana_-_mature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Image-Juniperus_bermudiana_-_mature.jpg/600px-Image-Juniperus_bermudiana_-_mature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_bermudiana" title="Juniperus bermudiana">Bermuda cedar</a> on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bermuda's ecology has an abundance of unique <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> due to the island's isolation from the mainland of North America. The wide range of <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species and the islands form a distinct <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregion</a>, the <b>Bermuda subtropical conifer forests.</b> The variety of species found both on land and in the waters surrounding Bermuda have varying positive and negative impacts on the ecosystem of the island, depending on the species. There are varying <a href="/wiki/Biotic" class="mw-disambig" title="Biotic">biotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">abiotic</a> factors that have threatened and continue to threaten the island's ecology. There are, however, also means of conservation that can be used to mitigate these threats. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Setting">Setting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located 900 km off the American East Coast, Bermuda is a crescent-shaped chain of 184 islands and islets that were once the rim of a volcano. The islands are slightly hilly rather than having steep cliffs, with the highest point being 79m. The coast has many bays and inlets, with sandy beaches especially on the south coasts. Bermuda has a semi-tropical climate, warmed by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> current. Bermuda is very densely populated. Twenty of the islands are inhabited. </p><p>Wildlife that could fly to the island or were carried there by winds and currents formed the species. There are no native <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> other than <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, and only two <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>, but large numbers of birds, plants, and insects.<sup id="cite_ref-terrapin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terrapin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lizards_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lizards-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once on the island, organisms had to adapt to local conditions, such as the humid <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, lack of fresh water, frequent storms, and salt spray. The area of the islands shrank as water levels rose at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a>, and fewer species were able to survive in the reduced land-area. Nearly 8,000 different species of flora and fauna are known from the islands of Bermuda. The number is likely to be considerably higher if all <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>, cave-dwellers and deep-sea species were counted.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today the variety of species on Bermuda has been greatly increased by <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introductions</a>, both deliberate and accidental. Many of these introduced species have posed a threat to the native flora and fauna because of <a href="/wiki/Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">competition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">interference with habitat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plants">Plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabal-bermudana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sabal-bermudana.jpg/200px-Sabal-bermudana.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sabal-bermudana.jpg/300px-Sabal-bermudana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sabal-bermudana.jpg/400px-Sabal-bermudana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sabal_bermudana" title="Sabal bermudana">Bermuda palmetto</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1904_view_of_eastern_Hamilton_Harbour_and_Paget_Parish_from_Fort_Hamilton,_Prospect_Camp,_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/1904_view_of_eastern_Hamilton_Harbour_and_Paget_Parish_from_Fort_Hamilton%2C_Prospect_Camp%2C_Bermuda.jpg/220px-1904_view_of_eastern_Hamilton_Harbour_and_Paget_Parish_from_Fort_Hamilton%2C_Prospect_Camp%2C_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/1904_view_of_eastern_Hamilton_Harbour_and_Paget_Parish_from_Fort_Hamilton%2C_Prospect_Camp%2C_Bermuda.jpg/330px-1904_view_of_eastern_Hamilton_Harbour_and_Paget_Parish_from_Fort_Hamilton%2C_Prospect_Camp%2C_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/1904_view_of_eastern_Hamilton_Harbour_and_Paget_Parish_from_Fort_Hamilton%2C_Prospect_Camp%2C_Bermuda.jpg/440px-1904_view_of_eastern_Hamilton_Harbour_and_Paget_Parish_from_Fort_Hamilton%2C_Prospect_Camp%2C_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2466" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>1904 view across Hamilton Harbour from Fort Hamilton of cedar-cloaked hills in Paget Parish</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:079_Kalpalmer_(Oreodoxa_oleracea_Mart.).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/079_Kalpalmer_%28Oreodoxa_oleracea_Mart.%29.jpg/220px-079_Kalpalmer_%28Oreodoxa_oleracea_Mart.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/079_Kalpalmer_%28Oreodoxa_oleracea_Mart.%29.jpg/330px-079_Kalpalmer_%28Oreodoxa_oleracea_Mart.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/079_Kalpalmer_%28Oreodoxa_oleracea_Mart.%29.jpg/440px-079_Kalpalmer_%28Oreodoxa_oleracea_Mart.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1361" data-file-height="2037" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roystonea_oleracea" title="Roystonea oleracea">Roystonea oleracea</a> in an 1895 photo</figcaption></figure> <p>Over 1000 species of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plant</a> are found on the islands, the majority of which are introduced. Of the 165 native species, 17 are endemic. <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">Forest cover</a> is around 20% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, which was unchanged from 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of the first human settlement by shipwrecked English sailors in 1593, Bermuda was dominated by forests of Bermuda cedar (<i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_bermudiana" title="Juniperus bermudiana">Juniperus bermudiana</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_swamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangrove swamp">mangrove swamps</a> on the coast. More deliberate settlement began after 1609, and colonists began clearing forests to use for building and shipmaking, and to develop agricultural cultivation. By the 1830s, the demands of the <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a> industry had denuded the forests, but these recovered in many areas. </p><p>In the 1940s the cedar forests were devastated by introduced <a href="/wiki/Scale_insect" title="Scale insect">scale insects</a>, which killed roughly 8 million trees. Replanting using resistant trees has taken place since then, but the area covered by cedar is only 10% of what it used to be. Another important component of the original forest was Bermuda palmetto (<i><a href="/wiki/Sabal_bermudana" title="Sabal bermudana">Sabal bermudana</a></i>), a small <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm tree</a>. It now grows in a few small patches, notably at Paget Marsh. Other trees and shrubs include Bermuda olivewood (<i><a href="/wiki/Cassine_laneana" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassine laneana">Cassine laneana</a></i>) and Bermuda snowberry (<i><a href="/wiki/Chiococca_alba" title="Chiococca alba">Chiococca alba</a></i>). The climate allows for the growth of other palms such as royal palm (<i><a href="/wiki/Roystonea" title="Roystonea">Roystonea</a></i> spp.) and coconut palm (<i><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Cocos nucifera</a></i>), although the lack of very warm temperatures does not usually allow coconuts to fruit properly. Bermuda is the farthest north location in the Northern Hemisphere where coconut palms will grow naturally.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Remnant patches of mangrove swamp can be found around the coast and at some inland sites, including <a href="/wiki/Hungry_Bay_Nature_Reserve" title="Hungry Bay Nature Reserve">Hungry Bay Nature Reserve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangrove_Lake,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangrove Lake, Bermuda">Mangrove Lake, Bermuda</a>. These were important for moderating the effects of storms and providing transition habitats. Here black mangrove (<i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_germinans" title="Avicennia germinans">Avicennia germinans</a></i>) and red mangrove (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_mangle" title="Rhizophora mangle">Rhizophora mangle</a></i>) are the northernmost mangroves in the Atlantic. The inland swamps are particularly interesting as mangroves thrive in salty water; in this case, the saltwater arrives through underground channels rather than the usual tidal wash of coastal mangrove swamps. Areas of <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> marsh include Devonshire, Pembroke, and Paget marshes. </p><p>Bermuda has four endemic <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bermuda maidenhair fern (<i><a href="/wiki/Adiantum_bellum" title="Adiantum bellum">Adiantum bellum</a></i>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://environment.bm/bermuda-shield-fern">Bermuda Shield Fern</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelypteris_bermudiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thelypteris bermudiana (page does not exist)">Thelypteris bermudiana</a></i>), Bermuda cave fern (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ctenitis_sloanei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ctenitis sloanei (page does not exist)">Ctenitis sloanei</a></i>) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://environment.bm/governor-laffans-fern">Governor Laffan's fern</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Diplazium_laffanianum" title="Diplazium laffanianum">Diplazium laffanianum</a></i>). The latter is extinct in the wild but is grown at <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Botanical_Gardens" title="Bermuda Botanical Gardens">Bermuda Botanical Gardens</a>. The endemic flora of the island also include two <a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">mosses</a>, ten <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a> and forty <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>. </p><p>Among the many introduced species are the Casuarina (<i><a href="/wiki/Casuarina_equisetifolia" title="Casuarina equisetifolia">Casuarina equisetifolia</a></i>) and Suriname cherry (<i><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_uniflora" title="Eugenia uniflora">Eugenia uniflora</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endemic">Endemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Endemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Trees and palms</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda_cedars_(Juniperus_bermudiana)_in_the_cemetery_of_St._John%27s_Church_(Church_of_England),_Pemboke,_Bermuda_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bermuda cedars (Juniperus bermudiana) in the cemetery of St. John's Church (Church of England), Pembroke, Bermuda 2016"><img alt="Bermuda cedars (Juniperus bermudiana) in the cemetery of St. John's Church (Church of England), Pembroke, Bermuda 2016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bermuda_cedars_%28Juniperus_bermudiana%29_in_the_cemetery_of_St._John%27s_Church_%28Church_of_England%29%2C_Pemboke%2C_Bermuda_2016.jpg/120px-Bermuda_cedars_%28Juniperus_bermudiana%29_in_the_cemetery_of_St._John%27s_Church_%28Church_of_England%29%2C_Pemboke%2C_Bermuda_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bermuda_cedars_%28Juniperus_bermudiana%29_in_the_cemetery_of_St._John%27s_Church_%28Church_of_England%29%2C_Pemboke%2C_Bermuda_2016.jpg/180px-Bermuda_cedars_%28Juniperus_bermudiana%29_in_the_cemetery_of_St._John%27s_Church_%28Church_of_England%29%2C_Pemboke%2C_Bermuda_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Bermuda_cedars_%28Juniperus_bermudiana%29_in_the_cemetery_of_St._John%27s_Church_%28Church_of_England%29%2C_Pemboke%2C_Bermuda_2016.jpg/240px-Bermuda_cedars_%28Juniperus_bermudiana%29_in_the_cemetery_of_St._John%27s_Church_%28Church_of_England%29%2C_Pemboke%2C_Bermuda_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bermuda cedars (<i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_bermudiana" title="Juniperus bermudiana">Juniperus bermudiana</a></i>) in the cemetery of St. John's Church (Church of England), Pembroke, Bermuda 2016</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda_Cedar-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bermuda cedar (Juniperus bermudiana)"><img alt="Bermuda cedar (Juniperus bermudiana)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bermuda_Cedar-01.jpg/120px-Bermuda_Cedar-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bermuda_Cedar-01.jpg/180px-Bermuda_Cedar-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bermuda_Cedar-01.jpg/240px-Bermuda_Cedar-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bermuda cedar (<i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_bermudiana" title="Juniperus bermudiana">Juniperus bermudiana</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda_Olivewood-00.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bermuda olivewood (Cassine laneana)"><img alt="Bermuda olivewood (Cassine laneana)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bermuda_Olivewood-00.JPG/90px-Bermuda_Olivewood-00.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bermuda_Olivewood-00.JPG/135px-Bermuda_Olivewood-00.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bermuda_Olivewood-00.JPG/180px-Bermuda_Olivewood-00.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bermuda olivewood (<i><a href="/wiki/Cassine_laneana" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassine laneana">Cassine laneana</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sabal-bermudana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bermuda palmetto (Sabal bermudana)"><img alt="Bermuda palmetto (Sabal bermudana)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sabal-bermudana.jpg/120px-Sabal-bermudana.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sabal-bermudana.jpg/180px-Sabal-bermudana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sabal-bermudana.jpg/240px-Sabal-bermudana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bermuda palmetto (<i><a href="/wiki/Sabal_bermudana" title="Sabal bermudana">Sabal bermudana</a></i>)</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Shrubs</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda_Snowberry-00.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bermuda snowberry (Chiococca bermudiana)"><img alt="Bermuda snowberry (Chiococca bermudiana)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bermuda_Snowberry-00.JPG/120px-Bermuda_Snowberry-00.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bermuda_Snowberry-00.JPG/180px-Bermuda_Snowberry-00.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Bermuda_Snowberry-00.JPG/240px-Bermuda_Snowberry-00.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bermuda snowberry (<i><a href="/wiki/Chiococca" title="Chiococca">Chiococca</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiococca_bermudiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiococca bermudiana">bermudiana</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypericum_macrosepalum-00.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Andrew's cross (Hypericum macrosepalum)"><img alt="St. Andrew's cross (Hypericum macrosepalum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hypericum_macrosepalum-00.JPG/120px-Hypericum_macrosepalum-00.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hypericum_macrosepalum-00.JPG/180px-Hypericum_macrosepalum-00.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hypericum_macrosepalum-00.JPG/240px-Hypericum_macrosepalum-00.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Andrew's cross (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypericum_macrosepalum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypericum macrosepalum (page does not exist)">Hypericum macrosepalum</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hypericum_macrosepalum-01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Andrew's cross leaf"><img alt="St. Andrew's cross leaf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Hypericum_macrosepalum-01.JPG/120px-Hypericum_macrosepalum-01.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Hypericum_macrosepalum-01.JPG/180px-Hypericum_macrosepalum-01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Hypericum_macrosepalum-01.JPG/240px-Hypericum_macrosepalum-01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">St. Andrew's cross leaf</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Flowers, grasses, ferns and others</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peperomia_septentrionalis-00.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Wild Bermuda pepper (Peperomia septentrionalis)"><img alt="Wild Bermuda pepper (Peperomia septentrionalis)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Peperomia_septentrionalis-00.JPG/120px-Peperomia_septentrionalis-00.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Peperomia_septentrionalis-00.JPG/180px-Peperomia_septentrionalis-00.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Peperomia_septentrionalis-00.JPG/240px-Peperomia_septentrionalis-00.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wild Bermuda pepper (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peperomia_septentrionalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peperomia septentrionalis (page does not exist)">Peperomia septentrionalis</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carex_bermudiana-00.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bermuda sedge (Carex bermudiana)"><img alt="Bermuda sedge (Carex bermudiana)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Carex_bermudiana-00.JPG/90px-Carex_bermudiana-00.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Carex_bermudiana-00.JPG/135px-Carex_bermudiana-00.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Carex_bermudiana-00.JPG/180px-Carex_bermudiana-00.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bermuda sedge (<i><a href="/wiki/Carex_bermudiana" title="Carex bermudiana">Carex bermudiana</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carex_bermudiana-01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bermuda sedge (Carex bermudiana) flower"><img alt="Bermuda sedge (Carex bermudiana) flower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Carex_bermudiana-01.JPG/90px-Carex_bermudiana-01.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Carex_bermudiana-01.JPG/135px-Carex_bermudiana-01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Carex_bermudiana-01.JPG/180px-Carex_bermudiana-01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bermuda sedge (<i><a href="/wiki/Carex_bermudiana" title="Carex bermudiana">Carex bermudiana</a></i>) flower</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bermuda_Maidenhair_Fern-00.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bermuda maidenhair fern (Adiantum bellum)"><img alt="Bermuda maidenhair fern (Adiantum bellum)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bermuda_Maidenhair_Fern-00.JPG/120px-Bermuda_Maidenhair_Fern-00.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bermuda_Maidenhair_Fern-00.JPG/180px-Bermuda_Maidenhair_Fern-00.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bermuda_Maidenhair_Fern-00.JPG/240px-Bermuda_Maidenhair_Fern-00.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bermuda maidenhair fern (<i><a href="/wiki/Adiantum_bellum" title="Adiantum bellum">Adiantum bellum</a></i>)</div> </li> </ul> <p>Bermudiana (<i><a href="/wiki/Sisyrinchium_bermudiana" title="Sisyrinchium bermudiana">Sisyrinchium bermudiana</a></i>) Darrell's fleabane (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erigeron_darrellianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erigeron darrellianus (page does not exist)">Erigeron darrellianus</a></i>) Bermuda campylopus (moss) (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campylopus_bermudianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campylopus bermudianus (page does not exist)">Campylopus bermudianus</a></i>) Bermuda bean (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phaseolus_lignosus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phaseolus lignosus (page does not exist)">Phaseolus lignosus</a></i>) Bermuda spike rush (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eleocharis_bermudiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eleocharis bermudiana (page does not exist)">Eleocharis bermudiana</a></i>) Bermuda trichostomum (moss) (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trichostomum_bermudanum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trichostomum bermudanum (page does not exist)">Trichostomum bermudanum</a></i>) Governor Laffan's fern (<i><a href="/wiki/Diplazium_laffanianum" title="Diplazium laffanianum">Diplazium laffanianum</a></i>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native">Native</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Native"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 76.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 74.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uva_de_playa_(Coccoloba_uvifera).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bay grape (Coccoloba uvifera)"><img alt="Bay grape (Coccoloba uvifera)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Uva_de_playa_%28Coccoloba_uvifera%29.jpg/112px-Uva_de_playa_%28Coccoloba_uvifera%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Uva_de_playa_%28Coccoloba_uvifera%29.jpg/168px-Uva_de_playa_%28Coccoloba_uvifera%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Uva_de_playa_%28Coccoloba_uvifera%29.jpg/223px-Uva_de_playa_%28Coccoloba_uvifera%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2576" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bay grape (<i><a href="/wiki/Coccoloba_uvifera" title="Coccoloba uvifera">Coccoloba uvifera</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 134.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 132.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Randia_aculeata2924971286.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Box briar (Randia aculeata)"><img alt="Box briar (Randia aculeata)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Randia_aculeata2924971286.gif/199px-Randia_aculeata2924971286.gif" decoding="async" width="133" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Randia_aculeata2924971286.gif/299px-Randia_aculeata2924971286.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Randia_aculeata2924971286.gif/398px-Randia_aculeata2924971286.gif 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="515" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Box briar (<i><a href="/wiki/Randia_aculeata" title="Randia aculeata">Randia aculeata</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_010330-0598_Conocarpus_erectus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus)"><img alt="Buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Starr_010330-0598_Conocarpus_erectus.jpg/200px-Starr_010330-0598_Conocarpus_erectus.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Starr_010330-0598_Conocarpus_erectus.jpg/300px-Starr_010330-0598_Conocarpus_erectus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Starr_010330-0598_Conocarpus_erectus.jpg/400px-Starr_010330-0598_Conocarpus_erectus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buttonwood (<i><a href="/wiki/Conocarpus_erectus" title="Conocarpus erectus">Conocarpus erectus</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dodonea_viscosa_flowers1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jamaica dogwood (Dodonaea viscosa)"><img alt="Jamaica dogwood (Dodonaea viscosa)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dodonea_viscosa_flowers1.JPG/200px-Dodonea_viscosa_flowers1.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dodonea_viscosa_flowers1.JPG/300px-Dodonea_viscosa_flowers1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dodonea_viscosa_flowers1.JPG/400px-Dodonea_viscosa_flowers1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jamaica dogwood (<i><a href="/wiki/Dodonaea_viscosa" title="Dodonaea viscosa">Dodonaea viscosa</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plody_mangrovnika_(Rhizophora_mangle).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle)"><img alt="Red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Plody_mangrovnika_%28Rhizophora_mangle%29.jpg/200px-Plody_mangrovnika_%28Rhizophora_mangle%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Plody_mangrovnika_%28Rhizophora_mangle%29.jpg/300px-Plody_mangrovnika_%28Rhizophora_mangle%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Plody_mangrovnika_%28Rhizophora_mangle%29.jpg/400px-Plody_mangrovnika_%28Rhizophora_mangle%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Red mangrove (<i><a href="/wiki/Rhizophora_mangle" title="Rhizophora mangle">Rhizophora mangle</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cayos_pict101.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seven year apple (Casasia clusiifolia)"><img alt="Seven year apple (Casasia clusiifolia)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cayos_pict101.jpg/200px-Cayos_pict101.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cayos_pict101.jpg/300px-Cayos_pict101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Cayos_pict101.jpg/400px-Cayos_pict101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seven year apple (<i><a href="/wiki/Casasia" title="Casasia">Casasia</a> <a href="/wiki/Casasia_clusiifolia" title="Casasia clusiifolia">clusiifolia</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plucheaodorata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shrubby fleabane (Pluchea odorata)"><img alt="Shrubby fleabane (Pluchea odorata)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Plucheaodorata.jpg/153px-Plucheaodorata.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Plucheaodorata.jpg/230px-Plucheaodorata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Plucheaodorata.jpg/307px-Plucheaodorata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shrubby fleabane (<i><a href="/wiki/Pluchea_odorata" title="Pluchea odorata">Pluchea odorata</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sugarberry_Celtis_laevigata_2009-04-05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Southern hackberry (Celtis laevigata)"><img alt="Southern hackberry (Celtis laevigata)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sugarberry_Celtis_laevigata_2009-04-05.jpg/224px-Sugarberry_Celtis_laevigata_2009-04-05.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sugarberry_Celtis_laevigata_2009-04-05.jpg/336px-Sugarberry_Celtis_laevigata_2009-04-05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sugarberry_Celtis_laevigata_2009-04-05.jpg/448px-Sugarberry_Celtis_laevigata_2009-04-05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Southern hackberry (<i><a href="/wiki/Celtis_laevigata" title="Celtis laevigata">Celtis laevigata</a></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 91.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 89.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Suriana_maritima_flowers.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tassel plant (Suriana maritima)"><img alt="Tassel plant (Suriana maritima)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Suriana_maritima_flowers.JPG/134px-Suriana_maritima_flowers.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Suriana_maritima_flowers.JPG/201px-Suriana_maritima_flowers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Suriana_maritima_flowers.JPG/267px-Suriana_maritima_flowers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1606" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tassel plant (<i><a href="/wiki/Suriana_maritima" class="mw-redirect" title="Suriana maritima">Suriana maritima</a></i>)</div> </li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li>Forestiera (<i><a href="/wiki/Forestiera" title="Forestiera">Forestiera</a> <a href="/wiki/Forestiera_segregata" title="Forestiera segregata">segregata</a></i>)</li> <li>Lamarcks trema (<i><a href="/wiki/Trema_lamarckiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Trema lamarckiana">Trema lamarckiana</a></i>)</li> <li>Black mangrove (<i><a href="/wiki/Avicennia_nitida" class="mw-redirect" title="Avicennia nitida">Avicennia nitida</a></i>)</li> <li>White stopper (<i><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_axillaris" title="Eugenia axillaris">Eugenia axillaris</a></i>)</li> <li>Wild coffee shrub (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychotria_undata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychotria undata (page does not exist)">Psychotria undata</a></i>)</li> <li>Yellow wood (<i><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_flavum" title="Zanthoxylum flavum">Zanthoxylum flavum</a></i>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_Animals">Land Animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Land Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphibians">Amphibians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Amphibians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bermuda has no native <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>. A species of toad, <a href="/wiki/Cane_toad" title="Cane toad">cane toad</a> (<i>Rhinella marina</i>), and two species of frog, <a href="/wiki/Antilles_coqui" title="Antilles coqui">Antilles coqui</a> (<i>Eleutherodactylus johnstonei</i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Eleutherodactylus_gossei" title="Eleutherodactylus gossei">Eleutherodactylus gossei</a></i> were introduced by humans through the transportation of orchids to the island prior to the 1900s, and subsequently became naturalized. <i>R. marina</i> and <i>E. johnstonei</i> are common, but <i>E. gossei</i> is thought to have been recently <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpated</a>. They are nocturnal and can often be heard at night in Bermuda. Their songs are most prevalent from April until November. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reptiles">Reptiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reptiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Four species of <a href="/wiki/Lizard" title="Lizard">lizard</a> and two species of <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtle</a> comprise Bermuda's non-marine reptilian fauna. Of the lizards, the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rock_lizard" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda rock lizard">Bermuda rock lizard</a> (<i>Plestiodon longirostris</i>), also known as the <i>rock lizard</i> or Bermuda skink, is the only <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> species.<sup id="cite_ref-lizards_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lizards-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once very common, the Bermuda skink is <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>. The Jamaican anole (<i><a href="/wiki/Anolis_grahami" title="Anolis grahami">Anolis grahami</a></i>) was deliberately introduced in 1905 from Jamaica and is now by far the most common lizard in Bermuda. The <a href="/wiki/Leach%27s_anole" class="mw-redirect" title="Leach's anole">Leach's anole</a> (<i>Anolis leachii</i>) was accidentally introduced from Antigua about 1940 and is now common. The <a href="/wiki/Barbados_anole" title="Barbados anole">Barbados anole</a> (<i>Anolis extremus</i>) was accidentally introduced about 1940 and is rarely seen. The <a href="/wiki/Diamondback_terrapin" title="Diamondback terrapin">diamondback terrapin</a> (<i>Malaclemys terrapin</i>) is native to Bermuda.<sup id="cite_ref-terrapin_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terrapin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Red-eared_slider" title="Red-eared slider">red-eared slider</a> (<i>Trachemys scripta elegans</i>) was introduced as a pet, but has subsequently become <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammals">Mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All mammals in Bermuda are human introductions, except for four species of migratory North American <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a> of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Lasiurus" title="Lasiurus">Lasiurus</a></i>: the <a href="/wiki/Hoary_bat" title="Hoary bat">hoary bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_red_bat" title="Eastern red bat">eastern red bat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminole_bat" title="Seminole bat">Seminole bat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver-haired_bat" title="Silver-haired bat">silver-haired bat</a>. Early accounts refer to wild or feral hogs, descendants of pigs left by the Spanish and Portuguese as feedstock for ships stopping at the islands for supplies. The <a href="/wiki/House_mouse" title="House mouse">house mouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">brown rat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_rat" title="Black rat">black rat</a> were accidentally introduced soon after the settlement of Bermuda, and <a href="/wiki/Feral_cat" title="Feral cat">feral cats</a> have become common as another introduced species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birds">Birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Birds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:White-eyed_vireo_(Vireo_griseus_bermudianus)_in_Bermuda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/White-eyed_vireo_%28Vireo_griseus_bermudianus%29_in_Bermuda.jpg/220px-White-eyed_vireo_%28Vireo_griseus_bermudianus%29_in_Bermuda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/White-eyed_vireo_%28Vireo_griseus_bermudianus%29_in_Bermuda.jpg/330px-White-eyed_vireo_%28Vireo_griseus_bermudianus%29_in_Bermuda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/White-eyed_vireo_%28Vireo_griseus_bermudianus%29_in_Bermuda.jpg/440px-White-eyed_vireo_%28Vireo_griseus_bermudianus%29_in_Bermuda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A white-eyed vireo (Vireo griseus bermudianus)</figcaption></figure> <p>Over 360 species of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> have been recorded on Bermuda. The majority of these are <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migrants</a> or <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_in_birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagrancy in birds">vagrants</a> from North America or elsewhere. Only 24 species breed; 13 of these are thought to be native. </p><p>One endemic species is the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_petrel" title="Bermuda petrel">Bermuda petrel</a> or cahow (<i>Pterodroma cahow</i>), which was thought to have been extinct since the 1620s. Its ground-nesting habitats had been severely disrupted by introduced species and colonists had killed the birds for food. In 1951, researchers discovered 18 breeding pairs, and started a recovery program to preserve and protect the species. </p><p>An endemic subspecies is the <a href="/wiki/White-eyed_vireo" title="White-eyed vireo">Bermuda white-eyed vireo</a> or chick-of-the-village (<i>Vireo griseus bermudianus</i>). The national bird of Bermuda is the <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_tropicbird" title="White-tailed tropicbird">white-tailed tropicbird</a> or longtail, which is a summer migrant to Bermuda, its most northerly breeding site in the world. Other native birds include the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bluebird" title="Eastern bluebird">eastern bluebird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_catbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey catbird">grey catbird</a> and perhaps the <a href="/wiki/Common_ground_dove" title="Common ground dove">common ground dove</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Common_moorhen" title="Common moorhen">common moorhen</a> is the most common native waterbird; very small numbers of <a href="/wiki/American_coot" title="American coot">American coot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pied-billed_grebe" title="Pied-billed grebe">pied-billed grebe</a> are breeding. Small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Common_tern" title="Common tern">common tern</a> nest around the coast. The <a href="/wiki/American_barn_owl" title="American barn owl">barn owl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">mourning dove</a> colonized the island during the 20th century, and the <a href="/wiki/Green_heron" title="Green heron">green heron</a> has recently begun to breed. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phaethon_lepturus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Phaethon_lepturus.jpg/200px-Phaethon_lepturus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Phaethon_lepturus.jpg/300px-Phaethon_lepturus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Phaethon_lepturus.jpg/400px-Phaethon_lepturus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_tropicbird" title="White-tailed tropicbird">white-tailed tropicbird</a> or longtail</figcaption></figure> <p>Of the introduced birds, the <a href="/wiki/European_starling" class="mw-redirect" title="European starling">European starling</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" title="House sparrow">house sparrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_kiskadee" title="Great kiskadee">great kiskadee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">rock dove</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_crow" title="American crow">American crow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are all very numerous and considered to be pests. Other introduced species include the <a href="/wiki/Mallard" title="Mallard">mallard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_cardinal" title="Northern cardinal">northern cardinal</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_goldfinch" title="European goldfinch">European goldfinch</a> and small numbers of <a href="/wiki/Orange-cheeked_waxbill" title="Orange-cheeked waxbill">orange-cheeked</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_waxbill" title="Common waxbill">common waxbills</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yellow-crowned_night_heron" title="Yellow-crowned night heron">yellow-crowned night heron</a> was introduced in the 1970s to replace the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_night_heron" title="Bermuda night heron">extinct native heron</a>. </p><p>Fossil remains of a variety of species have been found on the island, including a <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">crane</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owl</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_albatross" title="Short-tailed albatross">short-tailed albatross</a>. Some of these became extinct as the islands' land-mass shrank by nine tenths after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a>, while others were exterminated by early settlers. The Bermuda petrel was thought to be extinct until its rediscovery in 1951. </p><p>Among the many non-breeding migrants are a variety of <a href="/wiki/Shorebird" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorebird">shorebirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>. In spring many <a href="/wiki/Shearwater" title="Shearwater">shearwaters</a> can be seen of the South Shore. Over 30 species of <a href="/wiki/New_World_warbler" title="New World warbler">New World warbler</a> are seen each year, with the <a href="/wiki/Yellow-rumped_warbler" title="Yellow-rumped warbler">yellow-rumped warbler</a> being the most abundant. The arrival of many species is dependent on weather conditions; low-pressure systems moving across from North America often bring many birds to the islands. Among the rare visitors recorded are the <a href="/wiki/Siberian_flycatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian flycatcher">Siberian flycatcher</a> from Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Fork-tailed_flycatcher" title="Fork-tailed flycatcher">fork-tailed flycatcher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_kingbird" title="Tropical kingbird">tropical kingbird</a> from South America. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insects">Insects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Insects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ogilvie" title="Lawrence Ogilvie">Lawrence Ogilvie</a>, Bermuda's agricultural scientist 1923 to 1928 identified 395 Bermuda insects and wrote the Department of Agriculture's 52-page book <i>The Insects of Bermuda</i>, including <i>Aphis Ogilviei</i> that he discovered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ants">Ants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 4 ant species that are found in Bermuda. The African big-headed ant (<a href="/wiki/Pheidole_megacephala" title="Pheidole megacephala">Pheidole megacephala</a>) and Argentine ant (<a href="/wiki/Linepithema_humile" class="mw-redirect" title="Linepithema humile">Linepithema humile</a>) are both <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive</a> species to Bermuda. The African ant was first recorded on the island in 1889, and the Argentine ant arrived in Bermuda the 1940s. These two ants battle for territory and control over the island. Furthermore, there is the Bermuda ant (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Odontomachus_insularis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odontomachus insularis (page does not exist)">Odontomachus insularis</a>), which is indigenous to the island. This ant was initially presumed to be extinct, however, they were re-discovered living in July of 2002. Carpenter ants (<a href="/wiki/Carpenter_ant" title="Carpenter ant">Carpenter ant</a>) are also found in Bermuda.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrestrial_Invertebrates">Terrestrial Invertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Terrestrial Invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monarch_Butterfly_Showy_Male_3000px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Monarch_Butterfly_Showy_Male_3000px.jpg/200px-Monarch_Butterfly_Showy_Male_3000px.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Monarch_Butterfly_Showy_Male_3000px.jpg/300px-Monarch_Butterfly_Showy_Male_3000px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Monarch_Butterfly_Showy_Male_3000px.jpg/400px-Monarch_Butterfly_Showy_Male_3000px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">Monarch butterfly</a></figcaption></figure> <p>More than 1100 kinds of <a href="/wiki/Insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects">insects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spiders" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiders">spiders</a> are found on Bermuda, including 41 endemic insects and a possibly endemic spider. Eighteen species of <a href="/wiki/Butterfly" title="Butterfly">butterfly</a> have been seen; about six of these breed on the islands, including the large <a href="/wiki/Monarch_butterfly" title="Monarch butterfly">monarch</a> and the very common <a href="/wiki/Junonia_coenia" title="Junonia coenia">Bermuda buckeye</a> (<i>Junonia coenia bergi</i>). More than 200 <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moths</a> have been recorded; one of the most conspicuous is <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudosphinx_tetrio" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudosphinx tetrio">Pseudosphinx tetrio</a></i>, which can reach 9 cm (3.5 in) in length. </p><p>Bermuda has lost a number of its endemic invertebrates, including the <a href="/wiki/Neotibicen_bermudianus" title="Neotibicen bermudianus">Bermuda cicada</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Neotibicen" title="Neotibicen">Neotibicen</a> bermudianus</i>), which became extinct when the cedar forests disappeared. Some species feared extinct have been rediscovered, including a <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_land_snail" title="Bermuda land snail">Bermuda land snail</a> (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poecilozonties_circumfirmatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poecilozonties circumfirmatus (page does not exist)">Poecilozonties circumfirmatus</a></i>) and the Bermuda ant (<i><a href="/wiki/Odontomachus" title="Odontomachus">Odontomachus</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Odontomachus_insularis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Odontomachus insularis (page does not exist)">insularis</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marine_Life">Marine Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Marine Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg/200px-Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg/300px-Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg/400px-Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">Humpback whale</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bermuda lies on the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a>, an area with high salinity, high temperature and few currents. Large quantities of seaweed of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Sargassum" title="Sargassum">Sargassum</a></i> are present and there are high concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>, but the area is less attractive to commercial <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> species and <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>. </p><p>Greater diversity is present in the <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> which surround the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_Mammals">Marine Mammals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Marine Mammals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A variety of <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a> have been recorded in the waters around Bermuda. The most common of these is the <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whale</a>, which passes the islands in April and May during its northward migration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish">Fish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many fish species prevalent in Bermuda's waters, such as the <a href="/wiki/Barracuda" title="Barracuda">Barracuda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyphosus_sectatrix" title="Kyphosus sectatrix">Bermuda chub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluestriped_grunt" title="Bluestriped grunt">Bluestriped grunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hogfish" title="Hogfish">Hogfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longspine_squirrelfish" title="Longspine squirrelfish">Longspine squirrelfish</a>, various types of <a href="/wiki/Parrotfish" title="Parrotfish">Parrotfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_trunkfish" title="Smooth trunkfish">Smooth trunkfish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slippery_dick" title="Slippery dick">Slippery dick</a>, to name a few. <sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marine_Invertebrates">Marine Invertebrates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marine Invertebrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sea_Squirts">Sea Squirts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sea Squirts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various types of sea squirts, such as the Black Sea Squirt (<a href="/wiki/Phallusia_nigra" title="Phallusia nigra">Black Sea Squirt</a>), the Purple Sea Squirt (<a href="/wiki/Clavelina_picta" title="Clavelina picta">Clavelina picta</a>), the Orange Sea Squirt (<a href="/wiki/Ecteinascidia_turbinata" title="Ecteinascidia turbinata">Ecteinascidia turbinata</a>), and the Lacy Sea Squirt.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crustaceans">Crustaceans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Crustaceans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are various types of crabs in Bermuda. There are, Sally Lightfoot crabs (<a href="/wiki/Grapsus_grapsus" title="Grapsus grapsus">Grapsus grapsus</a>), Decorator crabs (<a href="/wiki/Decorator_crab" title="Decorator crab">Decorator crab</a>), Swimming crabs (<a href="/wiki/Portunidae" title="Portunidae">Portunidae</a>), Spider crabs (<a href="/wiki/Majoidea" title="Majoidea">Majoidea</a>), and Verrill's Hermit crab (<a href="/wiki/Calcinus_verrillii" title="Calcinus verrillii">Calcinus verrillii</a>). Great Land crabs (<a href="/wiki/Cardisoma_guanhumi" title="Cardisoma guanhumi">Cardisoma guanhumi</a>) are hard to find in Bermuda, however they are there. Finally, there is the crab native, but not exclusive to, Bermuda, which are the Bermuda land crabs (<a href="/wiki/Gecarcinus_lateralis" title="Gecarcinus lateralis">Gecarcinus lateralis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_and_preservation">Threats and preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Threats and preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bermuda was the first place in the Americas to pass conservation laws, protecting the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_petrel" title="Bermuda petrel">Bermuda petrel</a> in 1616 and the <a href="/wiki/Bermuda_cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda cedar">Bermuda cedar</a> in 1622. It has a well-organised network of protected areas including <a href="/wiki/Spittal_Pond,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Spittal Pond, Bermuda">Spittal Pond</a>, marshes in <a href="/wiki/Paget_Parish,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Paget Parish, Bermuda">Paget</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devonshire_Parish,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Devonshire Parish, Bermuda">Devonshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Parish,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Pembroke Parish, Bermuda">Pembroke Parishes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwick_Parish,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwick Parish, Bermuda">Warwick Pond</a> and the hills above <a href="/wiki/Warwick_Parish,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwick Parish, Bermuda">Castle Harbour</a>. </p><p>Only small areas of natural forest remain today; much was cleared since colonisation began in the 17th century, and recovered forest was lost in the 1940s due to insect infestation. The Bermuda petrel and Bermuda skink are highly endangered, and Bermuda cedar, Bermuda palmetto and Bermuda olivewood are all listed as threatened species. Some wild plants, including a <a href="/wiki/Eleocharis" title="Eleocharis">spike rush</a>, have disappeared. Introduced plants and animals have had adverse effects on the wildlife of the islands. The thriving tourist industry creates its own challenges to preserve the wildlife and habitat that attract visitors. </p><p>Parrotfish are crucial to the coral reefs of Bermuda. Overfishing has caused issues for parrotfish that live in the coastal waters of other islands, such as the U.S. Virgin Islands. Looking at these instances in other habitats can help conservationists prevent the parrotfish population in Bermuda from experiencing decline as well. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bird species such as the <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_tropicbird" title="White-tailed tropicbird">white-tailed tropicbird</a> are affected largely by hurricanes, as they bring immediate harm to individuals as well as destroying their nests, which makes reproducing impossible. Invasive species are also a big problem for the <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_tropicbird" title="White-tailed tropicbird">white-tailed tropicbird</a>, as other bird species have been known to use similar nesting sites to the <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_tropicbird" title="White-tailed tropicbird">white-tailed tropicbird</a>. Specifically, the <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">rock pigeon</a> often builds its nests within crevices around the island, including on rocky shorelines and cracks in Bermuda's tall cliffs. This is also where the <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_tropicbird" title="White-tailed tropicbird">Bermuda longtail</a> makes its nest, so the competition created by the invasive <a href="/wiki/Rock_dove" title="Rock dove">rock pigeon</a> makes reproduction harder for the <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_tropicbird" title="White-tailed tropicbird">longtail</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-terrapin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-terrapin_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-terrapin_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParham2008" class="citation journal cs1">Parham, James (23 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2429930">"Introduced delicacy or native species? A natural origin of Bermudian terrapins supported by fossil and genetic data"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biology_Letters" title="Biology Letters">Biology Letters</a></i>. <b>4</b> (2): 216–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbl.2007.0599">10.1098/rsbl.2007.0599</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2429930">2429930</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18270164">18270164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biology+Letters&rft.atitle=Introduced+delicacy+or+native+species%3F+A+natural+origin+of+Bermudian+terrapins+supported+by+fossil+and+genetic+data&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=216-219&rft.date=2008-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2429930%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18270164&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbl.2007.0599&rft.aulast=Parham&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2429930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcology+of+Bermuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lizards-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lizards_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lizards_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandleyWangGuoNieto_Montes_De_Oca2010" class="citation journal cs1">Brandley, Matthew C.; Wang, Yuezhao; Guo, Xianguang; Nieto Montes De Oca, Adrián; Fería Ortíz, Manuel; Hikida, Tsutomu; Ota, Hidetoshi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894854">"Bermuda as an Evolutionary Life Raft for an Ancient Lineage of Endangered Lizards"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>5</b> (6): e11375. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...511375B">2010PLoSO...511375B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011375">10.1371/journal.pone.0011375</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894854">2894854</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20614024">20614024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Bermuda+as+an+Evolutionary+Life+Raft+for+an+Ancient+Lineage+of+Endangered+Lizards&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e11375&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2894854%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20614024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0011375&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PLoSO...511375B&rft.aulast=Brandley&rft.aufirst=Matthew+C.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yuezhao&rft.au=Guo%2C+Xianguang&rft.au=Nieto+Montes+De+Oca%2C+Adri%C3%A1n&rft.au=Fer%C3%ADa+Ort%C3%ADz%2C+Manuel&rft.au=Hikida%2C+Tsutomu&rft.au=Ota%2C+Hidetoshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2894854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcology+of+Bermuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBermuda_Aquarium,_Museum_&_Zoo" class="citation web cs1">Bermuda Aquarium, Museum & Zoo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812023940/http://www.bamz.org/bda_biodiversity_project.aspx">"Bermuda Biodiversity Project"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bamz.org/bda_biodiversity_project.aspx">the original</a> on 12 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bermuda+Biodiversity+Project&rft.au=Bermuda+Aquarium%2C+Museum+%26+Zoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bamz.org%2Fbda_biodiversity_project.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcology+of+Bermuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.fao.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/a6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635/content"><i>Terms and Definitions FRA 2025 Forest Resources Assessment, Working Paper 194</i></a>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terms+and+Definitions+FRA+2025+Forest+Resources+Assessment%2C+Working+Paper+194&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.fao.org%2Fserver%2Fapi%2Fcore%2Fbitstreams%2Fa6e225da-4a31-4e06-818d-ca3aeadfd635%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcology+of+Bermuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fra-data.fao.org/assessments/fra/2020/BMU/home/overview">"Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020, Bermuda"</a>. <i>Food Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.atitle=Global+Forest+Resources+Assessment+2020%2C+Bermuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffra-data.fao.org%2Fassessments%2Ffra%2F2020%2FBMU%2Fhome%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcology+of+Bermuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/floraofbermuda00brit#page/n7/mode/2up.htm">https://archive.org/stream/floraofbermuda00brit#page/n7/mode/2up.htm</a> /</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">International Palm Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100305133424/http://www.conservation.bm/endemic-ferns/">"Bermuda Conservation - Endemic Ferns"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservation.bm/endemic-ferns/">the original</a> on 2010-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bermuda+Conservation+-+Endemic+Ferns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservation.bm%2Fendemic-ferns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcology+of+Bermuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bermuda-online.org/fauna.htm">"Bermuda's Fauna"</a>. <i>www.bermuda-online.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bermuda-online.org&rft.atitle=Bermuda%27s+Fauna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bermuda-online.org%2Ffauna.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcology+of+Bermuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservation.bm/red-eared-slider/">"Red-eared slider"</a>, Conservation</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209214141/http://www.conservation.bm/feral-chickens/">"Bermuda Conservation - Feral Chickens"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conservation.bm/feral-chickens/">the original</a> on 2014-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bermuda+Conservation+-+Feral+Chickens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservation.bm%2Fferal-chickens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcology+of+Bermuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bermuda-online.org/fauna.htm">"Bermuda's Fauna"</a>. <i>www.bermuda-online.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bermuda-online.org&rft.atitle=Bermuda%27s+Fauna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bermuda-online.org%2Ffauna.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcology+of+Bermuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2016" class="citation web cs1">Bell, Jonathan (2016-09-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalgazette.com/environment/news/article/20160915/new-study-of-parrotfish/">"New study of parrotfish"</a>. <i>www.royalgazette.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.royalgazette.com&rft.atitle=New+study+of+parrotfish&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Fenvironment%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F20160915%2Fnew-study-of-parrotfish%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcology+of+Bermuda" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>Amos, Eric J. R. (1991) <i>A Guide to the Birds of Bermuda</i>, privately published.</li> <li>Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bamz.org/bda_biodiversity_project.aspx">Bermuda Biodiversity Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812023940/http://www.bamz.org/bda_biodiversity_project.aspx">Archived</a> 2010-08-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, downloaded 21/02/07.</li> <li>Dobson, A. (2002) <i>A Birdwatching Guide to Bermuda</i>, Arlequin Press, Chelmsford, UK.</li> <li>Flora of Bermuda (Illustrated) by Nathaniel Lord Britton, Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/floraofbermuda00brit#page/n7/mode/2up.htm">(Published 1918)</a></li> <li>Forbes, Keith Archibald (2007) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bermuda-online.org/fauna.htm">Bermuda's Fauna</a></i>, downloaded 2021-02-07.</li> <li>Gehrman, Elizabeth (2102) <i>Rare Birds: The Extraordinary Tale of the Bermuda Petrel and the Man Who Brought It Back from Extinction</i> (Beacon Press).</li> <li>Ogden, George (2002) <i>Bermuda A Gardener's Guide</i>, The Garden Club of Bermuda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Ogilvie" title="Lawrence Ogilvie">Ogilvie</a>, Lawrence (1928) <i>The Insects of Bermuda</i></li> <li>Raine, André (2003) <i>A Field Guide to the Birds of Bermuda</i>, Macmillan, Oxford.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/na0301">"Bermuda subtropical conifer forests"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. World Wildlife Fund<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Bermuda+subtropical+conifer+forests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fna0301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEcology+of+Bermuda" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audubon.bm/">Bermuda Audubon Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/groups/bermudabiodiversity">Bermuda biodiversity, Flickr</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bnt.bm/">Bermuda National Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.bm/">Bermuda Government, Department of Environment and Natural Resources</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bermuda_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bermuda_topics" title="Template:Bermuda topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bermuda_topics" title="Template talk:Bermuda topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bermuda_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bermuda topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bermuda_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Bermuda-related_articles" title="Index of Bermuda-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bermuda" title="History of Bermuda">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hurricanes_in_Bermuda" title="Category:Hurricanes in Bermuda">Hurricane strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Railway" title="Bermuda Railway">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_sloop" title="Bermuda sloop">Sloop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">Colonisation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Company">London Company</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sea_Venture" title="Sea Venture">Sea Venture</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Somers" title="George Somers">George Somers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somers_Isles_Company" title="Somers Isles Company">Somers Isles Company</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Butler" title="Nathaniel Butler">Nathaniel Butler</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Bermuda" title="Military of Bermuda">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Base_Command" title="Bermuda Base Command">Bermuda Base Command (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militias_1612%E2%80%931815" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Militias 1612–1815">Militias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militia_1612%E2%80%931687" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Militia 1612–1687">1612–1687</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militia_1687%E2%80%931813" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Militia 1687–1813">1687–1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Militia_1813" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda Militia 1813">1813</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_America_and_West_Indies_Station" title="North America and West Indies Station">North American Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force,_Bermuda_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Royal Air Force, Bermuda (1939–1945)">RAF in Bermuda during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USN_Submarine_Base,_Ordnance_Island,_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="USN Submarine Base, Ordnance Island, Bermuda">USN Submarine Base, Ordnance Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bermuda_Volunteer/Territorial_Army_Units_1895%E2%80%931965&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bermuda Volunteer/Territorial Army Units 1895–1965 (page does not exist)">Volunteer/Territorial Army Units 1895–1965</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda" title="Coat of arms of Bermuda"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="925" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bermuda" title="Geography of Bermuda">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Institute_of_Ocean_Sciences" title="Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences">Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Bermuda" title="List of islands of Bermuda">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_National_Trust" title="Bermuda National Trust">National Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spittal_Pond_Nature_Reserve" title="Spittal Pond Nature Reserve">Spittal Pond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Bermuda" title="Category:Environment of Bermuda">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Bermuda">Flora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_onion#Bermuda_onions" title="Sweet onion">Bermuda onion</a> (cultivated)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Casuarina" title="Casuarina">Casuarina</a></i> (invasive)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaeodendron_laneanum" title="Elaeodendron laneanum">Elaeodendron laneanum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_bermudiana" title="Juniperus bermudiana">Juniperus bermudiana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lilium_longiflorum" title="Lilium longiflorum">Lilium longiflorum</a></i> (cultivated)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sabal_bermudana" title="Sabal bermudana">Sabal bermudana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sisyrinchium_bermudiana" title="Sisyrinchium bermudiana">Sisyrinchium bermudiana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife of Bermuda">Fauna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_land_snail" title="Bermuda land snail">Bermuda land snail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_petrel" title="Bermuda petrel">Bermuda petrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_rock_skink" class="mw-redirect" title="Bermuda rock skink">Bermuda rock skink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ground_dove" title="Common ground dove">Common ground dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_bluebird" title="Eastern bluebird">Eastern bluebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_catbird" title="Gray catbird">Gray catbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_kiskadee" title="Great kiskadee">Great kiskadee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">Humpback whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">Mourning dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_cardinal" title="Northern cardinal">Northern cardinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-eyed_vireo" title="White-eyed vireo">White-eyed vireo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_tropicbird" title="White-tailed tropicbird">White-tailed tropicbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-crowned_night_heron" title="Yellow-crowned night heron">Yellow-crowned night heron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Bermuda" title="List of schools in Bermuda">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Berkeley_Institute" title="The Berkeley Institute">Berkeley Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedarbridge_Academy" title="Cedarbridge Academy">Cedarbridge Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_High_School" title="Bermuda High School">Bermuda HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Institute" title="Bermuda Institute">Bermuda Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltus_Grammar_School" title="Saltus Grammar School">Saltus Grammar School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Academy" title="Warwick Academy">Warwick Academy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Tertiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_College" title="Bermuda College">Bermuda College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Bermuda" title="Politics of Bermuda">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bermuda" title="Elections in Bermuda">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda" title="Governor of Bermuda">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Police_Service" title="Bermuda Police Service">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Bermuda">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bermuda" title="Parliament of Bermuda">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Bermuda" title="List of political parties in Bermuda">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Premiers_of_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Premiers of Bermuda">Premiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bermuda" title="Economy of Bermuda">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="ACE Limited">ACE Ltd.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_dollar" title="Bermudian dollar">Bermudian dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfield_Bank" title="Butterfield Bank">Butterfield Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity in Bermuda">Electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSBC_Bank_Bermuda" title="HSBC Bank Bermuda">HSBC Bank Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Industrial_Union" title="Bermuda Industrial Union">Industrial Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Monetary_Authority" title="Bermuda Monetary Authority">Monetary Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Public_Services_Association" title="Bermuda Public Services Association">Public Services Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Stock_Exchange" title="Bermuda Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Bermuda" title="Transport in Bermuda">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XL_Capital" class="mw-redirect" title="XL Capital">XL Capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Bermuda" title="Category:Society of Bermuda">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Bermuda" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Bermuda">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Places_of_interest_in_Bermuda" title="Places of interest in Bermuda">Places of interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Causeway,_Bermuda" title="The Causeway, Bermuda">The Causeway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fairmont_Hamilton_Princess" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fairmont Hamilton Princess">The Fairmont Hamilton Princess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Bermuda" title="Government House, Bermuda">Government House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton, Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lighthouses_in_Bermuda" title="List of lighthouses in Bermuda">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Dockyard,_Bermuda" title="Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda">Royal Naval Dockyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Bridge,_Bermuda" title="Somerset Bridge, Bermuda">Somerset Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Victoria Park, Hamilton, Bermuda">Victoria Park, Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Bermuda">Communications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Broadcasting" title="Bermuda Broadcasting">Bermuda Broadcasting Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Bermuda" title="List of newspapers in Bermuda">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Bermuda" title="Postal codes in Bermuda">Postal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Bermuda" title="Television in Bermuda">TV stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bermuda" title="Culture of Bermuda">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bermuda" title="Architecture of Bermuda">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermudian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Bermuda" title="Coat of arms of Bermuda">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_cuisine" title="Bermudian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gombey" title="Gombey">Gombey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_kite" title="Bermuda kite">Kites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bermuda" title="Music of Bermuda">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Bermuda" title="Public holidays in Bermuda">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Day" title="Bermuda Day">Bermuda Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_shorts" title="Bermuda shorts">Shorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_and_recreation_in_Bermuda" title="Sports and recreation in Bermuda">Sports and recreation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bermuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Bermuda">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Bermuda" title="Anglican Church of Bermuda">Anglican Church of Bermuda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Most_Holy_Trinity,_Bermuda" title="Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity, Bermuda">Cathedral of the Most Holy Trinity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Hamilton_in_Bermuda" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda">Roman Catholic Diocese of Hamilton in Bermuda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Theresa_of_Lisieux" title="Cathedral of Saint Theresa of Lisieux">Cathedral of Saint Theresa of Lisieux</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Bermuda" title="Outline of Bermuda">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Bermuda-related_articles" title="Index of Bermuda-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bermuda" title="Category:Bermuda">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ecology_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:North_America_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:North America topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ecology_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecology of North America">Ecology of North America </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Antigua and Barbuda (page does not exist)">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_the_Bahamas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of the Bahamas (page does not exist)">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Barbados&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Barbados (page does not exist)">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Belize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Belize (page does not exist)">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Canada (page does not exist)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Costa_Rica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Costa Rica (page does not exist)">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Cuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Cuba (page does not exist)">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Dominica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Dominica (page does not exist)">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_El_Salvador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of El Salvador (page does not exist)">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Grenada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Grenada (page does not exist)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Guatemala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Guatemala (page does not exist)">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Haiti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Haiti (page does not exist)">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecology of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Nicaragua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Nicaragua (page does not exist)">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Panama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Panama (page does not exist)">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Saint Kitts and Nevis (page does not exist)">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Saint_Lucia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Saint Lucia (page does not exist)">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (page does not exist)">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecology of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_the_United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of the United States (page does not exist)">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Dependencies and<br />other territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Anguilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Anguilla (page does not exist)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Aruba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Aruba (page does not exist)">Aruba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of the British Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_the_Cayman_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of the Cayman Islands (page does not exist)">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Cura%C3%A7ao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Curaçao (page does not exist)">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Greenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Greenland (page does not exist)">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Guadeloupe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Guadeloupe (page does not exist)">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Martinique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Martinique (page does not exist)">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Montserrat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Montserrat (page does not exist)">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Puerto_Rico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Puerto Rico (page does not exist)">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Saint Barthélemy (page does not exist)">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (page does not exist)">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Saba_(island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Saba (island) (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of the Turks and Caicos Islands (page does not exist)">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecology of the United States Virgin Islands (page does not exist)">United States Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&oldid=1258083459">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&oldid=1258083459</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_of_Bermuda" title="Category:Biota of Bermuda">Biota of Bermuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biota_of_archipelagoes" title="Category:Biota of archipelagoes">Biota of archipelagoes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_Bermuda" title="Category:Environment of Bermuda">Environment of Bermuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Bermuda" title="Category:Flora of Bermuda">Flora of Bermuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nearctic_ecoregions" title="Category:Nearctic ecoregions">Nearctic ecoregions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_history_of_Bermuda" title="Category:Natural history of Bermuda">Natural history of Bermuda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tropical_and_subtropical_coniferous_forests" title="Category:Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests">Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wildlife_by_country" title="Category:Wildlife by country">Wildlife by country</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 01:43<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecology_of_Bermuda&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-g98r4","wgBackendResponseTime":167,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.528","walltime":"0.706","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2170,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":94629,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16792,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":78046,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 464.179 1 -total"," 39.93% 185.343 1 Template:Bermuda_topics"," 39.14% 181.694 1 Template:Territory_topics"," 35.10% 162.948 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.36% 99.169 2 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.06% 32.754 1 Template:Convert"," 6.83% 31.692 7 Template:Cite_web"," 5.33% 24.757 1 Template:Div_col"," 4.44% 20.629 1 Template:Webarchive"," 3.44% 15.950 1 Template:Bulleted_list"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.258","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6327766,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-mqwh4","timestamp":"20241126111727","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Ecology of Bermuda","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ecology_of_Bermuda","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8001359","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8001359","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-01T00:27:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T01:43:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/87\/Image-Juniperus_bermudiana_-_mature.jpg","headline":"WWF Ecoregion"}</script> </body> </html>