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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_printed_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_printed_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Related printed material </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_printed_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_disc,_online,_and_mobile_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_disc,_online,_and_mobile_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Optical disc, online, and mobile versions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_disc,_online,_and_mobile_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Personnel and management </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personnel_and_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personnel and management subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personnel_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contributors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Contributors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Staff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Editorial_advisors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editorial_advisors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Editorial advisors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editorial_advisors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Corporate structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Competition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Competition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Competition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Print_encyclopaedias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print_encyclopaedias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Print encyclopaedias </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print_encyclopaedias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_encyclopaedias_on_optical_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_encyclopaedias_on_optical_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Digital encyclopaedias on optical media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_encyclopaedias_on_optical_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wikipedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wikipedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Wikipedia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wikipedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical_and_popular_assessments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical_and_popular_assessments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Critical and popular assessments </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Critical_and_popular_assessments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Critical and popular assessments subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Critical_and_popular_assessments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coverage_of_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coverage_of_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Coverage of topics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coverage_of_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_editorial_decisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_editorial_decisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Criticism of editorial decisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_editorial_decisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Other criticisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1768–1826" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1768–1826"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 1768–1826 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1768–1826-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1827–1901" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1827–1901"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 1827–1901 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1827–1901-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1901–1973" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1901–1973"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 1901–1973 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1901–1973-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1974–1994" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1974–1994"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 1974–1994 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1974–1994-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1994–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1994–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 1994–present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1994–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dedications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dedications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Dedications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dedications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edition_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edition_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Edition summary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edition_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Encyclopædia Britannica</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" > 105 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الموسوعة البريطانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموسوعة البريطانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannika_Ensiklopediyas%C4%B1" title="Britannika Ensiklopediyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Britannika Ensiklopediyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্রিটানিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্রিটানিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Британ энциклопедияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Британ энциклопедияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Энцыклапедыя Брытаніка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энцыклапедыя Брытаніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="एन्साइक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटैनिका – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एन्साइक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटैनिका" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Енциклопедия Британика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енциклопедия Британика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لموسوعة لبريطانية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لموسوعة لبريطانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia_Brit%C3%A1nica" title="Enciclopedia Británica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enciclopedia Británica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="دانشنامه بریتانیکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشنامه بریتانیکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%83%9C%EB%8B%88%EC%BB%A4_%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84" title="브리태니커 백과사전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브리태니커 백과사전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Բրիտանիկա հանրագիտարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրիտանիկա հանրագիտարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="ब्रिटैनिका विश्वकोष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रिटैनिका विश्वकोष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্রিটানিকা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্রিটানিকা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enciclopedia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אנציקלופדיה בריטניקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנציקלופדיה בריטניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B6" title="ಬ್ರಿಟಾನಿಕಾ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರಿಟಾನಿಕಾ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ენციკლოპედია ბრიტანიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენციკლოპედია ბრიტანიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%96%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اِنسایکلوپیٖڈیا بریٹانیکا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنسایکلوپیٖڈیا بریٹانیکا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Британника энциклопедиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Британника энциклопедиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" title="Encyclopedia Britannica – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Encyclopedia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Британ энциклопедиясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Британ энциклопедиясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Encyclopaedia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Енциклопедија Британика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Енциклопедија Британика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="എൻസൈക്ലോപീഡിയ ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എൻസൈക്ലോപീഡിയ ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="एनसायक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटानिका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एनसायक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटानिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ენციკლოპედია ბრიტანიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ენციკლოპედია ბრიტანიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="انسيكلوبيديا بريتانيكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انسيكلوبيديا بريتانيكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="بریتانیکا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بریتانیکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia_Britannica" title="Ensiklopedia Britannica – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ensiklopedia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Британника нэвтэрхий толь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Британника нэвтэрхий толь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="इन्साइक्लोपिडिया ब्रिटानिका – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्साइक्लोपिडिया ब्रिटानिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8" title="ブリタニカ百科事典 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブリタニカ百科事典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਨਸਾਈਕਲੋਪੀਡੀਆ ਬ੍ਰਿਟੈਨਿਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਨਸਾਈਕਲੋਪੀਡੀਆ ਬ੍ਰਿਟੈਨਿਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81" title="برېتانيکا دائرة المعارف – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېتانيکا دائرة المعارف" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Encyklopedia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Британская энциклопедия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британская энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entziclopedia_Britannica" title="Entziclopedia Britannica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Entziclopedia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" title="එන්සයික්ලොපීඩියා බ්‍රිටැනිකා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එන්සයික්ලොපීඩියා බ්‍රිටැනිකා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا برٽانيڪا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا برٽانيڪا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija_Britannica" title="Enciklopedija Britannica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enciklopedija Britannica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%B7%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%94%D0%B4%D1%97%EA%99%97_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Єнкѷклопєдїꙗ Британника – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єнкѷклопєдїꙗ Британника" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="زانیارینامەی بریتانیکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانیارینامەی بریتانیکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Енциклопедија Британика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енциклопедија Британика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nsiklop%C3%A9di_Britannica" title="Énsiklopédi Britannica – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Énsiklopédi Britannica" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரித்தானிக்கா கலைக்களஞ்சியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரித்தானிக்கா கலைக்களஞ்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9E%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="బ్రిటానికా విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్రిటానికా విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="สารานุกรมบริแทนนิกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารานุกรมบริแทนนิกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Britannica_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Britannica (disambiguation)">Britannica (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Encyclopædia Britannica <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.author=As+of+2008%3Csup+class%3D%22plainlinks+noexcerpt+noprint+asof-tag+update%22+style%3D%22display%3Anone%3B%22%3E%5B%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DEncyclop%25C3%25A6dia_Britannica%26action%3Dedit+%26%2391%3Bupdate%26%2393%3B%5D%3C%2Fsup%3E%5B%5BCategory%3AArticles+containing+potentially+dated+statements+from+2008%5D%5D%5B%5BCategory%3AAll+articles+containing+potentially+dated+statements%5D%5D%2C+4%2C411+named+contributors&rft.date=1768%E2%80%932010+%28printed+version%29&rft.pub=%5B%5BEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.%5D%5D&rft.place=%3Cdiv+class%3D%22plainlist+%22+%3E%0A%2A+%5B%5BUnited+Kingdom%5D%5D+%281768%E2%80%931901%29%0A%2A+%5B%5BUnited+States%5D%5D+%281901%E2%80%93present%29%0A%0A%3C%2Fdiv%3E&rft.pages=32%2C640+%2815th+edition%2C+2010%29"></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Britannica's logo of a blue thistle"><img alt="Britannica's logo of a blue thistle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.svg/220px-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.svg/330px-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/71/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.svg/440px-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="131" data-file-height="100" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Britannica's <a href="/wiki/Cirsium_vulgare" title="Cirsium vulgare">thistle</a> logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data">As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit">[update]</a>, 4,411 named contributors</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Illustrator</th><td class="infobox-data">Several; initial engravings by Andrew Bell</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">General</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1st through 6th editions (1768–1826): private publishers such as <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bell_(engraver)" title="Andrew Bell (engraver)">Andrew Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Constable" title="Archibald Constable">Archibald Constable</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Macfarquhar" title="Colin Macfarquhar">Colin Macfarquhar</a></li> <li>7th through 9th editions (1827–1901): <a href="/wiki/A_%26_C_Black" title="A & C Black">A & C Black</a></li> <li>10th through 14th editions (1901–1973): American businesses, including <a href="/wiki/Sears_Roebuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Sears Roebuck">Sears Roebuck</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Benton_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Benton Foundation">Benton Foundation</a></li> <li>15th edition (2010): Benton Foundation and <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> (as a separate entity, alongside <a href="/wiki/Britannica.com_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica.com Inc.">Britannica.com Inc.</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1768–2010 (printed version)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (1768–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (1901–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">32 volumes, hardbound (15th edition, 2010); print editions discontinued in 2012</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">32,640 (15th edition, 2010)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-292-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-292-5">978-1-59339-292-5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">031</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">AE5 .E363 2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://britannica.com">britannica.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Encyclopædia Britannica (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'British Encyclopaedia') is a <a href="/wiki/General_knowledge" title="General knowledge">general knowledge</a> English-language <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia">encyclopaedia</a>. It has been published by <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> since 1768, although the company has changed ownership seven times. The encyclopaedia is maintained by about 100 full-time editors and more than 4,000 contributors. The 2010 version of the 15th edition, which spans 32 volumes<a href="#cite_note-nytstop-1">[1]</a> and 32,640 pages, was the last printed edition. Since 2016, it has been published exclusively as an <a href="/wiki/Online_encyclopedia" title="Online encyclopedia">online encyclopaedia</a>. Printed for 244 years, the Britannica was the longest-running in-print encyclopaedia in the English language. It was first published between 1768 and 1771 in the Scottish capital of <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, in three volumes. The encyclopaedia grew in size; the second edition was 10 volumes,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and by its fourth edition (1801–1810), it had expanded to 20 volumes.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Its rising stature as a scholarly work helped recruit eminent contributors, and the 9th (1875–1889) and <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">11th editions</a> (1911) are landmark encyclopaedias for scholarship and literary style. Starting with the 11th edition and following its acquisition by an American firm, the Britannica shortened and simplified articles to broaden its appeal to the North American market. In 1933, the Britannica became the first encyclopaedia to adopt "continuous revision", in which the encyclopaedia is continually reprinted, with every article updated on a schedule.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In the 21st century, the Britannica suffered first from competition with the digital multimedia encyclopaedia <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Encarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Encarta">Microsoft Encarta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and later with the online <a href="/wiki/Peer_production" title="Peer production">peer-produced</a> encyclopaedia <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wired_best-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT_no_print-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic_no_print-7">[7]</a> In March 2012, it announced it would no longer publish printed editions and would focus instead on the online version.<a href="#cite_note-NYT_no_print-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Britannica has been assessed as being more politically centrist compared to Wikipedia, which is considered to have a more left-leaning orientation.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The 15th edition (1974–2010) has a three-part structure: a 12-volume Micropædia of short articles (generally fewer than 750 words), a 17-volume <a href="/wiki/Macrop%C3%A6dia" title="Macropædia">Macropædia</a> of long articles (two to 310 pages), and a single <a href="/wiki/Prop%C3%A6dia" title="Propædia">Propædia</a> volume to give a <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical">hierarchical</a> outline of knowledge. The Micropædia was meant for quick <a href="/wiki/Fact-checking" title="Fact-checking">fact-checking</a> and as a guide to the Macropædia; readers are advised to study the Propædia outline to understand a subject's context and to find more detailed articles. Over 70 years, the size of the Britannica has remained steady, with about 40 million words on half a million topics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Though published in the United States since 1901, the Britannica has for the most part maintained <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences" title="American and British English spelling differences">British English spelling</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Present_status">Present status</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Present status">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print_version">Print version</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Print version">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg/260px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg/390px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg/520px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>The 15th edition of the Britannica; the initial volume with the green spine is the Propædia; the red-spined and black-spined volumes are the Micropædia and the Macropædia, respectively. The last three volumes are the 2002 Book of the Year (black spine) and the two-volume index (cyan spine).</figcaption></figure> From 1985, the Britannica consisted of four parts: the Micropædia, the Macropædia, the Propædia, and a two-volume index. The Britannica's articles are contained in the Micro- and Macropædia, which encompass 12 and 17 volumes, respectively, each volume having roughly one thousand pages. The 2007 Macropædia has 699 in-depth articles, ranging in length from two pages to 310 pages, with references and named contributors. In contrast, the 2007 Micropædia has roughly 65,000 articles, the vast majority (about 97%) of which contain fewer than 750 words, no references, and no named contributors.<a href="#cite_note-library_association_1996-10">[10]</a> The Micropædia articles are intended for quick fact-checking and to help in finding more thorough information in the Macropædia. The Macropædia articles are meant as authoritative, well-written commentaries on their subjects, as well as storehouses of information not covered elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a> The longest article (310 pages) is on the subject of the United States, and it resulted from merging separate articles on the individual <a href="/wiki/US_state" class="mw-redirect" title="US state">US states</a>. A 2013 "Global Edition" of Britannica contained approximately 40,000 articles.<a href="#cite_note-store.britannica.com-12">[12]</a> Information can be found in the Britannica by following the <a href="/wiki/Cross-reference" title="Cross-reference">cross-references</a> in the Micropædia and Macropædia; these are sparse, however, averaging one cross-reference per page.<a href="#cite_note-sader_1995-13">[13]</a> Readers are instead recommended to consult the alphabetical index or the Propædia, which organizes the Britannica's contents by topic.<a href="#cite_note-index_preface-14">[14]</a> The core of the Propædia is its "Outline of Knowledge", which aims to provide a logical framework for all human knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-propedia_preface-15">[15]</a> Accordingly, the Outline is consulted by the Britannica's editors to decide which articles should be included in the Micro- and Macropædia.<a href="#cite_note-propedia_preface-15">[15]</a> The Outline can also be used as a study guide, as it puts subjects in their proper perspective and suggests a series of Britannica articles for the student wishing to learn a topic in depth.<a href="#cite_note-propedia_preface-15">[15]</a> However, libraries have found that it is scarcely used for this purpose, and reviewers have recommended that it be dropped from the encyclopaedia.<a href="#cite_note-library_association_1992-16">[16]</a> The Propædia contains color transparencies of human anatomy and several appendices listing the staff members, advisors, and contributors to all three parts of the Britannica. Taken together, the Micropædia and Macropædia comprise roughly 40 million words and 24,000 images.<a href="#cite_note-index_preface-14">[14]</a> The two-volume index has 2,350 pages, listing the 228,274 topics covered in the Britannica, together with 474,675 subentries under those topics.<a href="#cite_note-sader_1995-13">[13]</a> The Britannica generally prefers <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British spelling</a> over <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a>;<a href="#cite_note-sader_1995-13">[13]</a> for example, it uses colour (not color), centre (not center), and encyclopaedia (not encyclopedia). There are some exceptions to this rule, such as defense rather than defence.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] Common alternative spellings are provided with cross-references such as "Color: see Colour." Since 1936, the Britannica has been revised on a regular schedule, with at least 10% of the articles considered for revision each year.<a href="#cite_note-sader_1995-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-encyclopaedia_1954-18">[18]</a> According to one Britannica website, 46% of the articles in the 2007 edition were revised over the preceding three years;<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> however, according to another Britannica website, only 35% of the articles were revised over the same period.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The alphabetization of articles in the Micropædia and Macropædia follows strict rules.<a href="#cite_note-micropedia_preface-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritical</a> marks and non-English letters are ignored, while numerical entries such as "<a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">1812, War of</a>" are alphabetized as if the number had been written out ("Eighteen-twelve, War of"). Articles with identical names are ordered first by persons, then by places, then by things. Rulers with identical names are organized first alphabetically by country and then by chronology; thus, <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III</a> of France precedes <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a>, listed in Britannica as the ruler of Great Britain and Ireland. (That is, they are alphabetized as if their titles were "Charles, France, 3" and "Charles, Great Britain and Ireland, 1".) Similarly, places that share names are organized alphabetically by country, then by ever-smaller political divisions. In March 2012, the company announced that the 2010 edition would be the last printed version. This was part of a move by the company to adapt to the times and focus on its future using digital distribution.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The peak year for the printed encyclopaedia was 1990, when 120,000 sets were sold, but sales had dropped to 40,000 per annum by 1996.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> There were 12,000 sets of the 2010 edition printed, of which 8,000 had been sold by March 2012.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> By late April 2012, the remaining copies of the 2010 edition had sold out at Britannica's online store. As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit">[update]</a>, a replica of Britannica's 1768 first edition is available via the online store.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_printed_material">Related printed material</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Related printed material">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children%27s_Britannica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Children%27s_Britannica.jpg/220px-Children%27s_Britannica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Children%27s_Britannica.jpg/330px-Children%27s_Britannica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Children%27s_Britannica.jpg/440px-Children%27s_Britannica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Children's Britannica</figcaption></figure> Britannica Junior was first published in 1934 as 12 volumes. It was expanded to 15 volumes in 1947, and renamed Britannica Junior Encyclopædia in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> It was taken off the market after the 1984 printing. A British Children's Britannica edited by <a href="/wiki/John_Armitage_(editor)" title="John Armitage (editor)">John Armitage</a> was issued in London in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Its contents were determined largely by the <a href="/wiki/Eleven-plus" title="Eleven-plus">eleven-plus</a> standardized tests given in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-EB1988-28">[28]</a> Britannica introduced the Children's Britannica to the US market in 1988, aimed at ages seven to 14. In 1961, a 16-volume Young Children's Encyclopaedia was issued for children just learning to read.<a href="#cite_note-EB1988-28">[28]</a> My First Britannica is aimed at children ages six to 12, and the Britannica Discovery Library is for children aged three to six (issued 1974 to 1991).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> There have been, and are, several abridged Britannica encyclopaedias. The single-volume Britannica Concise Encyclopædia has 28,000 short articles condensing the larger 32-volume Britannica;<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> there are authorized translations in languages such as Chinese<a href="#cite_note-TTO_Pham_Hong_Quan-31">[31]</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_China_Publishing_House" title="Encyclopedia of China Publishing House">Encyclopedia of China Publishing House</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TTO_English-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-TTO_Nguyen_Viet_Long-34">[34]</a> Compton's by Britannica, first published in 2007, incorporating the former <a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Compton's Encyclopedia">Compton's Encyclopedia</a>, is aimed at 10- to 17-year-olds and consists of 26 volumes and 11,000 pages.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Since 1938, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has published annually a Book of the Year covering the past year's events. A given edition of the Book of the Year is named in terms of the year of its publication, though the edition actually covers the events of the previous year. The company also publishes several specialized reference works, such as Shakespeare: The Essential Guide to the Life and Works of the Bard (Wiley, 2006). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_disc,_online,_and_mobile_versions">Optical disc, online, and mobile versions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Optical disc, online, and mobile versions">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Britannica_Ultimate_Reference_Suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite">Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite</a> 2012 DVD contains over 100,000 articles.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> This includes regular Britannica articles, as well as others drawn from the Britannica Student Encyclopædia, and the Britannica Elementary Encyclopædia. The package includes a range of supplementary content including maps, videos, sound clips, animations and web links. It also offers study tools and dictionary and thesaurus entries from <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. Britannica Online is a website with more than 120,000 articles and is updated regularly.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> It has daily features, updates and links to news reports from The New York Times and the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC</a>. As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit">[update]</a>, roughly 60% of Encyclopædia Britannica's revenue came from online operations, of which around 15% came from subscriptions to the consumer version of the websites.<a href="#cite_note-econsultancy_20090210-38">[38]</a> As of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit">[update]</a>, subscriptions were available on a yearly, monthly or weekly basis.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Special subscription plans are offered to schools, colleges and libraries; such institutional subscribers constitute an important part of Britannica's business. Beginning in early 2007, the Britannica made articles freely available if they are hyperlinked from an external site. Non-subscribers are served pop-ups and advertising.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> On 20 February 2007, Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated announced that it was working with mobile phone search company <a href="/wiki/AskMeNow" title="AskMeNow">AskMeNow</a> to launch a mobile encyclopaedia.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Users will be able to send a question via text message, and AskMeNow will search Britannica's 28,000-article concise encyclopaedia to return an answer to the query. Daily topical features sent directly to users' mobile phones were also planned. On 3 June 2008, an initiative to facilitate collaboration between online expert and amateur scholarly contributors for Britannica's online content (in the spirit of a <a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">wiki</a>), with editorial oversight from Britannica staff, was announced.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Approved contributions would be credited,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> though contributing automatically grants Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated perpetual, irrevocable license to those contributions.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> On 22 January 2009, Britannica's president, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Cauz" title="Jorge Cauz">Jorge Cauz</a>, announced that the company would be accepting edits and additions to the online Britannica website from the public. The published edition of the encyclopaedia will not be affected by the changes.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-46">[46]</a> Individuals wishing to edit the Britannica website will have to register under their real name and address prior to editing or submitting their content.<a href="#cite_note-tg-47">[47]</a> All edits submitted will be reviewed and checked and will have to be approved by the encyclopaedia's professional staff.<a href="#cite_note-tg-47">[47]</a> Contributions from non-academic users will sit in a separate section from the expert-generated Britannica content,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> as will content submitted by non-Britannica scholars.<a href="#cite_note-times-49">[49]</a> Articles written by users, if vetted and approved, will also only be available in a special section of the website, separate from the professional articles.<a href="#cite_note-telegraph-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-times-49">[49]</a> Official Britannica material would carry a "Britannica Checked" stamp, to distinguish it from the user-generated content.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> On 14 September 2010, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. announced a partnership with mobile phone development company <a href="/wiki/Concentric_Sky" title="Concentric Sky">Concentric Sky</a> to launch a series of <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> products aimed at the <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a> market.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> On 20 July 2011, Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated announced that Concentric Sky had ported the Britannica Kids product line to Intel's <a href="/wiki/Intel_Atom" title="Intel Atom">Intel Atom</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Netbooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Netbooks">Netbooks</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and on 26 October 2011 that it had launched its encyclopaedia as an <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a> <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">app</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 2010, Britannica released Britannica ImageQuest, a database of images.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In March 2012, it was announced that the company would cease printing the encyclopaedia set, and that it would focus on its online version.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> On 7 June 2018, Britannica released a <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome_extension" class="mw-redirect" title="Google Chrome extension">Google Chrome extension</a>, "Britannica Insights", which shows snippets of information from Britannica Online whenever the user performs a <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a>, in a box to the right of Google's results.<a href="#cite_note-:0-58">[58]</a> Britannica Insights was also available as a <a href="/wiki/Firefox" title="Firefox">Firefox</a> extension but this was taken down due to a <a href="/wiki/Code_review" title="Code review">code review</a> issue.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel_and_management">Personnel and management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personnel and management">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributors">Contributors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contributors">edit</a>]</div> The print version of the Britannica has 4,411 contributors, many eminent in their fields, such as Nobel laureate economist <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, astronomer <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>, and surgeon <a href="/wiki/Michael_DeBakey" title="Michael DeBakey">Michael DeBakey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-macropaedia_contributors-60">[60]</a> Roughly a quarter of the contributors are deceased, some as long ago as 1947 (<a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a>), while another quarter are retired or <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">emeritus</a>. Most (approximately 98%)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] contribute to only a single article; however, 64 contributed to three articles, 23 contributed to four articles, 10 contributed to five articles, and 8 contributed to more than five articles. An exceptionally prolific contributor is <a href="/wiki/Christine_Sutton" title="Christine Sutton">Christine Sutton</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, who contributed 24 articles on <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> While Britannica's authors have included writers such as <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-62">[62]</a> as well as notable independent encyclopaedists such as <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> some have been criticized for lack of expertise. In 1911, the historian <a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Burr" title="George Lincoln Burr">George L. Burr</a> wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">With a temerity almost appalling, [the Britannica contributor, Mr. Philips] ranges over nearly the whole field of European history, political, social, ecclesiastical... The grievance is that [this work] lacks authority. This, too—this reliance on editorial energy instead of on ripe special learning—may, alas, be also counted an "Americanizing": for certainly nothing has so cheapened the scholarship of our American encyclopaedias.<a href="#cite_note-burr_1911-65">[65]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staff">Staff</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Staff">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Spencer_Baynes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thomas_Spencer_Baynes.jpg/180px-Thomas_Spencer_Baynes.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thomas_Spencer_Baynes.jpg/270px-Thomas_Spencer_Baynes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thomas_Spencer_Baynes.jpg/360px-Thomas_Spencer_Baynes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spencer_Baynes" title="Thomas Spencer Baynes">Thomas Spencer Baynes</a>, editor of the 9th edition. This portrait, painted in 1888, hangs in the Senate Room of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a>.</figcaption></figure> As of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit">[update]</a> in the 15th edition of Britannica, <a href="/wiki/Dale_Hoiberg" title="Dale Hoiberg">Dale Hoiberg</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology">sinologist</a>, was listed as Britannica's Senior Vice President and editor-in-chief.<a href="#cite_note-propedia_staff-66">[66]</a> Among his predecessors as editors-in-chief were <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Hugh Chisholm</a> (1902–1924), <a href="/wiki/James_Louis_Garvin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Louis Garvin">James Louis Garvin</a> (1926–1932), <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Henry_Hooper" title="Franklin Henry Hooper">Franklin Henry Hooper</a> (1932–1938),<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Yust" title="Walter Yust">Walter Yust</a> (1938–1960), <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ashmore" title="Harry Ashmore">Harry Ashmore</a> (1960–1963), <a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Preece" title="Warren E. Preece">Warren E. Preece</a> (1964–1968, 1969–1975), Sir <a href="/wiki/William_Haley" title="William Haley">William Haley</a> (1968–1969), <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Goetz" title="Philip W. Goetz">Philip W. Goetz</a> (1979–1991),<a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_McHenry" title="Robert McHenry">Robert McHenry</a> (1992–1997).<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_History-68">[68]</a> As of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit">[update]</a> Anita Wolff was listed as the Deputy Editor and <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Pappas" title="Theodore Pappas">Theodore Pappas</a> as Executive Editor.<a href="#cite_note-propedia_staff-66">[66]</a> Prior Executive Editors include John V. Dodge (1950–1964) and Philip W. Goetz. Paul T. Armstrong remains the longest working employee of Encyclopædia Britannica. He began his career there in 1934, eventually earning the positions of treasurer, vice president, and chief financial officer in his 58 years with the company, before retiring in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The 2007 editorial staff of the Britannica included five Senior Editors and nine Associate Editors, supervised by Dale Hoiberg and four others. The editorial staff helped to write the articles of the Micropædia and some sections of the Macropædia.<a href="#cite_note-EB_biochemistry-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editorial_advisors">Editorial advisors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Editorial advisors">edit</a>]</div> As of 2012, Britannica had an editorial board of advisors, which included a number of distinguished figures, primarily scholars from a variety of disciplines.<a href="#cite_note-propedia_editorial_advisors-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Past and present members of the board have included: non-fiction author <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_G._Carr" title="Nicholas G. Carr">Nicholas Carr</a>, religion scholar <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a>, political economist <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_M._Friedman" title="Benjamin M. Friedman">Benjamin M. Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Foreign_Relations" title="Council on Foreign Relations">Council on Foreign Relations</a> President Emeritus <a href="/wiki/Leslie_H._Gelb" title="Leslie H. Gelb">Leslie H. Gelb</a>, computer scientist <a href="/wiki/David_Gelernter" title="David Gelernter">David Gelernter</a>, Physics Nobel laureate <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Corporation_of_New_York" title="Carnegie Corporation of New York">Carnegie Corporation of New York</a> President <a href="/wiki/Vartan_Gregorian" title="Vartan Gregorian">Vartan Gregorian</a>, philosopher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Thomas Nagel</a>, cognitive scientist <a href="/wiki/Donald_Norman" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald Norman">Donald Norman</a>, musicologist <a href="/wiki/Don_Michael_Randel" title="Don Michael Randel">Don Michael Randel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Sutherland,_Baron_Sutherland_of_Houndwood" title="Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood">Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a>, and cultural anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Wesch" title="Michael Wesch">Michael Wesch</a>. The Propædia and its Outline of Knowledge were produced by dozens of editorial advisors under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Mortimer J. Adler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-propedia_other_editorial_advisors-73">[73]</a> Roughly half of these advisors have since died, including some of the Outline's chief architects – <a href="/wiki/Rene_Dubos" class="mw-redirect" title="Rene Dubos">Rene Dubos</a> (d. 1982), <a href="/wiki/Loren_Eiseley" title="Loren Eiseley">Loren Eiseley</a> (d. 1977), <a href="/wiki/Harold_D._Lasswell" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold D. Lasswell">Harold D. Lasswell</a> (d. 1978), <a href="/wiki/Mark_Van_Doren" title="Mark Van Doren">Mark Van Doren</a> (d. 1972), <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ritchie_Calder" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Ritchie Calder">Peter Ritchie Calder</a> (d. 1982) and Mortimer J. Adler (d. 2001). The Propædia also lists just under 4,000 advisors who were consulted for the unsigned Micropædia articles.<a href="#cite_note-micropaedia_consultants-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Corporate_structure">Corporate structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Corporate structure">edit</a>]</div> In January 1996, the Britannica was purchased from the Benton Foundation by billionaire Swiss financier <a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Safra" title="Jacqui Safra">Jacqui Safra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> who serves as its current chair of the board. In 1997, Don Yannias, a long-time associate and investment advisor of Safra, became CEO of Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 1999, a new company, <a href="/wiki/Britannica.com_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica.com Inc.">Britannica.com Incorporated</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Corporate_spin-off" title="Corporate spin-off">created</a> to develop digital versions of the Britannica; Yannias assumed the role of CEO in the new company, while his former position at the parent company remained vacant for two years. Yannias' tenure at Britannica.com Incorporated was marked by missteps, considerable lay-offs, and financial losses.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In 2001, Yannias was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Yeshua" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilan Yeshua">Ilan Yeshua</a>, who reunited the leadership of the two companies.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Yannias later returned to investment management, but remains on the Britannica's Board of Directors. In 2003, former management consultant <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Aguilar-Cauz" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorge Aguilar-Cauz">Jorge Aguilar-Cauz</a> was appointed President of Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated. Cauz is the senior executive and reports directly to the Britannica's Board of Directors. Cauz has been pursuing alliances with other companies and extending the Britannica brand to new educational and reference products, continuing the strategy pioneered by former CEO <a href="/wiki/Elkan_Harrison_Powell" title="Elkan Harrison Powell">Elkan Harrison Powell</a> in the mid-1930s.<a href="#cite_note-propedia_Chair_President-79">[79]</a> In the fall of 2017, <a href="/wiki/Karthik_Krishnan" title="Karthik Krishnan">Karthik Krishnan</a> was appointed global chief executive officer of the Encyclopædia Britannica Group. Krishnan brought a varied perspective to the role based on several high-level positions in digital media, including RELX (formerly known as Reed Elsevier, and one of the constituents of the FTSE 100 Index) and Rodale, in which he was responsible for "driving business and cultural transformation and accelerating growth".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Taking the reins of the company as it was preparing to mark its 250th anniversary and define the next phase of its digital strategy for consumers and K–12 schools, Krishnan launched a series of new initiatives in his first year. First was Britannica Insights,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> a free, downloadable software extension to the Google Chrome browser that served up edited, fact-checked Britannica information with queries on search engines such as Google, Yahoo, and Bing. Its purpose, the company said, was to "provide trusted, verified information" in conjunction with search results that were thought to be increasingly unreliable in the era of misinformation and "fake news." The product was quickly followed by Britannica School Insights, which provided similar content for subscribers to Britannica's online classroom solutions, and a partnership with YouTube<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> in which verified Britannica content appeared on the site as an antidote to user-generated video content that could be false or misleading. Krishnan, an educator at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business" title="New York University Stern School of Business">Stern School of Business</a>, believes in the "transformative power of education"<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> and set steering the company toward solidifying its place among leaders in educational technology and supplemental curriculum. Krishnan aimed at providing more useful and relevant solutions to customer needs, extending and renewing Britannica's historical emphasis on "utility",<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> which had been the watchword of its first edition in 1768. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Competition">Competition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Competition">edit</a>]</div> As the Britannica is a general encyclopaedia, it does not seek to compete with specialized encyclopaedias such as the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia of Mathematics">Encyclopaedia of Mathematics</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Dictionary of the Middle Ages">Dictionary of the Middle Ages</a>, which can devote much more space to their chosen topics. In its first years, the Britannica's main competitor was the general encyclopaedia of <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Chambers" title="Ephraim Chambers">Ephraim Chambers</a> and, soon thereafter, <a href="/wiki/Rees%27s_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" title="Rees's Cyclopædia">Rees's Cyclopædia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge's</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Metropolitana" title="Encyclopædia Metropolitana">Encyclopædia Metropolitana</a>. In the 20th century, successful competitors included <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's Encyclopedia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Book_Encyclopedia" title="World Book Encyclopedia">World Book Encyclopedia</a>. Nevertheless, from the 9th edition onwards, the Britannica was widely considered to have the greatest authority of any general English-language encyclopaedia,<a href="#cite_note-thomas_1992-85">[85]</a> especially because of its broad coverage and eminent authors.<a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-sader_1995-13">[13]</a> The print version of the Britannica was significantly more expensive than its competitors.<a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-sader_1995-13">[13]</a> Since the early 1990s, the Britannica has faced new challenges from digital information sources. The Internet, facilitated by the development of <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engines</a>, has grown into a common source of information for many people, and provides easy access to reliable original sources and expert opinions, thanks in part to initiatives such as <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>'s <a href="/wiki/MIT_OpenCourseWare" title="MIT OpenCourseWare">release of its educational materials</a> and the open <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PubMed Central</a> library of the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The Internet tends to provide more current coverage than print media, due to the ease with which material on the Internet can be updated.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In rapidly changing fields such as science, technology, politics, culture and modern history, the Britannica has struggled to stay up to date, a problem first analysed systematically by its former editor Walter Yust.<a href="#cite_note-EB_1954-89">[89]</a> Eventually, the Britannica turned to focus more on its online edition.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print_encyclopaedias">Print encyclopaedias</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Print encyclopaedias">edit</a>]</div> The Encyclopædia Britannica has been compared with other print encyclopaedias, both qualitatively and quantitatively.<a href="#cite_note-library_association_1996-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-sader_1995-13">[13]</a> A well-known comparison is that of <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kister" title="Kenneth Kister">Kenneth Kister</a>, who gave a qualitative and quantitative comparison of the 1993 Britannica with two comparable encyclopaedias, Collier's Encyclopedia and the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a> For the quantitative analysis, ten articles were selected at random—<a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Drew" title="Charles R. Drew">Charles Drew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_quotient" title="Intelligence quotient">IQ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">panda bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">sexual harassment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin" title="Shroud of Turin">Shroud of Turin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>—and letter grades of A–D or F were awarded in four categories: coverage, accuracy, clarity, and recency. In all four categories and for all three encyclopaedias, the four average grades fell between <a href="/wiki/Grading_in_education" title="Grading in education">B− and B+</a>, chiefly because none of the encyclopaedias had an article on sexual harassment in 1994. In the accuracy category, the Britannica received one "D" and seven "A"s, Encyclopedia Americana received eight "A"s, and Collier's received one "D" and seven "A"s; thus, Britannica received an average score of 92% for accuracy to Americana's 95% and Collier's 92%. In the timeliness category, Britannica averaged an 86% to Americana's 90% and Collier's 85%.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 2013, the President of Encyclopædia Britannica announced that after 244 years, the encyclopaedia would cease print production and all future editions would be entirely digital.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_encyclopaedias_on_optical_media">Digital encyclopaedias on optical media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Digital encyclopaedias on optical media">edit</a>]</div> The most notable competitor of the Britannica among CD/DVD-ROM digital encyclopaedias was Encarta,<a href="#cite_note-seymour_2006-93">[93]</a> now discontinued, a modern multimedia encyclopaedia that incorporated three print encyclopaedias: <a href="/wiki/Funk_%26_Wagnalls" title="Funk & Wagnalls">Funk & Wagnalls</a>, Collier's, and the New Merit Scholar's Encyclopedia. Encarta was the top-selling multimedia encyclopaedia, based on total US retail sales from January 2000 to February 2006.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Both occupied the same price range, with the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Ultimate_Reference_Suite" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite">2007 Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate</a> CD or DVD costing US$40–50<a href="#cite_note-2007EncartaPrice-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Store-96">[96]</a> and the Microsoft Encarta Premium 2007 DVD costing US$45.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_Store-97">[97]</a> The Britannica disc contains 100,000 articles and <a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_Dictionary" title="Webster's Dictionary">Merriam-Webster's Dictionary and Thesaurus</a> (US only) and offers primary and secondary school editions.<a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Store-96">[96]</a> Encarta contained 66,000 articles, a user-friendly Visual Browser, interactive maps, math, language, and homework tools, a US and UK dictionary, and a youth edition.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_Store-97">[97]</a> Like Encarta, the digital Britannica has been criticized for being biased towards United States audiences; the United Kingdom-related articles are updated less often, maps of the United States are more detailed than those of other countries, and it lacks a UK dictionary.<a href="#cite_note-seymour_2006-93">[93]</a> Like the Britannica, Encarta was available online by subscription, although some content could be accessed for free.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wikipedia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a></div> The main online alternative to Britannica is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tancer-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woodson-101">[101]</a> The key differences between the two lie in accessibility; the model of participation they bring to an <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9distes" title="Encyclopédistes">encyclopedic project</a>; their respective style sheets and editorial policies; relative ages; the number of subjects treated; the number of languages in which articles are written and made available; and their underlying economic models: unlike Britannica, Wikipedia is not-for-profit, does not carry advertising on its site, and is not connected with traditional profit- and contract-based publishing distribution networks. Britannica's articles either have known authorship or a set of possible authors (the editorial staff). With the exception of the editorial staff, most Britannica's contributors are experts in their field—some are Nobel laureates.<a href="#cite_note-macropaedia_contributors-60">[60]</a> By contrast, the articles on Wikipedia are written by people of unknown degrees of expertise; most do not claim any particular expertise, and of those who do, many are anonymous and have no verifiable credentials.<a href="#cite_note-Giles_Nature_study_2005-102">[102]</a> It is for this lack of institutional vetting or certification that former Britannica editor-in-chief Robert McHenry noted his belief in 2004 that Wikipedia could not hope to rival the Britannica in accuracy.<a href="#cite_note-FBE-103">[103]</a> In 2005, the journal Nature chose articles from both websites in a wide range of science topics and sent them to what it called "relevant" field experts for peer review. The experts then compared the competing articles—one from each site on a given topic—side by side, but were not told which article came from which site. Nature got back 42 usable reviews. The journal found just eight serious errors, such as general misunderstandings of vital concepts: four from each site. It also discovered many factual errors, omissions or misleading statements: 162 in Wikipedia and 123 in Britannica, an average of 3.86 mistakes per article for Wikipedia and 2.92 for Britannica.<a href="#cite_note-Giles_Nature_study_2005-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Although Britannica was revealed as the more accurate encyclopaedia, with fewer errors, in its rebuttal, it called Nature's study flawed and misleading<a href="#cite_note-fatally_flawed-105">[105]</a> and called for a "prompt" retraction. It noted that two of the articles in the study were taken from a Britannica yearbook and not the encyclopaedia, and another two were from Compton's Encyclopedia (called the Britannica Student Encyclopedia on the company's website). Nature defended its story and declined to retract, stating that, as it was comparing Wikipedia with the web version of Britannica, it used whatever relevant material was available on Britannica's website.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Interviewed in February 2009, the managing director of Britannica UK said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Wikipedia is a fun site to use and has a lot of interesting entries on there, but their approach wouldn't work for Encyclopædia Britannica. My job is to create more awareness of our very different approaches to publishing in the public mind. They're a chisel, we're a drill, and you need to have the correct tool for the job.<a href="#cite_note-econsultancy_20090210-38">[38]</a></blockquote> For the 15th anniversary of Wikipedia, the <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">Telegraph</a> published two opinion pieces which compared Wikipedia to Britannica and falsely claimed that Britannica had gone bankrupt in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In a January 2016 press release, Britannica responded by calling Wikipedia "an impressive achievement" but argued that critics should avoid "false comparisons" to Britannica in terms of differing models and purposes.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_and_popular_assessments">Critical and popular assessments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Critical and popular assessments">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reputation">Reputation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reputation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EB1_Plate_003_lark_flower.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/EB1_Plate_003_lark_flower.gif/180px-EB1_Plate_003_lark_flower.gif" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/EB1_Plate_003_lark_flower.gif/270px-EB1_Plate_003_lark_flower.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/EB1_Plate_003_lark_flower.gif/360px-EB1_Plate_003_lark_flower.gif 2x" data-file-width="2164" data-file-height="2968" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Intaglio printing">copperplate</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bell_(engraver)" title="Andrew Bell (engraver)">Andrew Bell</a> from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="History of the Encyclopædia Britannica">1st edition</a></figcaption></figure> Since the 3rd edition, the Britannica has enjoyed a popular and critical reputation for general excellence.<a href="#cite_note-library_association_1996-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-sader_1995-13">[13]</a> The 3rd and 9th editions were pirated for sale in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-110">[110]</a> beginning with <a href="/wiki/Dobson%27s_Encyclop%C3%A6dia" title="Dobson's Encyclopædia">Dobson's Encyclopædia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> On the release of the 14th edition, Time magazine dubbed the Britannica the "Patriarch of the Library".<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In a related advertisement, naturalist <a href="/wiki/William_Beebe" title="William Beebe">William Beebe</a> was quoted as saying that the Britannica was "beyond comparison because there is no competitor".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> References to the Britannica can be found throughout <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a>, most notably in one of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Conan_Doyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Conan Doyle">Sir Arthur Conan Doyle</a>'s favourite <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> stories, "<a href="/wiki/The_Red-Headed_League" title="The Red-Headed League">The Red-Headed League</a>". The tale was highlighted by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Inglefield" title="Gilbert Inglefield">Gilbert Inglefield</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Bicentennial_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Bicentennial of the Encyclopædia Britannica">bicentennial of the Britannica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EB_bicentennial-114">[114]</a> The Britannica has a reputation for summarizing knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-thomas_1992-85">[85]</a> To further their education, some people have devoted themselves to reading the entire Britannica, taking anywhere from three to 22 years to do so.<a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-110">[110]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Fath-Ali_Shah_Qajar" title="Fath-Ali Shah Qajar">Fat'h Ali</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Shah of Persia</a> in 1797, he was given a set of the Britannica's 3rd edition; after reading the complete set, he extended his royal title to include "Most Formidable Lord and Master of the Encyclopædia Britannica".<a href="#cite_note-EB_bicentennial-114">[114]</a> Writer <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> claimed to have read the complete 9th edition, except for the science articles;<a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Evelyn_Byrd" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Evelyn Byrd">Richard Evelyn Byrd</a> took the Britannica as reading material for his five-month stay at the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> in 1934; and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Beaver" title="Philip Beaver">Philip Beaver</a> read it during a sailing expedition. More recently, <a href="/wiki/A._J._Jacobs" title="A. J. Jacobs">A. J. Jacobs</a>, an editor at <a href="/wiki/Esquire_(magazine)" title="Esquire (magazine)">Esquire</a> magazine, read the entire 2002 version of the 15th edition, describing his experiences in the well-received 2004 book <a href="/wiki/The_Know-It-All:_One_Man%27s_Humble_Quest_to_Become_the_Smartest_Person_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World">The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World</a>. Only two people are known to have read two independent editions: the author <a href="/wiki/C._S._Forester" title="C. S. Forester">C. S. Forester</a><a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-110">[110]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amos_Urban_Shirk" title="Amos Urban Shirk">Amos Urban Shirk</a>, an American businessman who read the 11th and 14th editions, devoting roughly three hours per night for four and a half years to read the 11th.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards">Awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Awards">edit</a>]</div> The CD/DVD-ROM version of the Britannica, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Ultimate_Reference_Suite" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite">Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite</a>, received the 2004 Distinguished Achievement Award from the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Educational_Publishers" title="Association of Educational Publishers">Association of Educational Publishers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> On 15 July 2009, Encyclopædia Britannica was awarded a spot as one of "Top Ten Superbrands in the UK" by a panel of more than 2,000 independent reviewers, as reported by the BBC.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coverage_of_topics">Coverage of topics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Coverage of topics">edit</a>]</div> Topics are chosen in part by reference to the Propædia "Outline of Knowledge".<a href="#cite_note-propedia_preface-15">[15]</a> The bulk of the Britannica is devoted to geography (26% of the Macropædia), biography (14%), biology and medicine (11%), literature (7%), physics and astronomy (6%), religion (5%), art (4%), Western philosophy (4%), and law (3%).<a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a> A complementary study of the Micropædia found that geography accounted for 25% of articles, science 18%, social sciences 17%, biography 17%, and all other humanities 25%.<a href="#cite_note-sader_1995-13">[13]</a> Writing in 1992, one reviewer judged that the "range, depth, and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/catholicity" class="extiw" title="wikt:catholicity">catholicity</a> of coverage [of the Britannica] are unsurpassed by any other general Encyclopaedia."<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The Britannica does not cover topics in equal detail; for example, the whole of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and most other religions is covered in a single Macropædia article, whereas 14 articles are devoted to Christianity, comprising nearly half of all religion articles.<a href="#cite_note-macropaedia_2007-119">[119]</a> The Britannica covers 50,479 biographies, 5,999 of them about women, with 11.87% being British citizens and 25.51% US citizens.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> However, the Britannica has been lauded as the least biased of general Encyclopaedias marketed to Western readers<a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a> and praised for its biographies of important women of all eras.<a href="#cite_note-sader_1995-13">[13]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It can be stated without fear of contradiction that the 15th edition of the Britannica accords non-Western cultural, social, and scientific developments more notice than any general English-language encyclopedia currently on the market.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kister" title="Kenneth Kister">Kenneth Kister</a>, in Kister's Best Encyclopedias (1994)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_editorial_decisions">Criticism of editorial decisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Criticism of editorial decisions">edit</a>]</div> On rare occasions, the Britannica has been criticized for its editorial choices. Given its roughly constant size, the encyclopaedia has needed to reduce or eliminate some topics to accommodate others, resulting in controversial decisions. The initial 15th edition (1974–1985) was faulted for having reduced or eliminated coverage of children's literature, <a href="/wiki/Military_decoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Military decoration">military decorations</a>, and the French poet <a href="/wiki/Joachim_du_Bellay" title="Joachim du Bellay">Joachim du Bellay</a>; editorial mistakes were also alleged, such as inconsistent sorting of Japanese biographies.<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_1974-121">[121]</a> Its elimination of the index was condemned, as was the apparently arbitrary division of articles into the Micropædia and Macropædia.<a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-15th_criticism-122">[122]</a> Summing up, one critic called the initial 15th edition a "qualified failure...[that] cares more for juggling its format than for preserving."<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek_1974-121">[121]</a> More recently, reviewers from the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> were surprised to find that most educational articles had been eliminated from the 1992 Macropædia, along with the article on <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-library_association_1992-16">[16]</a> Some very few Britannica-appointed contributors are mistaken. A notorious instance from the Britannica's early years is the rejection of <a href="/wiki/Newtonian_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonian gravity">Newtonian gravity</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Gleig" title="George Gleig">George Gleig</a>, the chief editor of the 3rd edition (1788–1797), who wrote that gravity was caused by the <a href="/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" title="Fire (classical element)">classical element of fire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-110">[110]</a> The Britannica has also staunchly defended a scientific approach to cultural topics, as it did with <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_Smith" title="William Robertson Smith">William Robertson Smith</a>'s articles on religion in the 9th edition, particularly his article stating that the Bible was not historically accurate (1875).<a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_criticisms">Other criticisms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other criticisms">edit</a>]</div> The Britannica has received criticism, particularly as editions become outdated. It is expensive to produce a completely new edition of the Britannica,<a href="#cite_note-123">[a]</a> and its editors delay for as long as fiscally sensible (usually about 25 years).<a href="#cite_note-encyclopaedia_1954-18">[18]</a> For example, despite continuous revision, the 14th edition became outdated after 35 years (1929–1964). When American physicist <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Einbinder" title="Harvey Einbinder">Harvey Einbinder</a> detailed its failings in his 1964 book, The Myth of the Britannica,<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> the encyclopaedia was provoked to produce the 15th edition, which required 10 years of work.<a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a> Editors have struggled at times to keep the Britannica current: one 1994 critic writes, "It is not difficult to find articles that are out-of-date or in need of revision", noting that the longer Macropædia articles are more likely to be outdated than the shorter Micropædia articles.<a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a> Information in the Micropædia is sometimes inconsistent with the corresponding Macropædia article(s), mainly because of the failure to update one or the other.<a href="#cite_note-library_association_1996-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-sader_1995-13">[13]</a> The bibliographies of the Macropædia articles have been criticized for being more out-of-date than the articles themselves.<a href="#cite_note-library_association_1996-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-sader_1995-13">[13]</a> In 2005, a 12-year-old schoolboy in Britain found several inaccuracies in the Britannica's entries on Poland and wildlife in Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> In 2010, an entry about the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a>, which incorrectly described it as having been fought between the north and south of Ireland, was discussed in the Irish press following a decision by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Ireland)" title="Department of Education (Ireland)">Department of Education and Science</a> to pay for online access.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Writing about the 3rd edition (1788–1797), Britannica's chief editor George Gleig observed that "perfection seems to be incompatible with the nature of works constructed on such a plan and embracing such a variety of subjects."<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> In March 2006, the Britannica wrote, "we in no way mean to imply that Britannica is error-free; we have never made such a claim".<a href="#cite_note-fatally_flawed-105">[105]</a> However, the Britannica sales department had previously made a well-known claim in 1962 regarding the 14th edition that "[i]t is truth. It is unquestionable fact."<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> The sentiment of the 2006 statement was also reflected in the introduction to the first edition of the Britannica, written by its original editor <a href="/wiki/William_Smellie_(encyclopedist)" title="William Smellie (encyclopedist)">William Smellie</a>:<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">With regard to errors in general, whether falling under the denomination of mental, typographical or accidental, we are conscious of being able to point out a greater number than any critic whatever. Men who are acquainted with the innumerable difficulties attending the execution of a work of such an extensive nature will make proper allowances. To these we appeal, and shall rest satisfied with the judgment they pronounce.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="History of the Encyclopædia Britannica">History of the Encyclopædia Britannica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houghton_Typ_705.71.363_Encyclopaedia_Britannica,_1771_-_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Houghton_Typ_705.71.363_Encyclopaedia_Britannica%2C_1771_-_title_page.jpg/220px-Houghton_Typ_705.71.363_Encyclopaedia_Britannica%2C_1771_-_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Houghton_Typ_705.71.363_Encyclopaedia_Britannica%2C_1771_-_title_page.jpg/330px-Houghton_Typ_705.71.363_Encyclopaedia_Britannica%2C_1771_-_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Houghton_Typ_705.71.363_Encyclopaedia_Britannica%2C_1771_-_title_page.jpg/440px-Houghton_Typ_705.71.363_Encyclopaedia_Britannica%2C_1771_-_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="2843" /></a><figcaption>The title page of the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, published in 1771</figcaption></figure> Past owners have included, in chronological order, the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland-based printers Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, Scottish bookseller Archibald Constable, Scottish publisher A & C Black, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Everett_Hooper" title="Horace Everett Hooper">Horace Everett Hooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears</a> Roebuck, <a href="/wiki/William_Benton_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Benton (senator)">William Benton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Safra" title="Jacqui Safra">Jacqui Safra</a>, a Swiss billionaire of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. Recent advances in information technology and the rise of electronic encyclopaedias such as Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite, Encarta and Wikipedia have reduced the demand for print encyclopaedias.<a href="#cite_note-web-131">[130]</a> To remain competitive, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. has stressed the reputation of the Britannica, reduced its price and production costs, and developed electronic versions on <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>, DVD, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. Since the early 1930s, the company has promoted spin-off reference works.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopaedia_1954-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions">Editions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Editions">edit</a>]</div> The Britannica has been issued in 15 editions, with multi-volume supplements to the 3rd and 4th editions (see the <a href="#Edition_summary">Table</a> below). The 5th and 6th editions were reprints of the 4th, and the 10th edition was only a supplement to the 9th, just as the 12th and 13th editions were supplements to the 11th. The 15th underwent massive reorganization in 1985, but the updated, current version is still known as the 15th. The 14th and 15th editions were edited every year throughout their runs, so that later printings of each were entirely different from early ones. Throughout history, the Britannica has had two aims: to be an excellent reference book, and to provide educational material.<a href="#cite_note-EB_encyclopedia-132">[131]</a> In 1974, the 15th edition adopted a third goal: to systematize all human knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-propedia_preface-15">[15]</a> The history of the Britannica can be divided into five eras, punctuated by changes in management, or reorganization of the dictionary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1768–1826">1768–1826</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1768–1826">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosetta_Stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rosetta_Stone.jpg/220px-Rosetta_Stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rosetta_Stone.jpg/330px-Rosetta_Stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Rosetta_Stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>The early 19th-century editions of Encyclopædia Britannica included influential, original research such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young's</a> article on Egypt, which included the translation of the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">hieroglyphs</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> (pictured).</figcaption></figure> In the first era (1st–6th editions, 1768–1826), the Britannica was managed and published by its founders, Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, by Archibald Constable, and by others. The Britannica was first published between December 1768<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> and 1771 in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> as the Encyclopædia Britannica, or, A Dictionary of Arts and Sciences, compiled upon a New Plan. In part, it was conceived in reaction to the French <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="Encyclopédie">Encyclopédie</a> of <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d'Alembert">Jean le Rond d'Alembert</a> (published 1751–1772), which had been inspired by <a href="/wiki/Cyclop%C3%A6dia,_or_an_Universal_Dictionary_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Cyclopædia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences">Chambers's Cyclopaedia</a> (first edition 1728). It went on sale 10 December.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The Britannica of this period was primarily a Scottish enterprise, and it is one of the most enduring legacies of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> In this era, the Britannica moved from being a three-volume set (1st edition) compiled by one young editor—<a href="/wiki/William_Smellie_(encyclopedist)" title="William Smellie (encyclopedist)">William Smellie</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a>—to a 20-volume set written by numerous authorities.<a href="#cite_note-KafkerLoveland2009-137">[136]</a> Several other encyclopaedias competed throughout this period, among them editions of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Rees" title="Abraham Rees">Abraham Rees</a>'s Cyclopædia and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge's</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Metropolitana" title="Encyclopædia Metropolitana">Encyclopædia Metropolitana</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Encyclop%C3%A6dia" title="Edinburgh Encyclopædia">Edinburgh Encyclopædia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1827–1901">1827–1901</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1827–1901">edit</a>]</div> During the second era (7th–9th editions, 1827–1901), the Britannica was managed by the Edinburgh publishing firm A & C Black. Although some contributors were again recruited through friendships of the chief editors, notably <a href="/wiki/Macvey_Napier" title="Macvey Napier">Macvey Napier</a>, others were attracted by the Britannica's reputation. The contributors often came from other countries and included the world's most respected authorities in their fields. A general index of all articles was included for the first time in the 7th edition, a practice maintained until 1974. Production of the 9th edition was overseen by Thomas Spencer Baynes, the first English-born editor-in-chief. Dubbed the "Scholar's Edition", the 9th edition is the most scholarly of all Britannicas.<a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-110">[110]</a> After 1880, Baynes was assisted by <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_Smith" title="William Robertson Smith">William Robertson Smith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> No biographies of living persons were included.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huxley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Huxley">Thomas Huxley</a> were special advisors on science.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> However, by the close of the 19th century, the 9th edition was outdated, and the Britannica faced financial difficulties. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1901–1973">1901–1973</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1901–1973">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EncycBrit1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/EncycBrit1913.jpg/220px-EncycBrit1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/EncycBrit1913.jpg/330px-EncycBrit1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/EncycBrit1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>An advertisement for the 11th edition, published in the May 1913 issue of <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shipping_box_for_the_encyclopedia_Britannica_2013-04-13_12-24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A wooden crate reading "THE / ENCYCLOPAEDIA / BRITANNICA / STANDARD OF THE WORLD / FOURTEENTH EDITION / BLUE CLOTH / BOOKS KEEP DRY"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shipping_box_for_the_encyclopedia_Britannica_2013-04-13_12-24.jpg/220px-Shipping_box_for_the_encyclopedia_Britannica_2013-04-13_12-24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shipping_box_for_the_encyclopedia_Britannica_2013-04-13_12-24.jpg/330px-Shipping_box_for_the_encyclopedia_Britannica_2013-04-13_12-24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Shipping_box_for_the_encyclopedia_Britannica_2013-04-13_12-24.jpg/440px-Shipping_box_for_the_encyclopedia_Britannica_2013-04-13_12-24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>A wooden shipping crate for the 14th edition of the Britannica</figcaption></figure> In the third era (10th–14th editions, 1901–1973), the Britannica was managed by American businessmen who introduced <a href="/wiki/Direct_marketing" title="Direct marketing">direct marketing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">door-to-door</a> sales. The American owners gradually simplified articles, making them less scholarly for a mass market. The 10th edition was an eleven-volume supplement (including one each of maps and an index) to the 9th, numbered as volumes 25–35, but the 11th edition was a completely new work, and is still praised for excellence; its owner, Horace Hooper, lavished enormous effort on its perfection.<a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-110">[110]</a> When Hooper fell into financial difficulties, the Britannica was managed by <a href="/wiki/Sears_Roebuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Sears Roebuck">Sears Roebuck</a> for 18 years (1920–1923, 1928–1943). In 1932, the vice-president of Sears, Elkan Harrison Powell, assumed presidency of the Britannica; in 1936, he began the policy of continuous revision. This was a departure from earlier practice, in which the articles were not changed until a new edition was produced, at roughly 25-year intervals, some articles unchanged from earlier editions.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopaedia_1954-18">[18]</a> Powell developed new educational products that built upon the Britannica's reputation. In 1943, Sears donated the Encyclopædia Britannica to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_Benton_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Benton (senator)">William Benton</a>, then a vice president of the university, provided the working capital for its operation. The stock was divided between Benton and the university, with the university holding an option on the stock.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Benton became chairman of the board and managed the Britannica until his death in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Benton set up the Benton Foundation, which managed the Britannica until 1996, and whose sole beneficiary was the University of Chicago.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> In 1968, the Britannica celebrated <a href="/wiki/Bicentennial_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Bicentennial of the Encyclopædia Britannica">its bicentennial</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1974–1994">1974–1994</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 1974–1994">edit</a>]</div> In the fourth era (1974–1994), the Britannica introduced its 15th edition, which was reorganized into three parts: the Micropædia, the Macropædia, and the Propædia. Under Mortimer J. Adler (member of the Board of Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica since its inception in 1949, and its chair from 1974; director of editorial planning for the 15th edition of Britannica from 1965),<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> the Britannica sought not only to be a good reference work and educational tool, but to systematize all human knowledge. The absence of a separate index and the grouping of articles into parallel encyclopaedias (the Micro- and Macropædia) provoked a "firestorm of criticism" of the initial 15th edition.<a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-15th_criticism-122">[122]</a> In response, the 15th edition was completely reorganized and indexed for a re-release in 1985. This second version of the 15th edition continued to be published and revised through the release of the 2010 print version. The official title of the 15th edition is the New Encyclopædia Britannica, although it has also been promoted as Britannica 3.<a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a> On 9 March 1976 the US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> entered an opinion and order enjoining Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. from using: a) deceptive advertising practices in recruiting sales agents and obtaining sales leads, and b) deceptive sales practices in the door-to-door presentations of its sales agents.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1994–present">1994–present</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 1994–present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eb_advert_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Eb_advert_1898.jpg/260px-Eb_advert_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Eb_advert_1898.jpg/390px-Eb_advert_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Eb_advert_1898.jpg/520px-Eb_advert_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption>An 1898 advertisement for the 9th edition</figcaption></figure> In the fifth era (1994–present), digital versions have been developed and released on <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical media</a> and online. In 1996, the Britannica was bought by Jacqui Safra at well below its estimated value, owing to the company's financial difficulties. Encyclopædia Britannica, Incorporated split in 1999. One part retained the company name and developed the print version, and the other, Britannica.com Incorporated, developed digital versions. Since 2001, the two companies have shared a CEO, <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Yeshua" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilan Yeshua">Ilan Yeshua</a>, who has continued Powell's strategy of introducing new products with the Britannica name. In March 2012, Britannica's president, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Cauz" title="Jorge Cauz">Jorge Cauz</a>, announced that it would not produce any new print editions of the encyclopaedia, with the 2010 15th edition being the last. The company will focus only on the online edition and other educational tools.<a href="#cite_note-nytstop-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnn-stop-146">[145]</a> Britannica's final print edition was in 2010, a 32-volume set.<a href="#cite_note-nytstop-1">[1]</a> Britannica Global Edition was also printed in 2010, containing 30 volumes and 18,251 pages, with 8,500 photographs, maps, flags, and illustrations in smaller "compact" volumes, as well as over 40,000 articles written by scholars from across the world, including Nobel Prize winners. Unlike the 15th edition, it did not contain Macro- and Micropædia sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up through the 14th had. The following is Britannica's description of the work:<a href="#cite_note-store.britannica.com-12">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The editors of Encyclopædia Britannica, the world standard in reference since 1768, present the Britannica Global Edition. Developed specifically to provide comprehensive and global coverage of the world around us, this unique product contains thousands of timely, relevant, and essential articles drawn from the Encyclopædia Britannica itself, as well as from the Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, the Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions, and Compton's by Britannica. Written by international experts and scholars, the articles in this collection reflect the standards that have been the hallmark of the leading English-language encyclopedia for over 240 years.</blockquote> In 2020, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. released the Britannica All New Children's Encyclopedia: What We Know and What We Don't, an encyclopaedia aimed primarily at younger readers, covering major topics. The encyclopedia was widely praised for bringing back the print format. It was Britannica's first encyclopaedia for children since 1984.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dedications">Dedications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Dedications">edit</a>]</div> The Britannica was <a href="/wiki/Dedication_(publishing)" title="Dedication (publishing)">dedicated</a> to the reigning <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarch</a> from 1788 to 1901 and then, upon its sale to an American partnership, to the British monarch and the President of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a> Thus, the 11th edition is "dedicated by Permission to His Majesty <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">George the Fifth</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Great Britain and Ireland">King of Great Britain and Ireland</a> and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">Emperor of India</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, President of the United States of America."<a href="#cite_note-EB_1911-150">[149]</a> The order of the dedications has changed with the relative power of the United States and Britain, and with relative sales; the 1954 version of the 14th edition is "Dedicated by Permission to the Heads of the Two English-Speaking Peoples, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight David Eisenhower</a>, President of the United States of America, and Her Majesty, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth the Second</a>."<a href="#cite_note-EB_1954-89">[89]</a> Consistent with this tradition, the 2007 version of the current 15th edition was "dedicated by permission to the current President of the United States of America, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>, and Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II",<a href="#cite_note-propedia_3-151">[150]</a> while the 2010 version of the current 15th edition is "dedicated by permission to <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, President of the United States of America, and Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II."<a href="#cite_note-propedia2010-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Edition_summary">Edition summary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Edition summary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="History of the Encyclopædia Britannica">History of the Encyclopædia Britannica</a></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Overview of editions of Encyclopædia Britannica </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" abbr="Edition">Edition / supplement </th> <th scope="col" abbr="Publication">Publication years </th> <th scope="col">Size </th> <th scope="col">Sales </th> <th scope="col" abbr="Editor">Chief editor(s) </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_First_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica First Edition">1st</a> </th> <td>1768–1771 </td> <td>3 volumes, 2,391 pages,<a href="#cite_note-154">[b]</a> 160 plates </td> <td>3,000<a href="#cite_note-156">[c]</a> </td> <td>William Smellie </td> <td>Largely the work of one editor, Smellie; An estimated 3,000 sets were eventually sold, priced at £12 apiece; 30 articles longer than three pages. The pages were bound in three equally sized volumes covering Aa–Bzo, Caaba–Lythrum, and Macao–Zyglophyllum. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Second_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Second Edition">2nd</a> </th> <td>1777–1784 </td> <td>10 volumes, 8,595 pages, 340 plates </td> <td>1,500<a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-110">[110]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Tytler" title="James Tytler">James Tytler</a> </td> <td>Largely the work of one editor, Tytler; 150 long articles; pagination errors; all maps under "Geography" article; 1,500 sets sold<a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Third_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Third Edition">3rd</a> </th> <td>1788–1797 </td> <td>18 volumes, 14,579 pages, 542 plates </td> <td>10,000 or 13,000<a href="#cite_note-158">[d]</a> </td> <td>Colin Macfarquhar and George Gleig </td> <td>£42,000 profit on 10,000 copies sold; first dedication to monarch; pirated by Moore in Dublin and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dobson_(printer)" title="Thomas Dobson (printer)">Thomas Dobson</a> in Philadelphia </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Third_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Third Edition">supplement to 3rd</a> </th> <td>1801, revised in 1803 </td> <td>2 volumes, 1,624 pages, 50 plates </td> <td> </td> <td>George Gleig </td> <td>Copyright owned by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bonar" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bonar">Thomas Bonar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">4th </th> <td>1801–1810 </td> <td>20 volumes, 16,033 pages, 581 plates </td> <td>4,000<a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Millar_(scientist)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Millar (scientist)">James Millar</a> </td> <td>Authors first allowed to retain copyright. Material in the supplement to 3rd not incorporated due to copyright issues. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">5th </th> <td>1815–1817 </td> <td>20 volumes, 16,017 pages, 582 plates </td> <td> </td> <td>James Millar </td> <td>Reprint of the 4th edition. Financial losses by Millar and Andrew Bell's heirs; EB rights sold to <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Constable" title="Archibald Constable">Archibald Constable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">supplement to 4th, 5th, and 6th </th> <td>1816–1824 </td> <td>6 volumes, 4,933 pages, 125 plates<a href="#editionnote1">1</a> </td> <td>10,500<a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-110">[110]</a> </td> <td>Macvey Napier </td> <td>Famous contributors recruited, such as Sir <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Malthus">Malthus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">6th </th> <td>1820–1823 </td> <td>20 volumes </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maclaren" title="Charles Maclaren">Charles Maclaren</a> </td> <td>Reprint of the 4th and 5th editions with modern font. Constable went bankrupt on 19 January 1826; EB rights eventually secured by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Black" title="Adam Black">Adam Black</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">7th </th> <td>1830–1842 </td> <td>21 volumes, 17,101 pages, 506 plates, plus a 187-page index volume </td> <td>5,000<a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-110">[110]</a> </td> <td>Macvey Napier, assisted by <a href="/wiki/James_Browne_(writer)" title="James Browne (writer)">James Browne</a>, LLD </td> <td>Widening network of famous contributors, such as Sir <a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Quincey" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas de Quincey">Thomas de Quincey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Panizzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio Panizzi">Antonio Panizzi</a>; 5,000 sets sold<a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">8th </th> <td>1853–1860 </td> <td>21 volumes, 17,957 pages, 402 plates; plus a 239-page index volume, published 1861<a href="#editionnote2">2</a> </td> <td>8,000[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stewart_Traill" title="Thomas Stewart Traill">Thomas Stewart Traill</a> </td> <td>Many long articles were copied from the 7th edition; 344 contributors including <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson</a>; authorized American sets printed by Little, Brown in Boston; 8,000 sets sold altogether </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">9th </th> <td>1875–1889 </td> <td>24 volumes, plus a 499-page index volume labeled Volume 25 </td> <td>55,000 authorized<a href="#cite_note-161">[e]</a> plus 500,000 pirated sets </td> <td>Thomas Spencer Baynes (1875–80); then <a href="/wiki/W._Robertson_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="W. Robertson Smith">W. Robertson Smith</a> </td> <td>Some carry-over from 8th edition, but mostly a new work; high point of scholarship; 10,000 sets sold by Britannica and 45,000 authorized sets made in the US by Little, Brown in Boston and Schribners' Sons in NY, but pirated widely (500,000 sets) in the US.<a href="#editionnote3">3</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">10th, supplement to 9th </th> <td>1902–1903 </td> <td>11 volumes, plus the 24 volumes of the 9th. Volume 34 containing 124 detailed country maps with index of 250,000 names<a href="#editionnote4">4</a> </td> <td>70,000 </td> <td>Sir <a href="/wiki/Donald_Mackenzie_Wallace" title="Donald Mackenzie Wallace">Donald Mackenzie Wallace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Hugh Chisholm</a> in London; <a href="/wiki/Arthur_T._Hadley" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur T. Hadley">Arthur T. Hadley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Henry_Hooper" title="Franklin Henry Hooper">Franklin Henry Hooper</a> in New York City </td> <td>American partnership bought EB rights on 9 May 1901; high-pressure sales methods </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">11th</a> </th> <td>1910–1911</td> <td>28 volumes, plus volume 29 index </td> <td>1,000,000 </td> <td>Hugh Chisholm in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City </td> <td>Another high point of scholarship and writing; more articles than the 9th, but shorter and simpler; financial difficulties for owner, Horace Everett Hooper; EB rights sold to <a href="/wiki/Sears,_Roebuck_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sears, Roebuck and Company">Sears Roebuck</a> in 1920 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">12th, supplement to 11th </th> <td>1921–1922 </td> <td>3 volumes with own index, plus the 29 volumes of the 11th<a href="#editionnote5">5</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Hugh Chisholm in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City </td> <td>Summarized state of the world before, during, and after World War I </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">13th, supplement to 11th </th> <td>1926 </td> <td>3 volumes with own index, plus the 29 volumes of the 11th<a href="#editionnote6">6</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Louis_Garvin" class="mw-redirect" title="James Louis Garvin">James Louis Garvin</a> in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City </td> <td>Replaced 12th edition volumes; improved perspective of the events of 1910–1926 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">14th </th> <td>1929–1933 </td> <td>24 volumes<a href="#editionnote7">7</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>James Louis Garvin in London, Franklin Henry Hooper in New York City </td> <td>Publication just before Great Depression was financially catastrophic[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">revised 14th </th> <td>1933–1973 </td> <td>24 volumes<a href="#editionnote7">7</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Franklin Henry Hooper until 1938; then Walter Yust, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ashmore" title="Harry Ashmore">Harry Ashmore</a>, Warren E. Preece, William Haley </td> <td>Began continuous revision in 1936: every article revised at least twice every decade </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;" rowspan="2">15th </th> <td>1974–1984 </td> <td>30 volumes<a href="#editionnote8">8</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Warren E. Preece, then Philip W. Goetz </td> <td>Introduced three-part structure; division of articles into <a href="/wiki/Microp%C3%A6dia" title="Micropædia">Micropædia</a> and Macropædia; Propædia Outline of Knowledge; separate index eliminated </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985–2010</td> <td>32 volumes<a href="#editionnote9">9</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Philip W. Goetz, then <a href="/wiki/Robert_McHenry" title="Robert McHenry">Robert McHenry</a>, currently Dale Hoiberg </td> <td>Restored two-volume index; some Micropædia and Macropædia articles merged; slightly longer overall; new versions were issued every few years. This edition is the last printed edition. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;">Global </th> <td>2009 </td> <td>30 compact volumes </td> <td> </td> <td>Dale Hoiberg </td> <td>Unlike the 15th edition, it did not contain Macro- and Micropedia sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up to the 14th had. </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td class="toccolours">Edition notes 1"Supplement to the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica. With preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciences." 2 The 7th to 14th editions included a separate index volume. 3 The 9th edition featured articles by notables of the day, such as <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> on electricity and magnetism, and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin"> William Thomson</a> (who became Lord Kelvin) on heat. 4 The 10th edition included a maps volume and a cumulative index volume for the 9th and 10th edition volumes: the new volumes, constituting, in combination with the existing volumes of the 9th ed., the 10th ed. ... and also supplying a new, distinctive, and independent library of reference dealing with recent events and developments 5 "Vols. 30–32 ... the New volumes constituting, in combination with the twenty-nine volumes of the eleventh edition, the twelfth edition" 6 This supplement replaced the previous supplement: The three new supplementary volumes constituting, with the volumes of the latest standard edition, the thirteenth edition. 7 At this point Encyclopædia Britannica began almost annual revisions. New revisions of the 14th edition appeared every year between 1929 and 1973 with the exceptions of 1931, 1934 and 1935.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-162">[157]</a> 8 Annual revisions were published every year between 1974 and 2007 with the exceptions of 1996, 1999, 2000, 2004 and 2006.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-162">[157]</a> The 15th edition (introduced as "Britannica 3") was published in three parts: a 10-volume Micropædia (which contained short articles and served as an index), a 19-volume Macropædia, plus the Propædia (see text). 9 In 1985, the system was modified by adding a separate two-volume index; the Macropædia articles were further consolidated into fewer, larger ones (for example, the previously separate articles about the 50 US states were all included into the "United States of America" article), with some medium-length articles moved to the Micropædia. The Micropædia had 12 vols. and the Macropædia 17. The first CD-ROM edition was issued in 1994. At that time also an online version was offered for paid subscription. In 1999 this was offered free, and no revised print versions appeared. The experiment was ended in 2001 and a new printed set was issued in 2001. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/32px-Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/48px-Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg/64px-Flag_of_Chicago%2C_Illinois.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chicago" title="Portal:Chicago">Chicago portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/28px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/42px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/56px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Books portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Films" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Films">Encyclopædia Britannica Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World" title="Great Books of the Western World">Great Books of the Western World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclopedias_by_branch_of_knowledge" title="List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge">List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclopedias_by_date" title="List of encyclopedias by date">List of encyclopedias by date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclopedias_by_language#English" title="List of encyclopedias by language">List of encyclopedias by language § English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_online_encyclopedias" title="List of online encyclopedias">List of online encyclopedias</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> According to Kister, the initial 15th edition (1974) required over $32 million to produce.<a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-11">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Vol. I has (viii), 697, (i) pages, but 10 unpaginated pages are added between pages 586 and 587. Vol. II has (iii), 1009, (ii) pages, but page numbers 175–176 as well as page numbers 425–426 were used twice; additionally page numbers 311–410 were not used. Vol. III has (iii), 953, (i) pages, but page numbers 679–878 were not used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafkerLoveland200922-153">[152]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Archibald Constable estimated in 1812 that there had been 3,500 copies printed, but revised his estimate to 3,000 in 1821.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafkerLoveland200958-155">[153]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> According to Smellie, it was 10,000, as quoted by Robert Kerr in his "Memoirs of William Smellie." Archibald Constable was quoted as saying the production started at 5,000 and concluded at 13,000.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> 10,000 sets sold by Britannica plus 45,000 genuine American reprints by Scribner's Sons, and "several hundred thousand sets of mutilated and fraudulent 9th editions were sold..."<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a> Most sources estimate there were 500,000 pirated sets. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nytstop-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytstop_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytstop_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytstop_1-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosman2012" class="citation news cs1">Bosman, Julie (13 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses">"After 244 Years, Encyclopædia Britannica Stops the Presses"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314014911/http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=After+244+Years%2C+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Stops+the+Presses&rft.date=2012-03-13&rft.aulast=Bosman&rft.aufirst=Julie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F03%2F13%2Fafter-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061020084752/https://corporate.britannica.com/company_info.html">"History of Encyclopædia Britannica and Britannica Online"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporate.britannica.com/company_info.html">the original</a> on 20 October 2006. 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Encyclopædia Britannica. 13 March 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507183247/https://blogs.britannica.com/2012/03/change/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Change%3A+It%27s+OK.+Really.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2012-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.britannica.com%2F2012%2F03%2Fchange%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/encyclopaedia-britannica-to-end-print-editions/">"Encyclopaedia Britannica to end print editions"</a>. Fox News. 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The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124214708/https://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2022. 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Retrieved 20 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+to+supply+world-leading+educational+apps+to+Intel+AppUp+center&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.co.uk%2Fpress%2F2011-07-20.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120808233731/https://www.concentricsky.com/about/partners/encyclopedia-britannica/">"About | Mobile, Web and Enterprise | Design and Development"</a>. Concentricsky.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.concentricsky.com/about/partners/encyclopedia-britannica/">the original</a> on 8 August 2012. Retrieved 19 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+%26%23124%3B+Mobile%2C+Web+and+Enterprise+%26%23124%3B+Design+and+Development&rft.pub=Concentricsky.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.concentricsky.com%2Fabout%2Fpartners%2Fencyclopedia-britannica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporate.britannica.com/encyclopaedia-britannica-app-now-available-for-ipad/">"Encyclopaedia Britannica App Now Available for iPad"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 26 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160912041715/http://corporate.britannica.com/encyclopaedia-britannica-app-now-available-for-ipad/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+App+Now+Available+for+iPad&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2011-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorporate.britannica.com%2Fencyclopaedia-britannica-app-now-available-for-ipad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slj.com/2015/02/reviews/reference/britannica-imagequest-one-image-database-to-rule-them-all-reference-online/">"Britannica ImageQuest: One image database to rule them all | Reference Online"</a>. <a href="/wiki/School_Library_Journal" title="School Library Journal">School Library Journal</a>. 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515211702/https://www.slj.com/2015/02/reviews/reference/britannica-imagequest-one-image-database-to-rule-them-all-reference-online/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2021. 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Retrieved 30 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+stops+printing+after+more+than+200+years&rft.date=2012-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fbooks%2F9142412%2FEncyclopaedia-Britannica-stops-printing-after-more-than-200-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy2012" class="citation news cs1">McCarthy, Tom (13 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/mar/13/encyclopedia-britannica-halts-print-publication">"Encyclopædia Britannica halts print publication after 244 years"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.herald.ie/news/are-they-taking-the-mick-its-the-encyclopedia-that-thinks-the-civil-war-was-between-the-north-and-south-27940930.html">the original</a> on 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Evening+Herald&rft.atitle=Are+they+taking+the+Mick%3F+It%27s+the+encyclopedia+that+thinks+the+Civil+War+was+between+the+north+and+south&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft.aulast=Sheehy&rft.aufirst=Clodagh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.herald.ie%2Fnews%2Fare-they-taking-the-mick-its-the-encyclopedia-that-thinks-the-civil-war-was-between-the-north-and-south-27940930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Supplement to the Encyclopædia or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences and Miscellaneous Literature. 1803. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3YBulnow6IC&pg=PR4">iv</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supplement+to+the+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+or+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences+and+Miscellaneous+Literature&rft.pages=iv&rft.date=1803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStockwell" class="citation book cs1">Stockwell, Foster. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060412050344/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/40033.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2006. Retrieved 27 March 2007. <q>Sales plummeted from 100,000 a year to just 20,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+changes+to+survive&rft.date=1997-12-17&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F40033.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_encyclopedia-132"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_encyclopedia_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Encyclopedias and Dictionaries". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (15th ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2007. pp. 257–286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopedias+and+Dictionaries&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=257-286&rft.edition=15th&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Encyclopaedia">"Encyclopaedia" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 377.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=377&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Encyclopaedia-Britannica-English-language-reference-work">"Encyclopaedia Britannica | History, Editions, & Facts"</a>. Britannica. Retrieved 20 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+%7C+History%2C+Editions%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FEncyclopaedia-Britannica-English-language-reference-work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerman2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_L._Herman" title="Arthur L. Herman">Herman, Arthur</a> (2002). <a href="/wiki/How_the_Scots_Invented_the_Modern_World" title="How the Scots Invented the Modern World">How the Scots Invented the Modern World</a>. Three Rivers Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-609-80999-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-609-80999-0"><bdi>978-0-609-80999-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Scots+Invented+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-609-80999-0&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrappBalou1992" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Krapp, Philip; Balou, Patricia K. (1992). Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Macmillan Educational Company. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/91061165">91061165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Macmillan+Educational+Company&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F91061165&rft.aulast=Krapp&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Balou%2C+Patricia+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> The Britannica's 1st edition is described as "deplorably inaccurate and unscientific" in places. </li> <li id="cite_note-KafkerLoveland2009-137"><a href="#cite_ref-KafkerLoveland2009_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafkerLoveland2009" class="citation book cs1">Kafker, Frank; Loveland, Jeff, eds. (2009). The Early Britannica. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Britannica&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCousin1910" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Cousin" title="John William Cousin">Cousin, John William</a> (1910). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature/Baynes,_Thomas_Spencer" class="extiw" title="s:A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature/Baynes, Thomas Spencer">Baynes, Thomas Spencer</a>". <a href="/wiki/A_Short_Biographical_Dictionary_of_English_Literature" title="A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature">A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature</a>. London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Baynes%2C+Thomas+Spencer&rft.btitle=A+Short+Biographical+Dictionary+of+English+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26amp%3B+Sons&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Cousin&rft.aufirst=John+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynes1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Editor%27s_Advertisement">"Editor's Advertisement" </a>. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Editor%27s+Advertisement&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynes1875–1889" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Baynes, T. S., ed. (1875–1889). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Prefatory_Notice">"Prefatory Notice" </a>. <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prefatory+Notice&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1875%2F1889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Chicago Tribune, 22 February 1945. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Chicago Tribune, 28 January 1943. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeder1995" class="citation news cs1">Feder, Barnaby J. (19 December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/19/business/deal-is-set-for-encyclopaedia-britannica.html">"Deal Is Set for Encyclopaedia Britannica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200521234943/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/12/19/business/deal-is-set-for-encyclopaedia-britannica.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Deal+Is+Set+for+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=1995-12-19&rft.aulast=Feder&rft.aufirst=Barnaby+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F12%2F19%2Fbusiness%2Fdeal-is-set-for-encyclopaedia-britannica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Mortimer J. Adler, A Guidebook to Learning: for the lifelong pursuit of wisdom. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York, 1986, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/commission_decision_volumes/volume-87/ftc_volume_decision_87_january_-_june_1976pages_400-541.pdf">"In the Matter of Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. et al"</a> (PDF). pp. 421–541. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025095028/https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/commission_decision_volumes/volume-87/ftc_volume_decision_87_january_-_june_1976pages_400-541.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2015. Retrieved 11 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+Matter+of+Encyclopedia+Britannica%2C+Inc.+et+al.&rft.pages=421-541&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftc.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fcommission_decision_volumes%2Fvolume-87%2Fftc_volume_decision_87_january_-_june_1976pages_400-541.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-stop-146"><a href="#cite_ref-cnn-stop_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPepitone2012" class="citation news cs1">Pepitone, Julianne (13 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2012/03/13/technology/encyclopedia-britannica-books/">"Encyclopedia Britannica to stop printing books"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314232429/http://money.cnn.com/2012/03/13/technology/encyclopedia-britannica-books/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 14 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica+to+stop+printing+books&rft.date=2012-03-13&rft.aulast=Pepitone&rft.aufirst=Julianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2012%2F03%2F13%2Ftechnology%2Fencyclopedia-britannica-books%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/non-fiction/new-childrens-britannica-fantastic-voyage-history-world/amp/">"The new Children's Britannica: a fantastic voyage through the history of the world"</a>. www.telegraph.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/non-fiction/new-childrens-britannica-fantastic-voyage-history-world/amp/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.telegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+new+Children%27s+Britannica%3A+a+fantastic+voyage+through+the+history+of+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fnon-fiction%2Fnew-childrens-britannica-fantastic-voyage-history-world%2Famp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/britannica-encyclopedia-children-universe-facts-book-b1720986.html">"Why printed encyclopedias for children are more important than ever"</a>. The Independent. 19 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110131928/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/britannica-encyclopedia-children-universe-facts-book-b1720986.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Why+printed+encyclopedias+for+children+are+more+important+than+ever&rft.date=2020-11-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fbritannica-encyclopedia-children-universe-facts-book-b1720986.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schoolreadinglist.co.uk/childrens-book-reviews/britannica-childrens-encyclopedia/">"Britannica All New Children's Encyclopedia edited by Christopher Lloyd"</a>. The School Reading List. 8 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214215003/https://schoolreadinglist.co.uk/childrens-book-reviews/britannica-childrens-encyclopedia/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 17 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+School+Reading+List&rft.atitle=Britannica+All+New+Children%27s+Encyclopedia+edited+by+Christopher+Lloyd&rft.date=2020-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fschoolreadinglist.co.uk%2Fchildrens-book-reviews%2Fbritannica-childrens-encyclopedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_1911-150"><a href="#cite_ref-EB_1911_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1910. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-propedia_3-151"><a href="#cite_ref-propedia_3_151-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoetz1991" class="citation journal cs1">Goetz, Philip W. (1991). "The New Encyclopædia Britannica". Encyclopaedia Britannica Incorporated (15th edition, Propædia ed.). Chicago, Illinois: 3. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991neb..book.....G">1991neb..book.....G</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica+Incorporated&rft.atitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991neb..book.....G&rft.aulast=Goetz&rft.aufirst=Philip+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-propedia2010-152"><a href="#cite_ref-propedia2010_152-0">^</a> The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Propædia: Outline of Knowledge and Guide to the Britannica, 15th edition, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafkerLoveland200922-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKafkerLoveland200922_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKafkerLoveland2009">Kafker & Loveland (2009)</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKafkerLoveland200958-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKafkerLoveland200958_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKafkerLoveland2009">Kafker & Loveland (2009)</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Encyclopedia". Britannica. Vol. 8 (14th ed.). p. 374.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.pages=374&rft.edition=14th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <img alt="public domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaynes1878" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Baynes, T. S., ed. (1878). "Encyclopedia". <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 8 (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Encyclopedia". Britannica. Vol. 8 (14th ed.). p. 376.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.pages=376&rft.edition=14th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_162-1">b</a> Encyclopædia Britannica (15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. interior flap. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyles,_Denis" class="mw-redirect" title="Boyles, Denis">Boyles, Denis</a>. (2016) Everything Explained That Is Explainable: On the Creation of the Encyclopædia Britannica's Celebrated Eleventh Edition, 1910–1911 (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/wisdom-on-the-installment-plan-1466191897">online review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307045315/https://www.wsj.com/articles/wisdom-on-the-installment-plan-1466191897">Archived</a> 7 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinbinder1964" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Einbinder" title="Harvey Einbinder">Einbinder, Harvey</a> (1964). The Myth of the Britannica. New York: Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-384-14050-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-384-14050-9"><bdi>978-0-384-14050-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-384-14050-9&rft.aulast=Einbinder&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Greenstein, Shane, and Michelle Devereux (2006). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313000034/https://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/greenstein/images/htm/research/cases/encyclopaediabritannica.pdf">The Crisis at Encyclopædia Britannica</a>" case history, <a href="/wiki/Kellogg_School_of_Management" title="Kellogg School of Management">Kellogg School of Management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._J._Jacobs" title="A. J. Jacobs">Jacobs, Arnold Stephen Jr.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/knowitall00simo">The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5062-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-5062-7"><bdi>978-0-7432-5062-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Know-It-All%3A+One+Man%27s+Humble+Quest+to+Become+the+Smartest+Person+in+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-5062-7&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Arnold+Stephen+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fknowitall00simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKister1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Kister" title="Kenneth Kister">Kister, Kenneth F.</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kistersbestencyc00kist">Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias</a> (2nd ed.). Phoenix, Arizona: Oryx Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89774-744-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89774-744-8"><bdi>978-0-89774-744-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kister%27s+Best+Encyclopedias%3A+A+Comparative+Guide+to+General+and+Specialized+Encyclopedias&rft.place=Phoenix%2C+Arizona&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-89774-744-8&rft.aulast=Kister&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkistersbestencyc00kist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKogan1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Kogan" title="Herman Kogan">Kogan, Herman</a> (1958). The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago, Illinois: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/58008379">58008379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+EB%3A+The+Story+of+the+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F58008379&rft.aulast=Kogan&rft.aufirst=Herman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEncyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lee, Timothy. Techdirt Interviews Britannica President Jorge Cauz, Techdirt.com, 2 June 2008</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Encyclopædia Britannica at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Britannica" class="extiw" title="wikt:Britannica">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Encyclopædia Britannica">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Encyclopaedia Britannica">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455" class="extiw" title="d:Q455">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com">Official website</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q455#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Britannica%2C%20Encyclopædia%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Encyclopædia%20Britannica%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Britannica%2C%20Encyclopædia%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Encyclopædia%20Britannica%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Britannica%2C%20E%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Encyclopædia%20Britannica%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Britannica%2C%20Encyclopædia%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Encyclopædia%20Britannica%22%20OR%20%28Encyclop%2Adia+Britannica%29%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Encyclopædia Britannica</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1721">Works by Encyclopædia Britannica</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.nls.uk/encyclopaedia-britannica/archive/">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Scotland" title="National Library of Scotland">National Library of Scotland</a>, first ten editions (and supplements) in PDF format.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/work?id=olbp16644">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Online_Books_Page" title="Online Books Page">Online Books Page</a>, currently including the 1st–13th editions in multiple formats.</li> <li>3rd edition, (1797, first volume, use search facility for others) at Bavarian State Library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10352038?page=7">MDZ-Reader | Band | Encyclopaedia Britannica; or, a dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature | Encyclopaedia Britannica; or, a dictionary of arts, sciences, and miscellaneous literature</a></li> <li>7th edition (1842), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011679752">fulltext</a> via Hathi Trust</li> <li>8th edition (1860, index volume, use search facility for others) at Bavarian State Library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10351547?page=9">MDZ-Reader | Band | The Encyclopaedia Britannica, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature | The Encyclopaedia Britannica, or Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature</a></li> <li>Scribner's 9th Edition (1878) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28britannica%29%20AND%20publisher%3A%28scribner%27s%29">archive.org</a></li> <li>9th and 10th (1902) editions <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/">1902Encyclopedia.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74039">The reader's guide to the Encyclopaedia Britannica.</a> A handbook containing sixty-six courses of systematic study or occasional reading. 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[\"CITEREFDay1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEinbinder1964\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Britannica_Group\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeder1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiles2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoetz1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoetz2007\"] = 10,\n [\"CITEREFGonzalez_LarrañagaPerez_de_Viñaspre_Garralda2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazo1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJiangshanYi2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKafkerLoveland2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKearney2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKister1994\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFKogan1958\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKrappBalou1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrenceGiles1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLong2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarotti\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcArdle2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCracken1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcHenry2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPepitone2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrescott1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuân2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaderLewis1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeymour2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheehy2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStockwell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSweeney2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTancer2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTerdiman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Buskirk2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaite1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolff1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFreviews_by_the_Editorial_Board_of_Reference_Books_Bulletin;_revised_introduction_by_Sandy_Whiteley.1996\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'s\"] = 25,\n [\"As of\"] = 6,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 5,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB9\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite SBDEL\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 43,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Encyclopaedia Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Infobox book\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 86,\n [\"Langnf\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Original research inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 2,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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Britannica","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q455","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q455","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-07T09:49:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/7\/71\/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica.svg","headline":"general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia, first published in Scotland in 1768"}</script> </body> </html>