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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptive_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Adaptive building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adaptive_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brownfield_redevelopment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brownfield_redevelopment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Brownfield redevelopment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brownfield_redevelopment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-infrastructure_redevelopment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-infrastructure_redevelopment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Non-infrastructure redevelopment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-infrastructure_redevelopment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Benefits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_and_economic_revitalization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_and_economic_revitalization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Social and economic revitalization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_and_economic_revitalization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_to_sprawl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_to_sprawl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Alternative to sprawl</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_to_sprawl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directing_development_to_urban_cores" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directing_development_to_urban_cores"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Directing development to urban cores</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directing_development_to_urban_cores-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addressing_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addressing_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Addressing climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addressing_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaders_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design_Certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design_Certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Leaders in Energy and Environmental Design Certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaders_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design_Certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sustainability</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sustainability subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sustainable_Land_Remediation_and_Planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainable_Land_Remediation_and_Planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sustainable Land Remediation and Planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainable_Land_Remediation_and_Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Market_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Market factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greenfields_competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenfields_competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Greenfields competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenfields_competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brownfields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brownfields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Brownfields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brownfields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brownfield_Remediation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brownfield_Remediation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Brownfield Remediation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brownfield_Remediation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uncertainty_and_costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncertainty_and_costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Uncertainty and costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncertainty_and_costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Project_financing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Project_financing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Project financing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Project_financing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_Justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_Justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Environmental Justice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_Justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental-liability_risks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental-liability_risks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Environmental-liability risks</span> </div> </a> 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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land_Recycling_in_the_EU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_Recycling_in_the_EU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Land Recycling in the EU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_Recycling_in_the_EU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_Recycling_in_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_Recycling_in_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Land Recycling in Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_Recycling_in_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_Recycling_Programs_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_Recycling_Programs_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Land Recycling Programs in the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_Recycling_Programs_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pennsylvania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pennsylvania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Pennsylvania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pennsylvania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ghirardelli_Square" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ghirardelli_Square"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2.1</span> <span>Ghirardelli Square</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ghirardelli_Square-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foundation_Hotel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_Hotel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2.2</span> <span>Foundation Hotel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_Hotel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wonder_Bread_Factory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wonder_Bread_Factory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2.3</span> <span>Wonder Bread Factory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wonder_Bread_Factory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Reuse of abandoned buildings or sites</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marlbrook_Landfill_Site_-_Remediation_in_progress._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1120733.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Marlbrook_Landfill_Site_-_Remediation_in_progress._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1120733.jpg/220px-Marlbrook_Landfill_Site_-_Remediation_in_progress._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1120733.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Marlbrook_Landfill_Site_-_Remediation_in_progress._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1120733.jpg/330px-Marlbrook_Landfill_Site_-_Remediation_in_progress._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1120733.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Marlbrook_Landfill_Site_-_Remediation_in_progress._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1120733.jpg/440px-Marlbrook_Landfill_Site_-_Remediation_in_progress._-_geograph.org.uk_-_1120733.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Remediation process in Marlbrook at a former landfill site</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Land recycling</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reuse</a> of abandoned, vacant, or underused properties for <a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">redevelopment</a> or repurposing.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Land recycling aims to ensure the reuse of <a href="/wiki/Developed_land" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed land">developed land</a> as part of: new developments; <a href="/wiki/Decontamination" title="Decontamination">cleaning up</a> contaminated properties; reuse and/or making use of used land surrounded by development or nearby infrastructure. End-uses from land recycling may include: <a href="/wiki/Mixed-use_development" title="Mixed-use development">mixed-use</a>, residential, commercial, or industrial developments; and/or <a href="/wiki/Public_space" title="Public space">public open space</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Urban_open_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban open space">urban open space</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">urban parks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Community_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Community garden">community gardens</a>; or larger <a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">open space reserves</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Regional_park" title="Regional park">regional parks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since many abandoned and underutilized properties lie within economically distressed and disadvantaged communities, land recycling often benefits and stimulates re-investment in historically under-served areas. However, due to the previous use of these sites, there can be many health hazards when dealing with the land, such as metals, plastics, asbestos, glass shards, gas generation, and radioactive substances.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such environmentally distressed properties, with site clean-up and mitigation considerations, are commonly referred to as <a href="/wiki/Brownfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownfield">brownfields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adaptive_building">Adaptive building</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Adaptive building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common form of land recycling is the <a href="/wiki/Redevelopment" title="Redevelopment">redevelopment</a> of abandoned or unused building properties.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adaptive building is the development of an old abandoned building to repurpose it into a new building design and/or new purpose. Saving the old buildings and <a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">reusing</a> the materials within the buildings is considered more <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmentally sustainable">environmentally sustainable</a> than building all new structure with new materials.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This repurposing of materials in the existing adaption or to a different building site could include wood, metals, roofing, brick, etc. and would provide products for new projects to prevent excessive waste. Site disruptions are also decreased due to less destruction and building. </p><p>The adaptive process also provides a more sustainable way to promote environmentally friendly infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also reduces the amount of pollutants that can contaminate the soil and water around the abandoned building.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be particularly beneficial when repurposing buildings which are near schools, residential neighborhoods, or other workplaces by mitigating occupational hazards from such contaminants commonly found in construction.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is considered more economically friendly, when accounting for direct and indirect cost savings to the construction company and to the building owner.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of producing new materials and the services that come with manufacturing these products are much more costly than repurposing existing buildings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brownfield_redevelopment">Brownfield redevelopment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Brownfield redevelopment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> classifies a <a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">brownfield</a> as "A brownfield is a property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently in the United States there are more than 450,000 brownfields, which when improved have been shown to improve the surrounding environmental stress.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Funding for these hazardous sites may be obtained through the EPA's Brownfields and Land Revitalization Program which empowers municipalities, landholders, and land developers to safely clean up and repurpose the land.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-infrastructure_redevelopment">Non-infrastructure redevelopment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Non-infrastructure redevelopment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Land recycling can also include those spaces that are not within <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanized</a> environments are involve a building. Agricultural reuse is a very important part of land reuse where an existing field might have been abandoned due to nutrient depletion, and can be developed into something else.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this the redevelopment of underutilized land into parks, community gardens and open space reservoirs are also prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_terms">Other terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baul%C3%BCcke_in_K%C3%B6ln-Weidenpesch_(9506).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Baul%C3%BCcke_in_K%C3%B6ln-Weidenpesch_%289506%29.jpg/220px-Baul%C3%BCcke_in_K%C3%B6ln-Weidenpesch_%289506%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Baul%C3%BCcke_in_K%C3%B6ln-Weidenpesch_%289506%29.jpg/330px-Baul%C3%BCcke_in_K%C3%B6ln-Weidenpesch_%289506%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Baul%C3%BCcke_in_K%C3%B6ln-Weidenpesch_%289506%29.jpg/440px-Baul%C3%BCcke_in_K%C3%B6ln-Weidenpesch_%289506%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2200" /></a><figcaption>Example of a potential site for urban infill development</figcaption></figure> <p>Other commonly used terms can relate to or serve as synonyms of land recycling: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Infill" title="Infill">Infill development</a></b>: development that takes place within existing communities, making maximum use of the existing <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a> instead of building on previously undeveloped land;</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></b>: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs; and</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brownfield_land" title="Brownfield land">Brownfield development</a></b>: development of <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a> for which its reuse may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">hazardous substance</a>, pollutant or contaminant.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_and_economic_revitalization">Social and economic revitalization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social and economic revitalization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Land recycling helps clean up and revitalize inner cities by returning abandoned, idle, or underused sites to productive use, bolstering <a href="/wiki/Community_spirit" title="Community spirit">community spirit</a>, creating jobs and boosting local tax-revenues. </p><p>The re-use of land revitalizes communities and renews economic activity, particularly in under-served urban areas. Abandoned, idled, and vacant properties often lie in former industrial and commercial areas, typically in urban and historically disadvantaged areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sites can be community eyesores, negatively impacting social and economic development, and often human and <a href="/wiki/Environmental_health" title="Environmental health">environmental health</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure to redevelop brownfields in particular translates into potentially more exposure to toxins and the loss of economic and housing benefits that can come from appropriate redevelopment. </p><p>By putting these properties to new and productive use, land recycling encourages growth of <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">businesses</a> and services in such areas, helping to break up concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, creating jobs, and stimulating additional private investment and local tax-revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An abandoned, well-situated, factory site can be cleaned up and redeveloped into a much-needed mixed-use development with a grocery store, senior housing, and access to public transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The addition of neighborhood-serving retail, <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing" title="Affordable housing">affordable housing</a>, or a clean public park in a disadvantaged community can boost local spirit and improve overall quality of life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_to_sprawl">Alternative to sprawl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alternative to sprawl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Land recycling increases density in urban areas, by reducing <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> and unplanned, low-density, <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a>-dependent developments. </p><p>Sprawl development scatters housing, public transit, jobs and other amenities farther apart, demanding more frequent use of cars for travel.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increase in miles travelled by vehicles causes a range of health and environmental problems, including air pollution, increased greenhouse gas emissions, a larger occurrence of traffic jams, and asthma.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This results in a lower quality of life for residents, ever-increasing commute times, and the health implications of smog. </p><p>By moving new jobs, economic opportunities and community amenities farther from established populations, sprawl development can cripple once-thriving cities. This trend takes a toll on the socio-economic health of urban communities as growth retreats from the urban center. </p><p>Rather than take advantage of existing infrastructure such as roads, public transit, and public works, building sprawl projects abandons these resources and demands further consumption of land and resources. </p><p>Land recycling offers an alternative to sprawl development. It reuses vital infrastructure and public resources and creates compact, full-service neighborhoods that reduce vehicle use and carbon dependence.<sup id="cite_ref-:18_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rebuilding in urban neighborhoods generates reinvestment in vibrant economic and cultural centers, rather than drawing away much-needed resources<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. As daily commute times decrease due to proximity to urban centres, quality of life can also be increased.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Directing_development_to_urban_cores">Directing development to urban cores</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Directing development to urban cores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Redirecting population growth and growth of businesses to already urbanized areas can help in the fostering of sustainable communities, as buildings are already near existing infrastructure and amenities, not requiring new infrastructure to be built as would be the case in greenfield development.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applying sustainable principles to land use and growth management requires that growth be redirected from scattered fringe areas back to our urban cores, where people, services and infrastructure already exist. Building up urban areas positively increases population density, providing the critical mass to support local services from coffee shops to grocery stores, public transit to libraries and symphony halls<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Land recycling can also assist in the creation of affordable housing, as it increases housing stocks due to its use of land previously unused for residential purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addressing_climate_change">Addressing climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Addressing climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Land recycling effectively curbs <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse-gas</a> emissions by encouraging smart, compact growth that reduces <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicle dependence">vehicle dependence</a>. Redevelopment within an urban core reduces commuting distances and therefore average vehicle miles traveled (VMTs) by creating residential, office, and other amenities within close proximity.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since transportation alone accounts for a third of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted in the United States, land recycling offers a key tool in any fight against climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent Urban Land Institute study found that compact urban developments reduce the number of vehicle miles traveled (VMTs) by 20 to 40 percent<sup id="cite_ref-:12_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because users are closer to amenities and can more easily rely on public transportation. Smart urban planning is therefore crucial to maximizing energy savings and overall reduction of greenhouse gases. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaders_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design_Certification">Leaders in Energy and Environmental Design Certification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Leaders in Energy and Environmental Design Certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LEED_Gold_2016_plaque,_Serrano_55_Madrid_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/LEED_Gold_2016_plaque%2C_Serrano_55_Madrid_%28cropped%29.jpg/174px-LEED_Gold_2016_plaque%2C_Serrano_55_Madrid_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/LEED_Gold_2016_plaque%2C_Serrano_55_Madrid_%28cropped%29.jpg/261px-LEED_Gold_2016_plaque%2C_Serrano_55_Madrid_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/LEED_Gold_2016_plaque%2C_Serrano_55_Madrid_%28cropped%29.jpg/348px-LEED_Gold_2016_plaque%2C_Serrano_55_Madrid_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2557" data-file-height="2557" /></a><figcaption>LEED Gold Plaque in a Certified Building</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the green movement has started to emphasize the <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design</a> (LEED) Green Building Rating System, a certification system that rewards the design, construction and operation of high-performance green buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LEED certification signifies incorporation of smart building design and technology to reduce energy use and minimize waste. However, even if a building is energy-efficient, the energy required to travel to and from a LEED certified site may well exceed the energy saved through energy-efficient features. LEED certified buildings and other developments best benefit <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> when they reuse infill sites and access existing resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LEED Certification can also benefit the occupant of the reused building. As sustainability becomes more prioritized within the building movement, having a LEED certified building becomes more desirable This certification may persuade public opinion and encourage more of the population to seek services by a company that prioritizes sustainability.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to this, some governmental bodies provide monetary benefits for prioritizing a sustainable cite such as tax breaks and stipends. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> involves meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. </p><p>By encouraging the recycling rather than the consumption of land, land recycling promotes <a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">smart growth</a> and responsible, sustainable patterns of development. A 2001 study by George Washington University shows that for every acre of brownfield redeveloped, 4.5 acres (18,000 m<sup>2</sup>) of undeveloped land is conserved. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gwu.edu/~eem/Brownfields/project_report/chapters-html.htm#chapter5">Public Policies and Private Decisions Affecting the Redevelopment of Brownfields: An Analysis of Critical Factors, Relative Weights and Areal Differentials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As most brownfields and other abandoned sites are typically situated in urban areas, they tap into existing nearby infrastructure, limiting the need to build new roads, gridlines, and amenities, thereby reducing further <a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">land consumption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each infill development prevents sprawl into open space, forests and agricultural land, preserving acres of undeveloped land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainable_Land_Remediation_and_Planning">Sustainable Land Remediation and Planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sustainable Land Remediation and Planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zetor_industrial_brownfield_before_demolition_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Zetor_industrial_brownfield_before_demolition_30.jpg/220px-Zetor_industrial_brownfield_before_demolition_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Zetor_industrial_brownfield_before_demolition_30.jpg/330px-Zetor_industrial_brownfield_before_demolition_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Zetor_industrial_brownfield_before_demolition_30.jpg/440px-Zetor_industrial_brownfield_before_demolition_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>ZETOR building before demolition</figcaption></figure> <p>Land development is an aspect of land recycling which involves <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> and development of land, by reusing previously abandoned and unused land in commercial areas of larger cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_remediation" title="Sustainable remediation">Sustainable Remediation</a> is an aspect of land development where there is an increased focus the costs and benefits of certain aspects of land recycling.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It aims to look at land remediation holistically considering not just the current environmental implications but also the long term social and economic implications.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Co-design, is much more intentional and focuses on a multitude solutions by completing cost-benefit analyses, engaging in more inclusive conversations with stakeholders along with environmental impacts like energy and resources which may be consumed during land recycling projects.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Society of American Military Engineers have focused on using policy implemented by the American department of defense to ensure more sustainable practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Looking more specifically some efforts being implemented by the S.A.M.E include composition of a sustainability remediation tool which allows for estimates of specific technologies to be considered when analyzing land remediation.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planning and design for land development and transformation by using co-design has resulted in better shared information on systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These have worked well on sustainable land development as well as improved communication and handling of barriers, ultimately creating a better integrated program on a global scale. </p><p>It has been used in cities in Australia as part of global urban research programs to create land remediation solutions.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall process involves four phases which included co-design which resulted in outcomes for policy and practice, research and knowledge and solution development.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this case, the sustainable remediation framework was created and used to create better co-design processes starting small scale locally and extending out to global scales.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process was split into three components starting with assisting in creating urban goals on each level of the scale which align with world views and influence, the policies which are in place and finally, to local technology and knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then shifting to look at how the urban goals affect urban systems like finances, environmental, and social capital as well as more physical systems like energy and water.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allowing better understanding of the costs and benefits of different land remediation goals. Then the process then looks more long term and focuses on the outcomes over time to understand the overarching effects of the implemented land remediation goals.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the process looks at the major parts of the framework which need to be improved or need more focus.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_HLPF_conference_on_sustainable_development.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2018_HLPF_conference_on_sustainable_development.jpg/220px-2018_HLPF_conference_on_sustainable_development.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2018_HLPF_conference_on_sustainable_development.jpg/330px-2018_HLPF_conference_on_sustainable_development.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2018_HLPF_conference_on_sustainable_development.jpg/440px-2018_HLPF_conference_on_sustainable_development.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>Striving for sustainable development goals to create more sustainable cities</figcaption></figure> <p>A push for sustainable land remediation can be seen all over the world, when looking at urban planning and can also be connected to large public health scares or changes in social norms.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK after cholera outbreaks in the 19th century, people started to pay more attention to the way homes were being built and where they were being built.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Now as urbanization has increased, the push is for using land which has already been partially or completely developed and transforming it into something different. The inclusion of garden cities, which are cities built with the intention of avoiding disrupting previously present natural ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is the <a href="/wiki/Hampstead_Garden_Suburb" title="Hampstead Garden Suburb">Hampstead Garden Suburb</a> which began formulating plans that focused on preservation of natural beauty in the area by avoiding the removal of plant life that was already there and working to build around it.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also spread to other countries in Europe with Germany building its first garden city in 1909 and <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a> in Australia where the main goal was to reestablish and maintain forest cover around the city.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, Design with Nature written by <a href="/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a>, influenced a lot of the sustainable development goals which were implemented all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the US, a city beautification movement started in the early 20th century, many cities were redeveloped as part of the movement but Chicago was the most influenced.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the city was being physical improved they found that there was a need for more focus on development and its social implications.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As time went on there were also more conversations about the influence that people have on their environment with more literature about the effects of environmental degradation became more mainstream.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed more intersectional land development goals to be implemented when looking at the different needs of people in different countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_28-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While land recycling has great economic and environmental benefits, without the right tools, skills, and knowledge, reusing land can produce certain challenges. Obstacles to redevelopment may include lack of funding and increased scrutiny. These can particularly impede projects on brownfields, which carry the stigma of contamination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_factors">Market factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Market factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because idled and underused infill sites are often located in distressed urban areas concerns arise about crime, safety, and access to quality education and services.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These and other market factors frequently pull development to open land near traditionally desirable communities and away from urban infill sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greenfields_competition">Greenfields competition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Greenfields competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brownfields and infill sites must compete with attractive, undeveloped suburban and rural land, also called <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_land" title="Greenfield land">greenfield land</a>. When considering the real or perceived risks and costs of land recycling, a greenfield development may seem more economically sensible as the immediate costs are typically less than developing on an infill or brownfield site.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is important to consider the long-term economic gain of land recycling and the added social and environmental rewards of sustainable development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brownfields">Brownfields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Brownfields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As defined by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">US Environmental Protection Agency</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brownfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownfield">brownfield</a> site is “real property, the expansion, redevelopment, or reuse of which may be complicated by the presence or potential presence of a hazardous substance, pollutant, or contaminant”. In other words, brownfield sites comprise abandoned, idled, or underused industrial and commercial facilities where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brownfield_Remediation">Brownfield Remediation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Brownfield Remediation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to differences in regulation, production techniques, and heavy industrial use in the past, it is difficult to attract those willing to tackle the uncertainty and obstacles associated with potential clean up.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sites that are contaminated can cause public health risks, including physical risks like uncovered holes, unsafe structures, and sharp objects. Past industrial activities can leave behind chemical contamination, and people may become exposed to these chemicals when entering the properties.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sites that have high levels of land contamination have a high cost of remediation. <a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a> is an idea being talked about to produce a more environmental space. Nature-based solutions can be looked at as policies and approaches to environmental issues that are in benefit to human health and biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example would include developing a permeable green area, from these brownfield sites. <a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">Phytoremediation</a> is another environmentally friendly approach for brownfield remediation.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phytoremediation programs reduce contaminants in the soil, water and air through planting different types of plants. Important metals that are harmful to human health, such as <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> and iron, are removed from contaminated soil through this process. These procedures are inexpensive because the plants rely on sunlight and the recycled nutrients in the ground. Although, phytoremediation cannot be used the same way in every destination due to different types of plants being nurtured differently in different types of environments.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It depends on the soil, where the plant is placed, if it is getting enough nutrients to thrive, etc. The plants end up being so greatly polluted from heavy metals that they need to be disposed of. Thermal treatment is used as a disposal option. Thermal treatment implicates the combustion of the waste materials through machines that produce high enough temperatures, which decomposes the organic molecules within the plant. This treatment is typically used in the residential and industrial scale, making it useful for brownfield sites.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uncertainty_and_costs">Uncertainty and costs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Uncertainty and costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Assessing whether or not a site is contaminated can be a costly process that deters land reuse.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potential purchasers are often unwilling or unable to risk an investment in a site assessment for a property that may require cleanup they cannot afford. Even if a site has been purchased, concerns over cleanup costs may further stall redevelopment. Uncertainty over time, cost or a high price for cleanup leaves many brownfield sites in development limbo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Project_financing">Project financing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Project financing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Obtaining private front-end financing for brownfield cleanup can be a difficult process.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since financing is more readily available for development on greenfields, infill and brownfield sites are often passed over. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environmental_Justice">Environmental Justice</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Environmental Justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concern for contamination of new occupants of a redeveloped brownfield is a concern. Communities of color and low income are disproportionately affected by pollution and brownfield sites offer a higher risk to the communities surrounding them.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many suggest that brownfield programs are a good alternative to the Superfund Act, but the standards of cleanup need to be highly considered in order to avoid future contamination. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental-liability_risks">Environmental-liability risks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Environmental-liability risks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although recent changes in some country's federal laws provide some liability relief to new purchasers of contaminated properties, the law remains very complex and many state laws still have strict liability covering real property. Thus, in many cases, any current or past property owner can potentially be legally and financially liable regardless of who is responsible for contamination. This liability web continues to throw a chill on many brownfield projects even in the presence of regulatory reforms designed to encourage redevelopment. A common belief among many brownfield owners is that it is less risky and cheaper to abandon or “mothball” a facility than to conduct a site assessment that could trigger large cleanup costs and potential liability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regulatory_requirements">Regulatory requirements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Regulatory requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The potentially complex process of successfully redeveloping an infill site, particularly a brownfield, can challenge land recycling interest and proposals. Understanding and complying with federal, state, and local legal and regulatory requirements can be daunting for some property owners and developers. Guidance from legal specialists and environmental cleanup consultants is often needed to design, develop, and guide a project through the process of regulatory requirements and permitting approvals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gentrification">Gentrification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Gentrification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because most communities with underutilized buildings are those in poverty, an existing company coming in and investing in reimagining it can raise a concern of <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a>. The new building can lead to wealthier people coming in and causing displacement of existing residents.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the building occupancy, such as a new apartment complex charging a higher rent, this can drive for higher priced services to come in and eventually push out existing residents who can no longer afford to live in the area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementations">Implementations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Implementations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_Recycling_in_the_EU">Land Recycling in the EU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Land Recycling in the EU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An in-depth examination of land recycling in different countries shows many different perspectives on implementations of land recycling.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The general European focus looked at land use in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and the importance of reducing new land use as well as reducing addition of <a href="/wiki/Impervious_surface" title="Impervious surface">impervious surface</a> which disrupts natural ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning with research, a database maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Copernicus_Programme" title="Copernicus Programme">Copernicus Programme</a> is used in the EU to monitor land use changes, its main components are Corine Land Cover (CLC) and Urban Atlas (UA).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these has its own indicators for measuring increasing land use and increasing urbanization, for Corine Land Cover the flows of land recycling are split based on previously developed and undeveloped land because they each have different potential to produce green urban infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Urban Atlas database, the focus is the same but more geographically and theme specific accuracy so it used to test more of the land recycling indicators.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indicators were tested in all the countries in Europe from 1990 to 2002 in three sections, the tests were used to compare projections and determine the meaningfulness of land recycling using data from the CLC and UA datasets.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results of the data analysis showed little to no trends in land recycling and more variation in between the different European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The approach of the EU then focused more on the large scale environmental impacts of land recycling by quantification and identification of places where land use could be improved.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_42-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_Recycling_in_Germany">Land Recycling in Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Land Recycling in Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On a smaller scale, Germany focused on limiting the amount of <a href="/wiki/Land_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Land conversion">land conversion</a> specifically for settling and traffic to 30 ha per day starting in 2002 as a part of the National Sustainability Strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also incentivized urban development and improvement by making it easier for contractors to obtain permits to develop urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies were done to see the effectiveness of the implementation of this policy by looking at <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was chosen for its ability to be developed as a mostly rural part of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> as well as for its appeal for not only younger families looking for in expensive places to settle but also for companies looking for places to develop.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The land development of Stralsund was then monitored from 1992 to 2018, the focus of development started with industrialization of the outskirts of the town, then brownfield transformation and finally, residential development.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cost benefit also played a big role in the conversion of pieces of land which hadn't been in use for a long period of time like, a military property.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As development continued, there was also compensation for interference with ecosystems and natural spaces by addition of green spaces and by planting trees.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When comparing both the old land use plan and the new land use plan, they found that the cost of the new had the potential to save 55% of costs, but ultimately there wasn't much change between the results of the old and the new land use plans.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The application of an accelerated inner urban development plan was neither advantageous nor non-advantageous, for Stralsund, Germany, because of the previous structure of the policy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country of Germany also had goals to reach <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a> neutrality by 2030 by reaching its sustainable development goals specifically based on soil improvement.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germany has focused a lot on brownfield development as much of Europe with that including not just <a href="/wiki/Contaminated_land" title="Contaminated land">contaminated land</a> but also land which was previously developed.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The push for target amounts of recycled land stems from status quo influence with other countries development of brownfield mitigation work. In <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig, Germany</a> improvement of land and community quality was done by creating more urban forestry.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With increased research of the people's response to the improved brownfields generally quality of life was improved.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some research shows that the greenspaces though positive needed to be made more usable for improvement of quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainly stakeholders have a say in the way greenspace is allocated in Germany, so there is more of a push to ensure policy matches with what is beneficial for the people who would be using greenspaces not just in Germany but in other European countries.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_Recycling_Programs_in_the_United_States">Land Recycling Programs in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Land Recycling Programs in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pennsylvania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Pennsylvania a land recycling program was established to promote the voluntary clean up and reuse of contaminated sites. This program was established in 1995 and is also known as the Voluntary Cleanup Program.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This program aims to set four main standards, the first is to set structured standards. This allows for public knowledge of the cost of cleaning up a site, and ensures the protection of the present and future use of the site. The second standard is granted liability relief. The third standard promotes transparency by giving specific time frames for clean ups and routine reporting of what is being done on the site. Lastly, the fourth standard for this land recycling program is providing financial assistance for cleanups.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Examples">Examples</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ghirardelli_Square">Ghirardelli Square</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ghirardelli Square"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ghirardelli_Square" title="Ghirardelli Square">Ghirardelli Square</a> is in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco, California</a> and is the center of many examples of land recycling and building reuse. Designed by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Halprin" title="Lawrence Halprin">Lawrence Halprin</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Wurster" title="William Wurster">William Wurster</a> opening in 1964, this was one of the first examples of major land recycling in the United States. Surrounding this square is many buildings and waterfront properties that were originally used for production of local goods as well as transportation through the bay. No longer needed for their original uses, these buildings have been transformed and retrofitted to accommodate the needs of the community and attract tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inclusion of new retail spaces, offices, and residential properties in these existing abandoned buildings not only put to use otherwise empty spaces but also prevent the erection of new structures and therefore use less materials, energy, and land. In addition to this, Ghirardelli Square also shows the change of building use to reflect the needs of the residents. Churches specifically have changed from predominantly Christian to other religious uses or convert into secular uses such as housing and businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This claim cites another Wikipedia article. Articles need references to reliable third-party sources. (October 2020)">circular reference</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Foundation_Hotel">Foundation Hotel</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Foundation Hotel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Foundation Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit, Michigan</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_reuse" title="Adaptive reuse">Adaptive reuse</a> project designed by local firm McIntosh Poris Associates (MPA) with collaboration with Simone Deary Design group.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This project actually combined two adjacent buildings that were not in use. The main building was built in 1929 and originally housed the city's oldest fire department. The additional building was once home to Pontchartrain Wine Cellars.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 the fire department moved out and the building was left unoccupied for over a year until bought by Aparium Hotel Group. </p><p>This project focused on the new needs of the community while still preserving the aesthetic and incorporated <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">Historic preservation</a> in their work. This is significant because as stated above, gentrification can be a major negative effect during land recycling and the attempt to maintain the existing exterior of the building counteracts this. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Wonder_Bread_Factory">Wonder Bread Factory</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Wonder Bread Factory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>’s <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Bread" title="Wonder Bread">Wonder Bread</a> Factory sat in Shaw neighborhood from early 1913 to the mid-1980s in full production. After the company moved out of the space the building was abandoned and vacant for almost 20 years until Douglas Development, founded by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Jemal" title="Douglas Jemal">Douglas Jemal</a>, bought it in 1997. The building sat vacant for another 15 years until it was redeveloped and converted it into offices in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This building also pulled on <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">Historic preservation</a> by minimizing the level of exterior renovation as much as possible while still creating a new use for a space that was highly needed in the community. This building is 98,000 square feet and is now <a href="/wiki/Loft" title="Loft">Loft</a> styles offices available to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">Bioremediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_design" title="Environmental design">Environmental design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Green development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Green infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_urbanism" title="Green urbanism">Green urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_banking" title="Land banking">Land banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Land development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_rehabilitation" title="Land rehabilitation">Land rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfund" title="Superfund">Superfund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">Sustainable city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Sustainable development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=douglasdevelopment.com&rft.atitle=Wonder+Bread+Factory+%7C+Douglas+Development&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdouglasdevelopment.com%2Fproperties%2Fwonder-bread-factory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_recycling&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cclr.org">Center for Creative Land Recycling</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1991" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, George, ed. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IEKC60pckAQC"><i>Recycling derelict land</i></a>. Thomas Telford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-1318-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-1318-6"><bdi>978-0-7277-1318-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recycling+derelict+land&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7277-1318-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIEKC60pckAQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+recycling" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum_recycling" title="Gypsum recycling">Gypsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refrigerant_reclamation" title="Refrigerant reclamation">Refrigerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrap" title="Scrap">Scrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_grease" title="Yellow grease">Cooking oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recycling_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/75px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/113px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Recycling_symbol.svg/150px-Recycling_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recycling_by_product" title="Recycling by product">Products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appliance_recycling" title="Appliance recycling">Appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_oil_recycling" title="Automotive oil recycling">Automotive oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_recycling" title="Battery recycling">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_recycling" title="Bottle recycling">Bottles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer recycling">Computers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_recycling" title="Drug recycling">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_lamp_recycling" title="Fluorescent lamp recycling">Fluorescent lamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_recycling" title="Paint recycling">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_disposal" title="Ship disposal">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_recycling" title="Textile recycling">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tire_recycling" title="Tire recycling">Tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_recycling" title="Vehicle recycling">Vehicles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apparatus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_bin" title="Recycling bin">Bins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_bag" title="Blue bag">Blue bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_box_recycling_system" title="Blue box recycling system">Blue boxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_codes" title="Recycling codes">Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerbside_collection" title="Kerbside collection">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_recovery_facility" title="Materials recovery facility">Materials recovery facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_sorting" title="Waste sorting">Waste sorting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_rates_by_country" title="Recycling rates by country">Rate by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Australia" title="Recycling in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Brazil" title="Recycling in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Canada" title="Recycling in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Recycling in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Israel" title="Recycling in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Japan" title="Recycling in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Malaysia" title="Recycling in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Mongolia" title="Recycling in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_Netherlands" title="Recycling in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Switzerland#Recycling" title="Waste management in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Taiwan" title="Recycling in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Recycling in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Recycling in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_in_the_United_States" title="Recycling in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dematerialization_(products)" title="Dematerialization (products)">Dematerialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcycling" title="Downcycling">Downcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-industrial_park" title="Eco-industrial park">Eco-industrial park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_producer_responsibility" title="Extended producer responsibility">Extended producer responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_metabolism" title="Industrial metabolism">Industrial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchangeable_parts" title="Interchangeable parts">Interchangeable parts</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Land recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_flow_analysis" title="Material flow analysis">Material flow analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precycling" title="Precycling">Precycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Recycling (ecological)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refill_(campaign)" title="Refill (campaign)">Refill (campaign)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repairability" title="Repairability">Repairability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_recovery" title="Resource recovery">Resource recovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_bottles" title="Reuse of bottles">Reuse of bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_human_excreta" title="Reuse of human excreta">Reuse of human excreta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repurposing" title="Repurposing">Repurposing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse" title="Reuse">Reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to repair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling_symbol" title="Recycling symbol">Symbol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Green_Dot_(symbol)" title="Green Dot (symbol)">Green Dot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upcycling" title="Upcycling">Upcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpster_diving" title="Dumpster diving">Urban lumberjacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_hierarchy" title="Waste hierarchy">Waste hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_minimisation" title="Waste minimisation">Waste minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_picker" title="Waste picker">Waste picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishcycling" title="Wishcycling">Wishcycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_waste" title="Zero waste">Zero waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_cutting" title="Bottle cutting">Bottle cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">Composting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container-deposit_legislation" title="Container-deposit legislation">Container-deposit legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumpster_diving" title="Dumpster diving">Dumpster diving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_vending_machine" title="Reverse vending machine">Reverse vending machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste-to-energy" title="Waste-to-energy">Waste-to-energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Waste collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_law" title="Waste management law">Waste management law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_material" title="Category:Recycling by material">by material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling_by_product" title="Category:Recycling by product">by product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recycling_organizations" title="Category:Recycling organizations">organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_recycling_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of recycling articles">Index</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a 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