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<li id="toc-Earlier_precedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earlier_precedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Earlier precedents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earlier_precedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wuxia_inspired_Korean_shows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wuxia_inspired_Korean_shows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Wuxia inspired Korean shows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wuxia_inspired_Korean_shows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes,_plots_and_settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes,_plots_and_settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Themes, plots and settings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes,_plots_and_settings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes, plots and settings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes,_plots_and_settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Code_of_xia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_of_xia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Code of xia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_of_xia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skills_and_abilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skills_and_abilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Skills and abilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skills_and_abilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menpai_(门派)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menpai_(门派)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Menpai (门派)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menpai_(门派)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Comics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usya" title="Usya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Usya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu-sia" title="Wu-sia – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wu-sia" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ووشیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ووشیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%ED%98%91" title="무협 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무협" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B5%D5%A1" title="Ուսյա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուսյա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerita_silat" title="Cerita silat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cerita silat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%94" title="וושיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וושיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vu-hszia" title="Vu-hszia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vu-hszia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%8F" title="Уся – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Уся" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vusja" title="Vusja – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vusja" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99" title="บันเทิงคดีกำลังภายใน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บันเทิงคดีกำลังภายใน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wuxia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%8F" title="Уся – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Уся" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5_hi%E1%BB%87p" title="Võ hiệp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Võ hiệp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E4%BF%A0" title="武俠 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="武俠" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E4%BE%A0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="武侠文化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="武侠文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q754803#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts (Wushu)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg/230px-Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg/345px-Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg/460px-Shi_DeRu_and_Shi_DeYang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-size:115%"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Styles_of_Chinese_martial_arts" title="Styles of Chinese martial arts">Styles of Chinese martial arts</a><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_martial_arts" title="List of Chinese martial arts">List of Chinese martial arts</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F2F5A9; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Na" title="Chin Na">Chin Na</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa_jin" title="Fa jin">Fa jin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_(term)" title="Kung fu (term)">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neigong" title="Neigong">Neigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neijia" title="Neijia">Neijia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifu" title="Shifu">Shifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F2F5A9; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">Historical locations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Mountains" title="Kunlun Mountains">Kunlun Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Emei" title="Mount Emei">Mount Emei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hua" title="Mount Hua">Mount Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F2F5A9; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">Legendary figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Sanfeng" title="Zhang Sanfeng">Zhang Sanfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fong_Sai-yuk" title="Fong Sai-yuk">Fong Sai-yuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yim_Wing-chun" title="Yim Wing-chun">Yim Wing-chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ching-Yuen" title="Li Ching-Yuen">Li Ching-Yuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals" title="Eight Immortals">Eight Immortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Elders" title="Five Elders">Five Elders</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F2F5A9; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">Historical individuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizu_of_Song" title="Emperor Taizu of Song">Emperor Taizu of Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yue_Fei" title="Yue Fei">Yue Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Xiguan" title="Hong Xiguan">Hong Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Haichuan" title="Dong Haichuan">Dong Haichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Luchan" title="Yang Luchan">Yang Luchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Heung" title="Chan Heung">Chan Heung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Quanyou" title="Wu Quanyou">Wu Quanyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wong_Fei-hung" title="Wong Fei-hung">Wong Fei-hung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Lutang" title="Sun Lutang">Sun Lutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shuwen" title="Li Shuwen">Li Shuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huo_Yuanjia" title="Huo Yuanjia">Huo Yuanjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ziping" title="Wang Ziping">Wang Ziping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Fake" title="Chen Fake">Chen Fake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ip_Man" title="Ip Man">Ip Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Tigers_of_Canton" title="Ten Tigers of Canton">Ten Tigers of Canton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F2F5A9; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern celebrities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_Yeung" title="Bolo Yeung">Bolo Yeung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammo_Hung" title="Sammo Hung">Sammo Hung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_Li" title="Jet Li">Jet Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnie_Yen" title="Donnie Yen">Donnie Yen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Zhao" title="Vincent Zhao">Vincent Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jin_(actor)" title="Zhang Jin (actor)">Zhang Jin (actor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_To" title="Dennis To">Dennis To</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F2F5A9; padding: 2px;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu film</a></li> <li><a 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Wuxia</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">武俠</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">武侠</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">wǔxiá</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄨˇ ㄒㄧㄚˊ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">wu<sup>3</sup>-hsia<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ù.ɕjǎ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">other Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Arab" dir="rtl">وشيا</span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Cyrl" style="font-style: normal;">уся</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">móuh-hahp</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">mou<sup>5</sup>-hap<sup>6</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[mɔw˩˧.hɐp̚˨]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">bú-kiap</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">bú-kiap</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">Wuxia</span></span></b> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E4%BF%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:武俠">武俠</a></span></span> <span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ù.ɕjǎ]</a></span>, literally "martial arts and chivalry") is a genre of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Chinese fiction</a> concerning the adventures of <a href="/wiki/Martial_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial artist">martial artists</a> in ancient China. Although <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">wuxia</span></span> is traditionally a form of <a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">historical fantasy</a> literature, its popularity has caused it to be adapted for such diverse art forms as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_opera" title="Chinese opera">Chinese opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a>, television dramas, films, and video games. It forms part of popular culture in many Chinese-speaking communities around the world. According to Hong Kong film director, producer, and movie writer <a href="/wiki/Ronny_Yu" title="Ronny Yu">Ronny Yu</a>, wuxia movies are not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">martial arts movies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "<span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">wǔxiá</i></span>" is a compound composed of the elements <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">wǔ</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:武">武</a></span></span>, literally "martial", "military", or "armed") and <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiá</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A0#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:俠">俠</a></span></span>, literally "chivalrous", "<a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilante</a>" or "hero"). A martial artist who follows the code of <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xia</i></span> is often referred to as a <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xiákè</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A0%E5%AE%A2" class="extiw" title="wikt:俠客">俠客</a></span></span>, literally "follower of <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xia</i></span>") or <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Youxia" title="Youxia">yóuxiá</a></i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%81%8A%E4%BF%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:遊俠">遊俠</a></span></span>, literally "wandering <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xia</i></span>"). In some translations, the martial artist is referred to as a <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiànxiá</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8A%8D%E4%BF%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:劍俠">劍俠</a></span></span>) or <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">jiànkè</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8A%8D%E5%AE%A2" class="extiw" title="wikt:劍客">劍客</a></span></span>), either of which can be interpreted as a "swordsman" or "swordswoman", even though they may not necessarily wield a sword. </p><p>The heroes in wuxia fiction typically do not serve a lord, wield military power, or belong to the aristocratic class. They often originate from the lower social classes of ancient Chinese society. A code of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a> usually requires wuxia heroes to right and redress wrongs, fight for righteousness, remove oppressors, and bring retribution for past misdeeds. Chinese <span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh-Latn">xia</i></span> traditions may be compared to martial codes from other cultures, such as the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">bushidō</a></span></span>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earlier_precedents">Earlier precedents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Earlier precedents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even though the term "wuxia" as the name of a genre is a recent coinage, stories about xia date back more than 2,000 years. Wuxia stories have their roots in some early <a href="/wiki/Youxia" title="Youxia">youxia</a> tales from 300–200 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a> spoke disparagingly of youxias in his book <i><a href="/wiki/Han_Feizi" title="Han Feizi">Han Feizi</a></i> in the chapter <i>On Five 'Maggot' Classes</i> about five social classes in the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some well-known stories include <a href="/wiki/Zhuan_Zhu" title="Zhuan Zhu">Zhuan Zhu</a>'s assassination of <a href="/wiki/King_Liao_of_Wu" class="mw-redirect" title="King Liao of Wu">King Liao of Wu</a>, and most notably, <a href="/wiki/Jing_Ke" title="Jing Ke">Jing Ke</a>'s attempt on the life of the King of Qin (who later became <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>). In Volume 86 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i> (<i>Shi Ji</i>), <a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima Qian</a> mentioned five notable assassins – Cao Mo, <a href="/wiki/Zhuan_Zhu" title="Zhuan Zhu">Zhuan Zhu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yu_Rang" title="Yu Rang">Yu Rang</a>, Nie Zheng and Jing Ke – in the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> who undertook tasks of conducting political assassinations of aristocrats and nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-Teo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17–19">: 17–19 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These assassins were known as <i>cike</i> (刺客; literally "stabbing guests"). They usually rendered their loyalties and services to feudal lords and nobles in return for rewards such as riches and women. In Volume 124 of the <i>Shi Ji</i>, Sima Qian detailed several embryonic features of xia culture from his period. These popular phenomena were also documented in other historical records such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Han" title="Book of Han">Book of Han</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Later_Han" title="Book of the Later Han">Book of the Later Han</a></i>. </p><p>Xiake stories made a turning point in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907) and returned in the form of <i>chuanqi</i> (傳奇; literally "legendary tales"). Stories from that era, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nie_Yinniang" title="Nie Yinniang">Nie Yinniang</a></i> (聶隱娘),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_Nu" title="Kunlun Nu">The Kunlun Slave</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing_Shisanniang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing Shisanniang (page does not exist)">Thirteenth Madame Jing</a></i> (<i>荊十三娘</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hongxian_(assassin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hongxian (assassin) (page does not exist)">Red String</a></i> (紅線)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiuran_Ke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiuran Ke (page does not exist)">The Bearded Warrior</a></i> (虬髯客),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> served as prototypes for modern wuxia stories.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They featured fantasies and isolated protagonists – usually loners – who performed daring heroic deeds. During the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279), similar stories circulated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Huaben" title="Huaben">huaben</a></i>, short works that were once thought to have served as prompt-books for <i><a href="/wiki/Shuochang" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuochang">shuochang</a></i> (traditional Chinese storytelling).<sup id="cite_ref-Teo_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19–20">: 19–20 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liu_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 47–48">: 47–48 </span></sup> </p><p>The genre of the martial or military romance also developed during the Tang dynasty. In the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644), <a href="/wiki/Luo_Guanzhong" title="Luo Guanzhong">Luo Guanzhong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shi_Nai%27an" title="Shi Nai'an">Shi Nai'an</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Water_Margin" title="Water Margin">Water Margin</a></i> respectively, which are among the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Classical_Novels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Classical Novels (page does not exist)">Great Classical Novels</a> of Chinese literature. The former is a romanticised historical retelling of the events in the late <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> period, while the latter criticises the deplorable socio-economic status of the late Northern Song dynasty. <i>Water Margin</i> is often seen as the first full-length wuxia novel: the portrayal of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=108_heroes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="108 heroes (page does not exist)">108 heroes</a>, and their code of honour and willingness to become outlaws rather than serve a corrupt government, played an influential role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Jianghu" title="Jianghu">jianghu</a> (Jianghu is the setting that wuxia stories inhabit. Literally meaning "rivers and lakes", Jianghu settings are fictionalized versions of China which focus on social underworlds and the marginalized figures which inhabit them."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) culture in later centuries. <i>Romance of the Three Kingdoms</i> is also seen as a possible early antecedent and contains classic close-combat descriptions that were later emulated by wuxia writers in their works<sup id="cite_ref-Teo_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamm_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamm-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17, 263">: 17, 263 </span></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1911), further developments were the <i><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">gong'an</a></i> (公案; literally "public case") and related detective novels, where xia and other heroes, in collaboration with a judge or magistrate, solved crimes and battled injustice. The <a href="/wiki/Bao_Zheng" title="Bao Zheng">Justice Bao</a> stories from <i>Sanxia Wuyi</i> (三俠五義; later extended and renamed to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Heroes_and_Five_Gallants" title="The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants">Qixia Wuyi</a></i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Xiaowuyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiaowuyi">Xiaowuyi</a></i> (小五義), incorporated much of social justice themes of later wuxia stories. Xiayi stories of chivalrous romance, which frequently featured female heroes and supernatural fighting abilities, also surfaced during the Qing dynasty. Novels such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shi_Gong%27an_Qiwen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shi Gong'an Qiwen (page does not exist)">Shi Gong'an Qiwen</a></i> (施公案奇聞) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ern%C3%BC_Yingxiong_Zhuan" title="Ernü Yingxiong Zhuan">Ernü Yingxiong Zhuan</a></i> (兒女英雄傳) have been cited as the clearest nascent wuxia novels.<sup id="cite_ref-Teo_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20–21">: 20–21 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamm_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamm-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p><p>The term "wuxia" as a genre label itself first appeared at the end of the Qing dynasty, a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of the Japanese "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Buky%C5%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bukyō (page does not exist)">bukyō</a>", a genre of oft-militaristic and <a href="/wiki/Bushido" title="Bushido">bushido</a>-influenced adventure fiction. The term was brought to China by writers such as <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a> and students who hoped that China would modernise its military and place emphasis on martial virtues, and it quickly became entrenched as the term used to refer to xiayi and other predecessors of wuxia proper. In Japan, however, the term "bukyō" faded into obscurity.<sup id="cite_ref-Teo_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2–3">: 2–3 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamm_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamm-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11, 262">: 11, 262 </span></sup> </p><p>Many wuxia works produced during the Ming and Qing dynasties were lost due to the governments' crackdown on and banning of such works.<sup id="cite_ref-HeroicCinema_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeroicCinema-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wuxia works like <i>Water Margin</i> were deemed responsible for brewing anti-government sentiments, which led to rebellions in those eras.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The departure from mainstream literature also meant that patronage of this genre was limited to the masses and not to the literati, which led to the stifling of the development of the wuxia genre. Nonetheless, the wuxia genre remained enormously popular with the common people.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 49–50">: 49–50 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern wuxia genre rose to prominence in the early 20th century after the <a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a> of 1919. A new literature evolved, calling for a break with Confucian values, and the xia emerged as a symbol of personal freedom, defiance to Confucian tradition, and rejection of the Chinese family system.<sup id="cite_ref-HeroicCinema_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeroicCinema-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xiang Kairan (pen name <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pingjiang_Buxiaosheng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pingjiang Buxiaosheng (page does not exist)">Pingjiang Buxiaosheng</a>) became the first notable wuxia writer, with his debut novel being <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jianghu_Qixia_Zhuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jianghu Qixia Zhuan (page does not exist)">The Peculiar Knights-Errant of the Jianghu</a></i> (江湖奇俠傳).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was serialised from 1921 to 1928 and was adapted into the first wuxia film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burning_of_the_Red_Lotus_Temple" title="The Burning of the Red Lotus Temple">The Burning of the Red Lotus Temple</a></i> (1928).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhao_Huanting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhao Huanting (page does not exist)">Zhao Huanting</a> (趙煥亭), who wrote <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qixia_Jingzhong_Zhuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qixia Jingzhong Zhuan (page does not exist)">Chronicles of the Loyal Knights-Errant</a></i> (奇俠精忠傳, serialised 1923–27), was another well-known wuxia writer based in Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting from the 1930s, wuxia works proliferated and its centre shifted to Beijing and <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> in northern China. The most prolific writers there were collectively referred to as the <i>Five Great Masters of the Northern School</i> (北派五大家): <a href="/wiki/Huanzhulouzhu" title="Huanzhulouzhu">Huanzhulouzhu</a>, who wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Swordsmen_of_the_Mountains_of_Shu" title="Legend of the Swordsmen of the Mountains of Shu">The Swordspeople from Shu Mountains</a></i> (蜀山劍俠傳); <a href="/wiki/Gong_Baiyu" title="Gong Baiyu">Gong Baiyu</a> (宮白羽), who wrote <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Coin_Darts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twelve Coin Darts (page does not exist)">Twelve Coin Darts</a></i> (十二金錢鏢); <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dulu" title="Wang Dulu">Wang Dulu</a>, who wrote <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crane-Iron_Pentalogy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Crane-Iron Pentalogy (page does not exist)">The Crane-Iron Pentalogy</a></i> (鹤鉄五部作); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zheng_Zhengyin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zheng Zhengyin (page does not exist)">Zheng Zhengyin</a> (郑証因), who wrote <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_King_of_Eagle_Claws&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The King of Eagle Claws (page does not exist)">The King of Eagle Claws</a></i> (鹰爪王); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Zhenmu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Zhenmu (page does not exist)">Zhu Zhenmu</a> (朱貞木), who wrote <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Seven_%27Kill%27_Stele&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Seven 'Kill' Stele (page does not exist)">The Seven 'Kill' Stele</a></i> (七殺碑).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wuxia fiction was banned at various times during the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republican era</a> and these restrictions stifled the growth of the genre.<sup id="cite_ref-HeroicCinema_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeroicCinema-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, China also banned martial arts novels as vulgar reading. In Taiwan, the government banned several wuxia works in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, wuxia prevailed in other Chinese-speaking regions. In Hong Kong, between the 1960s and 1980s, the genre entered a <a href="/wiki/Golden_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age">golden age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Liang_Yusheng" title="Liang Yusheng">Liang Yusheng</a> and Louis Cha (<a href="/wiki/Jin_Yong" title="Jin Yong">Jin Yong</a>) spearheaded the founding of a "new school" of the wuxia genre that differed largely from its predecessors. They wrote serials for newspapers and magazines. They also incorporated several fictional themes such as mystery and romance from other cultures. In Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/Wolong_Sheng" title="Wolong Sheng">Wolong Sheng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sima_Ling" title="Sima Ling">Sima Ling</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhuge_Qingyun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhuge Qingyun (page does not exist)">Zhuge Qingyun</a> (諸葛青雲), <a href="/wiki/Shiao_Yi" title="Shiao Yi">Shiao Yi</a> (萧逸) and <a href="/wiki/Gu_Long" title="Gu Long">Gu Long</a> became the region's best known wuxia writers. After them, writers such as <a href="/wiki/Woon_Swee_Oan" title="Woon Swee Oan">Woon Swee Oan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huang_Yi_(author)" title="Huang Yi (author)">Huang Yi</a> rose to prominence in a later period. <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yu-hui" title="Chen Yu-hui">Chen Yu-hui</a> is a contemporary female wuxia novelist who made her debut with the novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianguan_Shuangxia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tianguan Shuangxia (page does not exist)">The Tian-Guan Duo Heroes</a></i> (天觀雙俠).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have also been works created after the 1980s which attempt to create a post-wuxia genre. <a href="/wiki/Yu_Hua" title="Yu Hua">Yu Hua</a>, one of the more notable writers from this period, published a counter-genre short story titled <i><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_Plum_Blossoms" title="Blood and Plum Blossoms">Blood and Plum Blossoms</a></i>, in which the protagonist goes on a quest to avenge his murdered father. </p><p>Wuxia as a genre has also spread to <a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Korean literature</a>. The shared themes in both culture seem to be honor, revenge, martial sects and mystical prowess. While Chinese wuxia stories incorporate Daoist and Buddhist philosophy, Korean adaptations tend to put more weight in Confucius principles. Korean historical dramas depict martial arts but tend to downplay the mysticism though there are stories where it is instead embraced like the series <a href="/wiki/Gu_Family_Book" title="Gu Family Book"><i>Gu family book</i></a>. The influence of Wuxia can also be found in games, manhwa and light novel in which the settings are depicted in ancient times with distinct wuxia aesthetics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wuxia_inspired_Korean_shows">Wuxia inspired Korean shows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wuxia inspired Korean shows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Warrior_Baek_Dong-soo" title="Warrior Baek Dong-soo">Warrior Baek Dong-soo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthdal_Chronicles" title="Arthdal Chronicles">Arthdal Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memories_of_the_Sword" title="Memories of the Sword">Memories of the Sword</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes,_plots_and_settings"><span id="Themes.2C_plots_and_settings"></span>Themes, plots and settings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Themes, plots and settings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wuxia" title="Special:EditPage/Wuxia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunlun_Nu_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Kunlun_Nu_print.jpg/200px-Kunlun_Nu_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Kunlun_Nu_print.jpg/300px-Kunlun_Nu_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/83/Kunlun_Nu_print.jpg/400px-Kunlun_Nu_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>A 17th-century woodblock print of a scene from a play on the <i>Kunlun Nu</i> story.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern wuxia stories are largely set in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medieval_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval China">pre-modern China</a>. The historical setting can range from being quite specific and important to the story, to being vaguely-defined, anachronistic, or mainly for use as a backdrop. Elements of fantasy, such as the use of magic powers and appearance of supernatural beings, are common in some wuxia stories but are not a prerequisite of the wuxia genre. However, the martial arts element is a definite part of a wuxia tale, as the characters must know some form of martial arts. Themes of romance are also strongly featured in some wuxia tales. </p><p>A typical wuxia story features a young male protagonist who experiences a tragedy – such as the loss of his loved ones – and goes on to undertake several trials and tribulations to learn several forms of martial arts from various fighters. At the end of the story, he emerges as a powerful fighter whom few can equal. He uses his abilities to follow the code of xia and mends the ills of the <a href="/wiki/Jianghu" title="Jianghu">jianghu</a>. For instance, the opening chapters of some of Jin Yong's works follow a certain pattern: a tragic event occurs, usually one that costs the lives of the newly introduced characters, and then it sets events into motion that will culminate in the primary action of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-McNeil_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeil-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other stories use different structures. For instance, the protagonist is denied admission into a martial arts school. He experiences hardships and trains secretly and waits until there is an opportunity for him to show off his skills and surprise those who initially looked down on him. Some stories feature a mature hero with powerful martial arts abilities confronting an equally powerful antagonist as his nemesis. The plot will gradually meander to a final dramatic showdown between the protagonist and his nemesis. These types of stories were prevalent during the era of anti-<a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain stories have unique plots, such as those by <a href="/wiki/Gu_Long" title="Gu Long">Gu Long</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huang_Yi_(author)" title="Huang Yi (author)">Huang Yi</a>. Gu Long's works have an element of mystery and are written like detective stories. The protagonist, usually a formidable martial artist and intelligent problem-solver, embarks on a quest to solve a mystery such as a murder case. Huang Yi's stories are blended with science fiction. </p><p>Despite these genre-blending elements, wuxia is primarily a historical genre of fiction. Notwithstanding this, wuxia writers openly admit that they are unable to capture the entire history of a course of events and instead choose to structure their stories along the pattern of the protagonist's progression from childhood to adulthood instead.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The progression may be symbolic rather than literal, as observed in Jin Yong's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Smiling,_Proud_Wanderer" title="The Smiling, Proud Wanderer">The Smiling, Proud Wanderer</a></i>, where <a href="/wiki/Linghu_Chong" class="mw-redirect" title="Linghu Chong">Linghu Chong</a> progresses from childish concerns and dalliances into much more adult ones as his unwavering loyalty repeatedly thrusts him into the rocks of betrayal at the hands of his inhumane master.<sup id="cite_ref-McNeil_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNeil-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_of_xia">Code of xia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Code of xia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eight common attributes of the xia are listed as benevolence, justice, individualism, loyalty, courage, truthfulness, disregard for wealth, and desire for glory. Apart from individualism, these characteristics are similar to Confucian values such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">ren</a></i> (仁; "benevolence", "kindness"), <i>zhong</i> (忠; "loyalty"), <i>yong</i> (勇; "courage", "bravery") and <i><a href="/wiki/Yi_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi (Confucianism)">yi</a></i> (義; "righteousness").<sup id="cite_ref-HeroicCinema_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HeroicCinema-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The code of xia also emphasises the importance of repaying benefactors after having received deeds of <i>en</i> (恩; "grace", "favour") from others, as well as seeking <i>chou</i> (仇; "vengeance", "revenge") to bring villains to justice. However, the importance of vengeance is controversial, as a number of wuxia works stress Buddhist ideals, which include forgiveness, compassion and a prohibition on killing. While borrowing ideas from the better known Confucian values, the root of Xia originated from the lesser known <a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a>, which in the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> saw a few Mohists stood up to defend kingdoms being attacked by other kingdoms. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Jianghu" title="Jianghu">jianghu</a>, martial artists are expected to be loyal to their master (<a href="/wiki/Shifu" title="Shifu">Shifu</a>). This gives rise to the formation of several complex trees of master-apprentice relations as well as the various schools such as <a href="/wiki/Shaolin_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaolin School">Shaolin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wudang_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Wudang School">Wudang</a>. If there are any disputes between fighters, they will choose the honourable way of settling their issues through fighting in duels.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skills_and_abilities">Skills and abilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Skills and abilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Wuxia" title="Special:EditPage/Wuxia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The martial arts in wuxia stories are based on <a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">wushu</a> techniques and other real life <a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Chinese martial arts</a>. In wuxia tales, however, the mastery of such skills are highly exaggerated to superhuman levels of achievement and prowess. </p><p>The following is a list of skills and abilities a typical fighter in a wuxia story possesses: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</a> (武功): Fighting techniques in a codified sequence called <i>zhaoshi</i> (招式), which are based on real life Chinese martial arts.</li> <li>Weapons and objects: Combatants use a wide range of weapons in combat. The most commonly used ones are the <i><a href="/wiki/Dao_(Chinese_sword)" title="Dao (Chinese sword)">dao</a></i> (broadsword or saber), <i><a href="/wiki/Jian" title="Jian">jian</a></i> (sword), <i><a href="/wiki/Gun_(staff)" title="Gun (staff)">gun</a></i> (staff), and <i><a href="/wiki/Qiang_(spear)" title="Qiang (spear)">qiang</a></i> (spear). Everyday objects such as <a href="/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus">abaci</a>, benches, fans, ink brushes, smoking pipes, sewing needles, or various musical instruments, are also used as weapons as well.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qinggong" title="Qinggong">Qinggong</a></i> (轻功): A form of real Chinese martial arts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In wuxia fiction, however, its use is exaggerated to the point that characters can circumvent gravity to fly, cover tremendous distances in a single stride, run across surfaces of water, mount trees, and jump over or scale high walls.</li> <li><i>Neili</i> (内力; lit "internal force" or "internal strength")/<i><a href="/wiki/Neigong" title="Neigong">Neigong</a></i> (內功; literally "internal skill" or "internal function"): The ability to build up and cultivate inner energy known as <i><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a></i> and use it for offensive or defensive purposes. Characters use this energy to attain skills such as superhuman strength, speed, stamina, endurance, and healing, as well as the ability to project energy beams and elemental forces from their bodies.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Touch_of_Death" title="Touch of Death">Dianxue</a></i> (點穴; literally "touching <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Acupuncture point">acupuncture points</a>"): Characters use various <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncture</a> techniques to kill, paralyse, immobilise or even manipulate opponents by attacking their <a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">acupressure</a> points with their bare hands or weapons. Such techniques can also be used for healing purposes, such as halting excessive bleeding. Real life martial artists do use such techniques to paralyse or stun their opponents. However, their effectiveness is highly exaggerated in wuxia stories.</li></ul> <p>In wuxia stories, characters attain the above skills and abilities by devoting themselves to years of diligent study and exercise, but can also have such power conferred upon them by a master who transfers his energy to them. The instructions to mastering these skills through training are found in secret manuals known as <i>miji</i> (秘笈). In some stories, specific skills can be learned by spending several years in seclusion with a master or training with a group of fighters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Menpai_(门派)"><span id="Menpai_.28.E9.97.A8.E6.B4.BE.29"></span>Menpai (门派)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Menpai (门派)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menpai is often translated as sect, school, society, church, house, or cult. Members of the same menpai follow the guidance and train under the same leader. If the members of the menpai are related, then it can be translated as clan. Since some of the menpai are religiously affiliated, "sect" has come to be a common translation for the non-family based menpai. However, it would be inaccurate to use sect to denote menpais that are not associated with religion.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable modern wuxia writers include: </p> <table class="sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Name</th> <th style="width:15%;">Pen name</th> <th style="width:10%;">Active years</th> <th style="width:25%;">Some works</th> <th style="width:25%;">Brief description </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Louis Cha Leung-yung <br /> Zha Liangyong <br /> 查良鏞</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Yong" title="Jin Yong">Jin Yong</a> <br /> 金庸</td> <td>1955–72</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_and_the_Sword" title="The Book and the Sword">The Book and the Sword</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Condor_Trilogy" title="Condor Trilogy">Condor Trilogy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Demi-Gods_and_Semi-Devils" title="Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils">Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Smiling,_Proud_Wanderer" title="The Smiling, Proud Wanderer">The Smiling, Proud Wanderer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Deer_and_the_Cauldron" title="The Deer and the Cauldron">The Deer and the Cauldron</a></i></td> <td>The most popular, and regarded by some as the most accomplished, writer to date. His works have been adapted into films and television series numerous times. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Chen Wentong <br /> 陳文統</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Liang_Yusheng" title="Liang Yusheng">Liang Yusheng</a> <br /> 梁羽生</td> <td>1954–83</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Qijian_Xia_Tianshan" title="Qijian Xia Tianshan">Qijian Xia Tianshan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Datang_Youxia_Zhuan" title="Datang Youxia Zhuan">Datang Youxia Zhuan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Baifa_Mon%C3%BC_Zhuan" title="Baifa Monü Zhuan">Baifa Monü Zhuan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saiwai_Qixia_Zhuan" title="Saiwai Qixia Zhuan">Saiwai Qixia Zhuan</a></i>, <i>Yunhai Yugong Yuan</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xiagu_Danxin" title="Xiagu Danxin">Xiagu Danxin</a></i></td> <td>The pioneer of the "new school" wuxia genre. Some of his works were adapted into films and television series. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Xiong Yaohua <br /> 熊耀華</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Gu_Long" title="Gu Long">Gu Long</a> <br /> 古龍</td> <td>1960–85</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Chu_Liuxiang" title="Chu Liuxiang">Chu Liuxiang</a> Series</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Juedai_Shuangjiao" title="Juedai Shuangjiao">Juedai Shuangjiao</a></i>, <i>Xiao Shiyi Lang</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xiaoli_Feidao_(novel_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiaoli Feidao (novel series)">Xiaoli Feidao Series</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiaofeng" title="Lu Xiaofeng">Lu Xiaofeng</a> Series</i></td> <td>A writer who blends elements of mystery in his works. He writes in short paragraphs and is influenced stylistically by Western and Japanese writers. Some of his works were adapted into films and television series. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Woon Liang Geok <br /> Wen Liangyu <br /> 溫涼玉</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Woon_Swee_Oan" title="Woon Swee Oan">Woon Swee Oan</a> <br /> Wen Rui'an <br /> 溫瑞安</td> <td>1973–present</td> <td><i>Si Da Ming Bu</i>, <i>Buyi Shenxiang</i>, <i>Jingyan Yi Qiang</i></td> <td>His works were adapted into the television series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_(2008_TV_series)" title="The Four (2008 TV series)">The Four</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Face_to_Fate" title="Face to Fate">Face to Fate</a></i>, and the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Four_(film)" title="The Four (film)">The Four</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Huang Zuqiang <br /> 黃祖強</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yi_(author)" title="Huang Yi (author)">Huang Yi</a> <br /> 黃易</td> <td>1987–2017</td> <td><i>Xunqin Ji</i>, <i>Fuyu Fanyun</i>, <i>Datang Shuanglong Zhuan</i></td> <td>Combines wuxia with science fiction in his works. His works were adapted into the television series <i><a href="/wiki/A_Step_into_the_Past" title="A Step into the Past">A Step into the Past</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lethal_Weapons_of_Love_and_Passion" title="Lethal Weapons of Love and Passion">Lethal Weapons of Love and Passion</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Twin_of_Brothers" title="Twin of Brothers">Twin of Brothers</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Lau Wai Ming <br /> 劉偉明</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Jozev_Kiu" title="Jozev Kiu">Jozev Kiu</a> <br /> 喬靖夫</td> <td>1996–present</td> <td><i>Blood and Steel</i></td> <td>Redefined Wuxia fiction from the traditional emphasis on the code of chivalry and Chinese culture. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comics">Comics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Comics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>New and original wuxia writings have dwindled significantly in modern times,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly so as patronage and readerships of the genre decimated due to readily available alternatives in entertainment such as DVDs, gaming consoles, and other newer forms of entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the genre has persisted in the form of <a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a> (Chinese comics) in places like Hong Kong and Taiwan, with the core essentials of the wuxia genre living on in weekly editions equivalent to the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some notable comic artists are listed as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:20%;">Name</th> <th style="width:15%;">Pseudonym</th> <th style="width:10%;">Active years</th> <th style="width:25%;">Some works</th> <th style="width:25%;">Brief description </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Wing-shing" title="Ma Wing-shing">Ma Wing-shing</a> <br /> Ma Rongcheng <br /> 馬榮城</td> <td align="center">Ma Wing-shing <br /> Ma Rongcheng <br /> 馬榮成</td> <td>1980s–present</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Fung_Wan" title="Fung Wan">Fung Wan</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Hero">Chinese Hero</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Leopard_(comic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Leopard (comic) (page does not exist)">Black Leopard</a></i></td> <td>Some of his works were adapted into films and television series such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_Riders" title="The Storm Riders">The Storm Riders</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wind_and_Cloud" title="Wind and Cloud">Wind and Cloud</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blood_Sword" title="The Blood Sword">The Blood Sword</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Man_Called_Hero" title="A Man Called Hero">A Man Called Hero</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">Wong Jan-lung <br /> Huang Zhenlong <br /> 黃振隆</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Wong_Yuk-long" title="Wong Yuk-long">Wong Yuk-long</a> <br /> Huang Yulang <br /> 黃玉郎</td> <td>1980s–present</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Heroes" title="Oriental Heroes">Oriental Heroes</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_the_Gods_(comics)" title="Weapons of the Gods (comics)">Weapons of the Gods</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_Emperors" title="Legend of Emperors">Legend of Emperors</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddha%27s_Palm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddha's Palm (page does not exist)">Buddha's Palm</a></i></td> <td>Some of his works were adapted into films and television series like <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Tiger_Gate" title="Dragon Tiger Gate">Dragon Tiger Gate</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_VS_Acrobatic" title="Kung Fu VS Acrobatic">Kung Fu VS Acrobatic</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Buddhism_Palm_Strikes_Back" title="The Buddhism Palm Strikes Back">The Buddhism Palm Strikes Back</a></i>. </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Khoo_Fuk-lung" title="Khoo Fuk-lung">Khoo Fuk-lung</a> <br /> Qiu Fulong <br /> 邱福龍</td> <td></td> <td>1990s–present</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_(manhua)" title="Saint (manhua)">Saint</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solar_Lord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solar Lord (page does not exist)">Solar Lord</a></i></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Wuxia_films" title="Category:Wuxia films">Category: Wuxia films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Wuxia_television_series" title="Category:Wuxia television series">Category: Wuxia television series</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Fantasy_genres" title="Category:Fantasy genres">Category: Fantasy genres</a></div> <p>The earliest wuxia films date back to the 1920s. Extant early wuxia films produced in China include <i>Red Heroine</i> (1929),<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Valiant_Girl_White_Rose" title="The Valiant Girl White Rose">Woman Warrior White Rose</a></i> (1929),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Woman Warrior of the Wild River 6: Rumble at Deerhorn Gully</i> (1930),<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sixth film in a series. <i>Hua Mu Lan</i> (1939), another surviving film,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is considered a representative of the second wave of wuxia films, during the Anti-Japanese War.<sup id="cite_ref-cfc2249_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfc2249-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Films directed by <a href="/wiki/King_Hu" title="King Hu">King Hu</a> and produced by the <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Brothers_Studio" title="Shaw Brothers Studio">Shaw Brothers Studio</a> featured sophisticated action choreography using wire and trampoline assisted acrobatics combined with sped-up camera techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The storylines in the early films were loosely adapted from existing literature.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Pei-pei" title="Cheng Pei-pei">Cheng Pei-pei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Wang_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jimmy Wang (actor)">Jimmy Wang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connie_Chan_(actor)" title="Connie Chan (actor)">Connie Chan</a> are among the better known wuxia movie stars in the 1960s–70s, when films made by King Hu and the Shaw Brothers Studio were most prominent. More recent wuxia movie actors and actresses include <a href="/wiki/Jet_Li" title="Jet Li">Jet Li</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Lin" title="Brigitte Lin">Brigitte Lin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Yeoh" title="Michelle Yeoh">Michelle Yeoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donnie_Yen" title="Donnie Yen">Donnie Yen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Leung_Chiu-wai" title="Tony Leung Chiu-wai">Tony Leung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ziyi" title="Zhang Ziyi">Zhang Ziyi</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Woo-ping" title="Yuen Woo-ping">Yuen Woo-ping</a> is a choreographer who achieved fame by crafting action-sequences in wuxia films. </p><p>Wuxia was introduced to Hollywood studios in 2000 by <a href="/wiki/Ang_Lee" title="Ang Lee">Ang Lee</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Crouching_Tiger,_Hidden_Dragon" title="Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon">Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon</a></i>, though influence of the genre was previously seen in the United States in the 1970s television series <i><a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_(1972_TV_series)" title="Kung Fu (1972 TV series)">Kung Fu</a></i>. Following in Lee's footsteps, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yimou" title="Zhang Yimou">Zhang Yimou</a> made <i><a href="/wiki/Hero_(2002_film)" title="Hero (2002 film)">Hero</a></i>, targeted for the international market in 2002, <i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Flying_Daggers" title="House of Flying Daggers">House of Flying Daggers</a></i> in 2004, <i><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_the_Golden_Flower" title="Curse of the Golden Flower">Curse of the Golden Flower</a></i> in 2006 and <i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_(2018_film)" title="Shadow (2018 film)">Shadow</a></i> in 2018. Western audiences were also introduced to wuxia through Asian television stations in larger cities, which featured miniseries such as <i><a href="/wiki/Warriors_of_the_Yang_Clan" title="Warriors of the Yang Clan">Warriors of the Yang Clan</a></i> and <i>Paradise</i>, often with English subtitles. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ash_Is_Purest_White" title="Ash Is Purest White">Ash Is Purest White</a></i> (Chinese: 江湖儿女; 'Sons and Daughters of Jianghu'), a 2018 Chinese drama directed by Jia Zhangke, is a modern film that refers to the underworld interpretation of jianghu. It was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival. The story is loosely based on the leader of a gang from Jia Zhangke's childhood, whom he had admired as a role model. Like the rest of Jia's films, it opened to widespread acclaim. </p><p>There have been Western attempts at the genre, such as the 2008 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forbidden_Kingdom" title="The Forbidden Kingdom">The Forbidden Kingdom</a></i>, which starred <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_Li" title="Jet Li">Jet Li</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Angarano" title="Michael Angarano">Michael Angarano</a>; other movies including wuxia elements are the first three in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)" title="The Matrix (franchise)">The Matrix</a></i> <a href="/wiki/The_Matrix_(franchise)" title="The Matrix (franchise)">film series</a> (1999–2003, the fourth film from 2021 was choreographed by Joshua Grothe<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Kill_Bill:_Volume_1" title="Kill Bill: Volume 1">Kill Bill</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Kill_Bill:_Volume_1" title="Kill Bill: Volume 1">films</a> from 2003 to 2004, all of which were choregraphed by <a href="/wiki/Yuen_Woo-ping" title="Yuen Woo-ping">Yuen Woo-ping</a>. Perhaps the most successful example was <a href="/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation" title="DreamWorks Animation">DreamWorks Animation</a>'s media franchise <i><a href="/wiki/Kung_Fu_Panda_(franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung Fu Panda (franchise)">Kung Fu Panda</a></i>. Created as an earnest, if humorous, emulation by producers who were knowledgeable admirers of the genre, the series has been particularly hailed in China as an excellent contribution to the form.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1990s–2000s, Hong Kong stars <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Wu" title="Daniel Wu">Daniel Wu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fung" title="Stephen Fung">Stephen Fung</a> have worked with <a href="/wiki/AMC_Networks" title="AMC Networks">AMC Networks</a> to bring wuxia to a US television audience with <i><a href="/wiki/Into_the_Badlands_(TV_series)" title="Into the Badlands (TV series)">Into the Badlands</a></i>, which premiered in 2015 and ran for three seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Keanu_Reeves" title="Keanu Reeves">Keanu Reeves</a> directed and starred as the main antagonist in <i><a href="/wiki/Man_of_Tai_Chi" title="Man of Tai Chi">Man of Tai Chi</a></i>, with <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Chen" title="Tiger Chen">Tiger Chen</a> as a martial artist attending underground fights. The <a href="/wiki/Mulan_(2020_film)" title="Mulan (2020 film)"><i>Mulan</i></a> remake in 2020 was <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a>'s attempt in making a wuxia movie.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Studios" title="Marvel Studios">Marvel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Shang-Chi_and_the_Legend_of_the_Ten_Rings" title="Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings"><i>Shang-Chi</i></a> opens with a wuxia sequence and has action sequences inspired by Jackie Chan.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video_games">Video games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some notable wuxia video games of the <a href="/wiki/Action_RPG" class="mw-redirect" title="Action RPG">action RPG</a> genre include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sword_and_Fairy" title="The Legend of Sword and Fairy">The Legend of Sword and Fairy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xuan-Yuan_Sword" title="Xuan-Yuan Sword">Xuan-Yuan Sword</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jade_Empire" title="Jade Empire">Jade Empire</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Paradise" title="Kingdom of Paradise">Kingdom of Paradise</a></i>, all of which blend wuxia with elements of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a> and fantasy. <i>The Legend of Sword and Fairy</i>, in particular, expanded into a franchise of eight video games, two of which were adapted into the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Paladin_(TV_series)" title="Chinese Paladin (TV series)">Chinese Paladin</a></i> (2005) and <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Paladin_3_(TV_series)" title="Chinese Paladin 3 (TV series)">Chinese Paladin 3</a></i> (2009). There are also <a href="/wiki/MMORPG" class="mw-redirect" title="MMORPG">MMORPGs</a>, such as <i>JX Online 3</i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heroes_of_Kung_Fu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heroes of Kung Fu (page does not exist)">Heroes of Kung Fu</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Wulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Wulin">Age of Wulin</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hack_and_slash" title="Hack and slash">hack and slash</a> games, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Bujingai" title="Bujingai">Bujingai</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Sword" title="Heavenly Sword">Heavenly Sword</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Games adapted from the works of wuxia writers include <i><a href="/wiki/Heroes_of_Jin_Yong" title="Heroes of Jin Yong">Heroes of Jin Yong</a></i>, an RPG based on characters in <a href="/wiki/Jin_Yong" title="Jin Yong">Jin Yong</a>'s novels; <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Oath" title="Dragon Oath">Dragon Oath</a></i>, an MMORPG inspired by Jin Yong's <i><a href="/wiki/Demi-Gods_and_Semi-Devils" title="Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils">Demi-Gods and Semi-Devils</a></i>; and <i><a href="/wiki/Martial_Kingdoms" title="Martial Kingdoms">Martial Kingdoms</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Strategy_video_game" title="Strategy video game">strategy game</a> featuring several martial arts schools which commonly appear in wuxia fiction. </p><p>The wuxia genre continues to be drawn as a pool of inspiration or source material for Chinese video game studios. In June 2022, <a href="/wiki/Tencent_Games" title="Tencent Games">Tencent's Lightspeed Studio</a> released a demo trailer on <i>Code: To Jin Yong</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following month, Everstone Studio unveiled <i><a href="/wiki/Where_Winds_Meet" title="Where Winds Meet">Where Winds Meet</a></i>, a game compared to <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Tsushima" title="Ghost of Tsushima">Ghost of Tsushima</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed" title="Assassin's Creed">Assassin's Creed</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2023 saw the release of "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hero%27s_Adventure:_Road_to_Passion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hero's Adventure: Road to Passion (page does not exist)">Hero's Adventure: Road to Passion</a>" in November, a wuxia-inspired open world RPG as well as <i>Wandering Sword</i> in September, a RPG using HD2D pixel art style. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organisations_in_wuxia_fiction" title="List of organisations in wuxia fiction">List of organisations in wuxia fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric romance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">historical fantasy</a> — <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> fantasy genres similar in concept to <i>wuxia</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xianxia" title="Xianxia">Xianxia</a></i> — a subgenre of <i>wuxia</i> novel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a> — a Western fantasy genre similar to <i>xianxia</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Tong_(archer)" title="Zhou Tong (archer)">Zhou Tong (archer)</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Guzhuang" class="mw-redirect" title="Guzhuang">Guzhuang</a></i></span> ancient Chinese-style costume, typically used in <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Xianxia" title="Xianxia">Xianxia</a></i></span> and <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Wuxia</i></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chud.com/7686/exclusive-interview-ronny-yu-fearless/">"EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW: RONNY YU (FEARLESS) | CHUD.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EXCLUSIVE+INTERVIEW%3A+RONNY+YU+%28FEARLESS%29+%26%23124%3B+CHUD.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchud.com%2F7686%2Fexclusive-interview-ronny-yu-fearless%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHan" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han, Fei</a>. "五蠹第四十九 [Chapter 49: Five 'Maggots']". <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E9%9D%9E%E5%AD%90/%E4%BA%94%E8%A0%B9"><i>韓非子 [Han Feizi]</i></a> (in Chinese) ([Reproduced on Chinese Wikisource] ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>... 俠以武犯禁，而人主兼禮之，此所以亂也。夫離法者罪，而諸先生以文學取；犯禁者誅，而羣俠以私劍養。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E4%BA%94%E8%A0%B9%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E5%8D%81%E4%B9%9D+%5BChapter+49%3A+Five+%27Maggots%27%5D&rft.btitle=%E9%9F%93%E9%9D%9E%E5%AD%90+%5BHan+Feizi%5D&rft.edition=%5BReproduced+on+Chinese+Wikisource%5D&rft.aulast=Han&rft.aufirst=Fei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E9%259F%2593%25E9%259D%259E%25E5%25AD%2590%2F%25E4%25BA%2594%25E8%25A0%25B9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Teo_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teo_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teo_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teo_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Teo_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeo2009" class="citation book cs1">Teo, Stephen (2009). <i>Chinese Martial Arts Cinema: The Wuxia Tradition</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748632862" title="Special:BookSources/9780748632862"><bdi>9780748632862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Martial+Arts+Cinema%3A+The+Wuxia+Tradition&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780748632862&rft.aulast=Teo&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSima" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sima_Qian" title="Sima Qian">Sima, Qian</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%B7%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD+%E5%88%BA%E5%AE%A2%E5%88%97%E5%82%B3+%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AD+%5BVolume+86%3A+Biographies+of+Assassins%5D&rft.btitle=Shi+Ji+%5BRecords+of+the+Grand+Historian%5D&rft.edition=%5BReproduced+on+Chinese+Wikisource%5D&rft.aulast=Sima&rft.aufirst=Qian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fzh-hant%2F%25E5%258F%25B2%25E8%25A8%2598%2F%25E5%258D%25B7086%23.E8.A9.95.E8.AB.96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015030837/http://edu.ocac.gov.tw/culture/chinese/cul_kungfu/c/2-1-21.htm">"唐人傳奇 – 聶隱娘 [Tang Dynasty Legends – Nie Yinniang]"</a>. <i>中華武俠文化網 [Chinese Wusia [sic] Knight-errant]</i> (in Chinese). Overseas Chinese Affairs Commission Taiwan, Republic of China. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edu.ocac.gov.tw/culture/chinese/cul_kungfu/c/2-1-21.htm">the original</a> on 15 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%AD%A6%E4%BF%A0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%B6%B2+%5BChinese+Wusia+%5Bsic%5D+Knight-errant%5D&rft.atitle=%E5%94%90%E4%BA%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%A5%87+%E2%80%93+%E8%81%B6%E9%9A%B1%E5%A8%98+%5BTang+Dynasty+Legends+%E2%80%93+Nie+Yinniang%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedu.ocac.gov.tw%2Fculture%2Fchinese%2Fcul_kungfu%2Fc%2F2-1-21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSun" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Guangxian" title="Sun Guangxian">Sun, Guangxian</a>. "卷八 [Chapter 8]". <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A2%E7%91%A3%E8%A8%80/%E5%8D%B7%E5%85%AB"><i>北夢瑣言 [Beimeng Suoyan]</i></a> (in Chinese) ([Reproduced on Chinese Wikisource] ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>進士趙中行家於溫州，以豪俠為事。至蘇州，旅止支山禪院。僧戶有一女商荊十三娘， ... 至期，荊氏以囊盛妓兼致妓之父母首歸於李。後與趙進士同入浙中，不知所止。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%B7%E5%85%AB+%5BChapter+8%5D&rft.btitle=%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A2%E7%91%A3%E8%A8%80+%5BBeimeng+Suoyan%5D&rft.edition=%5BReproduced+on+Chinese+Wikisource%5D&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Guangxian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fzh-hant%2F%25E5%258C%2597%25E5%25A4%25A2%25E7%2591%25A3%25E8%25A8%2580%2F%25E5%258D%25B7%25E5%2585%25AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYuan" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yuan, Jiao. <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E7%94%98%E6%BE%A4%E8%AC%A0#.E7.B4.85.E7.B7.9A"><i>甘澤謠 [Gan Ze Yao]</i></a> (in Chinese) ([Reproduced on Chinese Wikisource] ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2014</span>. <q>紅線，潞州節度使薛嵩家青衣，善彈阮鹹，又通經史，嵩遣掌箋，表號曰「內記室」。 ... 歌畢，嵩不勝悲，紅線拜且泣，因偽醉離席，遂亡其所在。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%94%98%E6%BE%A4%E8%AC%A0+%5BGan+Ze+Yao%5D&rft.edition=%5BReproduced+on+Chinese+Wikisource%5D&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Jiao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fzh-hant%2F%25E7%2594%2598%25E6%25BE%25A4%25E8%25AC%25A0%23.E7.B4.85.E7.B7.9A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDu" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Du_Guangting" title="Du Guangting">Du, Guangting</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/虯髯客傳"><i>虯髯客傳 [Qiu Ran Ke Zhuan]</i></a> (in Chinese) ([Reproduced on Chinese Wikisource] ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%99%AF%E9%AB%AF%E5%AE%A2%E5%82%B3+%5BQiu+Ran+Ke+Zhuan%5D&rft.edition=%5BReproduced+on+Chinese+Wikisource%5D&rft.aulast=Du&rft.aufirst=Guangting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikisource.org%2Fzh-hant%2F%E8%99%AF%E9%AB%AF%E5%AE%A2%E5%82%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiang2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Liang_Yusheng" title="Liang Yusheng">Liang, Yusheng</a> (February 2008). <i>筆花六照 [Bi Hua Liu Zhao]</i> (in Chinese) (revised ed.). China: Guangxi Normal University Press. <q>唐代著名的武俠小說有《紅線傳》、《虯髯客傳》、《劉無雙傳》、《崑崙奴傳》、《聶隱娘傳》，等等（空空兒、精精兒則是附在《聶隱娘傳》中）。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%AD%86%E8%8A%B1%E5%85%AD%E7%85%A7+%5BBi+Hua+Liu+Zhao%5D&rft.place=China&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Guangxi+Normal+University+Press&rft.date=2008-02&rft.aulast=Liang&rft.aufirst=Yusheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiuLauLeong1996" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Damu; Lau, Shing-hon; Leong, Mo-Ling (1996). <i>A Study of the Hong Kong Swordplay Film (1945–1980)</i>. Hong Kong: Urban Council of Hong Kong. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9627040517" title="Special:BookSources/9627040517"><bdi>9627040517</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+the+Hong+Kong+Swordplay+Film+%281945%E2%80%931980%29&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Urban+Council+of+Hong+Kong&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9627040517&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Damu&rft.au=Lau%2C+Shing-hon&rft.au=Leong%2C+Mo-Ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oberlin.digication.com/jianghu-national-identity-hong-kong-cinema/home">"Jianghu & National Identity in Hong Kong Cinema – Wuxia & Jianghu"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jianghu+%26+National+Identity+in+Hong+Kong+Cinema+%E2%80%93+Wuxia+%26+Jianghu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foberlin.digication.com%2Fjianghu-national-identity-hong-kong-cinema%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamm-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hamm_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamm_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hamm_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamm2006" class="citation book cs1">Hamm, John Christopher (2006). <i>Paper Swordsmen: Jin Yong and the Modern Chinese Martial Arts Novel</i> (Paperback ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/082482895X" title="Special:BookSources/082482895X"><bdi>082482895X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paper+Swordsmen%3A+Jin+Yong+and+the+Modern+Chinese+Martial+Arts+Novel&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=082482895X&rft.aulast=Hamm&rft.aufirst=John+Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HeroicCinema-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HeroicCinema_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeroicCinema_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeroicCinema_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HeroicCinema_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heroic-cinema.com/eric/xia.html">"An Introduction to the Wuxia Genre"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Film+Classics&rft.atitle=Woman+Warrior+of+the+Wild+River+6+%E8%8D%92%E6%B1%9F%E5%A5%B3%E4%BF%A0+%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E9%9B%86+%281930%29&rft.date=1930-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinesefilmclassics.org%2Fwoman-warrior-of-the-wild-river-1930%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/hua-mu-lan-1939/">"Hua Mu Lan 木蘭從軍 (1939)"</a>. <i>Chinese Film Classics</i>. 17 February 1939<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Film+Classics&rft.atitle=Hua+Mu+Lan+%E6%9C%A8%E8%98%AD%E5%BE%9E%E8%BB%8D+%281939%29&rft.date=1939-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchinesefilmclassics.org%2Fhua-mu-lan-1939%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfc2249-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cfc2249_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReaProfessor2021" class="citation book cs1">Rea, Christopher G.; Professor, UBC (June 2021). "9". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cup.columbia.edu/book/chinese-film-classics-19221949/9780231188135"><i>Chinese Film Classics 1922–1949</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231188135" title="Special:BookSources/9780231188135"><bdi>9780231188135</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>Contents</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9&rft.btitle=Chinese+Film+Classics+1922%E2%80%931949&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2021-06&rft.isbn=9780231188135&rft.aulast=Rea&rft.aufirst=Christopher+G.&rft.au=Professor%2C+UBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcup.columbia.edu%2Fbook%2Fchinese-film-classics-19221949%2F9780231188135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span> Chapter 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalters2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Walters, Mark (15 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.auburn.edu/handle/10415/865"><i>Hong Kong New Wave Wuxia Pian Films and their Contribution to Hong Kong's National Agency During the 1980s and Early 1990s</i></a> (Thesis thesis). Auburn University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Hong+Kong+New+Wave+Wuxia+Pian+Films+and+their+Contribution+to+Hong+Kong%27s+National+Agency+During+the+1980s+and+Early+1990s&rft.degree=Thesis&rft.inst=Auburn+University&rft.date=2007-08-15&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.auburn.edu%2Fhandle%2F10415%2F865&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhouxiangZhangHong2014" class="citation journal cs1">Zhouxiang, Lu; Zhang, Qi; Hong, Fan (11 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.maynoothuniversity.ie/7673/1/ZL_Martial%20Arts%20Films%20preprint.pdf">"Projecting the 'Chineseness': Nationalism, Identity and Chinese Martial Arts Films"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The International Journal of the History of Sport</i>. <b>31</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">320–</span>335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09523367.2013.866093">10.1080/09523367.2013.866093</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0952-3367">0952-3367</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154825458">154825458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+the+History+of+Sport&rft.atitle=Projecting+the+%27Chineseness%27%3A+Nationalism%2C+Identity+and+Chinese+Martial+Arts+Films&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.date=2014-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154825458%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0952-3367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09523367.2013.866093&rft.aulast=Zhouxiang&rft.aufirst=Lu&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Qi&rft.au=Hong%2C+Fan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.maynoothuniversity.ie%2F7673%2F1%2FZL_Martial%2520Arts%2520Films%2520preprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKolstee2018" class="citation thesis cs1">Kolstee, Hugo (31 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/64383"><i>Righting Wrongs: A Study of Certain Socio-Legal Phenomena in Wuxia Films</i></a> (Master thesis). <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a>-East Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F64383">1887/64383</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Righting+Wrongs%3A+A+Study+of+Certain+Socio-Legal+Phenomena+in+Wuxia+Films&rft.degree=Master&rft.inst=Leiden+University-East+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F64383&rft.aulast=Kolstee&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl%2Fhandle%2F1887%2F64383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2008" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Jing-Lan (7 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/4589">"Wuxia Film: A Qualitative Perspective of Chinese Legal Consciousness"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> ResearchWorks</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1773%2F4589">1773/4589</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=Where+Winds+Meet+Is+Like+Ghost+of+Tsushima+in+Medieval+China+%E2%80%93+Gamescom+Opening+Night+Live&rft.date=2022-08-23&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2Fwhere-winds-meet-is-like-ghost-of-tsushima-in-medieval-china-gamescom-opening-night-live&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuxia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Jenner, WJF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastasianhistory.org/sites/default/files/article-content/12/EAH12_01.pdf">"Tough Guys, Mateship and Honour: Another Chinese Tradition"</a>. <i>East Asian History</i> 12 (1996): 1–34.</li> <li>Liu, Petrus. <i>Stateless Subjects: Chinese Martial Arts Fiction and Postcolonial History</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University East Asia Series. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1933947624" title="Special:BookSources/978-1933947624">978-1933947624</a>)</li> <li>McCloud, Aaron Matthew Gordon (2010). <i>Papercuts: The Literary and the Martial in the Genre of Wuxia Fiction</i>. Thesis (B.A.). Reed College. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/643126927">643126927</a>.</li> <li>汪涌豪《中国游侠史》上海：上海文化出版社，1994 [Wang, Yonghao (1994): "History of Chinese Knight-errantry". Shanghai: Shanghai Wenhua Chubanshe]. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/726816835">726816835</a>. <span class="languageicon">(in Chinese)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuxia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Early silent wuxia film with English subtitles: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/woman-warrior-white-rose-%e5%a5%b3%e4%bf%a0%e7%99%bd%e7%8e%ab%e7%91%b0-1929/"><i>Woman Warrior White Rose</i> (1929)</a></li> <li>Early silent wuxia film with English subtitles: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/red-heroine-1929/"><i>Red Heroine</i> (1929)</a></li> <li>Early silent wuxia film with English subtitles: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/woman-warrior-of-the-wild-river-1930/"><i>Woman Warrior of the Wild River 6: Rumble at Deerhorn Gully</i> (1930)</a></li> <li>Early musical wuxia film with English subtitles: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chinesefilmclassics.org/hua-mu-lan-1939/"><i>Hua Mu Lan</i> (1939)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.tripod.com/~journeyeast/wuxia_pian.html">"HK Martial Arts Cinema"</a> by David Bordwell—An article about wuxia films</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cialo-umysl-dusza.pl/kino-wewnetrzne/495-wuxia-sztylety-i-wielka-milosc-o-filmie-dom-latajacych-sztyletow">Wuxia, sztylety i wielka miłość. O filmie "Dom Latających Sztyletów"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225004941/http://cialo-umysl-dusza.pl/kino-wewnetrzne/495-wuxia-sztylety-i-wielka-milosc-o-filmie-dom-latajacych-sztyletow">Archived</a> 25 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csc.ziyi.org/filmography/cthd/wuxiafiction/index.html">Information on the wuxia genre from a website about actress Zhang Ziyi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140820060257/http://csc.ziyi.org/filmography/cthd/wuxiafiction/index.html">Archived</a> 20 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Martial_arts468" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Martial_arts" title="Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Martial_arts" title="Template talk:Martial arts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Martial_arts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Martial arts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Martial_arts468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">Martial arts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">List of styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_martial_arts" title="History of martial arts">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_timeline" title="Martial arts timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mixed_martial_arts_records" title="List of mixed martial arts records">Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_techniques" title="Hard and soft techniques">Hard and soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classification468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classification</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts" title="List of martial arts">Regional origin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_martial_arts" title="Indonesian martial arts">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_martial_arts" title="Italian martial arts">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_martial_arts" title="Japanese martial arts">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_martial_arts" title="Okinawan martial arts">Okinawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia_martial_arts" title="Mainland Southeast Asia martial arts">Mainland Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_martial_arts" title="Filipino martial arts">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_martial_arts" title="Russian martial arts">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_martial_arts" title="Vietnamese martial arts">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat" title="Hand-to-hand combat">Unarmed <br />techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arm strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chokehold" title="Chokehold">Chokehold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(combat)" title="Punch (combat)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_(strike)" title="Elbow (strike)">Elbow strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinch_fighting" title="Clinch fighting">Clinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_fighting" title="Ground fighting">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headbutt" title="Headbutt">Headbutt</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leg strikes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(martial_arts)" title="Footwork (martial arts)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kick" title="Kick">Kick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_kick" title="Flying kick">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(strike)" title="Knee (strike)">Knee strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomp_(strike)" title="Stomp (strike)">Stomp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hold" title="Grappling hold">Hold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_lock" title="Joint lock">Joint lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweep_(martial_arts)" title="Sweep (martial arts)">Sweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_(grappling)" title="Takedown (grappling)">Takedown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throw_(grappling)" title="Throw (grappling)">Throw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_fighting" title="Stand-up fighting">Stand-up</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_martial_arts_weapons" title="List of martial arts weapons">Weapons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duel" title="Duel">Duel</a></li> <li>Melee weapons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knife_fight" title="Knife fight">Knife fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">Stick-fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">Swordsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">Archery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Training" title="Training">Training</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kata" title="Kata">Kata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_glove" title="Boxing glove">Boxing glove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_practice_weapons" title="List of practice weapons">Practice weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punching_bag" title="Punching bag">Punching bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushing_hands" title="Pushing hands">Pushing hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randori" title="Randori">Randori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparring" title="Sparring">Sparring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grappling" title="Grappling">Grappling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barr%C3%B3g" title="Barróg">Barróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Para_judo" title="Para judo">Para judo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luta_Livre" title="Luta Livre">Luta Livre esportiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malla-yuddha" title="Malla-yuddha">Malla-yuddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehlwani" title="Pehlwani">Pehlwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuai_jiao" title="Shuai jiao">Shuai jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo" title="Sumo">Sumo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_wrestling" title="Catch wrestling">catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_wrestling" title="Cornish wrestling">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_wrestling" title="Folk wrestling">folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_wrestling" title="Mongolian wrestling">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_wrestling" title="Oil wrestling">oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_wrestling" title="Shoot wrestling">shoot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Strike_(attack)" title="Strike (attack)">Striking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bando" title="Bando">Bando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choi_Kwang_Do" title="Choi Kwang Do">Choi Kwang Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambe" title="Dambe">Dambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kun_Khmer" title="Kun Khmer">Kun Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Praying_Mantis" title="Northern Praying Mantis">Northern Praying Mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_boxing" title="Russian boxing">Russian boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanda_(sport)" title="Sanda (sport)">Sanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_kung_fu" title="Shaolin kung fu">Shaolin kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_boxing" title="Shoot boxing">Shoot boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate" title="Savate">Savate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tien_Shan_Pai" title="Tien Shan Pai">Tien Shan Pai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wudangquan" title="Wudangquan">Wudangquan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshukai_Karate" title="Yoshukai Karate">Yoshukai Karate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Internal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dait%C5%8D-ry%C5%AB_Aiki-j%C5%ABjutsu" title="Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu">Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baguazhang" title="Baguazhang">Baguazhang</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xingyiquan" title="Xingyiquan">Xingyiquan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contact_sport#Full-contact" title="Contact sport">Full contact</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">combat sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_boxing" title="Professional boxing">Professional boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_contact_karate" title="Full contact karate">Full contact karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankration" title="Pankration">Pankration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootfighting" title="Shootfighting">Shootfighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submission_wrestling" title="Submission wrestling">Submission wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Tudo" title="Vale Tudo">Vale Tudo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Self-defense" title="Self-defense">Self-defense</a> /<br /> <a href="/wiki/Combatives" title="Combatives">combatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Arnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartitsu" title="Bartitsu">Bartitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">Hapkido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajukenbo" title="Kajukenbo">Kajukenbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jieitaikakut%C5%8Djutsu" title="Jieitaikakutōjutsu">Jieitaikakutōjutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">MCMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrajitsu" title="Suffrajitsu">Suffrajitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systema" title="Systema">Systema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_fighting" title="Street fighting">Street fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekkyon" title="Taekkyon">Taekkyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/To-Shin_Do" title="To-Shin Do">To-Shin Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_Chun" title="Wing Chun">Wing Chun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silat_Melayu" title="Silat Melayu">Silat Melayu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism#Martial_arts" title="Eclecticism">Eclectic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_martial_arts" title="Hybrid martial arts">hybrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Kenpo" title="American Kenpo">American Kenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angampora" title="Angampora">Angampora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chun_Kuk_Do" class="mw-redirect" title="Chun Kuk Do">Chun Kuk Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokutoryu_Ju-Jutsu" title="Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu">Hokutoryu Ju-Jutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeet_Kune_Do" title="Jeet Kune Do">Jeet Kune Do</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooto" title="Shooto">Shooto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorinji_Kempo" title="Shorinji Kempo">Shorinji Kempo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifight" title="Unifight">Unifight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwan_Ki_Do" title="Qwan Ki Do">Qwan Ki Do</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Battlefield" title="Battlefield">Battlefield</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banshay" title="Banshay">Banshay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokator" title="Bokator">Bokator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_European_martial_arts" title="Historical European martial arts">Historical European martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huiyen_Lallong" title="Huiyen Lallong">Huiyen Lallong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krabi%E2%80%93krabong" title="Krabi–krabong">Krabi–krabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardani_khel" title="Mardani khel">Mardani khel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Martial_Arts_Program" title="Marine Corps Martial Arts Program">Marine Corps Martial Arts Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_Silat_Harimau" title="Pencak Silat Harimau">Pencak Silat Harimau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_game" title="Fighting game">Fighting game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts film</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Chanbara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_wrestling" title="Professional wrestling">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_combat" title="Stage combat">Stage combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricking_(martial_arts)" title="Tricking (martial arts)">Tricking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wuxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="International_games468" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International games</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Olympic_sports" title="Olympic sports">Summer Olympics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Boxing at the Summer Olympics">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Fencing at the Summer Olympics">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Judo at the Summer Olympics">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Karate at the Summer Olympics">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Taekwondo at the Summer Olympics">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Wrestling at the Summer Olympics">Wrestling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman</a>)</li> <li>Demonstration sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budo_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics" title="Budo at the 1964 Summer Olympics">Budō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_dueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic dueling">Pistol dueling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glima_at_the_1912_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Glima at the 1912 Summer Olympics">Glima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savate_at_the_1924_Summer_Olympics" title="Savate at the 1924 Summer Olympics">Savate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Games_sports" title="World Games sports">World Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ju-jitsu_at_the_World_Games" title="Ju-jitsu at the World Games">Ju-jitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate_at_the_World_Games" title="Karate at the World Games">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickboxing" title="Kickboxing">Kickboxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sumo at the World Games">Sumo</a></li> <li>Former official sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_at_the_World_Games" title="Sambo at the World Games">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Invitational sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Games" title="Pan American Games">Pan American Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jujutsu" title="Jujutsu">Jujutsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wushu_(sport)" title="Wushu (sport)">Wushu</a></li> <li>2018 Only <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurash" title="Kurash">Kurash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pencak_silat" title="Pencak silat">Pencak silat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/African_Games" title="African Games">African Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Martial arts at the <br /><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">Fencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">Judo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">Karate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muaythai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">Sambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Martial_arts" title="Portal:Martial arts">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_martial_arts" title="Outline of martial arts">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stock_characters71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stock_characters" title="Template:Stock characters"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stock_characters" title="Template talk:Stock characters"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stock_characters" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stock characters"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stock_characters71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">Stock characters</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">Archetype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_ethics_and_morality71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By ethics and morality</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Classic hero</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_hero" title="Action hero">Action hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_figure" title="Christ figure">Christ figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chosen_One_(trope)" title="The Chosen One (trope)">Chosen One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyman" title="Everyman">Everyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">Folk hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-errant" title="Knight-errant">Knight-errant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_hero" title="Legacy hero">Legacy hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_king" title="Mythological king">Mythological king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paladin" title="Paladin">Paladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngest_son" title="Youngest son">Youngest son</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Antihero</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_alone" title="Man alone">Man alone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_hero" title="Tragic hero">Tragic hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberhero" title="Cyberhero">Cyberhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_soldier" title="Super soldier">Super soldier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_marine" title="Space marine">Space marine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rogue_literature" title="Rogue literature">Rogues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lovable_rogue" title="Lovable rogue">Lovable rogue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_detective" title="Gentleman detective">Gentleman detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_(hero)" title="Jack (hero)">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickster" title="Trickster">Trickster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tricky_slave" title="Tricky slave">Tricky slave</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanni" title="Zanni">Zanni</a> (servants, clowns: <a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brighella" title="Brighella">Brighella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scapino" title="Scapino">Scapino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulcinella" title="Pulcinella">Pulcinella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierrot" title="Pierrot">Pierrot</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_(stock_character)" title="Outlaw (stock character)">Outlaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_boy_archetype" title="Bad boy archetype">Bad boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates in popular culture">Pirate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pirate" title="Air pirate">Air pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_pirate" title="Space pirate">Space pirate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_cop/bad_cop" class="mw-redirect" title="Good cop/bad cop">Good cop/bad cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rake_(stock_character)" title="Rake (stock character)">Rake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Villain" title="Villain">Villains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Villain#Sympathetic_villain" title="Villain">Antivillains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_hero" title="False hero">False hero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">The <a href="/wiki/Mole_(espionage)" title="Mole (espionage)">mole</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">Double agent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_twin" title="Evil twin">Evil twin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Darwinist">Social Darwinist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_scientist" title="Mad scientist">Mad scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Monster" title="Monster">Monsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug-eyed_monster" title="Bug-eyed monster">Bug-eyed monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_clown" title="Evil clown">Evil clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_robot" title="Killer robot">Killer robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killer_toy" title="Killer toy">Killer toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_girl" title="Monster girl">Monster girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slime_(monster)" title="Slime (monster)">Slime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swamp_monsters" title="List of swamp monsters">Swamp monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampires_in_popular_culture" title="Vampires in popular culture">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_zombies" title="Nazi zombies">Nazi zombies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_animal" title="Zombie animal">Zombie animal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.4em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alazon" title="Alazon">Alazon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archenemy" title="Archenemy">Archenemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_devil" title="Folk devil">Folk devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_(character)" title="Igor (character)">Igor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masked_villain" title="Masked villain">Masked villain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miser" title="Miser">Miser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecchio" title="Vecchio">Vecchio</a> (wealthy old men, <a href="/wiki/Pantalone" title="Pantalone">Pantalone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Il_Dottore" title="Il Dottore">Il Dottore</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Capitano" title="Il Capitano">Il Capitano</a> (self styled captain, braggart)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="By_sex_and_gender71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">By sex and gender</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine">Feminine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;">Love interest</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Djo" title="Bishōjo">Bishōjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blonde_stereotype" title="Blonde stereotype">Blonde stereotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_daughter" title="Farmer's daughter">Farmer's daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_next_door" title="Girl next door">Girl next door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooker_with_a_heart_of_gold" title="Hooker with a heart of gold">Hooker with a heart of gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nue" title="Ingénue">Ingénue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loosu_ponnu" title="Loosu ponnu">Loosu ponnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girlfriend" title="Magical girlfriend">Magical girlfriend</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catgirl" title="Catgirl">Catgirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_girl" title="Monster girl">Monster girl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manic_Pixie_Dream_Girl" title="Manic Pixie Dream Girl">Manic Pixie Dream Girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vixen_(stock_character)" title="Vixen (stock character)">Vixen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">Hag</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_lady" title="Cat lady">Cat lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crone" title="Crone">Crone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Ruffiana" title="La Ruffiana">La Ruffiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loathly_lady" title="Loathly lady">Loathly lady</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hawksian_woman" title="Hawksian woman">Hawksian woman</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Lady" title="Dragon Lady">Dragon Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femme_fatale" title="Femme fatale">Femme fatale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsundere" title="Tsundere">Tsundere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Women_warriors_in_literature_and_culture" title="Women warriors in literature and culture">Woman warrior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_girl" title="Jungle girl">Jungle girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virago" title="Virago">Virago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strong_female_character" title="Strong female character">Strong female character</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_bee_(sociology)" title="Queen bee (sociology)">Queen bee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Princesse_lointaine" title="Princesse lointaine">Princesse lointaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_belle" title="Southern belle">Southern belle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_girl" title="Valley girl">Valley girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_nadeshiko" title="Yamato nadeshiko">Yamato nadeshiko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_S_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class S (genre)">Class S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotong" title="Laotong">Laotong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lady-in-waiting" title="Lady-in-waiting">Lady-in-waiting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbina" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbina">Columbina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammy_stereotype" title="Mammy stereotype">Mammy stereotype</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geek_girl" title="Geek girl">Geek girl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamer_girl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamer girl">Gamer girl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_girl" title="Final girl">Final girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_and_dragon" title="Princess and dragon">Princess and dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masculine" class="mw-redirect" title="Masculine">Masculine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Harlequin" title="Harlequin">Harlequin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierrot" title="Pierrot">Pierrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaramouche" title="Scaramouche">Scaramouche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Father_figure" title="Father figure">Father figure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wise_old_man" title="Wise old man">Wise old man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderly_martial_arts_master" title="Elderly martial arts master">Elderly martial arts master</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Young</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_mappillai" title="American mappillai">American mappillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himbo" title="Himbo">Himbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Fool" title="Ivan the Fool">Ivan the Fool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_(hero)" title="Jack (hero)">Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_(stereotype)" title="Jock (stereotype)">Jock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Johnny" title="Little Johnny">Little Johnny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_guy" title="Nice guy">Nice guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nice_Jewish_boy_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Nice Jewish boy stereotype">Nice Jewish boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfluous_man" title="Superfluous man">Superfluous man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charming" title="Prince Charming">Prince Charming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bish%C5%8Dnen" title="Bishōnen">Bishōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight-errant" title="Knight-errant">Knight-errant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Primitive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feral_child" title="Feral child">Feral child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_man" title="Mountain man">Mountain man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_stereotypes" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT stereotypes">LGBT</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi#Seme_and_uke" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Seme and uke</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Otokonoko" title="Otokonoko">Otokonoko</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bad_boy_archetype" title="Bad boy archetype">Bad boy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pachuco" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_knight" title="Black knight">Black knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Others71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Others</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">Adolescent clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">Clown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fool_(stock_character)" title="Fool (stock character)">Fool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Identity formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_friend" title="Imaginary friend">Imaginary friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innamorati" title="Innamorati">Innamorati</a> ("The Lovers")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_Negro" title="Magical Negro">Magical Negro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_people_(fiction)" title="Mole people (fiction)">Mole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_icon" title="Pop icon">Pop icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirt_(stock_character)" title="Redshirt (stock character)">Redshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_angel" title="Shoulder angel">Shoulder angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidekick" title="Sidekick">Sidekick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_man" title="Straight man">Straight man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokenism" title="Tokenism">Tokenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_drunk" title="Town drunk">Town drunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_mulatto" title="Tragic mulatto">Tragic mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck-kun" title="Truck-kun">Truck-kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village_idiot" title="Village idiot">Village idiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_savior_narrative_in_film" title="White savior narrative in film">White savior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Film_genres257" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Film_genres" title="Template:Film genres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Film_genres" title="Template talk:Film genres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Film_genres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Film genres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Film_genres257" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_genre" title="Film genre">genres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">Action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_action_cinema" title="Hong Kong action cinema">Hong Kong action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_film" title="Adventure film">Adventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_film_industry" title="Christian film industry">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_film" title="Comedy film">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_comedy" title="Action comedy">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_comedy" title="Black comedy">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Sexy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_out" title="Gross out">Gross out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">Parody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_lei_tau" title="Mo lei tau">Mo lei tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_(genre)" title="Thriller (genre)">Thriller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_of_remarriage" title="Comedy of remarriage">Remarriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_comedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex comedy">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screwball_comedy" title="Screwball comedy">Screwball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comedy" title="Silent comedy">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slapstick_film" title="Slapstick film">Slapstick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_film" title="Documentary film">Documentary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_documentary" title="Animated documentary">Animated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_symphony" title="City symphony">City symphony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">Docudrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockumentary" title="Mockumentary">Mockumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondo_film" title="Mondo film">Mondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">Pseudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_essay" title="Video essay">Video essay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Drama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_drama" title="Comedy drama">Dramedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_film" title="Sex in film">Erotic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_film" title="Pink film">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_film" title="Educational film">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_guidance_film" title="Social guidance film">Social guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">Epic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Exploitation_film" title="Template:Exploitation film">see <i>Exploitation film template</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">Film noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-noir" title="Neo-noir">Neo-noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_noir" title="Pulp noir">Pulp noir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Gothic" title="Southern Gothic">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Gothic" title="Urban Gothic">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_film" title="Horror film">Horror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_horror" title="Art horror">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_body_horror_media" title="List of body horror media">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_horror_film" title="Chinese horror film">Chinese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_horror" title="Comedy horror">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_eco-horror_films" title="List of eco-horror films">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_giallo_films" title="List of giallo films">List of films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_holiday_horror_films" title="List of holiday horror films">Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_horror" title="Japanese horror">Japanese horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_horror" title="Korean horror">Korean horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraftian_horror" title="Lovecraftian horror">Lovecraftian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodrama_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodrama film">Melodrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_melodrama" title="Korean melodrama">Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_horror_films" title="List of natural horror films">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_horror_films" title="Gender in horror films">Psycho-biddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_horror" title="Psychological horror">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slasher_film" title="Slasher film">Slasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatter_film" title="Splatter film">Splatter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_film" title="Satanic film">Satanic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_musical" title="Arthouse musical">Arthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backstage_musical" title="Backstage musical">Backstage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukebox_musical" title="Jukebox musical">Jukebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operetta_film" title="Operetta film">Operetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_film" title="Mystery film">Mystery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whodunit" title="Whodunit">Whodunit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover fiction">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Pornographic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">Hardcore pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_softcore_pornography" title="Malayalam softcore pornography">Malayalam</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_film" title="Propaganda film">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_film" title="Reality film">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_film" title="Romance film">Romantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_comedy" title="Romantic comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bromantic_comedy" title="Bromantic comedy">Bromantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_science_fiction_film" title="Arthouse science fiction film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_horror_films" title="List of science fiction horror films">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_film" title="Survival film">Survival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thriller_film" title="Thriller film">Thriller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_thriller" title="Comedy thriller">Comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_thriller" title="Erotic thriller">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_thriller" title="Financial thriller">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_thriller" title="Legal thriller">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_thriller" title="Political thriller">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_thriller" title="Psychological thriller">Psychological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_thriller" title="Romantic thriller">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgressive_art" title="Transgressive art">Transgressive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_cinema" title="Extreme cinema">Extreme cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_film" title="Trick film">Trick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By theme</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_animals" title="List of films about animals">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_party_film" title="Beach party film">Beach party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_swap" title="Body swap">Body swap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_cop" title="Buddy cop">Buddy cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_buddy_film" title="Female buddy film">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_cinema" title="Colonial cinema">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming-of-age_story" title="Coming-of-age story">Coming-of-age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_film" title="Concert film">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_film" title="Crime film">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detective_fiction" title="Detective fiction">Detective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangster_film" title="Gangster film">Gangster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Gentleman thief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokud%C5%8D" title="Gokudō">Gokudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong%27an_fiction" title="Gong'an fiction">Gong'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heist_film" title="Heist film">Heist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_bloodshed" title="Heroic bloodshed">Heroic bloodshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hood_film" title="Hood film">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_film" title="Mafia film">Mafia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_comedy_film" title="Mafia comedy film">Mafia comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_underworld_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai underworld film">Mumbai underworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuza_film" title="Yakuza film">Yakuza</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_film" title="Disaster film">Disaster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_apocalyptic_films" title="List of apocalyptic films">Apocalyptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drug_films" title="List of drug films">Drug</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_film" title="Psychedelic film">Psychedelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_film" title="Stoner film">Stoner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_films" title="List of dystopian films">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecchi" title="Ecchi">Ecchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_film" title="Ethnographic film">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_film" title="Exploitation film">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxploitation" title="Blaxploitation">Blaxploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexploitation" title="Mexploitation">Mexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turksploitation" title="Turksploitation">Turksploitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_extraterrestrials" title="List of films featuring extraterrestrials">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_food_and_drink" title="List of films about food and drink">Food and drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendai-geki" title="Gendai-geki">Gendai-geki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_films" title="List of ghost films">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goona-goona_epic" title="Goona-goona epic">Goona-goona epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_film" title="Gothic film">Gothic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_romance_film" title="Gothic romance film">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic science fiction">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suburban_Gothic" title="Suburban Gothic">Suburban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls_with_guns" title="Girls with guns">Girls with guns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harem_(genre)" title="Harem (genre)">Harem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentai" title="Hentai">Hentai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lolicon" title="Lolicon">Lolicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotacon" title="Shotacon">Shotacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentacle_erotica" title="Tentacle erotica">Tentacle erotica</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_thief" title="Gentleman thief">Kaitō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBTQ-related_films" title="List of LGBTQ-related films">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi">Yaoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_(genre)" title="Yuri (genre)">Yuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchador_films" title="Luchador films">Luchador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_film" title="Martial arts film">Martial arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruceploitation" title="Bruceploitation">Bruceploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopsocky" title="Chopsocky">Chopsocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_fu" title="Gun fu">Gun fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_fu_film" title="Kung fu film">Kung fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ninja_films" title="List of ninja films">Ninja</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wuxia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_movie" title="Monster movie">Monster</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_giant_monsters" title="List of films featuring giant monsters">Giant monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mummy_films" title="List of mummy films">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_film" title="Vampire film">Vampire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_zombie_films" title="List of zombie films">Zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zombie_comedy" title="Zombie comedy">Zombie comedy</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_film" title="Mountain film">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_da_Boca_do_Lixo" title="Cinema da Boca do Lixo">Mouth of Garbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_social" title="Muslim social">Muslim social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_documentary" title="Nature documentary">Nature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_films" title="List of environmental films">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_film" title="Opera film">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_biker_film" title="Outlaw biker film">Outlaw biker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozploitation" title="Ozploitation">Ozploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_film" title="Partisan film">Partisan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_film" title="Prison film">Prison</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_prison_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in prison film">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_film" title="Race film">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_and_revenge_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Rape and revenge film">Rape and revenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_movie" title="Road movie">Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerfilm" title="Trümmerfilm">Rubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumberas_film" title="Rumberas film">Rumberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexploitation_film" title="Sexploitation film">Sexploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_porn" title="Bavarian porn">Bavarian porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_sex_comedy" title="Mexican sex comedy">Mexican sex comedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_exploitation" title="Nazi exploitation">Nazi exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornochanchada" title="Pornochanchada">Pornochanchada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunsploitation" title="Nunsploitation">Nunsploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_report_film" title="Sex report film">Sex report</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshimin-eiga" title="Shoshimin-eiga">Shoshimin-eiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_slavery" title="List of films featuring slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slice_of_life" title="Slice of life">Slice of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snuff_film" title="Snuff film">Snuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_genre" title="South Seas genre">South Seas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_film" title="Sports film">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spy_film" title="Spy film">Spy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurospy_film" title="Eurospy film">Eurospy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_film" title="Superhero film">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_film" title="Surf film">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swashbuckler_film" title="Swashbuckler film">Swashbuckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">Travel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imaginary_voyage" title="Imaginary voyage">imaginary voyage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_film" title="Trial film">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_film" title="Vigilante film">Vigilante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_film" title="War film">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anti-war_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anti-war films">Anti-war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_War" title="Euro War">Euro War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_films" title="Submarine films">Submarine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_Western" title="Acid Western">Acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Western" title="Contemporary Western">Contemporary Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacoit_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacoit Western">Dacoit Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Western" title="Florida Western">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_Western" title="Horror Western">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Western" title="Australian Western">Meat pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_(genre)" title="Northern (genre)">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostern" title="Ostern">Ostern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Western" title="Revisionist Western">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_Western" title="Science fiction Western">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_cowboy" title="Singing cowboy">Singing cowboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapata_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapata Western">Zapata Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By movement <br /> or period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute film">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_eccentric_cinema" title="American eccentric cinema">American eccentric cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Wave" title="Australian New Wave">Australian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">Auteur films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_School_(filmmaking)" title="Berlin School (filmmaking)">Berlin School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourekas_film" title="Bourekas film">Bourekas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_School_(filmmaking)" title="Brighton School (filmmaking)">Brighton School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_New_Wave" title="British New Wave">British New Wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_school" title="Budapest school">Budapest school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibal_film" title="Cannibal film">Cannibal boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_du_look" title="Cinéma du look">Cinéma du look</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Transgression" title="Cinema of Transgression">Cinema of Transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_pur" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinéma pur">Cinéma pur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commedia_all%27italiana" title="Commedia all'italiana">Commedia all'italiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_New_Wave" title="Czechoslovak New Wave">Czechoslovak New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_Film_Movement" title="Documentary Film Movement">Documentary Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogme_95" title="Dogme 95">Dogme 95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Erra Cinema">Erra Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_art_cinema" title="European art cinema">European art cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_d%27art" title="Film d'art">Film d'art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_gris" title="Film gris">Film gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cinema" title="Free Cinema">Free Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_New_Wave" title="French New Wave">French New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_expressionist_cinema" title="German expressionist cinema">German Expressionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_underground_horror" title="German underground horror">German underground horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Nigerian_Cinema" title="Golden Age of Nigerian Cinema">Nigerian Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Cine_Liberaci%C3%B3n" title="Grupo Cine Liberación">Grupo Cine Liberación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimatfilm" title="Heimatfilm">Heimatfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_on_the_Tiber" title="Hollywood on the Tiber">Hollywood on the Tiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_New_Wave" title="Hong Kong New Wave">Hong Kong New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiewood" title="Indiewood">Indiewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_New_Wave" title="Iranian New Wave">Iranian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_futurism_in_cinema" title="Italian futurism in cinema">Italian futurist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">Italian neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Wave" title="Japanese New Wave">Japanese New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammerspielfilm" title="Kammerspielfilm">Kammerspielfilm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L.A._Rebellion" title="L.A. Rebellion">L.A. Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lettrism" title="Lettrism">Lettrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumblecore" title="Mumblecore">Mumblecore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="New Extremity">New French Extremity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_Cinema" title="New German Cinema">New German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_(Malayalam_film_movement)" title="New generation (Malayalam film movement)">New generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hollywood" title="New Hollywood">New Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Nigerian_Cinema" title="New Nigerian Cinema">New Nollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity_(filmmaking)" title="New Objectivity (filmmaking)">New Objectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_queer_cinema" title="New queer cinema">New Queer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Wave_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="No Wave Cinema">No wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuevo_Cine_Mexicano" title="Nuevo Cine Mexicano">Nuevo Cine Mexicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indian_film" title="Pan-Indian film">Pan-Indian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_cinema" title="Parallel cinema">Parallel cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filmfarsi" title="Filmfarsi">Persian Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_realism" title="Poetic realism">Poetic realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Film_School" title="Polish Film School">Polish Film School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prague_film_school" title="The Prague film school">The Prague film school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_film" title="Prussian film">Prussian film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Film_Movement" title="Pure Film Movement">Pure Film Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remodernist_film" title="Remodernist film">Remodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_New_Wave" title="Romanian New Wave">Romanian New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_realism" title="Social realism">Social realist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_sink_realism" title="Kitchen sink realism">Kitchen sink realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_parallel_cinema" title="Soviet parallel cinema">Soviet parallel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_film" title="Structural film">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrealist_cinema" title="Surrealist cinema">Surrealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword-and-sandal" title="Sword-and-sandal">Sword-and-sandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Cinema" title="Third Cinema">Third Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_New_Wave" title="Toronto New Wave">Toronto New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Black_Wave" title="Yugoslav Black Wave">Yugoslav Black Wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By demographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film" title="Pornographic film">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_film" title="Black film">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_film" title="Children's film">Children and family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga" title="Children's anime and manga">Anime</a></li></ul></li> <li>Men <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seinen_manga" title="Seinen manga">Seinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_film" title="Stag film">Stag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_film" title="Teen film">Teen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dnen_manga" title="Shōnen manga">Shōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Djo_manga" title="Shōjo manga">Shōjo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_film" title="Woman's film">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">Chick flick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josei_manga" title="Josei manga">Josei</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format,<br /> technique,<br /> approach,<br /> or production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuality_film" title="Actuality film">Actuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">Animation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthouse_animation" title="Arthouse animation">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animated_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Animated cartoon">Cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop-motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_animation" title="Traditional animation">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_film" title="Anthology film">Anthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behind-the-scenes" title="Behind-the-scenes">Behind-the-scenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">Blockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A9ma_v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9" title="Cinéma vérité">Cinéma vérité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage_film" title="Collage film">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_motion_picture_film" title="Color motion picture film">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compilation_film" title="Compilation film">Compilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_film" title="Composite film">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screenlife" title="Screenlife">Computer screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_film" title="Cult film">Cult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_movie" title="Midnight movie">midnight movie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_cinema" title="Database cinema">Database cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docufiction" title="Docufiction">Docufiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnofiction" title="Ethnofiction">Ethnofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_film" title="Experimental film">Experimental</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract animation">Abstract</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featurette" title="Featurette">Featurette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_%C3%A0_clef" title="Film à clef">Film à clef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film-poem" title="Film-poem">Film-poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_footage_(film_technique)" title="Found footage (film technique)">Found footage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperlink_cinema" title="Hyperlink cinema">Hyperlink cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_film" title="Independent film">Independent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_filmmaking" title="Guerrilla filmmaking">Guerrilla filmmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_independent_films" title="List of American independent films">List of American independent films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_art" title="Interstitial art">Interstitial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action" title="Live action">Live action</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_with_live_action_and_animation" title="List of films with live action and animation">animation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-budget_film" title="Low-budget film">Low-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_film_studios" title="Major film studios">Major film studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masala_film" title="Masala film">Masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximalist_film" title="Maximalist film">Maximalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_picture" title="Message picture">Message picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacinema" title="Metacinema">Meta-film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_film" title="Minimalist film">Minimalist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockbuster" title="Mockbuster">Mockbuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_film" title="Modernist film">Modernist film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_short" title="Musical short">Musical short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neorealism_(art)" title="Neorealism (art)">Neorealist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No-budget_film" title="No-budget film">No-budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracinema" title="Paracinema">Paracinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_cinema" title="Participatory cinema">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_film" title="Poetry film">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodernist_film" title="Postmodernist film">Postmodernist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satire_(film_and_television)" title="Satire (film and television)">Satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceneggiata" title="Sceneggiata">Sceneggiata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semidocumentary" title="Semidocumentary">Semidocumentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_film" title="Serial film">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinpa" title="Shinpa">Shinpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_film" title="Short film">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_cinema" title="Slow cinema">Slow cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">Socialist realist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_film" title="Underground film">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_nasty" title="Video nasty">Video nasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgar_auteurism" title="Vulgar auteurism">Vulgar auteurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_movie" title="Z movie">Z movie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Film_genres" title="Category:Film genres">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fantasy_fiction451" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template talk:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fantasy_fiction451" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom"><i>Harry Potter</i> fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban 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