CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9133fdb6e9dbf8d0',cH: 'RKuh_ruSwB.DLP2OeLdT3UXxm0J3evz4emR.xcfzWu4-1739776577-1.2.1.1-r31IBLeRa85nuBqQl7zIfRqwgZdIOwX4q5pnHRL9GtEQk6VrwjvyK8Z4S0vNNntK',cUPMDTk: "\/10013443\/failure-analysis-of-a-304-stainless-steel-flange-crack-at-pipeline-transportation-of-ethylene?__cf_chl_tk=XJcvpEZ_vmvTr_Oh9fCu4Q3CofItOVr7MQcZTiMI4y4-1739776577-1.0.1.1-Ay_wW8LDADFbcmCwAc0s9ueZN6Y1bzTYw2nDYgF0bso",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739776577',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/10013443\/failure-analysis-of-a-304-stainless-steel-flange-crack-at-pipeline-transportation-of-ethylene?__cf_chl_f_tk=XJcvpEZ_vmvTr_Oh9fCu4Q3CofItOVr7MQcZTiMI4y4-1739776577-1.0.1.1-Ay_wW8LDADFbcmCwAc0s9ueZN6Y1bzTYw2nDYgF0bso",md: "4YlBnOuQH2kQJS2tt69nlnzSEhN29sm6NSlkPA1dE9g-1739776577-1.2.1.1-CwAb4eUQEjBpAGIDis_Z77WBI4Rt7Qs6Xv6JvCwPlQYSgBv6agZX03Omwctx2uKgEbjY0upW559Q1sQFNh2n75IanqmxB9nJgTEh20Zl4CqbPH_8s_vNKKzXcO6EwKkxHgy0S9iZWpWpraBxP1SwxI83iR4bjF9x7zyiqz8m4UWVa6IzOohEHx.s2.Klee_OUHKCprHuj3mPC4CooOG1upMSolHCui9qGiCo3H5EVYC080r1FiMiM3SnwfMXF9EEeRSMhtNZeugm1hXG3Md4sE4WGefcpuNyPkdEL_ZIsU_7mpTxw1v38Po4G_j9Kto0DjLSBeMBicBzX8an4eJ.eSHSIKFWUeVzUdJ7T8TWEu3_LCUWUzwRU5C1WLCtvloLygkJH101qYg5yo9McJFQ0woaIY.xj6pxw.mMHSw096.DPJ6EGYVIcpAy2y9u7DclpapzhQuj2uY7HaDf8GrOeOl1eA5URCoJwOCqw9tNq34THDRAjHjd7s5tilmAqgxmcRIS648PIegiKqwBnqq_E0KlB3ZHWRUKoyBHGbfp3fWoxY3Iu1YI_AP5TUpzGvo8whwgaxoOTLgK.l31Vf5JOsC05rfmV1k32CNqyKJHyuUMle.coNwQdPcByvZjd1IcSrbpfBEyQ.LBLJ3U9dqiMZKLqTZCQ3UAJwswPpNHDOv5RtVKfr9koKap36zXbhmVJvii06zHoPlaNgtEFdQIY5LdRxpTEnGpGDOmFdvJcB6X.1_O6fRlkEG4ylDXbIEnljSnO2VBzs_EyiPgUwojZn4hp6CQdPyh86h2RXcXBzqXFR27Oj1YEKPy1rwKRvSrwN9wtNiYxl_Moh3.BCxTWeFjnsxK9wQDzRogzWKkVOJ9ldUKlkUsAGNFOyf3fmdYKccWJqGtFs6EF.SwrmI6XGx6IOOfL21Xp0y8GlQAb9yFu49Ie3M.aL5FoQlJNVpi1dsgrJNfdvPBVOkVHcEUAVGHew2A4tTwP871AWAW3PrRptXjtd.0x4OnJBdU1MSp22wphODYWD7PczabNAkAz2KoMhGNSEZePginP0HbznzPQnlTQ9IkDEGDNT.U6nynPrO_PosKBmzh4DBpOfimp3993j8cAFUJjcsBrsqyRb42iEt_XBdZetvMa4rowxxleIB7uo_2SKgU2JBSnkmo8yE6SuSDI_RJYPHuWbbfLTlbvU6VHuCCxeikuEmMmoKQPOknDbHyPctLZBkLxMBWI3292NH2rqfkE5ZVsD9TbD8bt_f8lpYE4wPHmVqAJYt0MagKhwAzu.aLzy9wzriWfFHeGsDe16zQG8d.rKRDQAA0pour9Y15P6Q8QK7q8dIoACYsQVtHvak2lu70NsMadxMEivpbdO3IuBt09yd2dK6OnFR1j.Zp7Se6geHdHhaV.JDrX9GjucvIrNQueLphCkFIrBMC0ymLO4wbE0zdfyG1HF2UUgBUFDfA_k8xJPgHg7SqK_jGp7leGYaf2lOVu0Ct4M76DpOT8EQZJKST0nAkZGWggtWSIA1VoNBWZ6SIZzVZIsLmV6C1U8EoANXAx4O1dZxFhOmzlp8bMKOlW80B6LwUqQ3V2xp8DbE6pEwy7BW4T3il3cRrBD2MC291XDap9uPTacdgTWdF1sISyiuaPC2AKZkEDcrcr715CdfQ7jXpYG7PYGXDTrZrJjV6O1PUUzRHbm.aGXXldsAMh4sszqDb7ZvHPIIgcpbflPYsexbysFixcR2wBcPrsZiBzkZlQUaHx8qAOzcNZbpyDDVNm6ObtiR2AohRYbfTqGXpKweprbswYMjfNMtjXO8tpZIhGl18WQX4UEd1G0PU6m9b0DXF3mW4dTKyhjgRfm3b2HFNieIkeLbxeLhMjru5JfHVO4uTdU0ZbKX8vS7EMShuIJIVcwnTW68Gmj8RxT31_pUhgUQES7IEVKScMehSa_23OI_j1ADXq_eg5D3UtPf51okTfDFuwMZi7aKpsiaZj8_yLBdWQUk7bW1Mswh8PKvmXSgwnwuZG54aTJ4t.SAeXCNoHWjW.SpJ3QzogrUbDVcD8ahh.M.tSGLCQYsmf13Wua15JD6FTebKkRQdxu83wGOCMypUo2IxTwkXvwWJh71XOQBg2YhNbvP8Hm6Zkg",mdrd: "1mM5.d3fr.oEAFPWJ3wvaCbYX2jNt0vRVC86te2YvL4-1739776577-1.2.1.1-DXEjgFEIOKwf.c7W_trSzkZ.BRnCE_JuQqIpEcWecUDTTlVb_t.bTrt_646ZLqNdMnhH6lLOOViuhcNFZJktGH_bCm0qyRxE99QazTpYY8LasAlayID7h1.poIQ9cmpZfUhz_vClHo4yHUFZOeIDSpG40uztc2tGLSjqu_NqfhcfoHwrACjVfMc70yoHMi_iwPoN36WMYywNcTLu4_DvDXYZh7B_kqj_I8_DK_jWC.nIHy6MRRpGrnn58EtxkcrXhR2fvhryM3n77UKgfAPB7vjXYEg5cFcA0Nl_4WEwzUJj_ALYyxRQ6wnFXecoqpF34r9jfsNSld3ZQIhUF_E_ietQAnoWQ.tHy65VivmkGPIE7Avi6BbvzvhlUqKQkcOKDG9ngdG0082oHbp3wYKq9w2zVWVYvYWU.23YRgrHU8A5Dqu03UxxNsjyFfNzoWkDNDvIlLpUsBj1BchYhOR7CNTbBHCb6RFGTmqlMCi2zPJYoF8adebtpKbB91n8.wK8YjVYvGNGIILNH98NOiSWdUQnfct6SlL7QrW.o.hNuNz0G4XcX2JCpDQlTuuU0fd0BKjPN82rjvVXcld2hRGlvigivlREmolShDENyH6NnDLvxlRQ1kpJP4gWUyoQyQ1w7KPMIVRdRuQS6I_qvAUB7TxjVlUQC7lBEIO.UspYGvj8_PAENQf.jpAENzYzrFNq3s6qRCrgJOShc97s5UeA2ZUNVgbTlLHD_yvGbXCHxlIT8isWfMk7btvkltZnefYxBMb2ruvyc.UbQBhhYa6UBNx8v7jEd9E5QZpcI9qSSQWVPfuTsBKhyKVoXfNUbiElKKB3gXviCpKbgG0yRSG8qyumiqC.CU5FyfWQwbVzxjrqhj9nxt_2gTszWo_WdRylCbRTht8amDma8HuPrYWw40KjRYyoo7P10SOSfhBPrVxcx4565XkTVVe5.1fCJD.RODdwexExO_IL7mJwn0VQA24CR.AZhAhIBaxTy8sGryRUYPSSvXXq_lSg_DEEkJ8uGvgorblPpvmASnyojYzT6Qt4uPXahmeT21ZACQaT.n3EcbYaxusUpU0Ts3HnIwlXPSHo01m8Fe6JVoltNA9TUg56goEjd9t6HvuidSW3Hv7_8XPwHWph5nSy.VSimWhjhH15UDDFtwCsxLenlHyjke1o0LMH8HJ3vOVceR2NV_h6syMcsOfi.Fk16DKzEG3qORmvmIHTNbCDGHbXNOoaq25T1sO9P7x5fIHceyvo_nfGnpyIA7In6o52sMP4V.SX6srSpgbjy7jZScq7r7HwP3h.4mqabR9DYYkjf1kWvI4Chjc.rSxdSafJpAmP9of3cYqQzNmomDYC0XhBa6Zq5JG8QCOq5hHoJojse15H8dpIeFZ1Dv8hJqZteiU6ggh0w2EhMFHAziLxK9Lo8QHlFJV48uXa64.09.ijtubbFSdxg1qWFfoRGqkiN5QEE5tRJKDVK0vXX6VO9WM59Lz4jB0tNb4Pk2DwiSv_16l7cxxZpUkdv9RnCyIOonkUbWzgW6k1N2dq3Y6IP4lYbj3nnx65N6.V6n86iZjaFVvfcU4qqtsaVJYBX1XU5lWRFPnS_InDG9eHs1g5FSgQqq4bObCh2S2mL8wrp_O8T1UaMRuW8yb6lHL0JlskxhZ9aCUFi6lgTxkj_6ru1WiuzjQ2Kfw337UuTH1hWMvsSIqGddUPXKYAuby74.UIUrUqqJaIzT2azeHx7CQT5FsEtUmW8Hg7ocpo8arVpY1Lrtck4Ts6YVBxINOT449Xc0js3YbiT1zxpX81EVzYAqCs5O0GO9HfzvJnNG3YqxJwOH1FCukE089Ka5OTmsJn4XYqcBKDF7yoFUMmhkOCFj5Ftjbnnyok.Tw6fqmh1iSHJVB5uNyZvwZXpj1GZU7Hgx5_1XPZYmQNgcdLzwBTRB_o3KTN12U3aiFB5H4CjbrdhxSAwKjfbllRrqBdDrKXIe6MJpo2RfHFwgsHOv.u_6Djq0YAPw"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9133fdb6e9dbf8d0';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/10013443\/failure-analysis-of-a-304-stainless-steel-flange-crack-at-pipeline-transportation-of-ethylene?__cf_chl_rt_tk=XJcvpEZ_vmvTr_Oh9fCu4Q3CofItOVr7MQcZTiMI4y4-1739776577-1.0.1.1-Ay_wW8LDADFbcmCwAc0s9ueZN6Y1bzTYw2nDYgF0bso" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>