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id="toc-Hebrew_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Translations_of_'goy'_in_English-language_Christian_Bibles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations_of_'goy'_in_English-language_Christian_Bibles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Translations of 'goy' in English-language Christian Bibles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations_of_'goy'_in_English-language_Christian_Bibles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Evolution of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_pejorative" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_pejorative"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>As a pejorative</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_pejorative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In antisemitism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Goy</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1_(%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="أغيار (يهودية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أغيار (يهودية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goy" title="Goy – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Goy" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Гой – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гой" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goy" title="Goy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Goy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3j" title="Gój – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gój" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goy" title="Goy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Goy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goi" title="Goi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Goi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goj" title="Goj – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Goj" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goy" title="Goy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Goy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojo" title="Gojo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gojo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goy" title="Goy – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Goy" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="گوی (تورات) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گوی (تورات)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goy" title="Goy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Goy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%B5" title="Գոյ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գոյ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goy" title="Goy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Goy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goy_(ebraismo)" title="Goy (ebraismo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Goy (ebraismo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%99" title="גוי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גוי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gojs" title="Gojs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gojs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3j" title="Gój – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gój" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goj" title="Goj – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Goj" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B4%E3%82%A4" title="ゴイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゴイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goy" title="Goy – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Goy" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goy" title="Goy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Goy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goj" title="Goj – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Goj" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B3i" title="Gói – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gói" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goi" title="Goi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Goi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Гой – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гой" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goy" title="Goy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Goy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goy" title="Goy – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Goy" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%86%DB%8C" title="گۆی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گۆی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goy" title="Goy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Goy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goj" title="Goj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Goj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goy" title="Goy – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Goy" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Гой – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гой" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%99" title="גוי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גוי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q503125#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shkutzim&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Shkutzim">Shkutzim</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Word meaning 'non-Jew'</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David"><img alt="Star of David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/90px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/120px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments"><img alt="Ten Commandments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/90px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/120px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/70px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/105px-Menora.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/140px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Movements</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_yeshiva" title="Rosh yeshiva">Rosh yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">education</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">Bar and bat mitzvah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">Cheder</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ritual objects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Sefer Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallit" title="Tallit">Tallit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefillin" title="Tefillin">Tefillin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzitzit" title="Tzitzit">Tzitzit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kippah" title="Kippah">Kippah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezuzah" title="Mezuzah">Mezuzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah_menorah" title="Hanukkah menorah">Menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shofar" title="Shofar">Shofar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_species" title="Four species">Four species</a><br /> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Etrog" title="Etrog">Etrog</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">Lulav</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadass" title="Hadass">Hadass</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aravah_(Sukkot)" title="Aravah (Sukkot)">Arava</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> 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title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Judaism_and_other_religions" title="Category:Judaism and other religions">Other religions</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Page_from_Yiddish-Hebrew-Latin-German_dictionary_by_Elijah_Levita.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Page_from_Yiddish-Hebrew-Latin-German_dictionary_by_Elijah_Levita.jpg/220px-Page_from_Yiddish-Hebrew-Latin-German_dictionary_by_Elijah_Levita.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Page_from_Yiddish-Hebrew-Latin-German_dictionary_by_Elijah_Levita.jpg/330px-Page_from_Yiddish-Hebrew-Latin-German_dictionary_by_Elijah_Levita.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Page_from_Yiddish-Hebrew-Latin-German_dictionary_by_Elijah_Levita.jpg 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>A page from <a href="/wiki/Elia_Levita" title="Elia Levita">Elia Levita</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>-<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>-<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> dictionary (16th century) including the word <i>goy</i> (גוי), translated to Latin as <i>ethnicus</i>, meaning heathen or pagan.<sup id="cite_ref-ethnicus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethnicus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">modern Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><b>goy</b></i></span> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גוי</span>‎, <abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><b>goyim</b></i></span> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גוים</span>‎ or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">גויים</span>‎) is a term for a <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a>, a non-<a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HebDict_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HebDict-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through Yiddish,<sup id="cite_ref-Wolfthal_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolfthal-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the word has been adopted into English (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: <b>goyim</b> or <b>goys</b>) also to mean "gentile", sometimes in a pejorative sense.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mw_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a word principally used by Jews to describe non-Jews,<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is a term for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_for_ethnic_out-groups" title="List of terms for ethnic out-groups">ethnic out-group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Magid_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magid-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a> word <i>goy</i> has been commonly translated into English as <i><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-ISB_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wiseman_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiseman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning a group of persons of the same ethnic family who speak the same language (rather than the more common modern meaning of a political unit).<sup id="cite_ref-NationEty_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationEty-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Bible, <i>goy</i> is used to describe both the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites"> Nation of Israel</a> and other nations. </p><p>The meaning of the word <i>goy</i> in Hebrew evolved to mean "non-Jew" in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a> (300 BCE to 30 BCE) and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman periods</a>, as both Rabbinical texts and then Christian theology placed increasing emphasis on a binary division between Jews and non-Jews. </p><p>In modern usage in English, the extent to which <i>goy</i> is derogatory is a point of discussion in the Jewish community. </p><p>The word "goy" is sometimes used by <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist">white supremacists</a> to refer to themselves when signaling a belief in <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> about Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-SPLC_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPLC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hebrew_Bible">Hebrew Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Hebrew Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">goy</i></span> means "nation" in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen-Zvi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-Zvi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Persico_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persico-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">goy</i></span> and its variants appear 560 times in reference to both the <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelites</a> and the non-Israelite nations.<sup id="cite_ref-BrookeL_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrookeL-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first recorded usage of <i>goyim</i> occurs in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0110.htm#5">Genesis 10:5</a> and applies to non-Israelite nations. The first mention of <i>goy</i> in relation to the Israelites comes in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0112.htm#2">Genesis 12:2</a>, when God promises <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> that his descendants will form a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">goy gadol</i></span> ("great nation").<sup id="cite_ref-Lazarus_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazarus-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two exceptions where a “Kingdom of Goyim” is mentioned. One is in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0114.htm#1">Genesis 14:1</a>, where it states that the "King of Goyim" was <a href="/wiki/Tidal_(Bible_King)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal (Bible King)">Tidal</a>. Bible commentaries suggest that the term may refer to <a href="/wiki/Gutium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutium">Gutium</a>. The other is in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Joshua%2012:23">Joshua 12:23</a>, where a “King of Goyim in <a href="/wiki/Gilgal" title="Gilgal">Gilgal</a>” is included in the list of kings slain by <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>. In all other cases the meaning of <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">goyim</i></span> is 'nations.'<sup id="cite_ref-MooreColby_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooreColby-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISB_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISB-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0219.htm#6">Exodus 19:6</a>, the Israelites are referred to as a <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">goy kadosh</i></span>, a "holy nation".<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen-Zvi_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-Zvi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RoseKlein2009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoseKlein2009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the more poetic descriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">chosen people</a> in the Hebrew Bible, and popular among Jewish scholars is <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">goy ehad b'aretz</i></span>, or "a unique nation upon the earth" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Samuel%207:23&version=nrsv">2 Samuel 7:23</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Chronicles%2017:21&version=nrsv">1 Chronicles 17:21</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Maroof_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maroof-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations_of_'goy'_in_English-language_Christian_Bibles"><span id="Translations_of_.27goy.27_in_English-language_Christian_Bibles"></span>Translations of 'goy' in English-language Christian Bibles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Translations of 'goy' in English-language Christian Bibles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In English language Christian bibles, <i>nation</i> has been used as the principal translation for <i>goy</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, from the earliest English language bibles such as the 1530 <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_Bible" title="Tyndale Bible">Tyndale Bible</a> and the 1611 <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KJVLexicon_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KJVLexicon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a> of the Bible translates the word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">goy</i></span>/<span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">goyim</i></span> as "nation" 374 times, "heathen" 143 times, "Gentile" 30 times (see <i>Evolution of the Term</i> below) and "people" 11 times.<sup id="cite_ref-KJVLexicon_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KJVLexicon-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_American_Standard_Bible" title="New American Standard Bible">New American Standard Bible</a> translation uses the following words: "every nation" (2 times) Gentiles (1) Goiim (1), Harosheth-hagoyim* (3), herds (1), nation (120), nations (425), people (4).<sup id="cite_ref-NASLexicon_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASLexicon-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_of_the_term">Evolution of the term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></div> <p>While the books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> often use <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">goy</i></span> to describe the Israelites, the later Jewish writings of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Period">Hellenistic Period</a> (from approximately 300 BCE to 30 BCE) tended to apply the term to other nations.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosen-Zvi_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosen-Zvi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Goy acquired the meaning of someone who is not Jewish in the first and second century CE. Before that time, academics Adi Ophir and Ishay Rosen-Zvi have argued, no crystallized dichotomy between Jew and non-Jew existed in Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ophir and Rosen-Zvi state that the early Jewish convert to Christianity, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Paul</a>, was key in developing the concept of "goy" to mean non-Jew: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"This brilliant Hellenist Jew [Paul] considered himself the apostle of the Christian gospel "to the gentiles," and precisely because of this he needed to define that category more thoroughly and carefully than his predecessors. Paul made the conception that "goyim" are not "peoples," but rather a general category of human beings, into a central element of his thought... ...In the centuries that followed, both the Church and the Jewish sages evoked Paul's binary dichotomy."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Haaretz journalist Tomer Persico discussing views of Ophir and Rosen-Zvi<sup id="cite_ref-Persico_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persico-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Latin words gentes/gentilis – which also referred to peoples or nations – began to be used to describe non-Jews in parallel with the evolution of the word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">goy</i></span> in Hebrew. Based on the Latin model, the English word "gentile" came to mean non-Jew from the time of the first English-language Bible translations in the 1500s (see <a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a>). </p><p>The twelfth century Jewish scholar <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> defines <i>goy</i> in his <a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a> as a worshipper of idolatry, as he explains, "Whenever we refer to a gentile [goy] without any further description, we mean one who worships false deities".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maimonides saw Christians as idolators (because of concepts like the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>) but not Muslims who he saw as more strictly monotheistic.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanover_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanover-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_pejorative">As a pejorative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: As a pejorative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Goy can be used in a derogatory manner. The <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> lexicographer <a href="/wiki/Leo_Rosten" title="Leo Rosten">Leo Rosten</a> in <i>The New Joys of Yiddish</i> defines goy as someone who is non-Jewish or someone who is dull, insensitive, or heartless.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosten2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosten2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goy also occurs in many pejorative Yiddish expressions: </p> <ul><li><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">Dos ken nor a goy</i></span> (<span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">דאָס קען נאָר אַ גױ</span></span>) – Something only a goy would do or is capable of doing.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosten2010_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosten2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">A goy blabt a goy</i></span> (<span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">אַ גױ בלאַבט אַ גױ</span></span>) – "A goy stays a goy," or, less literally, according to Rosten, "What did you expect? Once an anti-Semite always an anti-Semite."<sup id="cite_ref-Rosten2010_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosten2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">Goyisher kop</i></span> (<span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">גױישער קאָפּ</span></span>) – "Gentile head," someone who doesn't think ahead, an idiot.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosten2010_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosten2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schorr2017_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schorr2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">Goyishe naches</i></span> (<span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">גױישע נחת</span></span>) – Pleasures or pursuits only a gentile would enjoy.<sup id="cite_ref-Silow-Carroll2019_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silow-Carroll2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">A goy!</i></span> (<span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">!אַ גױ</span></span>) – Exclamation of exasperation used "when endurance is exhausted, kindliness depleted, the effort to understand useless".<sup id="cite_ref-Cole1988_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cole1988-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Several authors have opined on whether the word is derogatory. Dan Friedman, executive director of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forward" title="The Forward">The Forward</a></i> in "What 'Goy' Means, And Why I Keep Using It" writes that it can be used as an insult but that the word is not offensive.<sup id="cite_ref-TheForward2017_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheForward2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He compares it to the word "foreigners" which Americans can use dismissively but which isn't a derogatory word.<sup id="cite_ref-TheForward2017_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheForward2017-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Jews_for_Racial_and_Economic_Justice" title="Jews for Racial and Economic Justice">Jews for Racial and Economic Justice</a> (JFREJ) has stated that "goy" is "Not an insult, just kinda sounds like it."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rebecca Einstein Schorr argues that the word has an established pejorative overtone. She refers to the observation "the <i>goyishe</i> groomsmen were all drunk and bawdy; of course, you'd never see that at a Jewish wedding" and "goyishe kop" where the word is used in a pejorative sense. She admits that the word can have non-pejorative uses, such as "goyishe restaurant" - one that doesn't serve kosher food - but contends that the word is "neutral, at best, and extremely offensive, at worst." She advocates that the Jewish community stop using the word "goy."<sup id="cite_ref-Schorr2017_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schorr2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andrew Silow Carroll writes:<sup id="cite_ref-Silow-Carroll2019_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silow-Carroll2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But the word "goy" has too much historical and linguistic baggage to be used as casually as "non-Jew" or "gentile." It starts with the obvious slurs – like "goyishe kopf," or gentile brains, which suggests (generously) a dullard, or "shikker iz a goy," a gentile is a drunkard. "Goyishe naches" describes the kinds of things that a Jew mockingly presumes only a gentile would enjoy, like hunting, sailing and eating white bread.</p></blockquote> <p>Nahma Nadich, deputy director of the Jewish Community Relations of Greater Boston writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I definitely see goy as a slur — seldom used as a compliment, and never used in the presence of a non-Jew.</p></blockquote> <p>adding<sup id="cite_ref-Silow-Carroll2019_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silow-Carroll2019-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That's a good litmus test: if you wouldn't use a word in the presence of someone you're describing, [there is a] good chance it's offensive.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_antisemitism">In antisemitism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In antisemitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacists</a> have ironically used the term "goy" in reference to themselves as a signal of their belief in <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories about Jews">conspiracy theories about Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SPLC_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPLC-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungarian antisemitic</a> motorcycle association refers to themselves as the <a href="/wiki/Goyim_riders" title="Goyim riders">Goyim riders</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Molnar_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molnar-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 2020 <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Chapman_(American_activist)" title="Kyle Chapman (American activist)">Kyle Chapman</a> tried to rename the far-right group the <a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Chapman_(American_activist)#Attempted_takeover_of_the_Proud_Boys" title="Kyle Chapman (American activist)">Proud Goys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JPost1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JPost1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a similar vein, the <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a> American <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a>, in 2017, created the <a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding" title="Crowdfunding">crowdfunding</a> platform called GoyFundMe, a <a href="/wiki/Wordplay" class="mw-redirect" title="Wordplay">wordplay</a> on the popular crowdfunding platform <a href="/wiki/GoFundMe" title="GoFundMe">GoFundMe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Goyim_Defense_League" title="Goyim Defense League">Goyim Defense League</a> (GDL) and its website, GoyimTV, are another example.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Europol" title="Europol">Europol</a>'s 2021 report on <i>Terrorism Situations and Trends</i> discusses the German <i>Goyim Partei Deutschland</i> ('Goyim Party Germany'), "a <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_extremism" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing extremism">right-wing extremist</a> organisation" founded in 2016 which "used its website to publish antisemitic and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> texts, pictures and videos."<sup id="cite_ref-Europol_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europol-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The slur is also featured in the far-right <a href="/wiki/Catchphrase" title="Catchphrase">catchphrase</a> or <a href="/wiki/Meme" title="Meme">meme</a> <b>The Goyim Know, Shut It Down</b> associated with <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazism in the United States">Neo-Nazis</a> on online forums like the <a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a> and <a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a>. In this context, the "speaker" assumes the role of a "panicking <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jew</a>" who reacts to an event that would reveal Jewish "manipulations" or Jewish "deceitfulness". </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a>, the antisemitic meme first appeared on 4chan in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Einstein Schorr called the meme an instance of "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">linguistic appropriation</a>" whereby Neo-Nazis cynically incorporated "pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> phrases" into their vocabulary to ridicule <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>. Schorr describes that as a way to propagate the "anti-Semitic myth that we are a cabal with our own secret language and agenda."<sup id="cite_ref-Schorr2017_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schorr2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Anti-Defamation League further deciphers the catchphrase,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The language is typically used in references to antisemitic conspiracy theories depicting Jews as malevolent puppet-masters, manipulating <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope#Controlling_the_media" title="Antisemitic trope">the media</a>, banks, and even entire governments to the benefit of themselves but to the detriment of other peoples.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger_toshav" title="Ger toshav">Ger toshav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giaour" title="Giaour">Giaour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ethnicus-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ethnicus_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldofdictionary.com/dict/latin-english/meaning/ethnicus">"Meaning of ethnicus (ethnici, ethnica, ethnicae, ethnicam, ethnicarum, ethnicas, ethnici, ethnicior, ethniciora, ethniciore) in Latin-English dictionary"</a>. <i>World of Dictionary</i> (in Latin). November 16, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170923042254/http://worldofdictionary.com/dict/latin-english/meaning/ethnicus">Archived</a> from the original on September 23, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+of+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+ethnicus+%28ethnici%2C+ethnica%2C+ethnicae%2C+ethnicam%2C+ethnicarum%2C+ethnicas%2C+ethnici%2C+ethnicior%2C+ethniciora%2C+ethniciore%29+in+Latin-English+dictionary&rft.date=2020-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldofdictionary.com%2Fdict%2Flatin-english%2Fmeaning%2Fethnicus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HebDict-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HebDict_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.morfix.co.il/%d7%92%d7%95%d7%99"><bdi lang="he">גוי</bdi></a>. <i>Morfix</i> <bdi lang="he">מילון מורפיקס</bdi> (in Hebrew). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122012513/https://www.morfix.co.il/%d7%92%d7%95%d7%99">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morfix&rft.atitle=%D7%92%D7%95%D7%99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.morfix.co.il%2F%25d7%2592%25d7%2595%25d7%2599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolfthal-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolfthal_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfthal2004" class="citation book cs1">Wolfthal, Diane (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hKI1Q3Qd1cC&q=Shabbos+goy+candle&pg=PA204">"III - Representing Jewish Ritual and Identity"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>)</span>. <i>Picturing Yiddish: gender, identity, and memory in the illustrated Yiddish books of Renaissance Italy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 59 footnote 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13905-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13905-3"><bdi>978-90-04-13905-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III+-+Representing+Jewish+Ritual+and+Identity&rft.btitle=Picturing+Yiddish%3A+gender%2C+identity%2C+and+memory+in+the+illustrated+Yiddish+books+of+Renaissance+Italy&rft.pages=p.+59+footnote+60&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13905-3&rft.aulast=Wolfthal&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2hKI1Q3Qd1cC%26q%3DShabbos%2Bgoy%2Bcandle%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/goy">"Definition of Goy"</a>. <i>Collins Dictionary Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=Definition+of+Goy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fgoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/american_english/goy?q=goy">"goy <i>noun</i>"</a>. <i>Oxford Learner's Dictionaries</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Learner%27s+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=goy+noun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fgoy%3Fq%3Dgoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mw_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/goy">"Definition of GOY"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+GOY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fgoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Magid-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Magid_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It is sometimes compared to similar terms in other cultures such as the Japanese word <i><a href="/wiki/Gaijin" title="Gaijin">Gaijin</a></i> or the Arabic <i><a href="/wiki/Ajam" title="Ajam">Ajam</a>.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagid2019" class="citation web cs1">Magid, Shaul (7 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41218495">"Theorizing 'Jew" 'Judaism' and 'Jewishness': Final Reflections", The Journal of Jewish Identities 11:1 (January 2018): 205-215"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701104948/https://www.academia.edu/41218495">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Theorizing+%27Jew%22+%27Judaism%27+and+%27Jewishness%27%3A+Final+Reflections%22%2C+The+Journal+of+Jewish+Identities+11%3A1+%28January+2018%29%3A+205-215&rft.date=2019-12-07&rft.aulast=Magid&rft.aufirst=Shaul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41218495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISB-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ISB_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ISB_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Orr1939" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Orr_(theologian)" title="James Orr (theologian)">James Orr</a>, ed. (1939) [1915]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internationalstandardbible.com/G/goiim.html">"Goiim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Bible_Encyclopedia" title="International Standard Bible Encyclopedia">International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/819295">819295</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180823105525/https://www.internationalstandardbible.com/G/goiim.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Goiim&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Grand+Rapids&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1939&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F819295&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internationalstandardbible.com%2FG%2Fgoiim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiseman-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wiseman_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wiseman, D. J. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/jtvi/wiseman_genesis-10.pdf">Genesis 10: Some Archaeological Considerations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230727181345/https://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/jtvi/wiseman_genesis-10.pdf">Archived</a> 2023-07-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute</i> (1955).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationEty-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationEty_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/nation">"Nation"</a>. <i>Etymoline</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Etymoline&rft.atitle=Nation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fnation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SPLC-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SPLC_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SPLC_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden2020" class="citation web cs1">Hayden, Michael Edison (August 30, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/08/30/wisconsin-man-who-says-he-marched-rittenhouse-kenosha-was-immersed-white-supremacist">"Wisconsin Man Who Says He Marched With Rittenhouse in Kenosha Was Immersed in White Supremacist Propaganda"</a>. <i>Hatewatch</i>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hatewatch&rft.atitle=Wisconsin+Man+Who+Says+He+Marched+With+Rittenhouse+in+Kenosha+Was+Immersed+in+White+Supremacist+Propaganda&rft.date=2020-08-30&rft.aulast=Hayden&rft.aufirst=Michael+Edison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Fhatewatch%2F2020%2F08%2F30%2Fwisconsin-man-who-says-he-marched-rittenhouse-kenosha-was-immersed-white-supremacist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosen-Zvi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen-Zvi_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen-Zvi_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosen-Zvi_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen-ZviOphir2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rosen-Zvi, Ishay; Ophir, Adi (2015). "Paul and the Invention of the Gentiles". <i>The Jewish Quarterly Review</i>. <b>105</b> (1): 1–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjqr.2015.0001">10.1353/jqr.2015.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43298709">43298709</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143788215">143788215</a>. pp. 3–4: <q>In the Hebrew Bible, goy simply means "nation," with Israel too being a goy, a "holy goy" indeed but still a nation among nations".."During the Hellenistic period, however, a semantic differentiation takes place, and goyim begins to be used mostly for foreign nations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Paul+and+the+Invention+of+the+Gentiles&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-41&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143788215%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43298709%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjqr.2015.0001&rft.aulast=Rosen-Zvi&rft.aufirst=Ishay&rft.au=Ophir%2C+Adi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Persico-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Persico_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Persico_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersico2019" class="citation web cs1">Persico, Tomer (9 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2019-11-09/ty-article-magazine/.premium/how-the-jews-invented-the-goy/0000017f-dc77-d3a5-af7f-feff061b0000">"How the Jews Invented the Goy"</a>. <i>Haaretz.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107092255/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2019-11-09/ty-article-magazine/.premium/how-the-jews-invented-the-goy/0000017f-dc77-d3a5-af7f-feff061b0000">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz.com&rft.atitle=How+the+Jews+Invented+the+Goy&rft.date=2019-11-09&rft.aulast=Persico&rft.aufirst=Tomer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F2019-11-09%2Fty-article-magazine%2F.premium%2Fhow-the-jews-invented-the-goy%2F0000017f-dc77-d3a5-af7f-feff061b0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrookeL-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrookeL_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brookelester.net/blog/2011/3/10/frequency-lists-for-nt-greek-and-biblical-hebrew.html">"Frequency Lists for NT Greek and Biblical Hebrew"</a>. <i>Brooke Lester</i>. 2011-03-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brooke+Lester&rft.atitle=Frequency+Lists+for+NT+Greek+and+Biblical+Hebrew&rft.date=2011-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookelester.net%2Fblog%2F2011%2F3%2F10%2Ffrequency-lists-for-nt-greek-and-biblical-hebrew.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lazarus-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lazarus_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarus2022" class="citation web cs1">Lazarus, David (20 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israeltoday.co.il/read/when-did-goy-become-a-dirty-word/">"When Did "Goy" Become a Dirty Word?"</a>. <i>Israel Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107175716/https://www.israeltoday.co.il/read/when-did-goy-become-a-dirty-word/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+Today&rft.atitle=When+Did+%22Goy%22+Become+a+Dirty+Word%3F&rft.date=2022-03-20&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israeltoday.co.il%2Fread%2Fwhen-did-goy-become-a-dirty-word%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MooreColby-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MooreColby_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_Moore_ColbyTalcott_Williams1917" class="citation book cs1">Frank Moore Colby; Talcott Williams (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HYxIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA264"><i>The New International Encyclopædia</i></a>. Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+International+Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Company&rft.date=1917&rft.au=Frank+Moore+Colby&rft.au=Talcott+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHYxIAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoseKlein2009-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RoseKlein2009_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOr_N._RoseMargie_KleinJo_Ellen_Green_KaiserDavid_Ellenson2009" class="citation book cs1">Or N. Rose; Margie Klein; Jo Ellen Green Kaiser; David Ellenson (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DNbvH10-jLoC&pg=PA4"><i>Righteous Indignation: A Jewish Call for Justice</i></a>. Jewish Lights Publishing. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58023-414-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58023-414-6"><bdi>978-1-58023-414-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Indignation%3A+A+Jewish+Call+for+Justice&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Jewish+Lights+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58023-414-6&rft.au=Or+N.+Rose&rft.au=Margie+Klein&rft.au=Jo+Ellen+Green+Kaiser&rft.au=David+Ellenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDNbvH10-jLoC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maroof-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maroof_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for instance: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaroof2018" class="citation web cs1">Maroof, Rabbi Joshua (9 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ou.org/life/inspiration/pittsburgh-reflections/">"Pittsburgh Reflections - OU Life"</a>. <i>OU Life</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221107174111/https://www.ou.org/life/inspiration/pittsburgh-reflections/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OU+Life&rft.atitle=Pittsburgh+Reflections+-+OU+Life&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft.aulast=Maroof&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Flife%2Finspiration%2Fpittsburgh-reflections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KJVLexicon-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KJVLexicon_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KJVLexicon_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendersonBakerVerrettBrodie2022" class="citation web cs1">Henderson, Melissa; Baker, Lisa Loraine; Verrett, Bethany; Brodie, Jessica; Haynes, Clarence L. Jr.; Dunn, Betty (8 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/kjv/gowy.html">"Gowy Meaning in Bible - Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon - King James Version"</a>. <i>biblestudytools.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221109085818/https://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/kjv/gowy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblestudytools.com&rft.atitle=Gowy+Meaning+in+Bible+-+Old+Testament+Hebrew+Lexicon+-+King+James+Version&rft.date=2022-11-08&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft.au=Baker%2C+Lisa+Loraine&rft.au=Verrett%2C+Bethany&rft.au=Brodie%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Haynes%2C+Clarence+L.+Jr.&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Betty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudytools.com%2Flexicons%2Fhebrew%2Fkjv%2Fgowy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Tyndale)/Genesis#Chapter_10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (Tyndale)/Genesis">Tyndale Gen 10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASLexicon-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASLexicon_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakerLeake2022" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Lisa Loraine; Leake, Mike (18 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblestudytools.com/lexicons/hebrew/nas/gowy.html">"Gowy Meaning in Bible - Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon"</a>. <i>biblestudytools.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblestudytools.com&rft.atitle=Gowy+Meaning+in+Bible+-+Old+Testament+Hebrew+Lexicon&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Loraine&rft.au=Leake%2C+Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblestudytools.com%2Flexicons%2Fhebrew%2Fnas%2Fgowy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen-Zvi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Rosen-Zvi, Ishay (June 10, 2016). "What if We Got Rid of the Goy? Rereading Ancient Jewish Distinctions". <i>Journal for the Study of Judaism</i>. <b>47</b> (2). Brill: 149–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15700631-12340458">10.1163/15700631-12340458</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0047-2212">0047-2212</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163738717">163738717</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Study+of+Judaism&rft.atitle=What+if+We+Got+Rid+of+the+Goy%3F+Rereading+Ancient+Jewish+Distinctions&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-182&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163738717%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0047-2212&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15700631-12340458&rft.aulast=Rosen-Zvi&rft.aufirst=Ishay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaimonides" class="citation book cs1">Maimonides. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/968267/jewish/Maachalot-Assurot-Chapter-11.htm"><i>Ma'achalot Assurot</i></a>. Translated by Touger, Eliyahu. chapter 11 verse 8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112205412/https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/968267/jewish/Maachalot-Assurot-Chapter-11.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-11-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ma%27achalot+Assurot&rft.pages=chapter+11+verse+8&rft.au=Maimonides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F968267%2Fjewish%2FMaachalot-Assurot-Chapter-11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yanover-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yanover_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanover2013" class="citation web cs1">Yanover, Yori (15 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/opinions/maimonides-islam-good-christianity-bad-muslims-bad-christians-good/2013/11/15/">"Maimonides: Islam Good, Christianity Bad, Muslims Bad, Christians Good"</a>. <i>JewishPress.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221108093637/https://www.jewishpress.com/indepth/opinions/maimonides-islam-good-christianity-bad-muslims-bad-christians-good/2013/11/15/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishPress.com&rft.atitle=Maimonides%3A+Islam+Good%2C+Christianity+Bad%2C+Muslims+Bad%2C+Christians+Good&rft.date=2013-11-15&rft.aulast=Yanover&rft.aufirst=Yori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishpress.com%2Findepth%2Fopinions%2Fmaimonides-islam-good-christianity-bad-muslims-bad-christians-good%2F2013%2F11%2F15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosten2010-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosten2010_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosten2010_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosten2010_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosten2010_25-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Rosten2010" class="citation book cs1">Leo Rosten (April 14, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V04IRE3SwmgC&pg=PA132"><i>The New Joys of Yiddish: Completely Updated</i></a>. Potter/Ten Speed/Harmony/Rodale. pp. 131–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-56604-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-56604-1"><bdi>978-0-307-56604-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Joys+of+Yiddish%3A+Completely+Updated&rft.pages=131-3&rft.pub=Potter%2FTen+Speed%2FHarmony%2FRodale&rft.date=2010-04-14&rft.isbn=978-0-307-56604-1&rft.au=Leo+Rosten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV04IRE3SwmgC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schorr2017-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schorr2017_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schorr2017_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schorr2017_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchorr2017" class="citation web cs1">Schorr, Rebecca Einstein (August 21, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/life/faith/380684/goyim-origin-goy-usage/">"Goy: Origin, Usage, and Empowering White Supremacists"</a>. <i>The Forward</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201224200819/https://forward.com/life/faith/380684/goyim-origin-goy-usage/">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Goy%3A+Origin%2C+Usage%2C+and+Empowering+White+Supremacists&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft.aulast=Schorr&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+Einstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Flife%2Ffaith%2F380684%2Fgoyim-origin-goy-usage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Silow-Carroll2019-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Silow-Carroll2019_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silow-Carroll2019_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Silow-Carroll2019_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilow-Carroll2019" class="citation web cs1">Silow-Carroll, Andrew (April 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2019/04/22/culture/is-goy-a-slur">"Is 'goy' a slur?"</a>. <i>Jewish Telegraphic Agency</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124162238/https://www.jta.org/2019/04/22/culture/is-goy-a-slur">Archived</a> from the original on November 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=Is+%27goy%27+a+slur%3F&rft.date=2019-04-22&rft.aulast=Silow-Carroll&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2019%2F04%2F22%2Fculture%2Fis-goy-a-slur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cole1988-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cole1988_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnnetta_B._Cole1988" class="citation book cs1">Johnnetta B. Cole (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sFCMaloGSTIC&pg=PA62"><i>Anthropology for the Nineties: Introductory Readings</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 62–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-906441-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-906441-2"><bdi>978-0-02-906441-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology+for+the+Nineties%3A+Introductory+Readings&rft.pages=62-&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-02-906441-2&rft.au=Johnnetta+B.+Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsFCMaloGSTIC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheForward2017-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheForward2017_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheForward2017_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/life/381035/why-i-wont-stop-using-the-term-goy/">"What 'Goy' Means, And Why I Keep Using It"</a>. <i>The Forward</i>. August 25, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201223071941/https://forward.com/life/381035/why-i-wont-stop-using-the-term-goy/">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=What+%27Goy%27+Means%2C+And+Why+I+Keep+Using+It&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Flife%2F381035%2Fwhy-i-wont-stop-using-the-term-goy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfrej.org/assets/uploads/JFREJ-Understanding-Antisemitism-November-2017-v1-3-2.pdf">"Understanding Antisemitism: An Offering to our Movement"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Jews for Racial and Economic Justice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Antisemitism%3A+An+Offering+to+our+Movement&rft.pub=Jews+for+Racial+and+Economic+Justice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfrej.org%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2FJFREJ-Understanding-Antisemitism-November-2017-v1-3-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molnar-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Molnar_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolnár2015" class="citation journal cs1">Molnár, Virág (October 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnana.12126">"Civil society, radicalism and the rediscovery of mythic nationalism"</a>. <i>Nations and Nationalism</i>. <b>22</b> (1). Wiley: 165–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnana.12126">10.1111/nana.12126</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1354-5078">1354-5078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nations+and+Nationalism&rft.atitle=Civil+society%2C+radicalism+and+the+rediscovery+of+mythic+nationalism&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=165-185&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnana.12126&rft.issn=1354-5078&rft.aulast=Moln%C3%A1r&rft.aufirst=Vir%C3%A1g&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fnana.12126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JPost1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JPost1_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/proud-boys-leader-trying-to-rebrand-the-group-as-explicitly-antisemitic-648831">"Proud Boys leader trying to rebrand the group as explicitly antisemitic"</a>. <i>JPost.com</i>. The Jerusalem Post. 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JPost.com&rft.atitle=Proud+Boys+leader+trying+to+rebrand+the+group+as+explicitly+antisemitic&rft.date=2020-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Fantisemitism%2Fproud-boys-leader-trying-to-rebrand-the-group-as-explicitly-antisemitic-648831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.thinkprogress.org/nazis-are-raising-funds-401a474ab37b/">"Nazi sympathizer profiled by NYT loses job, asks for donations on racist fundraising site"</a>. <i>ThinkProgress</i>. November 29, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116212058/https://archive.thinkprogress.org/nazis-are-raising-funds-401a474ab37b/">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThinkProgress&rft.atitle=Nazi+sympathizer+profiled+by+NYT+loses+job%2C+asks+for+donations+on+racist+fundraising+site&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.thinkprogress.org%2Fnazis-are-raising-funds-401a474ab37b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/goyim-defense-league">"Goyim Defense League"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131000430/https://www.adl.org/resources/backgrounder/goyim-defense-league">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-01-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.atitle=Goyim+Defense+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Fresources%2Fbackgrounder%2Fgoyim-defense-league&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/23/nashville-neo-nazi-white-supremacists">"Nashville struggles to respond as Neo-Nazi groups turn focus on to city"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Nashville+struggles+to+respond+as+Neo-Nazi+groups+turn+focus+on+to+city&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fjul%2F23%2Fnashville-neo-nazi-white-supremacists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-747331">"Inside GoyimTV, an underbelly of antisemitic neo-Nazi hate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240923015040/https://www.jpost.com//diaspora/antisemitism/article-747331">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Inside+GoyimTV%2C+an+underbelly+of+antisemitic+neo-Nazi+hate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Fantisemitism%2Farticle-747331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2024/03/08/united-states/white-supremacists-seizing-on-israel-hamas-war-have-accelerated-their-antisemitism-since-oct-7">"White supremacists, seizing on Israel-Hamas war, have accelerated their antisemitism since Oct. 7"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=White+supremacists%2C+seizing+on+Israel-Hamas+war%2C+have+accelerated+their+antisemitism+since+Oct.+7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2024%2F03%2F08%2Funited-states%2Fwhite-supremacists-seizing-on-israel-hamas-war-have-accelerated-their-antisemitism-since-oct-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/goyim-defense-league-founder-sentenced-to-30-days-for-antisemitic-littering">"Goyim Defense League founder sentenced to 30 days for antisemitic littering"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240729091722/https://www.timesofisrael.com/goyim-defense-league-founder-sentenced-to-30-days-for-antisemitic-littering/">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Goyim+Defense+League+founder+sentenced+to+30+days+for+antisemitic+littering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fgoyim-defense-league-founder-sentenced-to-30-days-for-antisemitic-littering&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.njpen.com/antisemitic-white-supremacist-propaganda-litters-collingswood-lawns">"Antisemitic, White Supremacist Propaganda Litters Collingswood Lawns"</a>. <i>NJ PEN</i>. 21 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NJ+PEN&rft.atitle=Antisemitic%2C+White+Supremacist+Propaganda+Litters+Collingswood+Lawns&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.njpen.com%2Fantisemitic-white-supremacist-propaganda-litters-collingswood-lawns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europol-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Europol_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/tesat_2021_0.pdf">"Terrorism Situations and Trends"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Europol</i>. 2021. p. 83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europol&rft.atitle=Terrorism+Situations+and+Trends&rft.pages=83&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europol.europa.eu%2Fcms%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Ftesat_2021_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/the-goyim-knowshut-it-down">"The Goyim Know/Shut It Down"</a>. <i>Anti-Defamation League</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201121074425/https://www.adl.org/education/references/hate-symbols/the-goyim-knowshut-it-down">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.atitle=The+Goyim+Know%2FShut+It+Down&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Feducation%2Freferences%2Fhate-symbols%2Fthe-goyim-knowshut-it-down&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2021-02/AJC_Translate-Hate-Glossary-2021.pdf">"AJC's glossary of antisemitic terms, phrases, conspiracies, cartoons, themes, and memes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221211071245/http://www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2021-02/AJC_Translate-Hate-Glossary-2021.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Jewish+Committee&rft.atitle=AJC%27s+glossary+of+antisemitic+terms%2C+phrases%2C+conspiracies%2C+cartoons%2C+themes%2C+and+memes.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajc.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2F2021-02%2FAJC_Translate-Hate-Glossary-2021.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adl.org/resources/hate-symbol/goyim-knowshut-it-down">"The Goyim Know/Shut It Down"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Anti-Defamation+League&rft.atitle=The+Goyim+Know%2FShut+It+Down&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adl.org%2Fresources%2Fhate-symbol%2Fgoyim-knowshut-it-down&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGoy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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