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<span>Philosophy of science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_of_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Play_and_game_and_the_generalized_other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Play_and_game_and_the_generalized_other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Play and game and the generalized other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Play_and_game_and_the_generalized_other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Writings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Writings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Writings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Collected_volumes_(posthumous)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collected_volumes_(posthumous)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Collected volumes (posthumous)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collected_volumes_(posthumous)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_papers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_papers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Notable papers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_papers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George Herbert Mead</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="جورج هربرت ميد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج هربرت ميد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Mid" title="Corc Mid – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Corc Mid" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%B4" title="Джордж Мийд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж Мийд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%A7%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9C%CE%B7%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τζορτζ Χέρμπερτ Μηντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζορτζ Χέρμπερτ Μηντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="جورج هربرت مید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جورج هربرت مید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C_%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A1" title="જ્યોર્જ હર્બર્ટ મીડ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જ્યોર્જ હર્બર્ટ મીડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%ED%97%88%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EB%AF%B8%EB%93%9C" title="조지 허버트 미드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 허버트 미드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Ջորջ Միդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջորջ Միդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1" title="जॉर्ज हर्बर्ट मीड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉर्ज हर्बर्ट मीड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93" title="ג'ורג' הרברט מיד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' הרברט מיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Джордж Герберт Мид – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джордж Герберт Мид" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Herbertus_Mead" title="Georgius Herbertus Mead – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Herbertus Mead" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEs_Herberts_M%C4%ABds" title="Džordžs Herberts Mīds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžs Herberts Mīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ ჰერბერტ მიდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯორჯ ჰერბერტ მიდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="ジョージ・ハーバート・ミード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・ハーバート・ミード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Mead" title="George Mead – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Mead" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George Herbert Mead" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Мид, Джордж Герберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мид, Джордж Герберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead – Slovak" lang="sk" 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searchaux" style="display:none">American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist (1863–1931)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22George+Herbert+Mead%22">"George Herbert Mead"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22George+Herbert+Mead%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22George+Herbert+Mead%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22George+Herbert+Mead%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22George+Herbert+Mead%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22George+Herbert+Mead%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">George Herbert Mead</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Herbert_Mead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/George_Herbert_Mead.jpg" decoding="async" width="202" height="249" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="249" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1863-02-27</span>)</span>February 27, 1863<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="South Hadley, Massachusetts">South Hadley, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1931-04-26</span>)</span>April 26, 1931<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mind,_Self_and_Society" title="Mind, Self and Society">Mind, Self and Society</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Herbert Mead</b> (February 27, 1863 – April 26, 1931) was an American <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a>, primarily affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. He was one of the key figures in the development of <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a>. He is regarded as one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">symbolic interactionism</a>, and was an important influence on what has come to be referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_school_(sociology)" title="Chicago school (sociology)">Chicago School of Sociology</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>George Herbert Mead was born on February 27, 1863, in <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="South Hadley, Massachusetts">South Hadley, Massachusetts</a>. He was raised in a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>, middle-class family comprising his father, Hiram Mead, his mother, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Storrs_Mead" title="Elizabeth Storrs Mead">Elizabeth Storrs Mead</a> (née Billings), and his sister Alice. His father was a former <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a> pastor from a lineage of farmers and clergymen and who later held the chair in Sacred Rhetoric and Pastoral Theology at <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_College" title="Oberlin College">Oberlin College</a>'s theological seminary. Elizabeth taught for two years at Oberlin College and subsequently, from 1890 to 1900, served as president of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley,_Massachusetts" title="South Hadley, Massachusetts">South Hadley</a>, Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1879, George Mead enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Oberlin_Academy" title="Oberlin Academy">Oberlin Academy</a> at Oberlin College and then the college itself, graduating in 1883 with a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduation, Mead taught grade school for about four months. From the end of 1883 through the summer of 1887, he worked as a surveyor for the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Central_Railroad_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisconsin Central Railroad Company">Wisconsin Central Railroad Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In autumn 1887, Mead enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, where his main interests were <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>. At Harvard, Mead studied with <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Royce" title="Josiah Royce">Josiah Royce</a>, a major influence upon his thought, and <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>, whose children he tutored. In 1888, Mead left Harvard after receiving only a B.A. and moved to <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig, Germany</a> to study with psychologist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt" title="Wilhelm Wundt">Wilhelm Wundt</a>, from whom he learned the concept of "the gesture", which would become central to his later work. </p><p>In 1891, Mead married Helen Kingsbury Castle (1860–1929), the sister of Henry Northrup Castle (1862–1895), a friend he met at Oberlin.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite never finishing his dissertation, Mead was able to obtain a post at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in 1891. There, Mead met <a href="/wiki/Charles_Horton_Cooley" title="Charles Horton Cooley">Charles Horton Cooley</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, both of whom would influence him greatly.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1894, Mead moved, along with Dewey, to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, where he taught until his death. Dewey's influence led Mead into educational theory, but his thinking soon diverged from that of Dewey, and developed into his famous psychological theories of mind, self and society.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritz_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 352–53">: 352–53 </span></sup> </p><p>He was active in Chicago's social and political affairs; his many activities include work for the <a href="/wiki/City_Club_of_Chicago" title="City Club of Chicago">City Club of Chicago</a>. Mead believed that science could be used to deal with social problems and played a key role in conducting research at the settlement house in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ritz_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 353">: 353 </span></sup> He also worked as treasurer for Chicago's <a href="/wiki/Hull_House" title="Hull House">Hull House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also collaborated closely with <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a> on matters of social justice.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mead died of heart failure on April 26, 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory">Theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pragmatism_and_symbolic_interactionism">Pragmatism and symbolic interactionism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pragmatism and symbolic interactionism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></div> <p>Much of Mead's work focused on the development of the self and the objectivity of the world within the social realm: he insisted that "the individual mind can exist only in relation to other minds with shared meanings".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> The two most important roots of Mead's work, and of <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">symbolic interactionism</a> in general, are the philosophy of <i><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a></i> and <i>social</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a></i>. </p><p><b>Social behaviorism</b> (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Psychological_behaviorism" title="Psychological behaviorism">psychological behaviorism</a>) refers to Mead's concern of the stimuli of gestures and social objects with rich meanings, rather than bare physical objects which psychological behaviourists considered stimuli. Mead was a critic of <a href="/wiki/John_B._Watson" title="John B. Watson">John B. Watson</a>'s form of behaviorism.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Pragmatism</b> is a wide-ranging philosophical position from which several aspects of Mead's influences can be identified into four main tenets:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>True reality does not exist "out there" in the real world, it "is actively created as we act in and toward the world".</li> <li>People remember and base their knowledge of the world on what has been useful to them and are likely to alter what no longer "works".</li> <li>People define the social and physical "objects" they encounter in the world according to their use for them.</li> <li>If we want to understand actors, we must base that understanding on what people actually do.</li></ol> <p>Three of these ideas are critical to <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">symbolic interactionism</a>: </p> <ul><li>the focus on the interaction between the actor and the world;</li> <li>a view of both the actor and the world as dynamic processes and not static structures; and</li> <li>the actor's ability to interpret the social world.</li></ul> <p>Thus, to Mead and symbolic interactionists, <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> is not separated from action and interaction, but is an integral part of both. Symbolic interactionism as a pragmatic philosophy was an antecedent to the philosophy of <i><a href="/wiki/Transactionalism" title="Transactionalism">transactionalism</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mead's theories in part, based on pragmatism and behaviorism, were transmitted to many graduate students at the University of Chicago who then went on to establish symbolic interactionism.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritz_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 347–50">: 347–50 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_philosophy_(social_behaviorism)"><span id="Social_philosophy_.28social_behaviorism.29"></span>Social philosophy (social behaviorism)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social philosophy (social behaviorism)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mead was a very important figure in 20th-century <a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">social philosophy</a>. One of his most influential ideas was the emergence of mind and self from the communication process between organisms, discussed in <i><a href="/wiki/Mind,_Self_and_Society" title="Mind, Self and Society">Mind, Self and Society</a></i> (1934)<i>,</i> also known as <i>social behaviorism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept of how the mind and self emerge from the social process of communication by signs founded the <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic interactionist">symbolic interactionist</a> school of sociology. </p><p>Rooted intellectually in <a href="/wiki/Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegel">Hegelian</a> dialectics and process philosophy, Mead, like <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, developed a more materialist process philosophy that was based upon human action and specifically communicative action. Human activity is, in a pragmatic sense, the criterion of truth, and through human activity meaning is made. Joint activity, including communicative activity, is the means through which our sense of self is constituted. The essence of Mead's social behaviorism is that mind is not a substance located in some transcendent realm, nor is it merely a series of events that takes place within the human physiological structure. This approach opposed the traditional view of the mind as separate from the body. The emergence of mind is contingent upon interaction between the human organism and its social environment; it is through participation in the social act of communication that individuals realize their potential for significantly symbolic behavior—that is, thought. Mind, in Mead's terms, is the individualized focus of the communication process. It is linguistic behavior on the part of the individual. There is, then, no "mind or thought without language"; and language (the content of mind) "is only a development and product of social interaction".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 191–92">: 191–92 </span></sup> Thus, mind is not reducible to the <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiology</a> of the organic individual, but is emergent in "the dynamic, ongoing social process"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> that constitutes human experience.<sup id="cite_ref-iep_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Mead, mind arises out of the social act of communication. Mead's concept of the social act is relevant not only to his theory of mind, but to all facets of his social philosophy. His theory of "mind, self, and society" is, in effect, a philosophy of the act from the standpoint of a social process involving the interaction of many individuals, just as his theory of knowledge and value is a philosophy of the act from the standpoint of the experiencing individual in interaction with an environment.<sup id="cite_ref-iep_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Action is very important to his social theory and, according to Mead, actions also occur within a communicative process. </p><p>The initial phase of an act constitutes a <b><a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">gesture</a></b>. A <i>gesture</i> is a preparatory movement that enables other individuals to become aware of the intentions of the given organism. The rudimentary situation is a conversation of gestures, in which a gesture on the part of the first individual evokes a preparatory movement on the part of the second, and the gesture of the second organism in turn calls out a response in the first person. On this level no communication occurs. Neither organism is aware of the effect of its own gestures upon the other; the gestures are nonsignificant. For communication to take place, each organism must have knowledge of how the other individual will respond to its own ongoing act. Here the gestures are <b>significant symbols</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>significant symbol</i> is a kind of gesture that only humans can make.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gestures become significant symbols when they arouse in the individual who is making them the same kind of response they are supposed to elicit from those to whom the gestures are addressed. Only when we have significant symbols can we truly have communication.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritz_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 356–57">: 356–57 </span></sup> Mead grounded human perception in an "<i>action-nexus</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 148">: 148 </span></sup> We perceive the world in terms of the "means of living."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 120">: 120 </span></sup> To perceive food is to perceive eating. To perceive a house is to perceive shelter. That is to say, perception is in terms of action. Mead's theory of perception is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/J._J._Gibson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Gibson">J. J. Gibson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_acts">Social acts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social acts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mead argued, in tune with Durkheim, that the individual is a product of an ongoing, pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>; or, more specifically, of social interaction that is a consequence of a <i>sui generis</i> society. The <i>self</i> arises when the individual becomes an object to themself. Mead argued that we are objects first to other people, and secondarily we become objects to ourselves by taking the perspective of other people. Language enables us to talk about ourselves in the same way as we talk about other people, and thus through language we become other to ourselves.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In joint activity, which Mead called <a href="/wiki/Social_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Social actions"><i>social acts</i></a>, humans learn to see themselves from the standpoint of their co-actors. A central mechanism within the social act, which enables perspective taking, is position exchange. People within a social act often alternate social positions (e.g., giving/receiving, asking/helping, winning/losing, hiding/seeking, talking/listening). In children's games there is repeated position exchange, for example in hide-and-seek, and Mead argued that this is one of the main ways that perspective taking develops. </p><p>However, for Mead, unlike Dewey and <a href="/wiki/J._J._Gibson" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. Gibson">J. J. Gibson</a>, the key is not simply human action, but rather social action. In humans the "manipulatory phase of the act" is socially mediated; that is to say, in acting towards objects humans simultaneously take the perspectives of others toward that object. This is what Mead means by "the social act" as opposed to simply "the act" (the latter being a Deweyan concept). Non-human animals also manipulate objects, but that is a non-social manipulation; they do not take the perspective of other organisms toward the object. Humans, on the other hand, take the perspective of other actors towards objects, and this is what enables complex human society and subtle social coordination. In the social act of economic exchange, for example, both buyer and seller must take each other's perspectives toward the object being exchanged. The seller must recognize the value for the buyer, while the buyer must recognize the desirability of money for the seller. Only with this mutual perspective taking can the economic exchange occur. (Mead was influenced on this point by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_of_the_self">Nature of the self</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nature of the self"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/%27I%27_and_the_%27me%27" title="'I' and the 'me'">'I' and the 'me'</a></div> <p>A final piece of Mead's social theory is the mind as the individual importation of the social process.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 178–79">: 178–79 </span></sup> Mead states that "the self is a social process", meaning that there are series of actions that go on in the mind to help formulate one's complete self. As previously discussed, Mead presented the self and the mind in terms of a social process. As <i>gestures</i> are taken in by the individual organism, the individual organism also takes in the collective attitudes of others, in the form of gestures, and reacts accordingly with other organized attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 178–79">: 178–79 </span></sup> This process is characterized by Mead as the <a href="/wiki/%27I%27_and_the_%27me%27" title="'I' and the 'me'"><i>I</i> and the <i>Me</i></a>. The 'Me' is the social self and the 'I' is the response to the 'Me'. In other words, the 'I' is the response of an individual to the attitudes of others, while the 'Me' is the organized set of attitudes of others which an individual assumes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 174–86">: 174–86 </span></sup> </p><p>Mead develops <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>' distinction between the 'I' and the 'Me'. The 'Me' is the accumulated understanding of "the generalized other—i.e., how one thinks one's group perceives oneself, and so on. The 'I' is the individual's impulses. The 'I' is <i>self as subject</i>; the 'Me' is <i>self as object</i>. The 'I' is the knower; the 'Me' is the known. The mind, or stream of thought, is the self-reflective movements of the interaction between the 'I' and the 'Me'. There is neither 'I' nor 'Me' in the conversation of gestures; the whole act is not yet carried out, but the preparation takes place in this field of gesture.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 175">: 175 </span></sup> These dynamics go beyond selfhood in a narrow sense, and form the basis of a theory of human cognition. For Mead the thinking process is the internalized dialogue between the 'I' and the 'Me'. Mead rooted the self's "<a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> and meaning" deeply and sociologically in "a common <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a> of subjects", found specifically in social encounters.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 166">: 166 </span></sup> </p><p>Understood as a combination of the 'I' and the 'Me', Mead's self proves to be noticeably entwined within a sociological existence. For Mead, existence in community comes before individual consciousness. First one must participate in the different social positions within society and only subsequently can one use that experience to take the perspective of others and thus become '<i>conscious</i>'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_science">Philosophy of science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philosophy of science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mead was a major American philosopher by virtue of being—along with <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Charles Peirce</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">William James</a>— one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">pragmatism</a>. He also made significant contributions to the philosophies of nature, science, and history, to <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">philosophical anthropology</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Process_philosophy" title="Process philosophy">process philosophy</a>. Dewey and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a> considered Mead a thinker of the first rank. He is a classic example of a social theorist whose work does not fit easily within conventional disciplinary boundaries. </p><p>In his work on philosophy of science, Mead sought to find the psychological origin of science in the efforts of individuals to attain power over their environment. The notion of a physical object arises out of manipulatory experience. There is a social relation to inanimate objects, for the organism takes the role of things that it manipulates directly, or that it manipulates indirectly in perception. For example, in taking (introjecting or imitating) the resistant role of a solid object, an individual obtains cognition of what is "inside" nonliving things. Historically, the concept of the physical object arose from an animistic conception of the universe. </p><p>Contact experience includes experiences of position, balance, and support, and these are used by the organism when it creates its conceptions of the physical world. Our scientific concepts of space, time, and mass are abstracted from manipulatory experience. Such concepts as that of the electron are also derived from manipulation. In developing a science we construct hypothetical objects in order to assist ourselves in controlling nature. The conception of the present as a distinct unit of experience, rather than as a process of becoming and disappearing, is a scientific fiction devised to facilitate exact measurement. In the scientific worldview, immediate experience is replaced by theoretical constructs. The ultimate in experience, however, is the manipulation and contact at the completion of an act.<sup id="cite_ref-Macmillan_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macmillan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Play_and_game_and_the_generalized_other">Play and game and the generalized other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Play and game and the generalized other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mead theorized that human beings begin their understanding of the social world through "play" and "game". <i>Play</i> comes first in the child's development. The child takes different roles that he/she observes in "adult" society, and plays them out to gain an understanding of the different social roles. For instance, a child may first play the role of police officer and then the role of thief while playing "Cops and Robbers", and play the roles of doctor and patient when playing "Doctor". As a result of such play, the child learns to become both subject and object and begins to become able to build a self. However, it is a limited self, because the child can only take the role of distinct and separate others; they still lack a more general and organized sense of themself.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritz_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 360">: 360 </span></sup> </p><p>In the next stage, the <i>game</i> stage, it is required that a person develop a full sense of self. Whereas in the play stage the child takes on the role of distinct others, in the game stage the child must take on the role of everyone else involved in the game. Furthermore, these roles must have a definite relationship to one another. To illustrate the game stage, Mead gives his famous example of a baseball game:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 151">: 151 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>But in a game where a number of individuals are involved, then the child taking one role must be ready to take the role of everyone else. If he gets in a ball nine he must have the responses of each position involved in his own position. He must know what everyone else is going to do in order to carry out his own play. He has to take all of these roles. They do not all have to be present in consciousness at the same time, but at some moments he has to have three or four individuals present in his own attitude, such as the one who is going to throw the ball, the one who is going to catch it and so on. These responses must be, in some degree, present in his own make-up. In the game, then, there is a set of responses of such others so organized that the attitude of one calls out the appropriate attitudes of the other.</p></blockquote> <p>In the game stage, organization begins and definite personalities start to emerge. Children begin to become able to function in organized groups and, most importantly, to determine what they will do within a specific group.<sup id="cite_ref-Ritz_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ritz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 360–61">: 360–61 </span></sup> Mead calls this the child's first encounter with "the <a href="/wiki/Generalized_other" title="Generalized other">generalized other</a>", which is one of the main concepts that Mead proposes for understanding the emergence of the (social) self in human beings. "The generalized other" can be thought of as understanding the given activity and the actors' place within the activity from the perspective of all the others engaged in the activity. Through understanding "the generalized other", the individual understands what kind of behavior is expected, appropriate and so on, in different social settings. </p><p>Some may find that social acts (e.g. games and routine forms of social interaction) enable perspective taking through "position exchange".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assuming that games and routine social acts have differentiated social positions, and that these positions create our cognitive perspectives, then it might be that by moving between roles in a game (e.g. between hiding and seeking or buying and selling) we come to learn about the perspective of the other. This new interpretation of Mead's account of taking the perspective of the other has experimental support.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other recent publications argue that Mead's account of the development of perspective taking is relevant not only with respect to human ontogeny but also to the evolution of human sociality.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a career spanning more than 40 years, Mead wrote almost constantly and published numerous articles and book reviews in both philosophy and psychology. However, he did not publish any books. Following his death, several of his students put together and edited four volumes from records of Mead's social psychology course at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, his lecture notes (Mead's <a href="/wiki/Carus_Lectures" title="Carus Lectures">Carus Lectures</a>, 1930, edited by Charles W. Morris), and his numerous unpublished papers. </p><p>In his lifetime, Mead published around 100 scholarly articles, reviews, and incidental pieces. Given their diverse nature, access to these writings is difficult. The first editorial efforts to change this situation date from the 1960s. In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Reck" title="Andrew J. Reck">Andrew J. Reck</a> collected twenty-five of Mead's published articles in <i>Selected Writings: George Herbert Mead</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-iep_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iep-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years later, John W. Petras published <i>George Herbert Mead: Essays on his Social Psychology</i>, a collection of fifteen articles that included previously unpublished manuscripts. </p><p>More recently, Mary Jo Deegan (2001) published <i>Essays in Social Psychology</i>, a book project originally abandoned by Mead in the early 1910s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Filipe_Carreira_da_Silva" title="Filipe Carreira da Silva">Filipe Carreira da Silva</a> edited <i>G.H. Mead. A Reader</i>, a comprehensive collection including thirty of Mead's most important articles, ten of them previously unpublished.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the Mead Project at <a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> intends to publish all of Mead's 80-odd remaining unpublished manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collected_volumes_(posthumous)"><span id="Collected_volumes_.28posthumous.29"></span>Collected volumes (posthumous)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Collected volumes (posthumous)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1932. <i>The Philosophy of the Present</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1934. <i><a href="/wiki/Mind,_Self_and_Society" title="Mind, Self and Society">Mind, Self, and Society</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1936. <i>Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century.</i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1938. <i>The Philosophy of the Act.</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1964. <i>Selected Writings</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — This volume collects articles Mead himself prepared for publication.</li> <li>1982. <i>The Individual and the Social Self: Unpublished Essays by G. H. Mead</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2001. <i>Essays in Social Psychology</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2010. <i>G.H. Mead. A Reader</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_papers">Notable papers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable papers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Suggestions Towards a Theory of the Philosophical Disciplines" (1900);<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Social Consciousness and the Consciousness of Meaning" (1910);<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"What Social Objects Must Psychology Presuppose" (1910);<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The Mechanism of Social Consciousness" (1912);<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The Social Self" (1913);<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Scientific Method and the Individual Thinker"(1917);<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"A Behavioristic Account of the Significant Symbol" (1922);<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The Genesis of Self and Social Control" (1925);<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The Objective Reality of Perspectives" (1926);<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"The Nature of the Past" (1929);<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and</li> <li>"The Philosophies of Royce, James, and Dewey in Their American Setting" (1929).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Mark_Baldwin" title="James Mark Baldwin">James Mark Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Vygotsky" title="Lev Vygotsky">Lev Vygotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_School_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago School (sociology)">Chicago School (sociology)</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This has been a contentious issue in the burgeoning field of <a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Human Animal Studies</a>. For a discussion see: Wilkie, Rhoda, and Andrew McKinnon. 2013. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socresonline.org.uk/18/4/19.html">George Herbert Mead on Humans and Other Animals: Social Relations after Human-Animal Studies</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Research_Online" title="Sociological Research Online">Sociological Research Online</a></i> 18(4):19.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2009" class="citation book cs1">Baldwin, John (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgeherbertmea00bald"><i>George Herbert Mead</i></a></span>. Sage. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgeherbertmea00bald/page/7">7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-2320-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-2320-1"><bdi>978-0-8039-2320-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Herbert+Mead&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-2320-1&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgeherbertmea00bald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801011024/http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/history/Faculty_History/M/Mead,_George_Herbert.html">"George herbert mead"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umhistory.dc.umich.edu/history/Faculty_History/M/Mead,_George_Herbert.html">the original</a> on 2020-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+herbert+mead&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumhistory.dc.umich.edu%2Fhistory%2FFaculty_History%2FM%2FMead%2C_George_Herbert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/mead/">"Mead, George Herbert | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mead%2C+George+Herbert+%7C+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fmead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1993" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Gary A. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1Ki8BMXJRIC&pg=PA4"><i>George Herbert Mead: the making of a social pragmatist</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06272-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06272-8"><bdi>978-0-252-06272-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Herbert+Mead%3A+the+making+of+a+social+pragmatist&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06272-8&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Gary+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ1Ki8BMXJRIC%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation book cs1">Miller, David (2009). <i>George Herbert Mead: Self, Language, and the World</i>. University of Texas Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">xii–</span>xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72700-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-72700-7"><bdi>978-0-292-72700-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Herbert+Mead%3A+Self%2C+Language%2C+and+the+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exix&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-292-72700-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ritz-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ritz_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritz_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritz_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritz_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritz_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ritz_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitzer2008" class="citation book cs1">Ritzer, George (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sociologicaltheo00ritz"><i>Sociological Theory</i></a></span>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-352818-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-352818-2"><bdi>978-0-07-352818-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociological+Theory&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-07-352818-2&rft.aulast=Ritzer&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsociologicaltheo00ritz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_H._Mead1907" class="citation journal cs1">George H. Mead (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs/Mead_1907g.html">"The Social Settlement: Its basis and function"</a>. <i>University of Chicago Record</i>: <span class="nowrap">108–</span>110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Chicago+Record&rft.atitle=The+Social+Settlement%3A+Its+basis+and+function&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E108-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.date=1907&rft.au=George+H.+Mead&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brocku.ca%2FMeadProject%2FMead%2Fpubs%2FMead_1907g.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitzer2004" class="citation book cs1">Ritzer, George (2004). <i>Encyclopedia of Social Theory</i>. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. p. 491. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-2611-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-2611-9"><bdi>0-7619-2611-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Social+Theory&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=491&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7619-2611-9&rft.aulast=Ritzer&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124094706/https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/projects/centcat/centcats/fac/facch12_01.html">"George Herbert Mead, Philosophy"</a>. <i>www.lib.uchicago.edu</i>. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/projects/centcat/centcats/fac/facch12_01.html">the original</a> on 2020-11-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lib.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=George+Herbert+Mead%2C+Philosophy&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fprojects%2Fcentcat%2Fcentcats%2Ffac%2Ffacch12_01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowe, Barbara J. (2923)'The Complementary Theory and Practice of Jane Addams and George Herbert Mead: Bending Toward Justice', in Patricia M. Shields, Maurice Hamington, and Joseph Soeters (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Jane Addams Oxford Academic, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.32">https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197544518.013.32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brocku.ca/MeadProject/NYT/NYT_1931_04_27.html#:~:text=CHICAGO.,Henry%20Mead.">"New York Times: Prof. George H. Mead, Philosopher, Is Dead"</a>. <i>brocku.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=brocku.ca&rft.atitle=New+York+Times%3A+Prof.+George+H.+Mead%2C+Philosopher%2C+Is+Dead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrocku.ca%2FMeadProject%2FNYT%2FNYT_1931_04_27.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DCHICAGO.%2CHenry%2520Mead.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mead, George Herbert. 1982. <i>The Individual and the Social Self: Unpublished Essays by G. H. Mead</i>, edited by D. L. Miller. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-608-09479-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-608-09479-3">978-0-608-09479-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroyer1946" class="citation journal cs1">Troyer, William Lewis (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2086709">"Mead's Social and Functional Theory of Mind"</a>. <i>American Sociological Review</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">198–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2086709">10.2307/2086709</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1224">0003-1224</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2086709">2086709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Sociological+Review&rft.atitle=Mead%27s+Social+and+Functional+Theory+of+Mind&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=1946&rft.issn=0003-1224&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2086709%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2086709&rft.aulast=Troyer&rft.aufirst=William+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2086709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDermid, Douglas. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/pragmati/#H2the">Pragmatism</a>." <i>Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:2161-0002">2161-0002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillipsTibbelsPatterson2015" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Trevor J.; Tibbels, Kirkland; Patterson, John (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160924094246/https://www.amazon.com/Transactionalism-Historical-Interpretive-Trevor-Phillips-ebook/dp/B018EOAAPI"><i>Transactionalism: An Historical and Interpretive Study</i></a> (2 ed.). Influence Ecology. p. 54. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Transactionalism-Historical-Interpretive-Trevor-Phillips-ebook/dp/B018EOAAPI">the original</a> on 2016-09-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transactionalism%3A+An+Historical+and+Interpretive+Study&rft.pages=54&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Influence+Ecology&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Trevor+J.&rft.au=Tibbels%2C+Kirkland&rft.au=Patterson%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FTransactionalism-Historical-Interpretive-Trevor-Phillips-ebook%2Fdp%2FB018EOAAPI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nungesser, Frithjof. 2021. "Pragmatism and Interaction." In: <i>Routledge International Handbook of Interactionism</i>, edited by Dirk Vom Lehn, Natalia Ruiz-Junco, and Will Gibson. London; New York: Routledge: 25-36. ISBN 9780367227708</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macmillan-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macmillan_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmonde2006" class="citation book cs1">Desmonde, William H (2006) [1967]. "Mead, George Herbert (1863-1931)". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Vol. 6. Macmillan Reference. pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865786-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865786-1"><bdi>0-02-865786-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mead%2C+George+Herbert+%281863-1931%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-02-865786-1&rft.aulast=Desmonde&rft.aufirst=William+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mead, George Herbert. 1967 [1934]. <i><a href="/wiki/Mind,_Self_and_Society" title="Mind, Self and Society">Mind, Self, and Society</a></i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Morris" title="Charles W. Morris">C. W. Morris</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51668-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51668-4">978-0-226-51668-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iep-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iep_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iep_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iep_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCronk2005" class="citation cs2">Cronk, George (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/mead/">"George Herbert Mead"</a>, in Fieser, James; Dowden, Bradley (eds.), <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy"><i>The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+Herbert+Mead&rft.btitle=The+Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Cronk&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fmead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Joas" title="Hans Joas">Joas, Hans</a>. 1985. <i>George Herbert Mead: A Contemporary Re-examination of His Thought</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2006" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Alex (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/40487521/Becoming-Other-From-Social-Interaction-to-Self-Reflection"><i>Becoming Other: From Social Interaction to Self-Reflection</i></a>. Information Age Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59311-230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59311-230-1"><bdi>978-1-59311-230-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Other%3A+From+Social+Interaction+to+Self-Reflection&rft.pub=Information+Age+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59311-230-1&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F40487521%2FBecoming-Other-From-Social-Interaction-to-Self-Reflection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolisJacques_Catudal2001" class="citation book cs1">Margolis, Joseph; Jacques Catudal (2001). <i>The Quarrel between Invariance and Flux</i>. Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quarrel+between+Invariance+and+Flux&rft.place=Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Margolis&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Jacques+Catudal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Gillespie2012" class="citation journal cs1">Alex Gillespie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lse.academia.edu/AlexGillespie/Papers/1347507/Position_exchange_The_social_development_of_agency">"Position exchange: The social development of agency"</a>. <i>New Ideas in Psychology</i>. <b>30</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">32–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.newideapsych.2010.03.004">10.1016/j.newideapsych.2010.03.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1893%2F2492">1893/2492</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Ideas+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Position+exchange%3A+The+social+development+of+agency&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1893%2F2492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.newideapsych.2010.03.004&rft.au=Alex+Gillespie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flse.academia.edu%2FAlexGillespie%2FPapers%2F1347507%2FPosition_exchange_The_social_development_of_agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Gillespie2011" class="citation journal cs1">Alex Gillespie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lse.academia.edu/AlexGillespie/Papers/1347524/Exchanging_social_positions_Enhancing_intersubjective_coordination_within_a_joint_task">"Exchanging social positions: Enhancing intersubjective coordination within a joint task"</a>. <i>European Journal of Social Psychology</i>. <b>41</b>: <span class="nowrap">608–</span>616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fejsp.788">10.1002/ejsp.788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Exchanging+social+positions%3A+Enhancing+intersubjective+coordination+within+a+joint+task&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E608-%3C%2Fspan%3E616&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fejsp.788&rft.au=Alex+Gillespie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flse.academia.edu%2FAlexGillespie%2FPapers%2F1347524%2FExchanging_social_positions_Enhancing_intersubjective_coordination_within_a_joint_task&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNungesser" class="citation journal cs1">Nungesser, Frithjof. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pragmatismtoday.eu/summer2020/Pragmatism_Today_Volume11_Issue1_Summer2020.pdf">"The Social Evolution of Perspective-taking. Mead, Tomasello, and the Development of Human Agency"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pragmatism Today</i>. <b>11</b>: <span class="nowrap">84–</span>105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pragmatism+Today&rft.atitle=The+Social+Evolution+of+Perspective-taking.+Mead%2C+Tomasello%2C+and+the+Development+of+Human+Agency&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E84-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.aulast=Nungesser&rft.aufirst=Frithjof&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pragmatismtoday.eu%2Fsummer2020%2FPragmatism_Today_Volume11_Issue1_Summer2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Selected Writings: George Herbert Mead</i>. Bobbs-Merrill, The Liberal Arts Press. 1964.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Writings%3A+George+Herbert+Mead&rft.pub=Bobbs-Merrill%2C+The+Liberal+Arts+Press&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mead, George Herbert. 2001 [c. 1910s]. <i>Essays in Social Psychology</i>, edited by M. J. Deegan. New Brunswick, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Transaction_Publishers" title="Transaction Publishers">Transaction</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-765-80082-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-765-80082-9">0-765-80082-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Filipe_Carreira_da_Silva" title="Filipe Carreira da Silva">da Silva, Filipe Carreira</a>, ed. 2010. <i>G.H. Mead. A Reader</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/">The Mead Project at Brock University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mead, George Herbert. 1932. <i><a href="//archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.233688/page/n5" class="extiw" title="iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.233688/page/n5">The Philosophy of the Present</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Open_Court_Publishing_Company" title="Open Court Publishing Company">Open Court Publishing</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mead, George Herbert. 1936. <i>Movements of Thought in the Nineteenth Century</i>, edited by Merritt H. Moore. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mead, George Herbert. 1938. <i>The Philosophy of the Act</i>, edited by C. W. Morris, et al. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Reck" title="Andrew J. Reck">Reck, Andrew J.</a>, ed. 1964. <i>Selected Writings: George Herbert Mead</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51671-4">978-0-226-51671-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, David L., ed. 1982. <i>The Individual and the Social Self: Unpublished Essays by G. H. Mead</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-608-09479-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-608-09479-3">978-0-608-09479-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs/Mead_1900a.html">[1]</a> "Suggestions Towards a Theory of the Philosophical Disciplines" (1900)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs/Mead_1910a.html">[2]</a> "Social Consciousness and the Consciousness of Meaning" (1910)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs/Mead_1910d.html">[3]</a> "What Social Objects Must Psychology Presuppose" (1910)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs/Mead_1912a.html">[4]</a> "The Mechanism of Social Consciousness"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mead, George Herbert. 1913. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Mead/socialself.htm">The Social Self</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Philosophy,_Psychology_and_Scientific_Methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods">Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods</a></i> 10:374–80. – via <i>Classics in the History of Psychology</i>, transcribed by C. D. Green. Toronto: York University. Also available via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs/Mead_1913.html">The Mead Project</a>. Toronto: <a href="/wiki/Brock_University" title="Brock University">Brock University</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs/Mead_1917g.html">[5]</a> "Scientific Method and the Individual Thinker" (1917)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs/Mead_1922.html">[6]</a> "A Behavioristic Account of the Significant Symbol" (1922)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs/Mead_1925.html">"George Herbert Mead: The Genesis of the Self and Social Control"</a>. Brocku.ca<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Herbert+Mead%3A+The+Genesis+of+the+Self+and+Social+Control&rft.pub=Brocku.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brocku.ca%2FMeadProject%2FMead%2Fpubs%2FMead_1925.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs2/papers/Mead_1926b.html">"George Herbert Mead: The Objective Reality of Perspectives"</a>. Brocku.ca<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Herbert+Mead%3A+The+Objective+Reality+of+Perspectives&rft.pub=Brocku.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brocku.ca%2FMeadProject%2FMead%2Fpubs2%2Fpapers%2FMead_1926b.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs2/papers/Mead_1929d.html">"George Herbert Mead: The Nature of the Past"</a>. Brocku.ca<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Herbert+Mead%3A+The+Nature+of+the+Past&rft.pub=Brocku.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brocku.ca%2FMeadProject%2FMead%2Fpubs2%2Fpapers%2FMead_1929d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brocku.ca/MeadProject/Mead/pubs2/papers/Mead_1930c.html">"George Herbert Mead: The Philosophies of Royce, James and Dewey in their American setting"</a>. Brocku.ca<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Herbert+Mead%3A+The+Philosophies+of+Royce%2C+James+and+Dewey+in+their+American+setting&rft.pub=Brocku.ca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brocku.ca%2FMeadProject%2FMead%2Fpubs2%2Fpapers%2FMead_1930c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Herbert+Mead" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboulafia,_Mitchell" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboulafia, Mitchell">Aboulafia, Mitchell</a>, ed. 1991. <i>Philosophy, Social Theory, and the Thought of George Herbert Mead</i>. Albany: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">SUNY Press</a>.</li> <li>— 2001. <i>The Cosmopolitan Self: George Herbert Mead and Continental Philosophy</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>.</li> <li>Biesta, Gert, and Daniel Tröhler, ed. 2008. <i>G. H. Mead: the Philosophy of Education</i>. Boulder, CO: <a href="/wiki/Paradigm_Publishers" title="Paradigm Publishers">Paradigm Publishers</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594515309" title="Special:BookSources/9781594515309">9781594515309</a></li> <li>Blumer, H. & Morrione, T. J. 2004. <i>George Herbert Mead and Human Conduct</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/AltaMira_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="AltaMira Press">Altamira Press</a>.</li> <li>Burke, Thomas, and Skowroński, Krzysztof Piotr, eds. 2013. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780739175965/George-Herbert-Mead-in-the-Twenty-first-Century">George Herbert Mead in the Twenty-first Century</a></i>, Lexington.</li> <li>Conesa-Sevilla, J. 2005. "The Realm of Continued Emergence: The Semiotics of George Herbert Mead and its Implications to Biosemiotics, Semiotics Matrix Theory, and Ecological Ethics." <i><a href="/wiki/Sign_Systems_Studies" title="Sign Systems Studies">Sign Systems Studies</a></i> (September). Estonia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">Tartu University</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipe_Carreira_da_Silva" title="Filipe Carreira da Silva">da Silva, Filipe Carreira</a>. 2007. <i>G.H. Mead. A Critical Introduction</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity Press</a>.</li> <li>— 2008. <i>Mead and Modernity: Science, Selfhood and Democratic Politics</i>. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>.</li> <li>Gillespie, Alex. 2001. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617134826/http://stir.academia.edu/documents/0022/7999/GillespieThe_Mystery_of_Meads_first_book.pdf">The Mystery of G.H. Mead's First Book</a>" (<i>Essays in Social Psychology</i> book review). <i><a href="/wiki/Theory_%26_Psychology" title="Theory & Psychology">Theory & Psychology</a></i> 13(3):422–24. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stir.academia.edu/documents/0022/7999/GillespieThe_Mystery_of_Meads_first_book.pdf">original</a> 17 June 2010.</li> <li>— 2005. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guide-research.com/People/Gillespie_Mead%20Theorist%20of%20the%20social%20act.pdf">G. H. Mead: Theorist of the social act</a>."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_for_the_Theory_of_Social_Behaviour" title="Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour">Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour</a></i> 35:19–39.</li> <li>— 2006. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guide-research.com/People/Gillespie%20Games%20and%20the%20development%20of%20perspective%20taking.pdf">Games and the development of perspective taking</a>."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2019">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_(journal)" title="Human Development (journal)">Human Development</a></i> 49:87–92.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Joas" title="Hans Joas">Joas, Hans</a>. 1985. <i>G.H. Mead: A Contemporary Re-examination of His Thought</i>. Cambridge, MA: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas, Jürgen</a>. 1992. "Individuation through socialization: On George Herbert Mead's theory of socialization." in <i>Postmetaphysical Thinking</i>, by J. Habermas, translated by W. M. Hohengarten. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Honneth" title="Axel Honneth">Honneth, Axel</a>. 1996. "Recognition and socialization: Mead's naturalistic transformation of Hegel's idea." <i>Struggle for Recognition: The Moral Grammar of Social Conflicts</i>, by A. Honneth, translated by J. Anderson. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.</li> <li>Lewis, J. D. 1979 "A social behaviorist interpretation of the Meadian 'I'." <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a></i> 85:261–87.</li> <li>Lundgren, D. C. 2004. "Social feedback and self-appraisals: Current status of the Mead-Cooley hypothesis." <i><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_Interaction_(journal)" title="Symbolic Interaction (journal)">Symbolic Interaction</a></i> 27:267–86.</li> <li>Miller, David L. 1973 <i>G. H. Mead: Self, Language and the World</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>.</li> <li>Nungesser, Frithjof. 2016. "Mead Meets Tomasello. Pragmatism, the Cognitive Sciences, and the Origins of Human Communication and Sociality" in: <i>The Timeliness of George Herbert Mead</i>. Ed. by H. Joas and D. R. Huebner. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 252–275.</li> <li>Nungesser, Frithjof. 2020. "The Social Evolution of Perspective-taking. Mead, Tomasello, and the Development of Human Agency" <i>Pragmatism Today</i>, 11(1): 84–105.</li> <li>Sánchez de la Yncera, Ignacio. 1994. <i>La Mirada Reflexiva de G.H. Mead</i>. Montalbán, ES: <a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Investigaciones_Sociol%C3%B3gicas" title="Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas">Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas</a>.</li> <li>Shalin, Dmitri. 1988. "G. H. Mead, socialism, and the progressive agenda." <i>American Journal of Sociology</i> 93:913–51.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Herbert_Mead&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Mead%2C%20George%20Herbert%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mead%2C%20George%20H%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Mead%2C%20G%2E%20H%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22George%20Herbert%20Mead%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22George%20H%2E%20Mead%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22G%2E%20H%2E%20Mead%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22George%20Herbert%20Mead%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22George%20H%2E%20Mead%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20H%2E%20Mead%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20Herbert%20Mead%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mead%2C%20George%20Herbert%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mead%2C%20George%20H%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mead%2C%20G%2E%20H%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Mead%2C%20G%2E%20Herbert%22%20OR%20title%3A%22George%20Herbert%20Mead%22%20OR%20title%3A%22George%20H%2E%20Mead%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G%2E%20H%2E%20Mead%22%20OR%20description%3A%22George%20Herbert%20Mead%22%20OR%20description%3A%22George%20H%2E%20Mead%22%20OR%20description%3A%22G%2E%20H%2E%20Mead%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mead%2C%20George%20Herbert%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Mead%2C%20George%20H%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221863-1931%22%20AND%20Mead%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works 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