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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Missouri political career</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Missouri_political_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Missouri political career subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Missouri_political_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_Auditor_(1973–1975)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Auditor_(1973–1975)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>State Auditor (1973–1975)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Auditor_(1973–1975)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attorney_General_of_Missouri_(1976–1985)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attorney_General_of_Missouri_(1976–1985)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Attorney General of Missouri (1976–1985)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attorney_General_of_Missouri_(1976–1985)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Missouri_(1985–1993)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Missouri_(1985–1993)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Governor of Missouri (1985–1993)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Missouri_(1985–1993)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Senator_from_Missouri_(1995–2001)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Senator_from_Missouri_(1995–2001)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>U.S. Senator from Missouri (1995–2001)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Senator_from_Missouri_(1995–2001)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_Attorney_General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_Attorney_General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>United States Attorney General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_Attorney_General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consultant_and_lobbyist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consultant_and_lobbyist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Consultant and lobbyist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consultant_and_lobbyist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Representation in other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John Ashcroft</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جون آشكروفت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جون آشكروفت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جان اشکرافت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان اشکرافت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джон Ашкрофт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джон Ашкрофт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جان اشکرافت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان اشکرافت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98" title="ג'ון אשקרופט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון אשקרופט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_David_Ashcroft" title="Ioannes David Ashcroft – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes David Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="जॉन ॲशक्रोफ्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉन ॲशक्रोफ्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جون آشكروفت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون آشكروفت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%83%88" title="ジョン・アシュクロフト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・アシュクロフト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Эшкрофт, Джон Дэвид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эшкрофт, Джон Дэвид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="John Ashcroft – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Ashcroft" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%95%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%82" title="Джон Ешкрофт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джон Ешкрофт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BB%80%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9" title="约翰·阿什克罗夫特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="约翰·阿什克罗夫特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q311141#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/John_Ashcroft" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:John_Ashcroft" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the past Attorney General of the United States. For his son, the current Missouri Secretary of State, see <a href="/wiki/Jay_Ashcroft" title="Jay Ashcroft">Jay Ashcroft</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Ashcroft</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ashcroft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Ashcroft.jpg/220px-John_Ashcroft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Ashcroft.jpg/330px-John_Ashcroft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Ashcroft.jpg/440px-John_Ashcroft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="552" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 2001</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">79th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 2, 2001 – February 3, 2005</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mueller" title="Robert Mueller">Robert Mueller</a> (acting)<br /><a href="/wiki/Larry_Thompson" title="Larry Thompson">Larry Thompson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_Comey" title="James Comey">James Comey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 3, 1995 – January 3, 2001</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">John Danforth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mel_Carnahan" title="Mel Carnahan">Mel Carnahan</a> (elect)<br /><a href="/wiki/Jean_Carnahan" title="Jean Carnahan">Jean Carnahan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chair of the <a href="/wiki/National_Governors_Association" title="National Governors Association">National Governors Association</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />August 20, 1991 – August 4, 1992</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Booth_Gardner" title="Booth Gardner">Booth Gardner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Roy Romer</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">50th <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Missouri" title="List of governors of Missouri">Governor of Missouri</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 14, 1985 – January 11, 1993</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Lieutenant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harriett_Woods" title="Harriett Woods">Harriett Woods</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mel_Carnahan" title="Mel Carnahan">Mel Carnahan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">Kit Bond</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mel_Carnahan" title="Mel Carnahan">Mel Carnahan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">38th <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Attorney_General" title="Missouri Attorney General">Attorney General of Missouri</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 27, 1976 – January 14, 1985</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Teasdale" title="Joseph P. Teasdale">Joseph Teasdale</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">Kit Bond</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">John Danforth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Webster" title="William L. Webster">William L. Webster</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">29th <a href="/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Missouri" title="State Auditor of Missouri">Auditor of Missouri</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 8, 1973 – January 14, 1975</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">Kit Bond</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">Kit Bond</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Lehr" title="George W. Lehr">George W. Lehr</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John David Ashcroft</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1942-05-09</span>) </span>May 9, 1942<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 82)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Janet Ashcroft</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1967)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Jay_Ashcroft" title="Jay Ashcroft">Jay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Handwritten_signature_of_John_Ashcroft_(Attorney_General_of_the_United_States_of_America),_presumably_dated_9-13_July_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Ashcroft's signature"><img alt="Autograph of John Ashcroft, in blue ink." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Handwritten_signature_of_John_Ashcroft_%28Attorney_General_of_the_United_States_of_America%29%2C_presumably_dated_9-13_July_2002.jpg/128px-Handwritten_signature_of_John_Ashcroft_%28Attorney_General_of_the_United_States_of_America%29%2C_presumably_dated_9-13_July_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Handwritten_signature_of_John_Ashcroft_%28Attorney_General_of_the_United_States_of_America%29%2C_presumably_dated_9-13_July_2002.jpg/192px-Handwritten_signature_of_John_Ashcroft_%28Attorney_General_of_the_United_States_of_America%29%2C_presumably_dated_9-13_July_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Handwritten_signature_of_John_Ashcroft_%28Attorney_General_of_the_United_States_of_America%29%2C_presumably_dated_9-13_July_2002.jpg/256px-Handwritten_signature_of_John_Ashcroft_%28Attorney_General_of_the_United_States_of_America%29%2C_presumably_dated_9-13_July_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="78" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Attorney_General_John_Ashcroft_Testifies_on_Domestic_Security_after_September_11.ogg" title="File:Attorney General John Ashcroft Testifies on Domestic Security after September 11.ogg">John Ashcroft's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="710" data-mwtitle="Attorney_General_John_Ashcroft_Testifies_on_Domestic_Security_after_September_11.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Attorney_General_John_Ashcroft_Testifies_on_Domestic_Security_after_September_11.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Attorney_General_John_Ashcroft_Testifies_on_Domestic_Security_after_September_11.ogg/Attorney_General_John_Ashcroft_Testifies_on_Domestic_Security_after_September_11.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Ashcroft testifies before the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> on domestic intelligence and counterterrorism reforms after <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a><br />Recorded July 25, 2002</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John David Ashcroft</b> (born May 9, 1942) is an American lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbyist</a>, and former politician who served as the 79th <a href="/wiki/United_States_attorney_general" class="mw-redirect" title="United States attorney general">United States attorney general</a> under <a href="/wiki/President_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="President George W. Bush">President George W. Bush</a> from 2001 to 2005. A <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> from <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, Ashcroft represented the state in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> from 1995 to 2001, and held statewide office as the 29th <a href="/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Missouri" title="State Auditor of Missouri">auditor</a> (1973–1975), 38th <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Attorney_General" title="Missouri Attorney General">attorney general</a> (1976–1985), and 50th <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Missouri">governor of Missouri</a> (1985–1993). He later founded <a href="/wiki/The_Ashcroft_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ashcroft Group">The Ashcroft Group</a>, a Washington D.C. lobbying firm.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashcroft graduated from <a href="/wiki/Hillcrest_High_School_(Springfield,_Missouri)" title="Hillcrest High School (Springfield, Missouri)">Hillcrest High School</a> in 1960 before receiving a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">J.D.</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a>. After unsuccessfully running for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a>, he was elected Missouri State Auditor in 1974. He then served two consecutive terms as Missouri Attorney General and as Missouri Governor (a historical first for a <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> candidate in the state). He is only Republican to serve two full consecutive terms as governor to date. He also served one term as a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> from Missouri until losing a race for a second term in <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="2000 United States Senate election in Missouri">2000</a>. Ashcroft had early appointments in Missouri state government and was mentored by <a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">John Danforth</a>. He has written several books about politics and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> was <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 United States Presidential election">elected president</a> in 2000, he selected Ashcroft to serve as U.S. Attorney General. As Attorney General, Ashcroft was a key supporter of the <a href="/wiki/USA_Patriot_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA Patriot Act">USA Patriot Act</a> following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> and the use of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> to suspected terrorists. Ashcroft stepped down as Attorney General in February 2005 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a>. Since 2011, Ashcroft sits on the board of directors for the <a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">private military company</a> <a href="/wiki/Academi" class="mw-redirect" title="Academi">Academi</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(company)" title="Blackwater (company)">Blackwater</a>) and is a professor at the <a href="/wiki/Regent_University_School_of_Law" title="Regent University School of Law">Regent University School of Law</a>, a conservative Christian institution affiliated with the late <a href="/wiki/Televangelism" title="Televangelism">televangelist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a>; he has also been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a>. His son, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Ashcroft" title="Jay Ashcroft">Jay Ashcroft</a>, is also a politician, serving as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Missouri_secretaries_of_state" title="List of Missouri secretaries of state">Secretary of State of Missouri</a> since January 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ashcroft&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John David Ashcroft was born in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> on May 9, 1942, the son of homemaker Grace P. (née Larsen) and minister James Robert Ashcroft. His maternal grandparents were Norwegian,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his paternal grandfather was Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He grew up in <a href="/wiki/Willard,_Missouri" title="Willard, Missouri">Willard, Missouri</a>, where his father was a minister in an <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God</a> congregation in nearby <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield</a>, served as president of <a href="/wiki/Evangel_University" title="Evangel University">Evangel University</a> (1958–1974), and jointly as President of <a href="/wiki/Central_Bible_College" title="Central Bible College">Central Bible College</a> (1958–1963). Ashcroft graduated from <a href="/wiki/Hillcrest_High_School_(Springfield,_Missouri)" title="Hillcrest High School (Springfield, Missouri)">Hillcrest High School</a> in 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, where he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/St._Elmo_(secret_society)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Elmo (secret society)">St. Elmo Society</a>, graduating in 1964. He received a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Law_School" title="University of Chicago Law School">University of Chicago Law School</a> in 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After law school, he briefly taught Business Law and worked as an administrator at <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Missouri_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Missouri State University">Southwest Missouri State University</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, he was not drafted because he received six student <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_System#Classifications" title="Selective Service System">draft deferments</a> and one occupational deferment due to his teaching work.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missouri_political_career">Missouri political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ashcroft&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Missouri political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_Auditor_(1973–1975)"><span id="State_Auditor_.281973.E2.80.931975.29"></span>State Auditor (1973–1975)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ashcroft&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: State Auditor (1973–1975)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1972, Ashcroft ran for a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">congressional</a> seat in southwest Missouri in the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">primary election</a>, narrowly losing to <a href="/wiki/Gene_Taylor_(Missouri)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene Taylor (Missouri)">Gene Taylor</a>. After the primary, Missouri Governor <a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">Kit Bond</a> appointed Ashcroft to the office of State Auditor, which Bond had vacated when he became governor. </p><p>In 1974, Ashcroft was narrowly defeated for election to that post by <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="Jackson County, Missouri">Jackson County</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_county_executives_of_Jackson_County,_Missouri" title="List of county executives of Jackson County, Missouri">Executive</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Lehr" title="George W. Lehr">George W. Lehr</a>. Lehr had argued that Ashcroft, who is not an accountant, was not qualified to be the State Auditor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attorney_General_of_Missouri_(1976–1985)"><span id="Attorney_General_of_Missouri_.281976.E2.80.931985.29"></span>Attorney General of Missouri (1976–1985)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ashcroft&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Attorney General of Missouri (1976–1985)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C20739_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C20739_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C20739_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C20739_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C20739_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C20739_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="280" /></a><figcaption>Ashcroft with <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in 1984</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Attorney_General" title="Missouri Attorney General">Missouri Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">John Danforth</a>, who was then in his second term, hired Ashcroft as an assistant state attorney general. During his service, Ashcroft shared an office with future <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> (and, in 2001, Justice Thomas administered Ashcroft's <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office" title="Oath of office">oath of office</a> as U.S. attorney general). </p><p>In 1976, Danforth retired from the state attorney general post to run for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a>, and Ashcroft ran to replace him. He was unopposed in the Republican primary<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and defeated Democrat James Baker in the general election.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was scheduled to be sworn in on January 10, 1977, but Danforth resigned from his post early ahead of his swearing in to the U.S. Senate, thus Ashcroft became attorney general on December 27, 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, Ashcroft was re-elected with 64.5 percent of the vote, winning 96 of Missouri's 114 counties.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, Ashcroft wrote the leading <i><a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae" title="Amicus curiae">amicus curiae</a></i> brief in the U.S. Supreme Court Case <i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a></i>, supporting the use of video cassette recorders for time shifting of television programs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governor_of_Missouri_(1985–1993)"><span id="Governor_of_Missouri_.281985.E2.80.931993.29"></span>Governor of Missouri (1985–1993)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ashcroft&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Governor of Missouri (1985–1993)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ashcroft_official_photo_as_Governor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/John_Ashcroft_official_photo_as_Governor.jpg/220px-John_Ashcroft_official_photo_as_Governor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/John_Ashcroft_official_photo_as_Governor.jpg/330px-John_Ashcroft_official_photo_as_Governor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/John_Ashcroft_official_photo_as_Governor.jpg/440px-John_Ashcroft_official_photo_as_Governor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2172" data-file-height="2793" /></a><figcaption>Ashcroft's official portrait as governor</figcaption></figure> <p>Ashcroft was elected governor in <a href="/wiki/1984_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1984 Missouri gubernatorial election">1984</a> and re-elected in <a href="/wiki/1988_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1988 Missouri gubernatorial election">1988</a>, becoming the first Republican in Missouri history elected to two consecutive terms. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrs._Bush_and_Missouri_Governor_John_Ashcroft_attend_a_Parents_as_Teachers_parent-child_group_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186437.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mrs._Bush_and_Missouri_Governor_John_Ashcroft_attend_a_Parents_as_Teachers_parent-child_group_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186437.jpg/220px-Mrs._Bush_and_Missouri_Governor_John_Ashcroft_attend_a_Parents_as_Teachers_parent-child_group_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186437.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mrs._Bush_and_Missouri_Governor_John_Ashcroft_attend_a_Parents_as_Teachers_parent-child_group_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186437.jpg/330px-Mrs._Bush_and_Missouri_Governor_John_Ashcroft_attend_a_Parents_as_Teachers_parent-child_group_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186437.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Mrs._Bush_and_Missouri_Governor_John_Ashcroft_attend_a_Parents_as_Teachers_parent-child_group_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186437.jpg/440px-Mrs._Bush_and_Missouri_Governor_John_Ashcroft_attend_a_Parents_as_Teachers_parent-child_group_at_the..._-_NARA_-_186437.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="2031" /></a><figcaption>Missouri Governor John Ashcroft and First Lady <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> with a "Parents as Teachers" group at the <a href="/wiki/Greater_St._Louis" title="Greater St. Louis">Greater St. Louis</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferguson-Florissant_School_District" title="Ferguson-Florissant School District">Ferguson-Florissant School District</a> in October 1991. Mrs. Bush (in rocking chair) is reading <i><a href="/wiki/Brown_Bear,_Brown_Bear,_What_Do_You_See%3F" title="Brown Bear, Brown Bear, What Do You See?">Brown Bear, Brown Bear</a></i> to the children.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1984, his opponent was the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Missouri" title="Lieutenant Governor of Missouri">Lieutenant Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Rothman" title="Ken Rothman">Ken Rothman</a>. The campaign was so negative on both sides that a reporter described the contest as "two alley cats [scrapping] over truth in advertising". In his campaign ads, Ashcroft showed the contrast between his rural-base and the supporters of his urban-based opponent from <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>. Democrats did not close ranks on primary night. The defeated candidate <a href="/wiki/Mel_Carnahan" title="Mel Carnahan">Mel Carnahan</a> endorsed Rothman. In the end, Ashcroft won 57 percent of the vote and carried 106 counties—then the largest Republican gubernatorial victory in Missouri history.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, Ashcroft won by a larger margin over his Democratic opponent, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Cooper_Hearnes" title="Betty Cooper Hearnes">Betty Cooper Hearnes</a>, the wife of the former governor <a href="/wiki/Warren_Hearnes" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Hearnes">Warren Hearnes</a>. Ashcroft received 64 percent of the vote in the general election—the largest landslide for governor in Missouri history since the U.S. Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his second term, Ashcroft served as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_Governors_Association" title="National Governors Association">National Governors Association</a> (1991–92). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Senator_from_Missouri_(1995–2001)"><span id="U.S._Senator_from_Missouri_.281995.E2.80.932001.29"></span>U.S. Senator from Missouri (1995–2001)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ashcroft&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: U.S. Senator from Missouri (1995–2001)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_John_Ashcroft3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Senator_John_Ashcroft3.jpg/220px-Senator_John_Ashcroft3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Senator_John_Ashcroft3.jpg/330px-Senator_John_Ashcroft3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Senator_John_Ashcroft3.jpg/440px-Senator_John_Ashcroft3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Ashcroft's official portrait as U.S. Senator</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="1994 United States Senate election in Missouri">1994</a>, Ashcroft was elected to the U.S. Senate from Missouri, again succeeding <a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">John Danforth</a>, who retired from the position. Ashcroft won 59.8% of the vote against Democratic Congressman <a href="/wiki/Alan_Wheat" title="Alan Wheat">Alan Wheat</a>. As Senator: </p> <ul><li>He opposed the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton Administration">Clinton Administration</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Clipper_chip" title="Clipper chip">Clipper</a> encryption restrictions, arguing in favor of the individual's right to encrypt messages and export encryption software.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1999, as chair of the Senate's subcommittee on patents, he helped extend patents for several drugs, notably the allergy medication <a href="/wiki/Claritin" class="mw-redirect" title="Claritin">Claritin</a>, to prevent the marketing of less-expensive <a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">generics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On March 30, 2000, with Senator <a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a>, Ashcroft convened the only Senate hearing on <a href="/wiki/Racial_profiling" title="Racial profiling">racial profiling</a>. He said the practice was unconstitutional and that he supported legislation requiring police to keep statistics on their actions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>In 1998, Ashcroft briefly considered running for U.S. president, but, on January 5, 1999, he decided that he would seek re-election to his Senate seat in the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="2000 United States Senate election in Missouri">2000 election</a> and not run for president.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Senator_John_Ashcroft_Meets_With_Missouri_Law_Enforcement_to_Discuss_the_Meth_Crisis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Senator_John_Ashcroft_Meets_With_Missouri_Law_Enforcement_to_Discuss_the_Meth_Crisis.jpg/220px-Senator_John_Ashcroft_Meets_With_Missouri_Law_Enforcement_to_Discuss_the_Meth_Crisis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Senator_John_Ashcroft_Meets_With_Missouri_Law_Enforcement_to_Discuss_the_Meth_Crisis.jpg/330px-Senator_John_Ashcroft_Meets_With_Missouri_Law_Enforcement_to_Discuss_the_Meth_Crisis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Senator_John_Ashcroft_Meets_With_Missouri_Law_Enforcement_to_Discuss_the_Meth_Crisis.jpg/440px-Senator_John_Ashcroft_Meets_With_Missouri_Law_Enforcement_to_Discuss_the_Meth_Crisis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Ashcroft with Missouri law enforcement talking about <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine_in_the_United_States" title="Methamphetamine in the United States">Methamphetamine</a> in 2000</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Republican primary, Ashcroft defeated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Perkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Perkel (page does not exist)">Marc Perkel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the general election, Ashcroft faced a challenge from Governor <a href="/wiki/Mel_Carnahan" title="Mel Carnahan">Mel Carnahan</a>. </p><p>In the midst of a tight race, Carnahan died in an airplane crash three weeks prior to the election. Ashcroft suspended all campaigning after the plane crash. Because of Missouri state election laws and the short time to election, Carnahan's name remained on the ballot. Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Wilson" title="Roger B. Wilson">Roger B. Wilson</a> became governor upon Carnahan's death. Wilson said that should Carnahan be elected, he would appoint his widow, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Carnahan" title="Jean Carnahan">Jean Carnahan</a>, to serve in her husband's place. Mrs. Carnahan stated that, in accordance with her late husband's goal, she would serve in the Senate if voters elected his name. Following these developments, Ashcroft resumed campaigning.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carnahan won the election 51% to 49%. No politician had ever posthumously won election to the U.S. Senate, although voters had on at least three occasions chosen deceased candidates for the U.S. House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashcroft remains the first and so far only U.S. Senator to have been defeated for re-election by a deceased person.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_Attorney_General">United States Attorney General</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ashcroft&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States Attorney General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Attorney_General_John_Ashcroft_in_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Attorney_General_John_Ashcroft_in_2003.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Attorney_General_John_Ashcroft_in_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Attorney_General_John_Ashcroft_in_2003.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Attorney_General_John_Ashcroft_in_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/President_George_W._Bush_meets_with_Attorney_General_John_Ashcroft_in_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> meets with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> John Ashcroft in the Oval Office on March 11, 2003</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ashcroft_%2705.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/John_Ashcroft_%2705.jpg/220px-John_Ashcroft_%2705.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/John_Ashcroft_%2705.jpg/330px-John_Ashcroft_%2705.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/John_Ashcroft_%2705.jpg/440px-John_Ashcroft_%2705.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="1912" /></a><figcaption>Ashcroft in 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>In December 2000, following his Senatorial defeat, Ashcroft was chosen for the position of U.S. attorney general by president-elect <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. He was confirmed by the U.S. Senate by a vote of 58 to 42, with most <a href="/wiki/U.S._Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Democratic Party">Democratic</a> senators voting against him, citing his prior opposition to using <a href="/wiki/Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">busing</a> to achieve <a href="/wiki/School_integration_in_the_United_States" title="School integration in the United States">school desegregation</a>, and their opposition to Ashcroft's <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-abortion movement">opposition to abortion</a>. At the time of his appointment, he was known to be a member of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">Federalist Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2001, the FBI revealed that they had misplaced thousands of documents related to the investigation of the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a>. Ashcroft granted a 30-day stay of execution for <a href="/wiki/Timothy_McVeigh" title="Timothy McVeigh">Timothy McVeigh</a>, the man sentenced to death for the bombing. </p><p>In July 2001, Ashcroft began flying exclusively by private jet. When questioned about this decision, the Justice Department explained that this course of action had been recommended based on a "threat assessment" made by the FBI. Neither the Bureau, nor the Justice Department would identify the specific nature of the threat, who made it, or when it happened. The CIA were unaware of any specific threats against Cabinet members. At the time, Ashcroft was the only Cabinet appointee who traveled on a private jet, excluding the special cases of Interior and Energy who have responsibilities which require chartered jets.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a> in the United States, Ashcroft was a key administration supporter of passage of the <a href="/wiki/USA_PATRIOT_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA PATRIOT Act">USA PATRIOT Act</a>. One of its provisions, Section 215, allows the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> (FBI) to apply for an order from the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a> to require production of "any tangible thing" for an investigation. This provision was criticized by citizen and professional groups concerned about violations of privacy. Ashcroft referred to the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a>'s opposition to Section 215 as "hysteria" in two separate speeches given in September 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Attorney General, Ashcroft consistently denied that the FBI or any other law enforcement agency had used the Patriot Act to obtain library circulation records or those of retail sales. According to the sworn testimony of two FBI agents interviewed by the <a href="/wiki/9/11_Commission" title="9/11 Commission">9/11 Commission</a>, he ignored warnings of an imminent al-Qaida attack.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2002, the partially nude female statue of the <i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_Justice" title="Spirit of Justice">Spirit of Justice</a></i> in the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Department_of_Justice_Building" title="Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building">Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building</a>, where Ashcroft held press conferences, was covered with blue curtains.<sup id="cite_ref-poetic_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poetic-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Department officials long insisted that the curtains were put up to improve the room's use as a television backdrop and that Ashcroft had nothing to do with it.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashcroft's successor, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a>, removed the curtains in June 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashcroft also held daily prayer meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-poetic_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poetic-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2002, Ashcroft proposed the creation of <a href="/wiki/Operation_TIPS" title="Operation TIPS">Operation TIPS</a>, a domestic program in which workers and government employees would inform law enforcement agencies about suspicious behavior they encounter while performing their duties. The program was widely criticized from the beginning, with critics deriding the program as essentially a domestic informant network along the lines of the East German <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> or the Soviet <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an encroachment upon the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth</a> amendments. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> refused to be a party to it. Ashcroft defended the program as a necessary component of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terrorism">War on Terrorism</a>, but the proposal was eventually abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashcroft proposed a draft of the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_Security_Enhancement_Act_of_2003" title="Domestic Security Enhancement Act of 2003">Domestic Security Enhancement Act of 2003</a>, legislation to expand the powers of the U.S. government to fight crime and terrorism, while simultaneously eliminating or curtailing judicial review of these powers for incidents related to domestic terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bill was leaked and posted to the Internet on February 7, 2003. </p><p>On May 26, 2004, Ashcroft held a news conference at which he said that intelligence from multiple sources indicated that the terrorist organization, <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">al Qaeda</a>, intended to attack the United States in the coming months.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics suggested he was trying to distract attention from a drop in the approval ratings of President Bush, who was campaigning for re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groups supporting individual gun ownership praised Ashcroft's support through DOJ for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">Second Amendment</a>. He said specifically, "the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to keep and bear arms," expressing the position that the Second Amendment protects an individual right, unrelated to militia service.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2004, the Justice Department under Ashcroft ruled President Bush's domestic intelligence program illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-EggenKaneWP070516_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EggenKaneWP070516-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly afterward, Ashcroft was hospitalized with acute gallstone <a href="/wiki/Pancreatitis" title="Pancreatitis">pancreatitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EggenKaneWP070516_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EggenKaneWP070516-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a> <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief of Staff">Chief of Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Card_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Card Jr.">Andrew Card Jr.</a> went to <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Surveillance_Program#Ashcroft_hospital_bedside_meeting" title="President's Surveillance Program">Ashcroft's bedside</a> in the hospital intensive-care unit, to persuade the incapacitated Ashcroft to sign a document to reauthorize the program.<sup id="cite_ref-EggenKaneWP070516_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EggenKaneWP070516-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Acting Attorney General <a href="/wiki/James_Comey" title="James Comey">James Comey</a> alerted FBI Director <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mueller_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Mueller III">Robert Mueller III</a> of this plan, and rushed to the hospital, arriving ahead of Gonzales and Card Jr. Ashcroft, "summoning the strength to lift his head and speak", refused to sign.<sup id="cite_ref-EggenKaneWP070516_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EggenKaneWP070516-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WashingtonPost_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WashingtonPost-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to reauthorize the program were ended by President Bush when Ashcroft, Comey and Mueller threatened to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-EggenKaneWP070516_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EggenKaneWP070516-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following accounts of the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a> scandal in Iraq, one of the <a href="/wiki/Torture_memos" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture memos">torture memos</a> was leaked to the press in June 2004. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Jack Goldsmith</a>, then head of the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Legal_Counsel" title="Office of Legal Counsel">Office of Legal Counsel</a>, had already withdrawn the <a href="/wiki/John_Yoo" title="John Yoo">Yoo</a> memos and advised agencies not to rely on them. After Goldsmith chose to resign because of his objections, Ashcroft issued a one paragraph opinion re-authorizing the use of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ashcroft_memo_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ashcroft_memo-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashcroft pushed his U.S. attorneys to pursue voter fraud cases. However, the U.S. attorneys struggled to find any deliberate voter fraud schemes, only finding individuals who made mistakes on forms or misunderstood whether they were eligible to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following George W. Bush's re-election, Ashcroft resigned,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which took effect on February 3, 2005, after the Senate confirmed White House Counsel <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> as the next attorney general.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ashcroft said in his hand-written resignation letter, dated November 2, "The objective of securing the safety of Americans from crime and terror has been achieved."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consultant_and_lobbyist">Consultant and lobbyist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ashcroft&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consultant and lobbyist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2005, Ashcroft laid the groundwork for a strategic consulting firm, The Ashcroft Group, LLC.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He started operation in the fall of 2005 and as of March 2006 had twenty-one clients, turning down two for every one accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005 year-end filings, Ashcroft's firm reported collecting $269,000, including $220,000 from <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>, which won <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a> approval of a multibillion-dollar acquisition less than a month after hiring Ashcroft. The year-end filing represented, in some cases, only initial payments.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to government filings, Oracle is one of five Ashcroft Group clients that seek help in selling data or software with security applications. Another client, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Aircraft_Industries_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Aircraft Industries International">Israel Aircraft Industries International</a>, is competing with Seattle's <a href="/wiki/Boeing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing Company">Boeing Company</a> to sell the government of South Korea a billion dollar airborne radar system.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2006, Ashcroft positioned himself as an "anti-<a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a>". In an hour-long interview, Ashcroft used the word <i>integrity</i> scores of times.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2006, based on conversations with members of Congress, key aides and lobbyists, <i>The Hill</i> magazine listed Ashcroft as one of the top 50 "hired guns" (lobbyists) that <a href="/wiki/K_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="K Street (Washington, D.C.)">K Street</a> had to offer.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By August 2006, Ashcroft's firm reportedly had 30 clients, many of which made products or technology aimed at <a href="/wiki/Homeland_security" title="Homeland security">homeland security</a>. About a third of its client list were not disclosed on grounds of confidentiality. The firm also had equity stakes in eight client companies. It reportedly received $1.4 million in lobbying fees in the six months preceding August 2006, a small fraction of its total earnings.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the proposed merger of <a href="/wiki/Sirius_Satellite_Radio" title="Sirius Satellite Radio">Sirius Satellite Radio</a> Inc. and <a href="/wiki/XM_Satellite_Radio" title="XM Satellite Radio">XM Satellite Radio</a> Holdings Inc., Ashcroft offered the firm his consulting services, according to a spokesman for XM.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spokesman said XM declined Ashcroft's offer. Ashcroft was subsequently hired by the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Broadcasters">National Association of Broadcasters</a>, which is strongly opposed to the merger. </p><p>In 2011, Ashcroft became an "independent director" on the board of Xe Services (now <a href="/wiki/Academi" class="mw-redirect" title="Academi">Academi</a>), the controversial <a href="/wiki/Private_military_company" title="Private military company">private military company</a> formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(company)" title="Blackwater (company)">Blackwater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nisour_Square_massacre" title="Nisour Square massacre">Nisour Square massacre</a>), which faced scores of charges related to weapons trafficking, unlawful force, and corruption,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had named Ted Wright as CEO in May 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wright hired a new governance chief to oversee ethical and legal compliance and established a new board composed of former government officials, including former White House counsel <a href="/wiki/Jack_Quinn_(lawyer)" title="Jack Quinn (lawyer)">Jack Quinn</a> and Ashcroft.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2011, Xe Services rebranded to Academi to convey a more "boring" image.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News_December_12,_2011_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_December_12,_2011-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boardofdirectors_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boardofdirectors-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The firm also has a law firm under its umbrella, called the Ashcroft Law Firm.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2014, the law firm was hired by convicted Russian arms trafficker <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bout" title="Viktor Bout">Viktor Bout</a> to overturn his 2011 conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2017, Ashcroft was hired by the government of <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> to carry out a compliance and regulatory review of Qatar's anti-money laundering and counter-terrorist financing framework, to help challenge accusations of <a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">supporting terrorism</a> by its neighbors, following <a href="/wiki/2017_Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Qatar diplomatic crisis">a regional blockade</a>, as well as claims by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2018, Ashcroft was reportedly hired by <a href="/wiki/Najib_Razak" title="Najib Razak">Najib Razak</a> among other top U.S. lawyers to defend him in the <a href="/wiki/1MDB" class="mw-redirect" title="1MDB">1MDB</a> scandal, back in 2016. According to the document, the firm was hired to provide legal advice and counsel to Najib regarding "improper actions by third parties to attempt to destabilise the government of Malaysia". Although it is unsure whether Najib will retain the services of Ashcroft on the issue due to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice's</a> probe into 1MDB.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_issues">Political issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ashcroft&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:50th_SCS_volunteers_key_to_Eagle_Summit_Ranch_opening.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/50th_SCS_volunteers_key_to_Eagle_Summit_Ranch_opening.jpg/220px-50th_SCS_volunteers_key_to_Eagle_Summit_Ranch_opening.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/50th_SCS_volunteers_key_to_Eagle_Summit_Ranch_opening.jpg/330px-50th_SCS_volunteers_key_to_Eagle_Summit_Ranch_opening.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/50th_SCS_volunteers_key_to_Eagle_Summit_Ranch_opening.jpg/440px-50th_SCS_volunteers_key_to_Eagle_Summit_Ranch_opening.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Ashcroft delivers the key note speech at the Eagles Summit Ranch dedication ceremony in 2007</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ashcroft_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/John_Ashcroft_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/220px-John_Ashcroft_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/John_Ashcroft_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/330px-John_Ashcroft_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/John_Ashcroft_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/440px-John_Ashcroft_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1721" data-file-height="2199" /></a><figcaption>John Ashcroft at <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a> in February 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ashcroft_delivers_remarks_at_the_30th_Annual_Candlelight_Vigil_to_honor_fallen_officers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/John_Ashcroft_delivers_remarks_at_the_30th_Annual_Candlelight_Vigil_to_honor_fallen_officers.jpg/220px-John_Ashcroft_delivers_remarks_at_the_30th_Annual_Candlelight_Vigil_to_honor_fallen_officers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/John_Ashcroft_delivers_remarks_at_the_30th_Annual_Candlelight_Vigil_to_honor_fallen_officers.jpg/330px-John_Ashcroft_delivers_remarks_at_the_30th_Annual_Candlelight_Vigil_to_honor_fallen_officers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/John_Ashcroft_delivers_remarks_at_the_30th_Annual_Candlelight_Vigil_to_honor_fallen_officers.jpg/440px-John_Ashcroft_delivers_remarks_at_the_30th_Annual_Candlelight_Vigil_to_honor_fallen_officers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6181" data-file-height="4003" /></a><figcaption>Ashcroft in 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2009 in <i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._al-Kidd" title="Ashcroft v. al-Kidd">Ashcroft v. al-Kidd</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Circuit_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> found that Ashcroft could be sued and held personally responsible for the wrongful detention of Abdullah al-Kidd. The American citizen was arrested at <a href="/wiki/Dulles_International_Airport" title="Dulles International Airport">Dulles International Airport</a> in March 2003 on his way to <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> for study. He was held for 15 days in maximum security in three states, and 13 months in supervised release, to be used as a material witness in the trial of <a href="/wiki/Sami_Omar_Al-Hussayen" title="Sami Omar Al-Hussayen">Sami Omar Al-Hussayen</a>. (The latter was acquitted of all charges of supporting terrorism.) Al-Kidd was never charged and was not called as a witness in the Al-Hussayen case.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The panels court described the government's assertions under the <a href="/wiki/USA_Patriot_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="USA Patriot Act">USA Patriot Act</a> (2001) as "repugnant of the Constitution". In a detailed and at times passionate opinion, Judge <a href="/wiki/Milan_Smith" title="Milan Smith">Milan Smith</a> likened allegations against al-Kidd as similar to the repressive practices of the British Crown that sparked the American Revolution. He wrote that the government asserts it can detain American citizens "not because there is evidence that they have committed a crime, but merely because the government wishes to investigate them for possible wrongdoing".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He called it "a painful reminder of some of the most ignominious chapters of our national history".<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abdullah Al-Kidd was held in a maximum security prison for 16 days, and in supervised release for 13 months. Al-Kidd was born Lavoni T. Kidd in 1973 in <a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barnes_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barnes-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he converted to Islam as a student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Idaho" title="University of Idaho">University of Idaho</a>, where he was a prominent football player, he changed his name. He asserts that Ashcroft violated his civil liberties as an American citizen, as he was treated like a terrorist and not allowed to consult an attorney. Al-Kidd's lawyers say Ashcroft, as US attorney general, encouraged authorities after 9/11 to arrest potential suspects as material witnesses when they lacked <a href="/wiki/Probable_cause" title="Probable cause">probable cause</a> to believe the suspects had committed a crime.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US Supreme Court agreed on October 18, 2010, to hear the case. On May 31, 2011, the US Supreme Court unanimously overturned the lower court's decision, saying that al-Kidd could not personally sue Ashcroft, as he was protected by limited immunity as a government official.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A majority of the justices held that al-Kidd could not have won his case on the merits, because Ashcroft did not violate his <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourth Amendment</a> rights.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashcroft has been a proponent of the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Drugs">War on Drugs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2001 interview on <i>Larry King Live,</i> Ashcroft stated his intention to increase efforts in this area.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, two nationwide investigations code-named <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pipe_Dream" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Pipe Dream">Operation Pipe Dream</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Headhunter" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Headhunter">Operation Headhunter</a>, which targeted businesses selling <a href="/wiki/Drug_paraphernalia" title="Drug paraphernalia">drug paraphernalia</a>, mostly for <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a> use, resulted in a series of indictments.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (May 2019)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Chong" title="Tommy Chong">Tommy Chong</a>, a counterculture icon, was one of those charged, for his part in financing and promoting Chong Glass/Nice Dreams, a company started by his son Paris. Of the 55 individuals charged as a result of the operations, only Chong was given a prison sentence after conviction (nine months in a federal prison, plus forfeiting $103,000 and a year of probation). The other 54 individuals were given fines and home detentions. While the DOJ denied that Chong was treated any differently from the other defendants, critics thought the government was trying to make an example of him. Chong's experience as a target of Ashcroft's sting operation is the subject of <a href="/wiki/Josh_Gilbert_(filmmaker)" title="Josh Gilbert (filmmaker)">Josh Gilbert's</a> feature-length documentary <i><a href="/wiki/A/k/a_Tommy_Chong" title="A/k/a Tommy Chong">a/k/a Tommy Chong</a></i>, which premiered at the <a href="/wiki/2005_Toronto_International_Film_Festival" title="2005 Toronto International Film Festival">2005 Toronto International Film Festival</a>. In a pre-sentencing brief, the Department of Justice specifically cited Chong's entertainment career as a consideration against leniency.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Karl Rove</a> was being questioned in 2005 by the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Plame_affair" title="Plame affair">leak of a covert CIA agent's identity in the press</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Valerie_Plame" title="Valerie Plame">Valerie Plame</a> affair), Ashcroft was allegedly briefed about the <a href="/wiki/CIA_leak_grand_jury_investigation" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA leak grand jury investigation">investigation</a>. The Democratic U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers</a> described this as a "stunning ethical breach that cries out for an immediate investigation." Conyers, the ranking Democrat on the <a href="/wiki/House_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Judiciary Committee">House Judiciary Committee</a>, asked, in a statement, for a formal investigation of the time between the start of Rove's investigation and John Ashcroft's <a href="/wiki/Recusal" title="Recusal">recusal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since his service in government, Ashcroft has continued to oppose proposals for <a href="/wiki/Physician-assisted_suicide" class="mw-redirect" title="Physician-assisted suicide">physician-assisted suicide</a>, which some states have passed by referendums. When interviewed about it in 2012, when a case had reached the US Supreme Court after California voters had approved a law to permit it under regulated conditions, he said, </p> <blockquote><p>I certainly believe that people who are in pain should be helped and assisted in every way possible, that the drugs should be used to mitigate their pain but I believe the law of the United States of America which requires that drugs not be used except for legitimate health purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> called for the investigation of Ashcroft "for conspiracy to torture as well as other crimes."<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_Roadmap_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW_Roadmap-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ashcroft&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Ashcroft_and_his_wife_attend_a_post-recommissioning_dinner_for_the_battleship_USS_MISSOURI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_Ashcroft_and_his_wife_attend_a_post-recommissioning_dinner_for_the_battleship_USS_MISSOURI.jpg/220px-John_Ashcroft_and_his_wife_attend_a_post-recommissioning_dinner_for_the_battleship_USS_MISSOURI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_Ashcroft_and_his_wife_attend_a_post-recommissioning_dinner_for_the_battleship_USS_MISSOURI.jpg/330px-John_Ashcroft_and_his_wife_attend_a_post-recommissioning_dinner_for_the_battleship_USS_MISSOURI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/John_Ashcroft_and_his_wife_attend_a_post-recommissioning_dinner_for_the_battleship_USS_MISSOURI.jpg/440px-John_Ashcroft_and_his_wife_attend_a_post-recommissioning_dinner_for_the_battleship_USS_MISSOURI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1994" /></a><figcaption>Ashcroft in 1986</figcaption></figure> <p>Ashcroft is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God_USA" title="Assemblies of God USA">Assemblies of God</a> church. He is married to Janet E. Ashcroft and has three children with her.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Ashcroft" title="Jay Ashcroft">Jay</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Secretary of State">Missouri Secretary of State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashcroft has long enjoyed inspirational music and singing. In the 1970s, he recorded a <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a> record entitled <i>Truth: Volume One, Edition One</i>, with Democratic Missouri legislator <a href="/wiki/Max_Bacon_(politician)" title="Max Bacon (politician)">Max Bacon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With fellow U.S. senators <a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jim_Jeffords" title="Jim Jeffords">Jim Jeffords</a>, Ashcroft formed a <a href="/wiki/Barbershop_quartet" title="Barbershop quartet">barbershop quartet</a> called <a href="/wiki/The_Singing_Senators" title="The Singing Senators">The Singing Senators</a>. The men performed at social events with other senators. Ashcroft performed the Star Spangled Banner before the National Hockey League all-star game in St. Louis in 1988.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ashcroft composed a <a href="/wiki/Paean" title="Paean">paean</a> titled "<a href="/wiki/Let_the_Eagle_Soar" title="Let the Eagle Soar">Let the Eagle Soar</a>," which he sang at the <a href="/wiki/Gordon-Conwell_Theological_Seminary" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary">Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary</a> in February 2002. Ashcroft has written and sung a number of other songs. He has collected these on compilation tapes, including <i>In the Spirit of Life and Liberty</i> and <i>Gospel (Music) According to John</i>. In 1998, he wrote a book with author <a href="/wiki/Gary_Thomas_(author)" title="Gary Thomas (author)">Gary Thomas</a> titled <i>Lessons from a Father to His Son</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashcroft was given an honorary doctorate before delivering the commencement address at <a href="/wiki/Toccoa_Falls_College" title="Toccoa Falls College">Toccoa Falls College</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ashcroft does not drink alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ashcroft&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Co-author with Jane E. Ashcroft, <i>College Law for Business,</i> textbook (10th edition, 1987)</li> <li><i>On My Honor: The Beliefs that Shape My Life</i> (1998)</li> <li><i>Lessons from a Father to His Son</i> (2002)<sup id="cite_ref-poetic_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poetic-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Never Again: Securing America and Restoring Justice</i> (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_other_media">Representation in other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ashcroft&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Representation in other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/John_Ashcroft" title="Special:EditPage/John Ashcroft">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22John+Ashcroft%22">"John Ashcroft"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22John+Ashcroft%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22John+Ashcroft%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22John+Ashcroft%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22John+Ashcroft%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22John+Ashcroft%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>His song, "Let the Eagle Soar", was satirically featured in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Moore" title="Michael Moore">Michael Moore</a>'s 2004 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11">Fahrenheit 9/11</a></i> and has been frequently mocked by comedians such as <a href="/wiki/David_Letterman" title="David Letterman">David Letterman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Cross" title="David Cross">David Cross</a>.</li> <li>The song was performed at Bush's 2005 inauguration by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Hovis" title="Guy Hovis">Guy Hovis</a>, a former cast member of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lawrence_Welk_Show" title="The Lawrence Welk Show">The Lawrence Welk Show</a></i>.</li> <li>"Let the Eagle Soar" is heard in the background in the 2015 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Short_(film)" title="The Big Short (film)">The Big Short</a></i>, as an ironic juxtaposition of schmaltzy music and new-age capitalist sensibility when a phone call is placed to pastoral <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>, where anti-authoritarian ex-banking trader Ben Rickert (played by <a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a>) lives.</li> <li>The song "Caped Crusader" off of <a href="/wiki/Jello_Biafra" title="Jello Biafra">Jello Biafra</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Melvins" title="Melvins">Melvins</a>' 2004 album <i><a href="/wiki/Never_Breathe_What_You_Can%27t_See" title="Never Breathe What You Can't See">Never Breathe What You Can't See</a></i> lifts several lines from Ashcroft and <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a> hijacker <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Atta" title="Mohamed Atta">Mohamed Atta</a> in a satirical attack on religious fundamentalism.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortal_Technique" title="Immortal Technique">Immortal Technique</a>'s "Freedom of Speech" from his 2003 album <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Vol._2" title="Revolutionary Vol. 2">Revolutionary Vol. 2</a> critiques Ashcroft for the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">invasion of Iraq</a> under the pretense of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Iraqi_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Iraqi Freedom">freedom</a>, suggesting that the real reason was racism<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Ashcroft&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWayne2006" class="citation news cs1">Wayne, Leslie (March 17, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/17/politics/same-washington-different-office.html">"Same Washington, Different Office"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Same+Washington%2C+Different+Office&rft.date=2006-03-17&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F03%2F17%2Fpolitics%2Fsame-washington-different-office.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcur.org/politics-elections-and-government/2023-04-06/jay-ashcroft-is-running-for-missouri-governor-setting-up-competitive-gop-primary">"Jay Ashcroft is running for Missouri governor, setting up competitive GOP primary"</a>. <i>KCUR - Kansas City news and NPR</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Village+Voice&rft.atitle=The+Sunshine+Patriots&rft.date=2004-08-17&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.villagevoice.com%2F2004%2F08%2F17%2Fthe-sunshine-patriots%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert2004" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Herbert" title="Bob Herbert">Herbert, Bob</a> (August 27, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/27/opinion/where-is-the-shame.html">"Where Is The Shame?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 20,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Where+Is+The+Shame%3F&rft.date=2004-08-27&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F08%2F27%2Fopinion%2Fwhere-is-the-shame.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/st-louis-post-dispatch-missouri-attorne/137557885/">Missouri Attorney General Race Gets Little Attention, Lacks Controversy</a>. <i>St. Louis Post-Dispatch</i>. August 1, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-capital-news-ashcroft-points-t/137558085/">Ashcroft points to ballot place</a>. <i>The Daily Capital News</i>. November 4, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-capital-news-changing-of-the-g/137558522/">Changing of the guard begins with Ashcroft</a>. <i>The Daily Capital News</i>. December 28, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarwoodHardy1989" class="citation book cs1">Yarwood, Dean L.; Hardy, Richard J. (1989). "The Norm of Standing Aside: Gubernatorial Transition in Missouri in 1984". In Beyle, Thad L. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o4OZ-Z790DEC&pg=PA73"><i>Gubernatorial Transitions: The 1983 and 1984 Elections</i></a>. Duke University Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-0858-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-0858-4"><bdi>0-8223-0858-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Norm+of+Standing+Aside%3A+Gubernatorial+Transition+in+Missouri+in+1984&rft.btitle=Gubernatorial+Transitions%3A+The+1983+and+1984+Elections&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8223-0858-4&rft.aulast=Yarwood&rft.aufirst=Dean+L.&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do4OZ-Z790DEC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=5876335373788447272&hl=en&as_sdt=20000006&as_vis=1">464 U.S. 417</a> (U.S. 1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullaney1994" class="citation book cs1">Mullaney, Marie Marmo (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldire0000mull"><i>Biographical directory of the governors of the United States, 1988–1994</i></a></span>. Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldire0000mull/page/217">217</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-28312-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-28312-5"><bdi>0-313-28312-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+directory+of+the+governors+of+the+United+States%2C+1988%E2%80%931994&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-313-28312-5&rft.aulast=Mullaney&rft.aufirst=Marie+Marmo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicaldire0000mull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadsen2001" class="citation journal cs1">Madsen, Wayne (February 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1361372301020103">"US Government's Stash Of Old Crypto Keys — Ashcroft And Privacy"</a>. <i>Computer Fraud & Security</i>. <b>2001</b> (2): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1361-3723%2801%2902010-3">10.1016/S1361-3723(01)02010-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1361-3723">1361-3723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Fraud+%26+Security&rft.atitle=US+Government%27s+Stash+Of+Old+Crypto+Keys+%E2%80%94+Ashcroft+And+Privacy&rft.volume=2001&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2001-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1361-3723%2801%2902010-3&rft.issn=1361-3723&rft.aulast=Madsen&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1361372301020103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2001" class="citation news cs1">Shapiro, Bruce (January 16, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2001/01/16/hearings/">"Can John Ashcroft be stopped?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Salon.com" title="Salon.com">Salon.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090523090051/http://archive.salon.com/politics/feature/2001/01/16/hearings/print.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=Can+John+Ashcroft+be+stopped%3F&rft.date=2001-01-16&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2001%2F01%2F16%2Fhearings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/stories/1999/01/05/president.2000/ashcroft/">"Ashcroft decides not to jump into 2000 race"</a>. Cnn.com. January 5, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ashcroft+decides+not+to+jump+into+2000+race&rft.date=1999-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2FALLPOLITICS%2Fstories%2F1999%2F01%2F05%2Fpresident.2000%2Fashcroft%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.newsbank.com/g/GooglePM/KC/lib00143,0EAF48A93360AB34.html">"Ashcroft, Carnahan take sizable leads"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star" title="The Kansas City Star">The Kansas City Star</a></i>. August 9, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419173357/https://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=KC&p_theme=kc&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAF48A93360AB34&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2019 – via NewsBank. <q>With more than 60 percent of the precincts reporting, Ashcroft, a Republican, had captured 90 percent of the vote, to 10 percent for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marc_Perkel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marc Perkel (page does not exist)">Marc Perkel</a> of Springfield. Carnahan, a Democrat, had 79 percent of the vote to 21 percent for Ronald Wagganer of St. Louis.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Kansas+City+Star&rft.atitle=Ashcroft%2C+Carnahan+take+sizable+leads&rft.date=2000-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.newsbank.com%2Fg%2FGooglePM%2FKC%2Flib00143%2C0EAF48A93360AB34.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2000" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Neil A. (October 31, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/31/us/2000-campaign-missouri-senate-race-missouri-campaign-flourishes-after-death.html?ref=jeancarnahan">"In Missouri, Campaign Flourishes After the Death of the Candidate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Missouri%2C+Campaign+Flourishes+After+the+Death+of+the+Candidate&rft.date=2000-10-31&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F10%2F31%2Fus%2F2000-campaign-missouri-senate-race-missouri-campaign-flourishes-after-death.html%3Fref%3Djeancarnahan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/11/07/senate.missouri/">"Republican senator loses to dead rival in Missouri"</a>. CNN.com. August 30, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120418111431/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ALLPOLITICS/stories/11/07/senate.missouri/">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Republican+senator+loses+to+dead+rival+in+Missouri&rft.date=2000-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2000%2FALLPOLITICS%2Fstories%2F11%2F07%2Fsenate.missouri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBump2014" class="citation news cs1">Bump, Philip (October 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2014/10/01/five-people-have-won-election-to-congress-despite-being-dead/">"Five people have won election to Congress, despite being dead"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Five+people+have+won+election+to+Congress%2C+despite+being+dead&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft.aulast=Bump&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-fix%2Fwp%2F2014%2F10%2F01%2Ffive-people-have-won-election-to-congress-despite-being-dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdsall2001" class="citation news cs1">Edsall, Thomas B. (April 18, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/04/18/federalist-society-becomes-a-force-in-washington/9eb2f353-2f3c-4724-ba5c-094736a9a434">"Federalist Society Becomes a Force in Washington"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Federalist+Society+Becomes+a+Force+in+Washington&rft.date=2001-04-18&rft.aulast=Edsall&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F2001%2F04%2F18%2Ffederalist-society-becomes-a-force-in-washington%2F9eb2f353-2f3c-4724-ba5c-094736a9a434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ashcroft-flying-high/">"Ashcroft Flying High - CBS News"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. July 26, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Ashcroft+Flying+High+-+CBS+News&rft.date=2001-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fashcroft-flying-high%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshcroft,_John_&_DOJ_Staff2003" class="citation web cs1">Ashcroft, John & DOJ Staff (September 15, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/archive/ag/speeches/2003/091503nationalrestaurant.htm">"Prepared Remarks of Attorney General John Ashcroft: The Proven Tactics in the Fight against Crime"</a>. Washington, D.C.: Justice.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+John+Ashcroft&rft.date=2001-01-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F1120440.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelissa_Block2006" class="citation news cs1">Melissa Block (October 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/books/titles/137998703/never-again-securing-america-and-restoring-justice">"Ashcroft Reflects on War on Terrorism"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/All_Things_Considered" title="All Things Considered">All Things Considered</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">NPR</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Ashcroft" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/John_Ashcroft" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/John Ashcroft">John Ashcroft</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressA000356" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000356">"John Ashcroft (id: A000356)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=John+Ashcroft+%28id%3A+A000356%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DA000356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Ashcroft" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/video/us/2002/02/25/ashcroft.sings.wbtv.med.html">CNN video of John Ashcroft singing "Let the Eagle Soar"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311114121/http://www.whitehouse.org/media/ashcroft-bacon/index.asp">Excerpts from an album Ashcroft recorded in the 1970s</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.issues2000.org/Senate/John_Ashcroft.htm">Ashcroft's Senate voting record</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gulcfac.typepad.com/georgetown_university_law/files/comey.transcript.pdf">Transcript of James Comey's testimony before the Senate Judiciary Committee, May 15, 2007</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?5609">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">Kit Bond</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Missouri" title="State Auditor of Missouri">Auditor of Missouri</a> </b><br />1973–1975 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Lehr" title="George W. Lehr">George Lehr</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Missouri">Governor of Missouri</a> </b><br />1985–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mel_Carnahan" title="Mel Carnahan">Mel Carnahan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Booth_Gardner" title="Booth Gardner">Booth Gardner</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/National_Governors_Association" title="National Governors Association">National Governors Association</a> </b><br />1991–1992 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Roy Romer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">John Danforth</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Attorney_General" title="Missouri Attorney General">Attorney General of Missouri</a> </b><br />1977–1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Webster" title="William L. Webster">William Webster</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States Attorney General</a> </b><br />2001–2005 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">Kit Bond</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/State_Auditor_of_Missouri" title="State Auditor of Missouri">State Auditor of Missouri</a> </b><br />1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Antonio" title="James Antonio">James Antonio</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">John Danforth</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Attorney_General" title="Missouri Attorney General">Missouri Attorney General</a> </b><br />1976, 1980 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Webster" title="William L. Webster">William Webster</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Kit Bond</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Missouri">Governor of Missouri</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1984_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1984 Missouri gubernatorial election">1984</a>, <a href="/wiki/1988_Missouri_gubernatorial_election" title="1988 Missouri gubernatorial election">1988</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mike_Hayden" title="Mike Hayden">Mike Hayden</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a> </b><br />1989–1990 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr." title="Carroll A. Campbell Jr.">Carroll Campbell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">John Danforth</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senator">U.S. Senator</a> from <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">Class 1</a>) </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="1994 United States Senate election in Missouri">1994</a>, <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_Missouri" title="2000 United States Senate election in Missouri">2000</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Talent" title="Jim Talent">Jim Talent</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">John Danforth</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">United States Senator (Class 1) from Missouri</a> </b><br />1995–2001 <br />Served alongside: <b>Kit Bond</b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Mel_Carnahan" title="Mel Carnahan">Mel Carnahan</a><br />Elect</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Carnahan" title="Jean Carnahan">Jean Carnahan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gale_Norton" title="Gale Norton">Gale Norton</a></div><i><b>as Former US Cabinet Member </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a><br /><i><span style="font-size:85%;">as Former US Cabinet Member</span></i> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Tommy Thompson</a></div><i><b>as Former US Cabinet Member </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USAttGen" title="Template:USAttGen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USAttGen" title="Template talk:USAttGen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USAttGen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USAttGen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_attorneys_general" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">United States attorneys general</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Attorney_General)" title="William Bradford (Attorney General)">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">Pinkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">Wirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Berrien" title="John M. Berrien">Berrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Gilpin" title="Henry D. Gilpin">Gilpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Legar%C3%A9" title="Hugh S. Legaré">Legaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Nelson_(lawyer)" title="John Nelson (lawyer)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Toucey" title="Isaac Toucey">Toucey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Speed" title="James Speed">Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Stanbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Evarts" title="William M. Evarts">Evarts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_R._Hoar" title="Ebenezer R. Hoar">Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_T._Akerman" title="Amos T. Akerman">Akerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Williams" title="George Henry Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Pierrepont" title="Edwards Pierrepont">Pierrepont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Taft" title="Alphonso Taft">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Devens" title="Charles Devens">Devens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_MacVeagh" title="Wayne MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_H._Brewster" title="Benjamin H. Brewster">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_H._Garland" title="Augustus H. Garland">A. Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._H._Miller" title="William H. H. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Olney" title="Richard Olney">Olney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judson_Harmon" title="Judson Harmon">Harmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McKenna" title="Joseph McKenna">McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Griggs" title="John W. Griggs">Griggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Moody" title="William Henry Moody">Moody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Charles Joseph Bonaparte">Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Wickersham" title="George W. Wickersham">Wickersham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clark_McReynolds" title="James Clark McReynolds">McReynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watt_Gregory" title="Thomas Watt Gregory">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Mitchell_Palmer" title="A. Mitchell Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Daugherty" title="Harry M. Daugherty">Daugherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone" title="Harlan F. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Sargent" title="John G. Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Mitchell" title="William D. Mitchell">W. D. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Stille_Cummings" title="Homer Stille Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Murphy" title="Frank Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Jackson" title="Robert H. Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Biddle" title="Francis Biddle">Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">T. C. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_McGrath" title="J. Howard McGrath">McGrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._McGranery" title="James P. McGranery">McGranery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Rogers" title="William P. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Katzenbach" title="Nicholas Katzenbach">Katzenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">R. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">J. N. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kleindienst" title="Richard Kleindienst">Kleindienst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Saxbe" title="William B. Saxbe">Saxbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Levi" title="Edward H. Levi">Levi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffin_Bell" title="Griffin Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Civiletti" title="Benjamin Civiletti">Civiletti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_French_Smith" title="William French Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Thornburgh" title="Dick Thornburgh">Thornburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Reno</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Mukasey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barr" title="William Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">M. Garland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of Justice"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of Justice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Justice.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Missouri" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Missouri" title="Template:Governors of Missouri"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Missouri" title="Template talk:Governors of Missouri"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Missouri" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Missouri"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Missouri" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Missouri" title="List of governors of Missouri">Governors of Missouri</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Territorial <br /> <span class="nobold">(1805–1820)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Howard_(Missouri_politician)" title="Benjamin Howard (Missouri politician)">Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clark" title="William Clark">Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Seal_of_Missouri.svg/75px-Seal_of_Missouri.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Seal_of_Missouri.svg/113px-Seal_of_Missouri.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Seal_of_Missouri.svg/150px-Seal_of_Missouri.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State <br /> <span class="nobold">(since 1820)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_McNair" title="Alexander McNair">McNair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Bates_(politician)" title="Frederick Bates (politician)">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_J._Williams" title="Abraham J. Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Miller_(Missouri_politician)" title="John Miller (Missouri politician)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dunklin" title="Daniel Dunklin">Dunklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilburn_Boggs" title="Lilburn Boggs">Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Reynolds_(governor)" title="Thomas Reynolds (governor)">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meredith_Miles_Marmaduke" class="mw-redirect" title="Meredith Miles Marmaduke">M. Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cummins_Edwards" class="mw-redirect" title="John Cummins Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Augustus_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Austin Augustus King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusten_Polk" title="Trusten Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_Lee_Jackson" title="Hancock Lee Jackson">H. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Marcellus_Stewart" title="Robert Marcellus Stewart">Stewart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claiborne_Fox_Jackson" title="Claiborne Fox Jackson">C. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Rowan_Gamble" title="Hamilton Rowan Gamble">Gamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willard_Preble_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Willard Preble Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clement_Fletcher" title="Thomas Clement Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._McClurg" title="Joseph W. McClurg">McClurg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Woodson" title="Silas Woodson">Woodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henry_Hardin" title="Charles Henry Hardin">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Phelps" title="John S. Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Theodore_Crittenden" title="Thomas Theodore Crittenden">Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Marmaduke" title="John S. Marmaduke">J. Marmaduke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_P._Morehouse" title="Albert P. Morehouse">Morehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Francis" title="David R. Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Stone" title="William J. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Vest_Stephens" title="Lawrence Vest Stephens">Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Monroe_Dockery" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Monroe Dockery">Dockery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Folk" title="Joseph W. Folk">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Hadley" title="Herbert S. Hadley">Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Woolfolk_Major" title="Elliott Woolfolk Major">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Gardner" title="Frederick D. Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_M._Hyde" title="Arthur M. Hyde">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Aaron_Baker" title="Sam Aaron Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Caulfield" title="Henry S. Caulfield">Caulfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Brasfield_Park" title="Guy Brasfield Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_C._Stark" title="Lloyd C. Stark">Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forrest_C._Donnell" title="Forrest C. Donnell">Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_M._Donnelly" title="Phil M. Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forrest_Smith" title="Forrest Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_M._Donnelly" title="Phil M. Donnelly">Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_T._Blair_Jr." title="James T. Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Dalton" title="John M. Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Hearnes" title="Warren E. Hearnes">Hearnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Teasdale" title="Joseph P. Teasdale">Teasdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">Bond</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Carnahan" title="Mel Carnahan">Carnahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Wilson" title="Roger B. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Holden" title="Bob Holden">Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Blunt" title="Matt Blunt">Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Nixon" title="Jay Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Greitens" title="Eric Greitens">Greitens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Parson" title="Mike Parson">Parson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Kehoe" title="Mike Kehoe">Kehoe</a> (elect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Missouri" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="Template:United States senators from Missouri"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="Template talk:United States senators from Missouri"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Missouri"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Missouri" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">United States senators from Missouri</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Geyer" title="Henry S. Geyer">Geyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusten_Polk" title="Trusten Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Henderson" title="John B. Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz" title="Carl Schurz">Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cockrell" title="Francis Cockrell">Cockrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Warner_(Missouri_politician)" title="William Warner (Missouri politician)">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_C._Patterson" title="Roscoe C. Patterson">Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_P._Briggs" title="Frank P. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Kem" title="James P. Kem">Kem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Symington" title="Stuart Symington">Symington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">Danforth</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Carnahan" title="Jean Carnahan">Carnahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Talent" title="Jim Talent">Talent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_McCaskill" title="Claire McCaskill">McCaskill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Barton_(politician)" title="David Barton (politician)">Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Buckner" title="Alexander Buckner">Buckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Linn" title="Lewis F. Linn">Linn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rice_Atchison" title="David Rice Atchison">Atchison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Green" title="James S. Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_P._Johnson" title="Waldo P. Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_(Missouri_politician)" title="Robert Wilson (Missouri politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Gratz_Brown" title="B. Gratz Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Drake" title="Charles D. Drake">Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_T._Jewett" title="Daniel T. Jewett">Jewett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_V._Bogy" title="Lewis V. Bogy">Bogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_H._Armstrong" title="David H. Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Shields_(politician,_born_1806)" title="James Shields (politician, born 1806)">Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Graham_Vest" title="George Graham Vest">Vest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Stone" title="William J. Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon_P._Wilfley" title="Xenophon P. Wilfley">Wilfley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selden_P._Spencer" title="Selden P. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Williams_(Missouri_politician)" title="George H. Williams (Missouri politician)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_B._Hawes" title="Harry B. Hawes">Hawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_Champ_Clark" title="Bennett Champ Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forrest_C._Donnell" title="Forrest C. Donnell">Donnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Hennings_Jr." title="Thomas C. Hennings Jr.">Hennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V._Long" title="Edward V. Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">Blunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmitt" title="Eric Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Attorneys_general_of_Missouri" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MOAttorneysGeneral" title="Template:MOAttorneysGeneral"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MOAttorneysGeneral" title="Template talk:MOAttorneysGeneral"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MOAttorneysGeneral" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MOAttorneysGeneral"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Attorneys_general_of_Missouri" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Attorney_General" title="Missouri Attorney General">Attorneys general of Missouri</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bates" title="Edward Bates">Edward Bates</a> (1820–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Easton" title="Rufus Easton">Rufus Easton</a> (1821–1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Wells" title="Robert William Wells">Robert William Wells</a> (1826–1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barclay_Napton" title="William Barclay Napton">William Barclay Napton</a> (1836–1839)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Mansfield_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Mansfield Bay (page does not exist)">Samuel Bay</a> (1839–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Stringfellow_(1816%E2%80%931891)" title="Benjamin Franklin Stringfellow (1816–1891)">B. F. Stringfellow</a> (1845–1849)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_A._Robards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William A. Robards (page does not exist)">William A. Robards</a> (1849–1851)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_B._Gardenhire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James B. Gardenhire (page does not exist)">James B. Gardenhire</a> (1851–1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Brevard_Ewing" title="Ephraim Brevard Ewing">Ephraim Brevard Ewing</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Proctor_Knott" title="J. Proctor Knott">J. Proctor Knott</a> (1858–1861)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aikman_Welch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aikman Welch (page does not exist)">Aikman Welch</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Theodore_Crittenden" title="Thomas Theodore Crittenden">T. T. Crittenden</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Franklin_Wingate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Franklin Wingate (page does not exist)">Robert Wingate</a> (1865–1869)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Horace_B._Johnson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Horace B. Johnson (page does not exist)">Horace B. Johnson</a> (1869–1871)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Jackson_Baker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Jackson Baker (page does not exist)">Andrew Baker</a> (1871–1872)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Clay_Ewing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Clay Ewing (page does not exist)">Henry Ewing</a> (1872–1875)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_A._Hockaday&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John A. Hockaday (page does not exist)">John A. Hockaday</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackson_Leonidas_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jackson Leonidas Smith (page does not exist)">Jackson Smith</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Harrison_McIntyre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Harrison McIntyre (page does not exist)">Daniel McIntyre</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banton_Gallitin_Boone" class="mw-redirect" title="Banton Gallitin Boone">Banton Boone</a> (1885–1889)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_M._Wood_(Missouri_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John M. Wood (Missouri politician) (page does not exist)">John M. Wood</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Walker" title="Robert F. Walker">Robert F. Walker</a> (1893–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke_Crow" title="Edward Coke Crow">Edward Coke Crow</a> (1897–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_S._Hadley" title="Herbert S. Hadley">Herbert S. Hadley</a> (1905–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Woolfolk_Major" title="Elliott Woolfolk Major">Elliott Woolfolk Major</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Tull_Barker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Tull Barker (page does not exist)">John Barker</a> (1913–1917)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Winton_McAllister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Winton McAllister (page does not exist)">Frank McAllister</a> (1917–1921)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesse_W._Barrett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesse W. Barrett (page does not exist)">Jesse W. Barrett</a> (1921–1925)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_William_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert William Otto (page does not exist)">Robert Otto</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Todd_Gentry" title="North Todd Gentry">North Gentry</a> (1925–1928)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stratton_Shartel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stratton Shartel (page does not exist)">Stratton Shartel</a> (1928–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_McKittrick" title="Roy McKittrick">Roy McKittrick</a> (1933–1945)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_E._Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jonathan E. Taylor (page does not exist)">Jonathan E. Taylor</a> (1945–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Dalton" title="John M. Dalton">John M. Dalton</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Eagleton" title="Thomas Eagleton">Thomas Eagleton</a> (1961–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_H._Anderson_(politician)" title="Norman H. Anderson (politician)">Norman H. Anderson</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Danforth" title="John Danforth">John Danforth</a> (1969–1977)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Ashcroft</a> (1977–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Webster" title="William L. Webster">William L. Webster</a> (1985–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Nixon" title="Jay Nixon">Jay Nixon</a> (1993–2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Koster" title="Chris Koster">Chris Koster</a> (2009–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Josh Hawley</a> (2017–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmitt" title="Eric Schmitt">Eric Schmitt</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bailey_(politician)" title="Andrew Bailey (politician)">Andrew Bailey</a> (2023–present)</li></ol></div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Seal_of_the_Attorney_General_of_Missouri.jpg/85px-Seal_of_the_Attorney_General_of_Missouri.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Seal_of_the_Attorney_General_of_Missouri.jpg/128px-Seal_of_the_Attorney_General_of_Missouri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Seal_of_the_Attorney_General_of_Missouri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Missouri_attorneys_general" title="Category:Missouri attorneys general">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_attorneys_general_of_Missouri" title="List of attorneys general of Missouri">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_National_Governors_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Governors_Association_chairs" title="Template:National Governors Association chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Governors_Association_chairs" title="Template talk:National Governors Association chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Governors_Association_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Governors Association chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_National_Governors_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/National_Governors_Association" title="National Governors Association">National Governors Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_E._Willson" title="Augustus E. Willson">Willson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_E._McGovern" title="Francis E. McGovern">McGovern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Spry" title="William Spry">Spry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Capper" title="Arthur Capper">Capper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerson_Harrington" title="Emerson Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_J._Allen" title="Henry J. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Sproul" title="William Cameron Sproul">Sproul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing_H._Cox" title="Channing H. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Lee_Trinkle" title="Elbert Lee Trinkle">Trinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brewster" title="Owen Brewster">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_McMullen" title="Adam McMullen">McMullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dern" title="George Dern">Dern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_S._Case" title="Norman S. Case">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Garland_Pollard" title="John Garland Pollard">Pollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rolph" title="James Rolph">Rolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_V._McNutt" title="Paul V. McNutt">McNutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Peery" title="George C. Peery">Peery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Leroy_Cochran" title="Robert Leroy Cochran">Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_C._Stark" title="Lloyd C. Stark">Stark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Vanderbilt_III" title="William Henry Vanderbilt III">Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Stassen" title="Harold Stassen">Stassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_O%27Conor" title="Herbert O'Conor">O'Conor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_B._Maw" title="Herbert B. Maw">Maw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Martin_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Edward Martin (Pennsylvania politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Caldwell" title="Millard Caldwell">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Hildreth" title="Horace Hildreth">Hildreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_C._Hunt" title="Lester C. Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_Lane_Jr." title="William Preston Lane Jr.">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlson" title="Frank Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lausche" title="Frank Lausche">Lausche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Peterson" title="Val Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Shivers" title="Allan Shivers">Shivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_I._J._Thornton" title="Daniel I. J. Thornton">Thornton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennon" title="Robert F. Kennon">Kennon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Langlie" title="Arthur B. Langlie">Langlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Stanley" title="Thomas B. Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stratton" title="William Stratton">Stratton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LeRoy_Collins" title="LeRoy Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Caleb_Boggs" title="J. Caleb Boggs">Boggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_McNichols" title="Stephen McNichols">McNichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Powell" title="Wesley Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Rosellini" title="Albert Rosellini">Rosellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_Jr." title="John Anderson Jr.">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Sawyer" title="Grant Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Reed" title="John H. Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Guy" title="William L. Guy">Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buford_Ellington" title="Buford Ellington">Ellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Arthur_Love" title="John Arthur Love">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Hearnes" title="Warren E. Hearnes">Hearnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_A._Moore_Jr." title="Arch A. Moore Jr.">Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Mandel" title="Marvin Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Evans" title="Daniel J. Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal_Rampton" title="Cal Rampton">Rampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_D._Ray" title="Robert D. Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Andrus" title="Cecil Andrus">Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reubin_Askew" title="Reubin Askew">Askew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Milliken" title="William Milliken">Milliken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Carroll" title="Julian Carroll">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Bowen" title="Otis Bowen">Bowen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Busbee" title="George Busbee">Busbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Snelling" title="Richard A. Snelling">Snelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_M._Matheson" title="Scott M. Matheson">Matheson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="James R. Thompson">J. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Carlin" title="John W. Carlin">Carlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Sununu" title="John H. Sununu">Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Baliles" title="Gerald Baliles">Baliles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Branstad" title="Terry Branstad">Branstad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booth_Gardner" title="Booth Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Romer" title="Roy Romer">Romer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_A._Campbell_Jr." title="Carroll A. Campbell Jr.">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">T. Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Miller_(Nevada_governor)" title="Bob Miller (Nevada governor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Voinovich" title="George Voinovich">Voinovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Carper" title="Tom Carper">Carper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Leavitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parris_Glendening" title="Parris Glendening">Glendening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Engler" title="John Engler">Engler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Patton" title="Paul E. Patton">Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Kempthorne" title="Dirk Kempthorne">Kempthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Napolitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pawlenty" title="Tim Pawlenty">Pawlenty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Rendell" title="Ed Rendell">Rendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Douglas" title="Jim Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Manchin" title="Joe Manchin">Manchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Gregoire" title="Christine Gregoire">Gregoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Heineman" title="Dave Heineman">Heineman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Markell" title="Jack Markell">Markell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fallin" title="Mary Fallin">Fallin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hickenlooper" title="John Hickenlooper">Hickenlooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Herbert" title="Gary Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Sandoval" title="Brian Sandoval">Sandoval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bullock_(American_politician)" title="Steve Bullock (American politician)">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hogan" title="Larry Hogan">Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Hutchinson" title="Asa Hutchinson">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Murphy" title="Phil Murphy">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cox" title="Spencer Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Polis" title="Jared Polis">Polis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_George_W._Bush_(2001–2009)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GW_Bush_cabinet" title="Template:GW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:GW_Bush_cabinet" title="Template talk:GW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GW_Bush_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GW Bush cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_George_W._Bush_(2001–2009)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> (2005–2009) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">Paul H. O'Neill</a> (2001–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow">John W. Snow</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Henry Paulson</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Donald Rumsfeld</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Ashcroft</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mukasey" title="Michael Mukasey">Michael Mukasey</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gale_Norton" title="Gale Norton">Gale Norton</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Kempthorne" title="Dirk Kempthorne">Dirk Kempthorne</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Veneman" title="Ann Veneman">Ann Veneman</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johanns" title="Mike Johanns">Mike Johanns</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Schafer" title="Ed Schafer">Ed Schafer</a> (2008–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Evans" title="Donald Evans">Donald Evans</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Gutierrez" title="Carlos Gutierrez">Carlos Gutierrez</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Chao" title="Elaine Chao">Elaine Chao</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Thompson" title="Tommy Thompson">Tommy Thompson</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Mel Martínez</a> (2001–2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonso_Jackson" title="Alphonso Jackson">Alphonso Jackson</a> (2004–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Preston" title="Steve Preston">Steve Preston</a> (2008–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Mineta" title="Norman Mineta">Norman Mineta</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Peters" title="Mary E. Peters">Mary E. Peters</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">Spencer Abraham</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Samuel Bodman</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Paige" title="Rod Paige">Rod Paige</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Spellings" title="Margaret Spellings">Margaret Spellings</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Principi" title="Anthony Principi">Anthony Principi</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Jim Nicholson</a> (2005–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peake" title="James Peake">James Peake</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ridge" title="Tom Ridge">Tom Ridge</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Todd_Whitman" title="Christine Todd Whitman">Christine Todd Whitman</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Leavitt" title="Mike Leavitt">Mike Leavitt</a> (2003–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_L._Johnson_(politician,_born_1951)" title="Stephen L. Johnson (politician, born 1951)">Stephen L. Johnson</a> (2005–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_Daniels" title="Mitch Daniels">Mitch Daniels</a> (2001–2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> (2003–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> (2006–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nussle" title="Jim Nussle">Jim Nussle</a> (2007–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Zoellick" title="Robert Zoellick">Robert Zoellick</a> (2001–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a> (2005–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Schwab" title="Susan Schwab">Susan Schwab</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Drug_Control_Policy" title="Office of National Drug Control Policy">Director of the Office of National Drug Control Policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Walters" title="John P. Walters">John P. Walters</a> (2001–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Card" title="Andrew Card">Andrew Card</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Bolten" title="Joshua Bolten">Joshua Bolten</a> (2006–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Patriot_Act" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriot_Act" title="Template talk:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot_Act" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriot Act"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Patriot_Act" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Titles</b> <a href="/wiki/Title_I_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title I of the Patriot Act">I</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_II_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title II of the Patriot Act">II</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_III_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title III of the Patriot Act">III</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IV_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IV of the Patriot Act">IV</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_V_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title V of the Patriot Act">V</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VI_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VI of the Patriot Act">VI</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VII of the Patriot Act">VII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_VIII_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title VIII of the Patriot Act">VIII</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_IX_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title IX of the Patriot Act">IX</a> · <a href="/wiki/Title_X_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="Title X of the Patriot Act">X</a> · <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Patriot_Act" title="History of the Patriot Act">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acts modified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Omnibus_Crime_Control_and_Safe_Streets_Act_of_1968" title="Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968">Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Communications_Privacy_Act" title="Electronic Communications Privacy Act">Electronic Communications Privacy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Act" title="Computer Fraud and Abuse Act">Computer Fraud and Abuse Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Act" title="Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Educational_Rights_and_Privacy_Act" title="Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act">Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Money_Laundering_Control_Act" title="Money Laundering Control Act">Money Laundering Control Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_Secrecy_Act" title="Bank Secrecy Act">Bank Secrecy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_to_Financial_Privacy_Act" title="Right to Financial Privacy Act">Right to Financial Privacy Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fair_Credit_Reporting_Act" title="Fair Credit Reporting Act">Fair Credit Reporting Act</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1952" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952">Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Crime_Act_of_1984" title="Victims of Crime Act of 1984">Victims of Crime Act of 1984</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing_and_Consumer_Fraud_and_Abuse_Prevention_Act" title="Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act">Telemarketing and Consumer Fraud and Abuse Prevention Act</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Ashcroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leahy" title="Patrick Leahy">Patrick Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kyl" title="Jon Kyl">Jon Kyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_D._Dinh" title="Viet D. Dinh">Viet D. Dinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Chertoff" title="Michael Chertoff">Michael Chertoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Schumer" title="Chuck Schumer">Chuck Schumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Smith" title="Lamar Smith">Lamar Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Graham" title="Bob Graham">Bob Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Rockefeller" title="Jay Rockefeller">Jay Rockefeller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Arlen Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Oxley" title="Mike Oxley">Mike Oxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Armey" title="Dick Armey">Dick Armey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sarbanes" title="Paul Sarbanes">Paul Sarbanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Lott" title="Trent Lott">Trent Lott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Daschle" title="Tom Daschle">Tom Daschle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Feingold" title="Russ Feingold">Russ Feingold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Segal_Huvelle" title="Ellen Segal Huvelle">Ellen Huvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Ron Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Murkowski" title="Lisa Murkowski">Lisa Murkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Wyden" title="Ron Wyden">Ron Wyden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Kucinich" title="Dennis Kucinich">Dennis Kucinich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Craig" title="Larry Craig">Larry Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Sununu" title="John E. Sununu">John E. Sununu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Durbin" title="Dick Durbin">Richard Durbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Nadler" title="Jerry Nadler">Jerry Nadler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conyers" title="John Conyers">John Conyers Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Otter" title="Butch Otter">Butch Otter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Department of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">Select Committee on Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Crimes_Enforcement_Network" title="Financial Crimes Enforcement Network">FinCEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">Customs Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-government<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Democracy_and_Technology" title="Center for Democracy and Technology">Center for Democracy and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Public_Integrity" title="Center for Public Integrity">Center for Public Integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_Law_Project" title="Humanitarian Law Project">Humanitarian Law Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Missouri&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_104th–106th_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USCongRep-start" title="Template talk:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USCongRep-start"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Missouri&#039;s_delegation(s)_to_the_104th–106th_United_States_Congress_(ordered_by_seniority)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>'s delegation(s) to the 104th–106th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> <span class="nowrap">(ordered by seniority)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/104th_United_States_Congress" title="104th United States Congress">104th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">K. Bond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Ashcroft</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri" title="List of United States representatives from Missouri">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clay" title="Bill Clay">B. Clay</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">R. Gephardt</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ike_Skelton" title="Ike Skelton">I. Skelton</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Harold_Volkmer" title="Harold Volkmer">H. Volkmer</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bill_Emerson" title="Bill Emerson"><i>B. Emerson</i></a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Mel_Hancock" title="Mel Hancock">M. Hancock</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Pat_Danner" title="Pat Danner">P. Danner</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Talent" title="Jim Talent">J. Talent</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Karen_McCarthy" title="Karen McCarthy">K. McCarthy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Emerson" title="Jo Ann Emerson"><i>J. Emerson</i></a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/105th_United_States_Congress" title="105th United States Congress">105th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">K. Bond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Ashcroft</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri" title="List of United States representatives from Missouri">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clay" title="Bill Clay">B. Clay</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">R. Gephardt</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ike_Skelton" title="Ike Skelton">I. Skelton</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Pat_Danner" title="Pat Danner">P. Danner</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Talent" title="Jim Talent">J. Talent</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Karen_McCarthy" title="Karen McCarthy">K. McCarthy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#CC6666;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Emerson" title="Jo Ann Emerson">J. Emerson</a> (IR)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">R. Blunt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Hulshof" title="Kenny Hulshof">K. Hulshof</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; text-align:left"> <td style="text-align:right"><b><a href="/wiki/106th_United_States_Congress" title="106th United States Congress">106th</a></b> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px; white-space:nowrap"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Missouri" title="List of United States senators from Missouri">Senate</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kit_Bond" title="Kit Bond">K. Bond</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. Ashcroft</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td> <td style="padding-left:4px" class="nowraplinks"><div style="text-indent: -1.6em; margin-left: 1.6em;"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Missouri" title="List of United States representatives from Missouri">House</a>:</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist inline"> <ul><li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clay" title="Bill Clay">B. Clay</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gephardt" title="Dick Gephardt">R. Gephardt</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Ike_Skelton" title="Ike Skelton">I. Skelton</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Pat_Danner" title="Pat Danner">P. Danner</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jim_Talent" title="Jim Talent">J. Talent</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#3333FF;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Karen_McCarthy" title="Karen McCarthy">K. McCarthy</a> (D)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Emerson" title="Jo Ann Emerson">J. Emerson</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Roy_Blunt" title="Roy Blunt">R. Blunt</a> (R)</li> <li><span style="color:#E81B23;">▌</span><a href="/wiki/Kenny_Hulshof" title="Kenny Hulshof">K. Hulshof</a> (R)</li></ul> </div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311141#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311141#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311141#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/132050307">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79115980">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16607044b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16607044b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p304063584">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007389050705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/515191a1-f2b1-484c-b4cb-096ebc572405">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=A000356">US Congress</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083862129">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580815">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6br9wwb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ashcroft&oldid=1259169241">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ashcroft&oldid=1259169241</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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