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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Mood swing</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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সুইং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labilitat_afectiva" title="Labilitat afectiva – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Labilitat afectiva" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labilidad_emocional" title="Labilidad emocional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Labilidad emocional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C" title="نوسان خلقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوسان خلقی" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Extreme or rapid change in mood</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mood swings" redirects here. For other uses of Mood swing or Mood swings, see <a href="/wiki/Mood_swing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mood swing (disambiguation)">Mood swing (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Mood changes" redirects here. For the album, see <a href="/wiki/Mood_Changes_(album)" title="Mood Changes (album)">Mood Changes (album)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bipolar_mood_shifts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bipolar_mood_shifts.png/220px-Bipolar_mood_shifts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bipolar_mood_shifts.png/330px-Bipolar_mood_shifts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Bipolar_mood_shifts.png/440px-Bipolar_mood_shifts.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption>Graphical comparison of mood swings, compared with <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">cyclothymia</a></figcaption></figure> A mood swing is an extreme or sudden change of <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a>. Such changes can play a positive or a disruptive part in promoting problem solving and in producing flexible forward planning.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> When mood swings are severe, they may be categorized as part of a mental illness, such as <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>, where erratic and disruptive mood swings are a defining feature.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> To determine mental health problems, people usually use charting with papers, interviews, or smartphone to track their mood/affect/emotion.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Furthermore, mood swings do not just fluctuate between mania and depression, but in some conditions, involve anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-:112-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> Definitions of the terms mood swings, mood instability, affective lability, or <a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">emotional lability</a> are commonly similar, which describe fluctuating or <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">oscillating</a> of mood and emotions. But each has unique characteristics that are used to describe specific phenomena or patterns of oscillation.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Different from emotions or affect,<a href="#cite_note-:62-9">[9]</a> mood is associated with emotional responses without knowing the reason (being unaware).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The dynamics of mood, mood patterns for long times are commonly erratic,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> labile<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> or instable, also known as <a href="/wiki/Euthymia_(philosophy)" title="Euthymia (philosophy)">euthymic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Although the term of mood swing is unspecific, it may be used to describe a pattern where mood goes down from positive to negative valency immediately (without delay in baseline) at specific periods.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> And also generally have aperiodic patterns.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> This is because mood dynamics are influenced by various factors which can magnify or lessen fluctuations,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> such as when expectations become reality or not.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Other terms for describing patterns are episodic, periodic, cyclothymia, rapid cycling, mixed states, short episodes, soft spectrum,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> diurnal variation, etc., although the definition of each term may be unclear.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speed_and_extent">Speed and extent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Speed and extent">edit</a>]</div> Mood swings can happen any time at any place, varying from the microscopic to the wild oscillations of <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> so that a continuum can be traced from normal struggles around <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">cyclothymia</a>, up to a depressive disease.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> However, most people's mood swings remain in the mild to moderate range of emotional ups and downs.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The duration of bipolar mood swings also varies. They may last a few hours – ultrarapid – or extend over days – ultradian: clinicians maintain that only when four continuous days of hypomania, or seven days of mania, occur, is a diagnosis of bipolar disorder justified.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In such cases, mood swings can extend over several days, even weeks; these episodes may consist of rapid alternation between feelings of depression and euphoria.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (July 2023)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Marathon_IMG_1567_(5563108196).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man running a marathon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/National_Marathon_IMG_1567_%285563108196%29.jpg/220px-National_Marathon_IMG_1567_%285563108196%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/National_Marathon_IMG_1567_%285563108196%29.jpg/330px-National_Marathon_IMG_1567_%285563108196%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/National_Marathon_IMG_1567_%285563108196%29.jpg/440px-National_Marathon_IMG_1567_%285563108196%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2317" data-file-height="2427" /></a><figcaption>People with high energy levels</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronic_fatigue_syndrome.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Man sleep on the desk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome.JPG/220px-Chronic_fatigue_syndrome.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome.JPG/330px-Chronic_fatigue_syndrome.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome.JPG/440px-Chronic_fatigue_syndrome.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Person with low spirited mood</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Changing <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a> up and down without knowing the reason or external stimuli,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> in various degrees, duration and frequent, from high mood (<a href="/wiki/Happiness" title="Happiness">happy</a>, elevated, <a href="/wiki/Irritability" title="Irritability">irritated</a>) to low mood (<a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">sad</a>, depressed).<a href="#cite_note-:112-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li>Sometimes it's <a href="/wiki/Mixed_affective_state" title="Mixed affective state">mixed</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> a combination between <a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">manic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> symptoms<a href="#cite_note-:12-30">[30]</a> or similar with bittersweet experiences that last for a day.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li> <li>Mood swings in normal people appear like "climate changing" at mild to moderate degree.<a href="#cite_note-:62-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Thus, unless it happens at a moderate degree or more, some people need more high <a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">emotional intelligence</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> to recognize their mood change.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li> <li>Mood swings in mental illness simply can be described by generalized complexity<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> based on mood dynamics (patterns that characterize the oscillation) like intensity (mild, moderate, severe), duration (days, weeks, years), average mood and other features, such as:<a href="#cite_note-:9-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></li></ul> <ol><li>Mood swings in cyclothymia: Mood swings occur episodically and aperiodic within 2 years or more at a moderate degree and frequently.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Characterized by coexisting with anxiety, persistence, rapid shift, intense, impulsive,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> heightened by sensitivity and reactivity to external stimuli.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li> <li>Mood swings in <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">bipolar II</a>: Episodic,<a href="#cite_note-:7-42">[42]</a> hypomanic (severe degree) episodes occur continuously for 4 days,<a href="#cite_note-:12-30">[30]</a> depression episodes for weeks,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and sometimes erratic episodes at moderate degree in between episodes.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></li> <li>Mood swings in <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">bipolar I</a>: Episodic,<a href="#cite_note-:7-42">[42]</a> manic episodes (severe degree) occur continuously for 7 days,<a href="#cite_note-:12-30">[30]</a> depressive episodes for weeks,<a href="#cite_note-:02-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and sometimes erratic episodes at moderate degree in between episodes.<a href="#cite_note-:12-30">[30]</a> Alterations in bipolar I and II can be rapid cyclic, which means changes of mood happen 4 times or more within a year.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Symptoms of manic and hypomanic episodes are similar between <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">bipolar I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">bipolar II</a>, just different in degree of intensity.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></li> <li>Mood swings in Premenstrual symptoms (PMS): Episodically at mild to severe degree in the menses period, occur gradually or rapidly,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> start 7 days before and decrease at the onset of menses.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Characterized by angry outbursts, depression, anxiety, confusion, irritability or social withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></li> <li>Mood swings in borderline personality disorder (BPD): Mood changes erratically with episodic mood swings.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Mood swings fluctuate in rapid shifts for hours or days, not persistent, sensitive and heightened negative mood (e.g. irritability) by external stimuli.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Mood appears in the form of high intensity of irritability,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> anxiety,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> and moderate degree depression (characterized by hostility, anger towards self, loneliness, isolation, related with relationships, emptiness or boredom).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></li> <li>Mood swings in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) : Mood changes erratically and mood swings occur episodically, sometimes several times a day in rapid shifts.<a href="#cite_note-:10-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Characterized by a mild to moderate degree of irritability,<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> related to the environment, impulsiveness (impatience to get rewards).<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In adult ADHD, high mood appears as excitement and low mood appears as boredom.<a href="#cite_note-:10-60">[60]</a></li> <li>Mood swings in schizophrenia: Although schizophrenia has flat emotions,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> a study in 2021 based on ALS-SF measures, Margrethe Collier et al., found that the score pattern of schizophrenia is similar to bipolar I.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The alteration being related to delusions or hallucinations,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> mood changes that occur internally may be difficult to express externally (<a href="/wiki/Blunt_affect" class="mw-redirect" title="Blunt affect">blunt affect</a>),<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and heightened by external stimuli.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li> <li>Mood swings in major depressive disorder (MDD): Various mood patterns,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and mood changes erratically.<a href="#cite_note-:9-37">[37]</a> Mood swings occur episodically and fluctuate in moderate high mood and severe low mood.<a href="#cite_note-:8-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Characterized by having high negative <a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">affect</a> (bad mood) most of the time, particularly in melancholic subtype.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> And also positive <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Diurnal variation">diurnal variation</a> mood (bad mood in the morning, good mood in the evening),<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> sensitivity to negative stimulation and mixed symptoms in some people, etc.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li> <li>Mood swings in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): Mood changes erratically<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> with episodic mood swings rising in the period of recovery process.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Characterized by temporary fluctuations in negative affect (anxiety, irritability, shame, guilt) and self-esteem, reactive to environmental reminders,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> difficulty to control emotions,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> hyperarousal symptoms, etc.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Causes">edit</a>]</div> There can be many different causes for mood swings. Some mood swings can be classified as normal/healthy reactions, such as grief processing, adverse effects of substances/drugs, or a result of sleep deprivation. Mood swings can also be a sign of psychiatric illnesses in the absence of external triggers or stressors. Changes in a person's energy level, <a href="/wiki/Sleep_pattern" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep pattern">sleep patterns</a>, self-esteem, sexual function, concentration, drug or alcohol use can be signs of an oncoming mood disorder.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Other major causes of mood swings (besides <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Major_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Major depression">major depression</a>) include diseases/disorders which interfere with <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> function. <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> (<a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>), <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-epilepsymatters.com-84">[84]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autism spectrum</a> are three such examples.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The hyperactivity sometimes accompanied by inattentiveness, impulsiveness, and forgetfulness are cardinal symptoms associated with <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>. As a result, ADHD is known to bring about usually short-lived (though sometimes dramatic) mood swings. The communication difficulties associated with <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a>, and the associated changes in neurochemistry, are also known to cause autistic fits (autistic mood swings).<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The seizures associated with <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a> involve changes in the brain's electrical firing, and thus may also bring about striking and dramatic mood swings.<a href="#cite_note-epilepsymatters.com-84">[84]</a> If the mood swing is not associated with a mood disorder, treatments are harder to assign. Most commonly, however, mood swings are the result of dealing with stressful and/or unexpected situations in daily life. Degenerative diseases of the human <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a> may also produce mood swings.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Celiac_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Celiac disease">Celiac disease</a> can also affect the nervous system and mood swings can appear.<a href="#cite_note-"NIDDK-CD2016"-89">[89]</a> Not eating on time can contribute, or eating too much sugar, can cause fluctuations in blood sugar, which can cause mood swings.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain_chemistry">Brain chemistry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Brain chemistry">edit</a>]</div> If a person has an abnormal level of one or several of certain <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitters</a> (NTs) in their brain, it may result in having mood swings or a mood disorder.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonin</a> is one such neurotransmitter that is involved with sleep, moods, and emotional states. A slight imbalance of this NT could result in depression. <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">Norepinephrine</a> is a neurotransmitter that is involved with learning, memory, and physical arousal. Like serotonin, an imbalance of norepinephrine may also result in depression.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_conditions_known_to_cause_mood_swings">List of conditions known to cause mood swings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of conditions known to cause mood swings">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">cyclothymia</a>: Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder with characteristics of mood swings from hypomania or mania to depression. While cyclothymia is a lower degree of bipolar disorder.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> In 2022, ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group found that people with bipolar disorder have smaller <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">subcortical</a> volumes, lower <a href="/wiki/Cortex_(anatomy)" title="Cortex (anatomy)">cortical</a> thickness and altered <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a> integrity,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> which one of the functions is for emotion processing.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid</a> abuse:<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Anabolic steroids are synthetic derivatives of <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>. Used for treatment of male <a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">hypogonadism</a> or delayed puberty,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> stimulating muscle growth,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> as well as treating <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">impotence</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Studies found that overusing anabolic-androgenic steroids can cause mood swings, impulsive, and <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggressive behavior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> This behavior is associated with decreased emotion regulation systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal cortex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe" title="Temporal lobe">temporal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parietal_lobe" title="Parietal lobe">parietal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Occipital_lobe" title="Occipital lobe">occipital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Studies also found that using anabolic-androgenic steroids can cause neuronal changes and death in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis">hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis</a>, thus symptoms of sleep and mood disorder occur.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)</a>: ADHD is known as a disorder with difficulty keeping control of attention, hyperactivity, frequently changing focus and losing interest<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Hyperfocus" title="Hyperfocus">hyperfocus</a> when doing something interesting or pleasurable tasks.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mood_dysregulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood dysregulation">Mood dysregulation</a> may be caused by distraction when absorbed in pleasurable tasks.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Another contribution to mood swings is lower brain activity in the <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> (PFC),<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">orbitofrontal cortex</a> (OFC),<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> increased size of the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> and decreasing size of the <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a> in some people.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Abnormalities in these parts of the brain can cause disturbance in attention, motivation, mood, and behavioral inhibition.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder" title="Pervasive developmental disorder">pervasive developmental disorder</a>: Autism is a neurological and development disorder with symptoms such as lack of social skills, restricted repetitive behaviors, hyper- or hyporeactivity to sensory input, etc.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Abnormal sensory processing is one of the reasons for mood swings in autism.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Studies in 2015 found that in autism, the brain becomes overactivated in <a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">limbic areas</a>, primary <a href="/wiki/Sensory_cortex" title="Sensory cortex">sensory cortices</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">orbitofrontal cortex</a> (OFC), which functions for emotional and sensory processing. Studies found too, that the brain in autism has decreased connectivity between the amygdala and <a href="/wiki/Ventrolateral_prefrontal_cortex" title="Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex">ventrolateral prefrontal cortex</a>, increased amygdala reactivity, and reduced prefrontal response which contribute to emotion dysregulation.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">Borderline personality disorder</a>: It has been theorized that borderline personality disorder comes from lack of ability to endure, learn<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> and overcome negative events.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> People with BPD commonly have difficulty in relationships,<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> which is associated with a tendency to anger-outbursts, <a href="/wiki/Value_judgment" title="Value judgment">judgment</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> or expecting how others behave.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Emotion dysregulation may be as a result of lack of <a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">interpersonal skills</a> such as knowledge about emotions and how to control them, especially with intense emotions.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Mostly, people with BPD use maladaptive emotion regulations like <a href="/wiki/Self-criticism" title="Self-criticism">self-criticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thought_suppression" title="Thought suppression">thought suppression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avoidance_coping" title="Avoidance coping">avoidance</a>, and alcohol, which may trigger more mood disruption.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">Dementia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_disease" title="Huntington's disease">Huntington's disease</a>: Dementia is known as a decreasing brain function disease that affects older people.<a href="#cite_note-:4-128">[128]</a> In Alzheimer's disease, mood dysregulation can be caused by decreasing function of emotional regulation, salience, cholinergic, GABAergic, and dopaminergic function.<a href="#cite_note-:4-128">[128]</a> Parkinson's disease can generate mood swings and mood dysregulation such as depression, low self worth, shame and worry about the future caused by cognitive and physical problems.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> And in Huntington's disease, common mood swings occur as a result of psychosocial, cognitive deficits, neuropsychiatric and biological factors.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_dysregulation_syndrome" title="Dopamine dysregulation syndrome">Dopamine dysregulation syndrome</a>: Dopamine dysregulation syndrome is an effect of abusing <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> drugs to decrease <a href="/wiki/Motor_disorder" title="Motor disorder">motor</a> and non-motor syndromes, which result in mania, violent behavior, and depression when withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-:2-131">[131]</a> Mood dysregulation from dopamine dysregulation syndrome occurs as a result of changes in the neurotransmitter systems such as disturbance in the <a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">dopaminergic reward system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</a>: Epilepsy is an abnormal brain activity disease marked with seizures. <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">Seizures</a> occur because hypersynchronous and <a href="/wiki/Overexcitability" title="Overexcitability">hyperexcitability</a> of neurons, in other words, too much neural activity and excitability at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-:3-133">[133]</a> Mood swings commonly appear before, during, after a seizure and during treatment.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Studies found that seizures contribute to decreased function of emotions and mood processing as a consequence of abnormal <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a> and damaged neuron connections in the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-133">[133]</a> Experiencing a seizure can cause mood swings caused by <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety</a>, or worry about life being threatened. Another source of mood change comes from <a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">anticonvulsant drugs</a> for epilepsy, like <a href="/wiki/Phenobarbital" title="Phenobarbital">phenobarbital</a> for increasing brain inhibitors or antiglutamatergic for decreasing brain activity which generates depression, <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_disorder" title="Cognitive disorder">cognitive dysfunction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedation" title="Sedation">sedation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">mood lability</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothyroidism" title="Hypothyroidism">Hypothyroidism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hyperthyroidism" title="Hyperthyroidism">hyperthyroidism</a>: Hypo- and hyperthyroidism is an <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disease" title="Endocrine disease">endocrine disease</a> caused by low or excessive production of <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormones" title="Thyroid hormones">thyroid hormone</a>. Abnormal thyroid hormone can affect mood,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> although the correlation between thyroid hormone and mood disorder is still not known.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermittent_explosive_disorder" title="Intermittent explosive disorder">Intermittent explosive disorder</a>: Intermittent explosive disorder is frequent rage that occurs spontaneous, uncontrolled, unproportioned and not persistent.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> This short duration of alternate mood occurs in the form of aggression verbally or physically towards people or property, sometimes followed by regret, shame and guilt after an act which might generate depression symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">Impulsive behavior</a> in IED can be associated with hyperactivity in brain regions for regulating and emotional expression, such as the <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insular_cortex" title="Insular cortex">insula</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orbitofrontal_cortex" title="Orbitofrontal cortex">orbitofrontal area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a>:<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Menopause in women commonly happens at age 52. One factor that causes mood disturbance is fluctuation of milieu hormones<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> including sex steroids, growth hormones, stress hormones, etc.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Major depression">Major depression</a>: Major depression is a disorder with symptoms such as feelings of sadness, loss of interest, emptiness<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> and, for some people, mixed with irritability, mental overactivity, and behavioral overactivity.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Development of irritability or anger may result from personality traits like <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissistic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coping" title="Coping">coping strategies</a> to avoid looking sad, worthless, or frustrated.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive Compulsive Disorder</a>: Obsessive compulsive disorder is marked with obsessions and compulsions about something that causes life distress and dysfunction.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Alteration of mood and feeling discomfort such as shame, guilt or anxiety may occur caused by <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_thought" title="Intrusive thought">intrusive thoughts</a>, fear, urge,<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> and fantasy.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_demand_avoidance" title="Pathological demand avoidance">Pathological demand avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_traumatic_stress_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Post traumatic stress disorder">Post traumatic stress disorder</a>: Post-traumatic stress disorder is a disorder which is associated with frequently being disturbed by flashback memories and being haunted by feelings of fear and horror in the past. This contributes to the alteration of mood that occurs after a traumatic event happens, such as depression, outbursts of anger, self-destructive behaviors, and feelings of shame.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a>: Women commonly experience mood swings during the pregnancy and <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">the postpartum period</a>. Hormone changes, stress and worry may be the reasons for changes of mood.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premenstrual_syndrome" title="Premenstrual syndrome">Premenstrual syndrome</a>:<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Women experience premenstrual syndrome like physical pains, mood swings, irritability or depression<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> in a few days until 2 weeks of their period with different intensity.<a href="#cite_note-:5-157">[157]</a> Furthermore, 4% to 14% of women experience severe PMS or premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), which can decrease life quality.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Despite the reason mood dysregulation in PMS is still unclear, Studies found that mood dysregulation is related with drop in progesterone concentrations, disruption of serotonergic transmission, GABAergic, stress, body-mass index, and traumatic events.<a href="#cite_note-:5-157">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a>: Mood swings in schizoaffective disorder are caused by mixed symptoms between schizophrenia and mood disorder.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a>: Schizophrenia is a disorder with symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Delusional_disorder" title="Delusional disorder">delusions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, mood dysregulation, etc.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Mood changes may be generated from hallucinations and delusions<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> which cause anger,<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> and shame.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a>: Seasonal affective disorder is depression which occurs during some seasons (commonly in winter), then manic or hypomanic episodes in the other season and that happens every year.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> These fluctuating moods appear in the form of anger attacks with depression<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> and occur from season to season, also known as seasonal mood swings.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXYY_syndrome" title="XXYY syndrome">XXYY syndrome</a>: XXYY syndrome is a rare type of sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs). XXYY syndrome contributes to abnormal <a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopment" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodevelopment">neurodevelopment</a> and psychiatric diseases which can cause mood disorders.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> It's part of human nature's mood going up and down caused by various factors.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> Individual strength,<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> coping skill or adaptation ability,<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> social support<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> or another <a href="/wiki/Recovery_model" title="Recovery model">recovery model</a> might determine whether mood swings will create disruption in life or not.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a> recommends using emotional dampeners to break the self-reinforcing tendencies of either manic or depressive mood swings.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Exercise, treats, seeking out small (and easily attainable) triumphs, and using vicarious distractions like reading or watching TV, are among the techniques found to be regularly used by people in breaking depressive swings.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Learning to bring oneself down from <a href="/wiki/Grandiosity" title="Grandiosity">grandiose</a> states of mind, or up from exaggerated shame states, is part of taking a proactive approach to managing one's own moods and varying sense of self-esteem.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_activation" title="Behavioral activation">Behavioral activation</a> is a component of CBT that can break the cycle (depression leads to inactivity, inactivity leads to depression).<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> This may rely on individual strengths to "cold start" the reward system.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)</a>: Another manifestation of mood swing is irritability, which can lead to elation, anger or aggression.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> DBT has a lot of coping skills that can be used for emotion dysregulation, such as mindfulness with the "wise mind"<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> or emotion regulation with opposite action.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Emotion regulation therapy (ERT) has a package of mindful emotion regulation skills (e.g., attention regulation skills, metacognitive regulation skills, etc.) that can be handy to have when mood swings happen.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_and_social_rhythm_therapy" title="Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy">Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy</a> can be used to regulate life rhythm when mood swings happen frequently and disrupt the rhythm of life.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Episodes of mood disorder often liberate people from daily routines by making a mess of sleep schedules, social interaction,<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> or work and causing irregular <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Acceptance_and_commitment_therapy" title="Acceptance and commitment therapy">Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT)</a> has a function to increase <a href="/wiki/Psychological_flexibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological flexibility">psychological flexibility</a> by learning to assess present experience or be mindful, accept everything internally or externally, commit action to move toward <a href="/wiki/Recovery_model" title="Recovery model">personal recovery</a>, etc.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_Disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipolar Disorder">Bipolar Disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression (mood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymia_(medicine)" title="Euthymia (medicine)">Euthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">Mood (psychology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-medication" title="Self-medication">Self-medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitting_(psychology)" title="Splitting (psychology)">Splitting (psychology)</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Peter Salovey et al, Emotional Intelligence (2004) p. 1974 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/health/emotional_health/mental_health/disorders_bipolar.shtml">"BBC Science – When does your mental health become a problem?"</a>. BBC Science. 19 April 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Science&rft.atitle=BBC+Science+%E2%80%93+When+does+your+mental+health+become+a+problem%3F&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhealth%2Femotional_health%2Fmental_health%2Fdisorders_bipolar.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaurholt-JepsenMunkholmFrostBardram2016" class="citation journal cs1">Faurholt-Jepsen, Maria; Munkholm, Klaus; Frost, Mads; Bardram, Jakob E.; Kessing, Lars Vedel (15 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4714425">"Electronic self-monitoring of mood using IT platforms in adult patients with bipolar disorder: A systematic review of the validity and evidence"</a>. BMC Psychiatry. 16: 7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12888-016-0713-0">10.1186/s12888-016-0713-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-244X">1471-244X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4714425">4714425</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26769120">26769120</a>. <q>Electronic self-monitoring of mood was considered valid compared to clinical rating scales for depression in six out of six studies, and in two out of seven studies compared to clinical rating scales for mania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Electronic+self-monitoring+of+mood+using+IT+platforms+in+adult+patients+with+bipolar+disorder%3A+A+systematic+review+of+the+validity+and+evidence&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4714425%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1471-244X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26769120&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12888-016-0713-0&rft.aulast=Faurholt-Jepsen&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Munkholm%2C+Klaus&rft.au=Frost%2C+Mads&rft.au=Bardram%2C+Jakob+E.&rft.au=Kessing%2C+Lars+Vedel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4714425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrullSolhanTragesserJahng2008" class="citation journal cs1">Trull, Timothy J.; Solhan, Marika B.; Tragesser, Sarah L.; Jahng, Seungmin; Wood, Phillip K.; Piasecki, Thomas M.; Watson, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23196255">"Affective instability: Measuring a core feature of borderline personality disorder with ecological momentary assessment"</a>. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 117 (3): 647–661. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0012532">10.1037/a0012532</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1846">1939-1846</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18729616">18729616</a>. <q>Measuring and characterizing the experience of affective instability have proved challenging, however. Traditional measures of affective instability rely on respondents' retrospective recall and subjective assess-ment of affective variability or reactivity on interview or questionnaire items.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Abnormal+Psychology&rft.atitle=Affective+instability%3A+Measuring+a+core+feature+of+borderline+personality+disorder+with+ecological+momentary+assessment.&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=647-661&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1939-1846&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18729616&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0012532&rft.aulast=Trull&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft.au=Solhan%2C+Marika+B.&rft.au=Tragesser%2C+Sarah+L.&rft.au=Jahng%2C+Seungmin&rft.au=Wood%2C+Phillip+K.&rft.au=Piasecki%2C+Thomas+M.&rft.au=Watson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F23196255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:112-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:112_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:112_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarveyGreenbergSerper1989" class="citation journal cs1">Harvey, Philip D.; Greenberg, Barbara R.; Serper, Mark R. (1989). "The affective lability scales: Development, reliability, and validity". Journal of Clinical Psychology. 45 (5): 786–793. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1097-4679%28198909%2945%3A5%3C786%3A%3AAID-JCLP2270450515%3E3.0.CO%3B2-P">10.1002/1097-4679(198909)45:5<786::AID-JCLP2270450515>3.0.CO;2-P</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2808736">2808736</a>. <q>A self-report measure of changeable affect was developed, with a goal of identification of patterns of instability in mood. Scales measuring lability in anxiety, depression, anger, and hypomania, and labile shifts between anxiety and depression and hypomania and depression were constructed. These scales were then evaluated for internal consistency, retest reliability, score stability ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+affective+lability+scales%3A+Development%2C+reliability%2C+and+validity&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=786-793&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1097-4679%28198909%2945%3A5%3C786%3A%3AAID-JCLP2270450515%3E3.0.CO%3B2-P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2808736&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Philip+D.&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+Barbara+R.&rft.au=Serper%2C+Mark+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFContardiImperatoriAmatiBalsamo2018" class="citation journal cs1">Contardi, Anna; Imperatori, Claudio; Amati, Italia; Balsamo, Michela; Innamorati, Marco (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5885065">"Assessment of Affect Lability: Psychometric Properties of the ALS-18"</a>. Frontiers in Psychology. 9: 427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.00427">10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00427</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078">1664-1078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5885065">5885065</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29651267">29651267</a>. <q>To measure affect lability, Harvey et al. (1989) developed the Affective Lability Scales (ALS), a 58-item questionnaire measuring changeability among euthymia and four affect states (i.e., depression, elation, anger, and anxiety).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Assessment+of+Affect+Lability%3A+Psychometric+Properties+of+the+ALS-18&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=427&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5885065%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-1078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29651267&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2018.00427&rft.aulast=Contardi&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Imperatori%2C+Claudio&rft.au=Amati%2C+Italia&rft.au=Balsamo%2C+Michela&rft.au=Innamorati%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5885065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetal1975" class="citation journal cs1">Ketal, R. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/ajp.132.11.1215">"Affect, mood, emotion, and feeling: semantic considerations"</a>. American Journal of Psychiatry. 132 (11): 1215–1217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fajp.132.11.1215">10.1176/ajp.132.11.1215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-953X">0002-953X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1166902">1166902</a>. <q>...the use and definitions of the terms "affect," "mood," "emotion," and "feeling" in some classical and contemporary works of psychiatry and psychology. He concludes that these words refer to distinct pscychological phenomena and suggests that they be used clearly and carefully to facilitate communication about emotions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Affect%2C+mood%2C+emotion%2C+and+feeling%3A+semantic+considerations&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1215-1217&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0002-953X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1166902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fajp.132.11.1215&rft.aulast=Ketal&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fajp.psychiatryonline.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1176%2Fajp.132.11.1215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroomeSaundersHarrisonMarwaha2015" class="citation journal cs1">Broome, M. R.; Saunders, K. E. A.; Harrison, P. J.; Marwaha, S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4589661">"Mood instability: significance, definition and measurement"</a>. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science. 207 (4): 283–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.114.158543">10.1192/bjp.bp.114.158543</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1472-1465">1472-1465</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4589661">4589661</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26429679">26429679</a>. <q>The literature spans psychiatry, psychology and neuroscience, and multiple terms are used to describe the same, or related phenomena, including affective instability, emotional dysregulation, mood swings, emotional impulsiveness and affective lability. Collating the main overlapping dimensions, definitions, and their measurement scales, a recent systematic review proposed that mood instability is 'rapid oscillations of intense affect, with a difficulty in regulating these oscillations or their behavioural consequences'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Psychiatry%3A+The+Journal+of+Mental+Science&rft.atitle=Mood+instability%3A+significance%2C+definition+and+measurement&rft.volume=207&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=283-285&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4589661%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1472-1465&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26429679&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.bp.114.158543&rft.aulast=Broome&rft.aufirst=M.+R.&rft.au=Saunders%2C+K.+E.+A.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+P.+J.&rft.au=Marwaha%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4589661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:62-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:62_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:62_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManjunathaKhessRam2009" class="citation journal cs1">Manjunatha, Narayana; Khess, Christoday Raja Jayant; Ram, Dushad (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802377">"The conceptualization of terms: 'Mood' and 'affect' in academic trainees of mental health"</a>. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 51 (4): 285–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0019-5545.58295">10.4103/0019-5545.58295</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1998-3794">1998-3794</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802377">2802377</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20048455">20048455</a>. <q>One would conclude from the above italic sentences of Fish that affect is a sudden exacerbation of emotion, and mood is also the emotional state prevailing at any given time, in other words, both mood and affect are short-term emotional tone (However, these confusing lines are deleted in the new edition of Fish's clinical psychopathology).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indian+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+conceptualization+of+terms%3A+%27Mood%27+and+%27affect%27+in+academic+trainees+of+mental+health&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=285-288&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2802377%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1998-3794&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20048455&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0019-5545.58295&rft.aulast=Manjunatha&rft.aufirst=Narayana&rft.au=Khess%2C+Christoday+Raja+Jayant&rft.au=Ram%2C+Dushad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2802377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/mood">"APA Dictionary of Psychology"</a>. dictionary.apa.org. Retrieved 18 August 2023. <q>Moods differ from emotions in lacking an object; for example, the emotion of anger can be aroused by an insult, but an angry mood may arise when one does not know what one is angry about or what elicited the anger.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.apa.org&rft.atitle=APA+Dictionary+of+Psychology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2Fmood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaberryWaleriusRosenFogleman2020" class="citation cs2">Leaberry, Kirsten D.; Walerius, Danielle M.; Rosen, Paul J.; Fogleman, Nicholas D. (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_510">"Emotional Lability"</a>, Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1319–1329, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-24612-3_510">10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_510</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-24610-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-24610-9"><bdi>978-3-319-24610-9</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241582879">241582879</a>, retrieved 18 August 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emotional+Lability&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.place=Cham&rft.pages=1319-1329&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241582879%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-24612-3_510&rft.isbn=978-3-319-24610-9&rft.aulast=Leaberry&rft.aufirst=Kirsten+D.&rft.au=Walerius%2C+Danielle+M.&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Paul+J.&rft.au=Fogleman%2C+Nicholas+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-24612-3_510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988">." Previous literature suggests that mood often has a greater duration and is associated with an internal state value, whereas emotions are sudden and intense and are associated with greater environmental information value (Larsen et al. 2000). </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Kahmann, Daan (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fse.studenttheses.ub.rug.nl/28443/1/Thesis_DaanKahmann_s3986314.pdf">Emotion dynamics in Tibetan monks and healthy Westerners</a>. Bachelor's Thesis, Artificial Intelligence.university of groningen."Emotions can be very turbulent and are constantly changing." </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlinkman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Klinkman, Michael S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1911185">"A whole new world: complexity theory and mood variability in mental disorders"</a>. Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 9 (3): 180–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4088%2Fpcc.v09n0302">10.4088/pcc.v09n0302</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1523-5998">1523-5998</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1911185">1911185</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17632649">17632649</a>. <q>Four of 5 normal controls displayed a circadian mood pattern with chaotic dynamics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primary+Care+Companion+to+the+Journal+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=A+whole+new+world%3A+complexity+theory+and+mood+variability+in+mental+disorders&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=180-182&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1911185%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1523-5998&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17632649&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4088%2Fpcc.v09n0302&rft.aulast=Klinkman&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1911185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFavaBech2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fava, Giovanni A.; Bech, Per (27 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1159%2F000441244">"The Concept of Euthymia"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 September 2023. <q>a nonspecific term for any oscillation in mood, particularly between feelings of happiness and sadness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.apa.org&rft.atitle=APA+Dictionary+of+Psychology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaterndahlFerrerBestWang2007" class="citation journal cs1">Katerndahl, David; Ferrer, Robert; Best, Rick; Wang, Chen-Pin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1911176">"Dynamic patterns in mood among newly diagnosed patients with major depressive episode or panic disorder and normal controls"</a>. 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Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 20 (1): 15–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tics.2015.07.010">10.1016/j.tics.2015.07.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-6613">1364-6613</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703769">4703769</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26545853">26545853</a>. <q>The main conclusion of the study was that happiness depends not on how well things are going (in terms of cumulative earnings) but whether they are going better than expected.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Cognitive+Sciences&rft.atitle=Mood+as+Representation+of+Momentum&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-24&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4703769%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1364-6613&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26545853&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tics.2015.07.010&rft.aulast=Eldar&rft.aufirst=Eran&rft.au=Rutledge%2C+Robb+B.&rft.au=Dolan%2C+Raymond+J.&rft.au=Niv%2C+Yael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4703769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerugiAkiskal2002" class="citation journal cs1">Perugi, Giulio; Akiskal, Hagop S. 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Numerous studies indicate that in clinical settings this soft spectrum might be as common--if not more common than--major depressive disorders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Psychiatric+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=The+soft+bipolar+spectrum+redefined%3A+focus+on+the+cyclothymic%2C+anxious-sensitive%2C+impulse-dyscontrol%2C+and+binge-eating+connection+in+bipolar+II+and+related+conditions&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=713-737&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0193-953X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12462857&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0193-953x%2802%2900023-0&rft.aulast=Perugi&rft.aufirst=Giulio&rft.au=Akiskal%2C+Hagop+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F12462857%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowenClarkBaetz2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bowen, Rudy; Clark, Malin; Baetz, Marilyn (1 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016503270200304X">"Mood swings in patients with anxiety disorders compared with normal controls"</a>. 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Bloomsbury Publishing PLC. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emotionalintell000gole/page/57">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0747528302" title="Special:BookSources/978-0747528302"><bdi>978-0747528302</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0747528306">0747528306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emotional+Intelligence%3A+Why+it+Can+Matter+More+Than+IQ&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+PLC&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0747528302&rft.au=Daniel+Goleman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femotionalintell000gole%2Fpage%2F57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> S, Nassir Ghaemi, Mood Disorder (2007) p. 243-4 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHockenbury2011" class="citation book cs1">Hockenbury, Don and Sandra (2011). 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New York, NY: Worth Publishers. p. 549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-1650-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4292-1650-0"><bdi>978-1-4292-1650-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+Psychology+Fifth+Edition&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=549&rft.pub=Worth+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4292-1650-0&rft.aulast=Hockenbury&rft.aufirst=Don+and+Sandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLischetzke2014" class="citation cs2">Lischetzke, Tanja (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1842">"Mood"</a>, in Michalos, Alex C. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 4115–4119, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-0753-5_1842">10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_1842</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0753-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0753-5"><bdi>978-94-007-0753-5</bdi></a>, retrieved 31 August 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mood&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Quality+of+Life+and+Well-Being+Research&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pages=4115-4119&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-0753-5_1842&rft.isbn=978-94-007-0753-5&rft.aulast=Lischetzke&rft.aufirst=Tanja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-0753-5_1842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988">."Moods are affective states that are diffuse and unfocused, that is, not directed toward a specific object. They are continually present (tonic) and shape the background of our moment-moment experience, but fluctuate over time." </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> CAMH Bipolar Clinic Staff(2013)."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.camh.ca/-/media/files/guides-and-publications/bipolar-guide-en.pdf">Bipolar disorder:an information guide</a>".camph:Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.www.camh.ca."Everyone has ups and downs in mood. Feeling happy, sad and angry is normal...Their moods may have nothing to do with things going on in their lives." </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaniriConteDe_LucaSimone2021" class="citation journal cs1">Janiri, Delfina; Conte, Eliana; De Luca, Ilaria; Simone, Maria Velia; Moccia, Lorenzo; Simonetti, Alessio; Mazza, Marianna; Marconi, Elisa; Monti, Laura; Chieffo, Daniela Pia Rosaria; Kotzalidis, Georgios; Janiri, Luigi; Sani, Gabriele (29 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8065627">"Not Only Mania or Depression: Mixed States/Mixed Features in Paediatric Bipolar Disorders"</a>. Brain Sciences. 11 (4): 434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fbrainsci11040434">10.3390/brainsci11040434</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2076-3425">2076-3425</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8065627">8065627</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33805270">33805270</a>. <q>DSM-5 introduced the "with mixed features" specifier, which could apply to any type of episode of BD and major depressive disorder (MDD).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Sciences&rft.atitle=Not+Only+Mania+or+Depression%3A+Mixed+States%2FMixed+Features+in+Paediatric+Bipolar+Disorders&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=434&rft.date=2021-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8065627%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2076-3425&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33805270&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fbrainsci11040434&rft.aulast=Janiri&rft.aufirst=Delfina&rft.au=Conte%2C+Eliana&rft.au=De+Luca%2C+Ilaria&rft.au=Simone%2C+Maria+Velia&rft.au=Moccia%2C+Lorenzo&rft.au=Simonetti%2C+Alessio&rft.au=Mazza%2C+Marianna&rft.au=Marconi%2C+Elisa&rft.au=Monti%2C+Laura&rft.au=Chieffo%2C+Daniela+Pia+Rosaria&rft.au=Kotzalidis%2C+Georgios&rft.au=Janiri%2C+Luigi&rft.au=Sani%2C+Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8065627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_30-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_30-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFavaGuidi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Fava, Giovanni A.; Guidi, Jenny (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7254162">"The pursuit of euthymia"</a>. World Psychiatry. 19 (1): 40–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwps.20698">10.1002/wps.20698</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1723-8617">1723-8617</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7254162">7254162</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31922678">31922678</a>. <q>Patients with bipolar disorder spend about half of their time in depression, mania or mixed states22. The remaining periods are defined as euthymic23, 24, 25, 26, 27. However, considerable fluctuations in psychological distress were recorded in studies with longitudinal designs, suggesting that the illness is still active in those latter periods, even though its intensity may vary28. It is thus questionable whether subthreshold symptomatic periods truly represent euthymia28....This definition of euthymia, because of its intertwining with mood stability, is substantially different from the concept of eudaimonic well‐being, that has become increasingly popular in positive psychology</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+pursuit+of+euthymia&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-50&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7254162%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1723-8617&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31922678&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fwps.20698&rft.aulast=Fava&rft.aufirst=Giovanni+A.&rft.au=Guidi%2C+Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7254162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsenMcGrawCacioppo2001" class="citation journal cs1">Larsen, Jeff T.; McGraw, A. Peter; Cacioppo, John T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/11709924">"Can people feel happy and sad at the same time?"</a>. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 81 (4): 684–696. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-3514.81.4.684">10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.684</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1315">1939-1315</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11642354">11642354</a>. <q>Though mixed feelings may be uncommon, they might often have important consequences (e.g., for health).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Personality+and+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=Can+people+feel+happy+and+sad+at+the+same+time%3F&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=684-696&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=1939-1315&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11642354&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-3514.81.4.684&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Jeff+T.&rft.au=McGraw%2C+A.+Peter&rft.au=Cacioppo%2C+John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F11709924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsenHershfieldCazaresHogan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Larsen, Jeff T.; Hershfield, Hal E.; Cazares, James L.; Hogan, Candice L.; Carstensen, Laura L. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8817627">"Meaningful endings and mixed emotions: The double-edged sword of reminiscence on good times"</a>. Emotion. 21 (8): 1650–1659. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Femo0001011">10.1037/emo0001011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1931-1516">1931-1516</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8817627">8817627</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34591508">34591508</a>. <q>Indeed, college students are more likely to report mixed emotions of happiness and sadness on the day that they move out of their freshmen dorm and on their graduation day than on typical days.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emotion&rft.atitle=Meaningful+endings+and+mixed+emotions%3A+The+double-edged+sword+of+reminiscence+on+good+times&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1650-1659&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8817627%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1931-1516&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34591508&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Femo0001011&rft.aulast=Larsen&rft.aufirst=Jeff+T.&rft.au=Hershfield%2C+Hal+E.&rft.au=Cazares%2C+James+L.&rft.au=Hogan%2C+Candice+L.&rft.au=Carstensen%2C+Laura+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8817627&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsonCsikszentmihalyiGraef1980" class="citation journal cs1">Larson, R.; Csikszentmihalyi, M.; Graef, R. 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Passive Secrets. Retrieved 1 September 2023. <q>Only about 36% of people in the world are emotionally Intelligent... 54% of the U.S. population are emotionally aware.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Passive+Secrets&rft.atitle=39+Best+Emotional+Intelligence+Statistics+To+Know+In+2022&rft.date=2022-11-29&rft.aulast=Okoronkwo&rft.aufirst=Valentine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpassivesecrets.com%2Femotional-intelligence-statistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Wilhelm, Peter & Schoebi, Dominik. 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Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 6 (9): 865–876. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.06303">1809.06303</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpsc.2020.01.001">10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.01.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32249208">32249208</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52288970">52288970</a>. <q>Mental illnesses are highly complex, temporally dynamic phenomena (1). Variables across a vast range of timescales – from milliseconds to generations – and levels – from subcellular to societal – interact in complex manners to result in the dynamic, rich and extraordinarily heterogeneous temporal trajectories that are characteristic of the personal and psychiatric histories evident in mental health services across the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Psychiatry%3A+Cognitive+Neuroscience+and+Neuroimaging&rft.atitle=Psychiatric+Illnesses+as+Disorders+of+Network+Dynamics&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=865-876&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1809.06303&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52288970%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32249208&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bpsc.2020.01.001&rft.aulast=Durstewitz&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Huys%2C+Quentin+J.M.&rft.au=Koppe%2C+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS2451902220300197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_37-1">b</a> van Genugten, Claire. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365853916_Measurement_innovation_studies_on_smartphone-based_ecological_momentary_assessment_in_depression">Measurement innovation: studies on smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment in depression</a>. VU Research Portal.ISBN 978-94-93270-96-1."Mood dynamics are the patterns that characterize fluctuations in a person's mood [64]. Mood dynamics are often operationalized by a combination of "mood variability" and "emotional inertia" [65,66]. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_GenugtenSchuurmansHoogendoornAraya2022" class="citation journal cs1">van Genugten, Claire R.; Schuurmans, Josien; Hoogendoorn, Adriaan W.; Araya, Ricardo; Andersson, Gerhard; Baños, Rosa M.; Berger, Thomas; Botella, Cristina; Cerga Pashoja, Arlinda; Cieslak, Roman; Ebert, David D.; García-Palacios, Azucena; Hazo, Jean-Baptiste; Herrero, Rocío; Holtzmann, Jérôme (17 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8968132">"A Data-Driven Clustering Method for Discovering Profiles in the Dynamics of Major Depressive Disorder Using a Smartphone-Based Ecological Momentary Assessment of Mood"</a>. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13: 755809. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2022.755809">10.3389/fpsyt.2022.755809</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-0640">1664-0640</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8968132">8968132</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35370856">35370856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=A+Data-Driven+Clustering+Method+for+Discovering+Profiles+in+the+Dynamics+of+Major+Depressive+Disorder+Using+a+Smartphone-Based+Ecological+Momentary+Assessment+of+Mood&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=755809&rft.date=2022-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8968132%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-0640&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35370856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2022.755809&rft.aulast=van+Genugten&rft.aufirst=Claire+R.&rft.au=Schuurmans%2C+Josien&rft.au=Hoogendoorn%2C+Adriaan+W.&rft.au=Araya%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Andersson%2C+Gerhard&rft.au=Ba%C3%B1os%2C+Rosa+M.&rft.au=Berger%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Botella%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Cerga+Pashoja%2C+Arlinda&rft.au=Cieslak%2C+Roman&rft.au=Ebert%2C+David+D.&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Palacios%2C+Azucena&rft.au=Hazo%2C+Jean-Baptiste&rft.au=Herrero%2C+Roc%C3%ADo&rft.au=Holtzmann%2C+J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8968132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Miklowitz, D. J., Gitlin, M. J. (2015). Clinician's Guide to Bipolar Disorder. Amerika Serikat: Guilford Publications."The mood swings of individuals with cyclothymia occur most of the time (in the DSM-5 definition, no more than 2 consecutive months have been symptom-free within a 2-year period) and never exhibit the number of symptoms or the length of ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Rhoads, J. (2021). Clinical Consult to Psychiatric Mental Health Management for Nurse Practitioners. Amerika Serikat: Springer Publishing Company."Mood changes in cyclothymic disorder can be abrupt and unpredictable, of short duration, and with infrequent euthymic episodes." </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerugiHantoucheVannucchi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Perugi, Giulio; Hantouche, Elie; Vannucchi, Giulia (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5405616">"Diagnosis and Treatment of Cyclothymia: The "Primacy" of Temperament"</a>. Current Neuropharmacology. 15 (3): 372–379. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1570159X14666160616120157">10.2174/1570159X14666160616120157</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-6190">1875-6190</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5405616">5405616</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28503108">28503108</a>. <q>Cyclothymia is characterized by early onset, persistent, spontaneous and reactive mood fluctuations, associated with a variety of anxious and impulsive behaviors, resulting in a very rich and complex clinical presentation. Current diagnostic criteria for cyclothymic disorder (DSM-5 and ICD-10), emphasizing only episodic mood symptoms, may be misleading both from diagnostic and therapeutic point of views.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Neuropharmacology&rft.atitle=Diagnosis+and+Treatment+of+Cyclothymia%3A+The+%22Primacy%22+of+Temperament&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=372-379&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5405616%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1875-6190&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28503108&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1570159X14666160616120157&rft.aulast=Perugi&rft.aufirst=Giulio&rft.au=Hantouche%2C+Elie&rft.au=Vannucchi%2C+Giulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5405616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmesBonsallHalesMitchell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Holmes, E A; Bonsall, M B; Hales, S A; Mitchell, H; Renner, F; Blackwell, S E; Watson, P; Goodwin, G M; Di Simplicio, M (26 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tp.2015.207">"Applications of time-series analysis to mood fluctuations in bipolar disorder to promote treatment innovation: a case series"</a>. Translational Psychiatry. 6 (1): e720. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Ftp.2015.207">10.1038/tp.2015.207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2158-3188">2158-3188</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5068881">5068881</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26812041">26812041</a>. <q>A time-series approach allows comparison of mood instability pre- and post-treatment. Figure 1</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Translational+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Applications+of+time-series+analysis+to+mood+fluctuations+in+bipolar+disorder+to+promote+treatment+innovation%3A+a+case+series&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e720&rft.date=2016-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5068881%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2158-3188&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26812041&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Ftp.2015.207&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=E+A&rft.au=Bonsall%2C+M+B&rft.au=Hales%2C+S+A&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+H&rft.au=Renner%2C+F&rft.au=Blackwell%2C+S+E&rft.au=Watson%2C+P&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+G+M&rft.au=Di+Simplicio%2C+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1038%2Ftp.2015.207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTondoVázquezBaldessarini2017" class="citation journal cs1">Tondo, Leonardo; Vázquez, Gustavo H.; Baldessarini, Ross J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5405618">"Depression and Mania in Bipolar Disorder"</a>. Current Neuropharmacology. 15 (3): 353–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1570159X14666160606210811">10.2174/1570159X14666160606210811</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-6190">1875-6190</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5405618">5405618</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28503106">28503106</a>. <q>As expected, episodes of depressions were much longer than manias, but episode-duration did not differ among BD diagnostic types: I, II, with mainly mixed-episodes (BD-Mx), or with psychotic features (BD-P)...A total of 56.8% of subjects could be characterized for major course-patterns as either DMI or MDI, which occurred in similar proportions for each type. As expected, depressive episodes averaged 5.2 months</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Neuropharmacology&rft.atitle=Depression+and+Mania+in+Bipolar+Disorder&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=353-358&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5405618%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1875-6190&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28503106&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1570159X14666160606210811&rft.aulast=Tondo&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft.au=V%C3%A1zquez%2C+Gustavo+H.&rft.au=Baldessarini%2C+Ross+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5405618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottschalkBauerWhybrow1995" class="citation journal cs1">Gottschalk, A.; Bauer, M. S.; Whybrow, P. C. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7487343/">"Evidence of chaotic mood variation in bipolar disorder"</a>. Archives of General Psychiatry. 52 (11): 947–959. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.1995.03950230061009">10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950230061009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-990X">0003-990X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7487343">7487343</a>. <q>These studies indicate that mood in patients with bipolar disorder is not truly cyclic for extended periods. Nonetheless, self-rated mood in bipolar disorder is significantly more organized than self-rated mood in normal subjects and can be characterized as a low-dimensional chaotic process. This characterization of the dynamics of bipolar disorder provides a unitary theoretical framework that can accommodate neurobiologic and psychosocial data and can reconcile existing models for the pathogenesis of the disorder. 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The median duration of minor depressive episodes was 8 weeks, and approximately 90% recovered within 6 months of onset of the episode...An early report from this study examined 66 participants with bipolar I followed for up to 5 years, and found that the median time to recovery from the first two prospectively observed episodes of major depression was 20 weeks and 24 weeks.16 A subsequent report described 82 participants with bipolar I followed for 10 years; the median duration of major and minor depressive episodes were 12 and 5 weeks, respectively.17</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Recovery+from+multiple+episodes+of+bipolar+I+depression&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e205-211&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3837577%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1555-2101&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23561241&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4088%2FJCP.12m08049&rft.aulast=Solomon&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Fiedorowicz%2C+Jess+G.&rft.au=Leon%2C+Andrew+C.&rft.au=Coryell%2C+William&rft.au=Endicott%2C+Jean&rft.au=Li%2C+Chunshan&rft.au=Boland%2C+Robert+J.&rft.au=Keller%2C+Martin+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3837577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Fink, C., Kraynak, J. (2011). Bipolar Disorder For Dummies. Amerika Serikat: Wiley."Rapid cycling isn't a separate type of bipolar disorder, but your doctor may use the label to describe a particular subtype of Bipolar I or II. To qualify as a rapid-cycling sufferer, you must experience the following: You must ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Clinical Handbook for the Management of Mood Disorders. (2013). Amerika Serikat: Cambridge University Press."While both mania and hypomania are phenomenologically similar in that they occur as discrete episodes ... " </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFadmin" class="citation web cs1">admin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womensinternational.com/blog/portfolio-items/pms/">"PMS"</a>. Women's International Pharmacy. Retrieved 20 August 2023. <q>In PMS: Solving the Puzzle, Linaya Hahn identifies five patterns of symptoms, occurring primarily within the luteal phase but varying in timing and intensity (see Patterns of PMS Symptoms)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+International+Pharmacy&rft.atitle=PMS&rft.au=admin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.womensinternational.com%2Fblog%2Fportfolio-items%2Fpms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowenBowenBaetzWagner2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bowen, Rudy; Bowen, Angela; Baetz, Marilyn; Wagner, Jason; Pierson, Roger (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224046807">"Mood Instability in Women With Premenstrual Syndrome"</a>. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 33 (9): 927–934. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1701-2163%2816%2935018-6">10.1016/s1701-2163(16)35018-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1701-2163">1701-2163</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21923990">21923990</a>. <q>(graph PMS pattern)...Key characteristics of PMS include a lack of symptoms during the follicular phase, a peak of symptoms during the late luteal or premenstrual phase, and a sudden decrease of symptoms with the onset of menses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Obstetrics+and+Gynaecology+Canada&rft.atitle=Mood+Instability+in+Women+With+Premenstrual+Syndrome&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=927-934&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1701-2163&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21923990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1701-2163%2816%2935018-6&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Rudy&rft.au=Bowen%2C+Angela&rft.au=Baetz%2C+Marilyn&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Jason&rft.au=Pierson%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F224046807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilbazAksan2021" class="citation journal cs1">Dilbaz, Berna; Aksan, Alperen (28 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8187976">"Premenstrual syndrome, a common but underrated entity: review of the clinical literature"</a>. Journal of the Turkish German Gynecological Association. 22 (2): 139–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4274%2Fjtgga.galenos.2021.2020.0133">10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2021.2020.0133</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1309-0399">1309-0399</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8187976">8187976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33663193">33663193</a>. <q>The ACOG definition involves the presence of at least one of the six affective symptoms (angry outbursts, depression, anxiety, confusion, irritability and social withdrawal) and one of the four somatic…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Turkish+German+Gynecological+Association&rft.atitle=Premenstrual+syndrome%2C+a+common+but+underrated+entity%3A+review+of+the+clinical+literature&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=139-148&rft.date=2021-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8187976%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1309-0399&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33663193&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4274%2Fjtgga.galenos.2021.2020.0133&rft.aulast=Dilbaz&rft.aufirst=Berna&rft.au=Aksan%2C+Alperen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8187976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Southward, Matt & Semcho, Stephen & Stumpp, Nicole & MacLean, Destiney & Sauer, Shannon. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/346316997_A_Day_in_the_Life_of_Borderline_Personality_Disorder_A_Preliminary_Analysis_of_Within-Day_Emotion_Generation_and_Regulation">A Day in the Life of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Preliminary Analysis of Within-Day Emotion Generation and Regulation</a>. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 42. 702-713. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10862-020-09836-1">10.1007/s10862-020-09836-1</a>."<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Emotional-Intensity-Within-and-Across-Days-for-Each-Participant_fig1_346316997">Graph</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenterTrull2013" class="citation journal cs1">Carpenter, Ryan W.; Trull, Timothy J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3973423">"Components of emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder: a review"</a>. Current Psychiatry Reports. 15 (1): 335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11920-012-0335-2">10.1007/s11920-012-0335-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1535-1645">1535-1645</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3973423">3973423</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23250816">23250816</a>. <q>It consists of a heightened emotional reactivity to environmental stimuli, including emotions of others. Emotion sensitivity in BPD has primarily been associated with negative mood states (e.g., anger, fear, sadness) and not positive emotions (although see [9, 10]).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Psychiatry+Reports&rft.atitle=Components+of+emotion+dysregulation+in+borderline+personality+disorder%3A+a+review&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=335&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3973423%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1535-1645&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23250816&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11920-012-0335-2&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Ryan+W.&rft.au=Trull%2C+Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3973423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Paris, Joel (7 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC558173">"Borderline personality disorder"</a>. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal. 172 (12): 1579–1583. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1503%2Fcmaj.045281">10.1503/cmaj.045281</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1488-2329">1488-2329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC558173">558173</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15939918">15939918</a>. <q>...but in BPD, symptoms are usually associated with mood instability rather than with the extended and continuous periods of lower mood seen in classic mood disorders.19 Also, because of characteristic mood swings, BPD is often mistaken for bipolar disorder.30 However, patients with BPD do not show continuously elevated mood but instead exhibit a pattern of rapid shifts in affect related to environmental events, with "high" periods that last for hours rather than for days or weeks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMAJ%3A+Canadian+Medical+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=Borderline+personality+disorder&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1579-1583&rft.date=2005-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC558173%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1488-2329&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15939918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1503%2Fcmaj.045281&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC558173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertschBackFlechsenharNeukel2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bertsch, Katja; Back, Sarah; Flechsenhar, Aleya; Neukel, Corinne; Krauch, Marlene; Spieß, Karen; Panizza, Angelika; Herpertz, Sabine C. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8195331">"Don't Make Me Angry: Frustration-Induced Anger and Its Link to Aggression in Women With Borderline Personality Disorder"</a>. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 12: 695062. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2021.695062">10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-0640">1664-0640</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8195331">8195331</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34122197">34122197</a>. <q>Individuals with BPD report more negative emotions and a greater intensity of negative emotions than healthy individuals throughout the day (9). However, recent data suggest a particular relevance of anger, a negative emotion that is closely related to reactive aggression, in BPD. Using e-diaries, Kockler et al. (10) found that individuals with BPD exhibit anger more frequently in their daily life than healthy as well as clinical control groups and feelings of anger accounted for more distress than pure emotional intensity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Don%27t+Make+Me+Angry%3A+Frustration-Induced+Anger+and+Its+Link+to+Aggression+in+Women+With+Borderline+Personality+Disorder&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=695062&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8195331%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-0640&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34122197&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2021.695062&rft.aulast=Bertsch&rft.aufirst=Katja&rft.au=Back%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Flechsenhar%2C+Aleya&rft.au=Neukel%2C+Corinne&rft.au=Krauch%2C+Marlene&rft.au=Spie%C3%9F%2C+Karen&rft.au=Panizza%2C+Angelika&rft.au=Herpertz%2C+Sabine+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8195331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Reich Brad.(2012).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.borderlinepersonalitydisorder.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/AffectiveInstabilityNEABPD12-30-12.pdf">Affective Instability in Borderline Personality Disorder</a>.McLean Hospital."Graph" </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenigsbergHarveyMitropoulouSchmeidler2002" class="citation journal cs1">Koenigsberg, Harold W.; Harvey, Philip D.; Mitropoulou, Vivian; Schmeidler, James; New, Antonia S.; Goodman, Marianne; Silverman, Jeremy M.; Serby, Michael; Schopick, Frances; Siever, Larry J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.784">"Characterizing Affective Instability in Borderline Personality Disorder"</a>. American Journal of Psychiatry. 159 (5): 784–788. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.159.5.784">10.1176/appi.ajp.159.5.784</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-953X">0002-953X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11986132">11986132</a>. <q>The results of this study suggest that the presence of greater lability in terms of anger, anxiety, and depression/anxiety oscillation characterizes borderline personality disorder, while suggesting that the subjective sense of high affective intensity is present in this population but does not explain these other affective phenomena.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Characterizing+Affective+Instability+in+Borderline+Personality+Disorder&rft.volume=159&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=784-788&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0002-953X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11986132&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.159.5.784&rft.aulast=Koenigsberg&rft.aufirst=Harold+W.&rft.au=Harvey%2C+Philip+D.&rft.au=Mitropoulou%2C+Vivian&rft.au=Schmeidler%2C+James&rft.au=New%2C+Antonia+S.&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Marianne&rft.au=Silverman%2C+Jeremy+M.&rft.au=Serby%2C+Michael&rft.au=Schopick%2C+Frances&rft.au=Siever%2C+Larry+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fajp.psychiatryonline.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.ajp.159.5.784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatsonRao2013" class="citation journal cs1">Beatson, Josephine A.; Rao, Sathya (29 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2013/199/6/depression-and-borderline-personality-disorder">"Depression and borderline personality disorder"</a>. Medical Journal of Australia. 199 (6): S24-7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5694%2Fmja12.10474">10.5694/mja12.10474</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0025-729X">0025-729X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25370280">25370280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22836499">22836499</a>. <q>Depressive symptoms that occur as part of BPD are usually transient and related to interpersonal stress (eg, after an event arousing feelings of rejection). Such "depression" usually lifts dramatically when the relationship is restored. Depressive symptoms in BPD may also serve to express feelings (eg, anger, frustration, hatred, helplessness, powerlessness, disappointment) that the patient is not able to express in more adaptive ways.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Journal+of+Australia&rft.atitle=Depression+and+borderline+personality+disorder&rft.volume=199&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=S24-7&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft.issn=0025-729X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22836499%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25370280&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5694%2Fmja12.10474&rft.aulast=Beatson&rft.aufirst=Josephine+A.&rft.au=Rao%2C+Sathya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mja.com.au%2Fjournal%2F2013%2F199%2F6%2Fdepression-and-borderline-personality-disorder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöhlingEhrenthalLevySchauenburg2015" class="citation journal cs1">Köhling, Johanna; Ehrenthal, Johannes C.; Levy, Kenneth N.; Schauenburg, Henning; Dinger, Ulrike (1 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272735815000215">"Quality and severity of depression in borderline personality disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Clinical Psychology Review. 37: 13–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cpr.2015.02.002">10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-7358">0272-7358</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25723972">25723972</a>. <q>Moderator analyses revealed lower depression severity in BPD patients without comorbid DeDs, but higher severity in BPD patients with comorbid DeDs compared to depressed controls...some authors labeled the depression experienced in BPD "borderline-depression", characterized by distinct feelings of loneliness and isolation (Adler and Buie, 1979, Grinker et al., 1968), emptiness or boredom (Gunderson, 1996), high dependency and fears of abandonment (Masterson, 1976), as well as intense anger and hate toward the self and others (Hartocollis, 1977, Kernberg, 1975, Kernberg, 1992).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Psychology+Review&rft.atitle=Quality+and+severity+of+depression+in+borderline+personality+disorder%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=37&rft.pages=13-25&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft.issn=0272-7358&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25723972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cpr.2015.02.002&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6hling&rft.aufirst=Johanna&rft.au=Ehrenthal%2C+Johannes+C.&rft.au=Levy%2C+Kenneth+N.&rft.au=Schauenburg%2C+Henning&rft.au=Dinger%2C+Ulrike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0272735815000215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_60-1">b</a> FW, Reimherr & Marchant, Barrie & Olsen, John & C, Halls & Kondo, Douglas & ED, Lyon & Robison, Reid. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.cshl.edu/26296/1/Lyon%20GJ%20Journal%20of%20ADHD%202010.pdf">Emotional dysregulation as a core feature of adult ADHD: Its relationship with clinical variables and treatment response in two methylphenidate trials</a>. Journal of ADHD and Related Disorders. 1. 53-64. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/EMA-ratings-of-irritability-EMA-ecological-momentary-assessment-ADHD-EDr_fig1_224911003">Graph</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkirrowAsherson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Skirrow, Caroline; Asherson, Philip (1 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016503271200688X">"Emotional lability, comorbidity and impairment in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder"</a>. Journal of Affective Disorders. 147 (1): 80–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2012.10.011">10.1016/j.jad.2012.10.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-0327">0165-0327</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23218897">23218897</a>. <q>This study replicates research showing that adults with ADHD report heighted emotional lability (EL), which contributes to impairments in their daily life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Affective+Disorders&rft.atitle=Emotional+lability%2C+comorbidity+and+impairment+in+adults+with+attention-deficit+hyperactivity+disorder&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-86&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft.issn=0165-0327&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23218897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jad.2012.10.011&rft.aulast=Skirrow&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Asherson%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS016503271200688X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._RosenN._Epstein2010" class="citation journal cs1">J. Rosen, Paul; N. Epstein, Jeffery (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.cshl.edu/26296/1/Lyon%20GJ%20Journal%20of%20ADHD%202010.pdf">"A pilot study of ecological momentary assessment of emotion dysregulation in children"</a> (PDF). Journal of ADHD & Related Disorder. 1 (4): 49 – via semantic scholar. <q>This pattern is consistent with the pattern of dysregulation demonstrated by the ADHD-EDr child in the present study, as he demonstrated generally low positive affect along with 10 single time-point ratings of mild to moderate irritability over the 4 weeks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+ADHD+%26+Related+Disorder&rft.atitle=A+pilot+study+of+ecological+momentary+assessment+of+emotion+dysregulation+in+children&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=49&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=J.+Rosen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=N.+Epstein%2C+Jeffery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.cshl.edu%2F26296%2F1%2FLyon%2520GJ%2520Journal%2520of%2520ADHD%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinstanleyEagleRobbins2006" class="citation journal cs1">Winstanley, Catharine A.; Eagle, Dawn M.; Robbins, Trevor W. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892795">"Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to ADHD: translation between clinical and preclinical studies"</a>. Clinical Psychology Review. 26 (4): 379–395. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cpr.2006.01.001">10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-7358">0272-7358</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1892795">1892795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16504359">16504359</a>. <q>However, common themes include decreased inhibitory control, intolerance of delay to rewards and quick decision-making due to lack of consideration, as well as more universal deficits such as poor attentional ability.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Psychology+Review&rft.atitle=Behavioral+models+of+impulsivity+in+relation+to+ADHD%3A+translation+between+clinical+and+preclinical+studies&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=379-395&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1892795%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0272-7358&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16504359&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cpr.2006.01.001&rft.aulast=Winstanley&rft.aufirst=Catharine+A.&rft.au=Eagle%2C+Dawn+M.&rft.au=Robbins%2C+Trevor+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1892795&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiompi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ciompi, Luc (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4332953">"The key role of emotions in the schizophrenia puzzle"</a>. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 41 (2): 318–322. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbu158">10.1093/schbul/sbu158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-1701">1745-1701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4332953">4332953</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25481397">25481397</a>. <q>Kraepelin1 and Bleuler2 had already mainly focused on "flat" or "inappropriate" emotions as core features of the illness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schizophrenia+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+key+role+of+emotions+in+the+schizophrenia+puzzle&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=318-322&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4332953%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1745-1701&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25481397&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbu158&rft.aulast=Ciompi&rft.aufirst=Luc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4332953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHøeghMelleAminoffHaatveit2021" class="citation journal cs1">Høegh, Margrethe Collier; Melle, Ingrid; Aminoff, Sofie R.; Haatveit, Beathe; Olsen, Stine Holmstul; Huflåtten, Idun B.; Ueland, Torill; Lagerberg, Trine Vik (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8566621">"Characterization of affective lability across subgroups of psychosis spectrum disorders"</a>. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 9 (1): 34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40345-021-00238-0">10.1186/s40345-021-00238-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2194-7511">2194-7511</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8566621">8566621</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34734342">34734342</a>. <q>There were no statistically significant differences between individuals with BD-I and SZ for any ALS-SF dimension and these two groups had very similar score patterns throughout. This suggests that despite the overlap in core affective symptom profiles of BD-I and BD-II, the BD-I group is more similar to SZ than it is to BD-II concerning levels of affective lability.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Bipolar+Disorders&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+affective+lability+across+subgroups+of+psychosis+spectrum+disorders&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8566621%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2194-7511&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34734342&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40345-021-00238-0&rft.aulast=H%C3%B8egh&rft.aufirst=Margrethe+Collier&rft.au=Melle%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Aminoff%2C+Sofie+R.&rft.au=Haatveit%2C+Beathe&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Stine+Holmstul&rft.au=Hufl%C3%A5tten%2C+Idun+B.&rft.au=Ueland%2C+Torill&rft.au=Lagerberg%2C+Trine+Vik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8566621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_RossumDominguezLiebWittchen2011" class="citation journal cs1">van Rossum, Inge; Dominguez, Maria-de-Gracia; Lieb, Roselind; Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich; van Os, Jim (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080695">"Affective dysregulation and reality distortion: a 10-year prospective study of their association and clinical relevance"</a>. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 37 (3): 561–571. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbp101">10.1093/schbul/sbp101</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1745-1701">1745-1701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3080695">3080695</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19793794">19793794</a>. <q>Evidence from multiple domains indicates that affective dysregulation is strongly associated with reality distortion.1,2 Genetic epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the liabilities for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are correlated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schizophrenia+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Affective+dysregulation+and+reality+distortion%3A+a+10-year+prospective+study+of+their+association+and+clinical+relevance&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=561-571&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3080695%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1745-1701&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19793794&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbp101&rft.aulast=van+Rossum&rft.aufirst=Inge&rft.au=Dominguez%2C+Maria-de-Gracia&rft.au=Lieb%2C+Roselind&rft.au=Wittchen%2C+Hans-Ulrich&rft.au=van+Os%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3080695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilianAsmalGoosenChiliza2015" class="citation journal cs1">Kilian, Sanja; Asmal, Laila; Goosen, Anneke; Chiliza, Bonginkosi; Phahladira, Lebogang; Emsley, Robin (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4452733">"Instruments measuring blunted affect in schizophrenia: a systematic review"</a>. PLOS ONE. 10 (6): e0127740. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1027740K">2015PLoSO..1027740K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0127740">10.1371/journal.pone.0127740</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4452733">4452733</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26035179">26035179</a>. <q>Blunted affect, also referred to as emotional blunting, is a prominent symptom of schizophrenia. Patients with blunted affect have difficulty in expressing their emotions [1], characterized by diminished facial expression, expressive gestures and vocal expressions in reaction to emotion provoking stimuli [1–3]. However, patients' reduced outward emotional expression may not mirror subjective internal emotional experiences [4] suggesting a disconnect in what patients experience, perceive and express when interpreting emotional stimuli [5] due to problems associated with emotional processing [6–7].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Instruments+measuring+blunted+affect+in+schizophrenia%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0127740&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4452733%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1027740K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26035179&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0127740&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Kilian&rft.aufirst=Sanja&rft.au=Asmal%2C+Laila&rft.au=Goosen%2C+Anneke&rft.au=Chiliza%2C+Bonginkosi&rft.au=Phahladira%2C+Lebogang&rft.au=Emsley%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4452733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDochertySt-HilaireAakreSeghers2009" class="citation journal cs1">Docherty, Nancy M.; St-Hilaire, Annie; Aakre, Jennifer M.; Seghers, James P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2669571">"Life events and high-trait reactivity together predict psychotic symptom increases in schizophrenia"</a>. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 35 (3): 638–645. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbn002">10.1093/schbul/sbn002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0586-7614">0586-7614</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2669571">2669571</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18245057">18245057</a>. <q>There is evidence that the occurrence of stressful life events3,6–8 or the presence of social relationship stressors such as high levels of familial "expressed emotion9–11" are associated with subsequent exacerbation of psychotic symptoms in patients as a group.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schizophrenia+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Life+events+and+high-trait+reactivity+together+predict+psychotic+symptom+increases+in+schizophrenia&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=638-645&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2669571%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0586-7614&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18245057&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbn002&rft.aulast=Docherty&rft.aufirst=Nancy+M.&rft.au=St-Hilaire%2C+Annie&rft.au=Aakre%2C+Jennifer+M.&rft.au=Seghers%2C+James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2669571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonMataJaeggiBuschkuehl2012" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Renee J.; Mata, Jutta; Jaeggi, Susanne M.; Buschkuehl, Martin; Jonides, John; Gotlib, Ian H. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3624976">"The everyday emotional experience of adults with major depressive disorder: Examining emotional instability, inertia, and reactivity"</a>. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 121 (4): 819–829. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0027978">10.1037/a0027978</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-1846">1939-1846</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3624976">3624976</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22708886">22708886</a>. <q>Whether depressed individuals and healthy controls will differ in their instability of PA is less clear. As we noted above, depressed individuals have been found to have blunted emotional responses to valenced stimuli in the laboratory (Bylsma, et al., 2008) and decreased responsivity to reward (e.g., Pizzagalli, Iosifescu, Hallett, Ratner, & Fava, 2009)...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Abnormal+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+everyday+emotional+experience+of+adults+with+major+depressive+disorder%3A+Examining+emotional+instability%2C+inertia%2C+and+reactivity&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=819-829&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3624976%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1939-1846&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22708886&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0027978&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Renee+J.&rft.au=Mata%2C+Jutta&rft.au=Jaeggi%2C+Susanne+M.&rft.au=Buschkuehl%2C+Martin&rft.au=Jonides%2C+John&rft.au=Gotlib%2C+Ian+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3624976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-70"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowenPetersMarwahaBaetz2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bowen, Rudy; Peters, Evyn; Marwaha, Steven; Baetz, Marilyn; Balbuena, Lloyd (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388683">"Moods in Clinical Depression Are More Unstable than Severe Normal Sadness"</a>. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 8: 56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2017.00056">10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-0640">1664-0640</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388683">5388683</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28446884">28446884</a>. <q>He noted that people with melancholia could become over-talkative and manic but did not adequately explain why this is so." & "On the VAS ratings, the depressed group experienced more severe low moods and less severe high moods than the non-depressed group, as would be expected given the selection criteria. This is consistent with reports of more severe negative emotions and variable positive emotions in ecological momentary assessment studies of patients with major depression (12, 33, 53).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Moods+in+Clinical+Depression+Are+More+Unstable+than+Severe+Normal+Sadness&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=56&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5388683%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-0640&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28446884&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2017.00056&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=Rudy&rft.au=Peters%2C+Evyn&rft.au=Marwaha%2C+Steven&rft.au=Baetz%2C+Marilyn&rft.au=Balbuena%2C+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5388683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensenRenFagiolini2022" class="citation journal cs1">Christensen, Michael Cronquist; Ren, Hongye; Fagiolini, Andrea (4 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8981644">"Emotional blunting in patients with depression. 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Annals of General Psychiatry. 21 (1): 10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12991-022-00387-1">10.1186/s12991-022-00387-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1744-859X">1744-859X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8981644">8981644</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35379283">35379283</a>. <q>Emotional effects of depression and treatment vary, but may include, for example, feeling emotionally "numbed" or "blunted" in some way; lacking positive emotions or negative emotions; feeling detached from the world around you...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+General+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Emotional+blunting+in+patients+with+depression.+Part+I%3A+clinical+characteristics&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2022-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8981644%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1744-859X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35379283&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12991-022-00387-1&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Michael+Cronquist&rft.au=Ren%2C+Hongye&rft.au=Fagiolini%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8981644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSperryWalshKwapil2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sperry, Sarah Havens; Walsh, Molly A.; Kwapil, Thomas Richard (30 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/n7xza">"Emotion Dynamics Concurrently and Prospectively Predict Mood Psychopathology"</a>. 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Journal of Traumatic Stress. 20 (1): 77–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjts.20184">10.1002/jts.20184</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17345648">17345648</a>. <q>Emotional abuse was associated with average daily mood and mood lability.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Traumatic+Stress&rft.atitle=The+effects+of+childhood+trauma+on+daily+mood+lability+and+comorbid+psychopathology+in+bulimia+nervosa&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=77-87&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjts.20184&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17345648&rft.aulast=Wonderlich&rft.aufirst=Stephen+A.&rft.au=Rosenfeldt%2C+Steven&rft.au=Crosby%2C+Ross+D.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+James+E.&rft.au=Engel%2C+Scott+G.&rft.au=Smyth%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Miltenberger%2C+Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fjts.20184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowerFyvie2013" class="citation journal cs1">Power, Mick J.; Fyvie, Claire (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1352465812000148/type/journal_article">"The Role of Emotion in PTSD: Two Preliminary Studies"</a>. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy. 41 (2): 162–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1352465812000148">10.1017/S1352465812000148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1352-4658">1352-4658</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22452905">22452905</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33989429">33989429</a>. <q>The results showed that less than 50% of PTSD cases presented with anxiety as the primary emotion, with the remainder showing primary emotions of sadness, anger, or disgust rather than anxiety</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioural+and+Cognitive+Psychotherapy&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Emotion+in+PTSD%3A+Two+Preliminary+Studies&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=162-172&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1352-4658&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33989429%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22452905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1352465812000148&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Mick+J.&rft.au=Fyvie%2C+Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS1352465812000148%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceLegrandBrierGratton2020" class="citation journal cs1">Price, Matthew; Legrand, Alison C.; Brier, Zoe M. F.; Gratton, Jennifer; Skalka, Christian (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8340953">"The short-term dynamics of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms during the acute posttrauma period"</a>. Depression and Anxiety. 37 (4): 313–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fda.22976">10.1002/da.22976</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-6394">1520-6394</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8340953">8340953</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31730736">31730736</a>. <q>Taken together, these results indicate that PTSD development is a dynamic process in which symptoms interact over time (Gelkopf et al., 2017). 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It is highly reactive to environmental reminders of the traumatic event and to renewed life-stressors, and thus may have a fluctuating course (23).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Psychiatric+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Posttraumatic+stress+disorder+and+stress-related+disorders&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=687-704&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2746940%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1558-3147&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19716997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.psc.2009.06.001&rft.aulast=Shalev&rft.aufirst=Arieh+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2746940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewtonHo2008" class="citation journal cs1">Newton, Tamara; Ho, Ivy (4 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19322880802492237">"Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Emotion Experience in Women: Emotion Occurrence, Intensity, and Variability in the Natural Environment"</a>. 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(1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1203%2F00006450-198801000-00139">"Low Dose Testosterone Treatment of Delayed Growth"</a>. Pediatric Research. 23 (1): 124. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1203%2F00006450-198801000-00139">10.1203/00006450-198801000-00139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1530-0447">1530-0447</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6016824">6016824</a>. <q>Anabolic steroids are used to accelerate the growth of normal boys with constitutional, delay of growth and puberty</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatric+Research&rft.atitle=Low+Dose+Testosterone+Treatment+of+Delayed+Growth&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=124&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6016824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1530-0447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1203%2F00006450-198801000-00139&rft.aulast=Lenko&rft.aufirst=Iil&rft.au=M%C3%A4enp%C3%A4%C3%A4%2C+J.&rft.au=M%C3%A4kitie%2C+O.&rft.au=Perheentupa%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1203%252F00006450-198801000-00139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMottramGeorge2000" class="citation journal cs1">Mottram, David R.; George, Alan J. 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Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 14 (1): 55–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1053%2Fbeem.2000.0053">10.1053/beem.2000.0053</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1521-690X">1521-690X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10932810">10932810</a>. <q>The anabolic effects are considered to be those promoting protein synthesis, muscle growth and crythopoiesis</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Best+Practice+%26+Research+Clinical+Endocrinology+%26+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Anabolic+steroids&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-69&rft.date=2000-03-01&rft.issn=1521-690X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10932810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1053%2Fbeem.2000.0053&rft.aulast=Mottram&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft.au=George%2C+Alan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1521690X00900538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewshanLeon2001" class="citation journal cs1">Newshan, Gayle; Leon, Wade (1 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1258/0956462011916893">"The use of anabolic agents in HIV disease"</a>. International Journal of STD & AIDS. 12 (3): 141–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1258%2F0956462011916893">10.1258/0956462011916893</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-4624">0956-4624</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11231865">11231865</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6055905">6055905</a>. <q>Anabolic steroids and other agents are fast becoming part of the standard of care for HIV disease, gaining acceptance in reversing loss of lean body mass...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+STD+%26+AIDS&rft.atitle=The+use+of+anabolic+agents+in+HIV+disease&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=141-144&rft.date=2001-03-01&rft.issn=0956-4624&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6055905%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11231865&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1258%2F0956462011916893&rft.aulast=Newshan&rft.aufirst=Gayle&rft.au=Leon%2C+Wade&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1258%2F0956462011916893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiacentinoKotzalidisDel_CasaleAromatario2015" class="citation journal cs1">Piacentino, Daria; Kotzalidis, Georgios D.; Del Casale, Antonio; Aromatario, Maria Rosaria; Pomara, Cristoforo; Girardi, Paolo; Sani, Gabriele (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462035">"Anabolic-androgenic steroid use and psychopathology in athletes. 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Current Neuropharmacology. 13 (1): 101–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1570159X13666141210222725">10.2174/1570159X13666141210222725</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1570-159X">1570-159X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462035">4462035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26074746">26074746</a>. <q>High doses of AASs can lead to serious physical and psychological complications, such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, myocardial hypertrophy and infarction, abnormal blood clotting, hepatotoxicity and hepatic tumors, tendon damage, reduced libido, and psychiatric/behavioral symptoms like aggressiveness and irritability</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Neuropharmacology&rft.atitle=Anabolic-androgenic+steroid+use+and+psychopathology+in+athletes.+A+systematic+review&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-121&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4462035%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1570-159X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26074746&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1570159X13666141210222725&rft.aulast=Piacentino&rft.aufirst=Daria&rft.au=Kotzalidis%2C+Georgios+D.&rft.au=Del+Casale%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Aromatario%2C+Maria+Rosaria&rft.au=Pomara%2C+Cristoforo&rft.au=Girardi%2C+Paolo&rft.au=Sani%2C+Gabriele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4462035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaugerWestlyeFjellWalhovd2019" class="citation journal cs1">Hauger, Lisa E.; Westlye, Lars T.; Fjell, Anders M.; Walhovd, Kristine B.; Bjørnebekk, Astrid (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6767448">"Structural brain characteristics of anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence in men"</a>. 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Psychological Research. 85 (1): 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00426-019-01245-8">10.1007/s00426-019-01245-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1430-2772">1430-2772</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7851038">7851038</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31541305">31541305</a>. <q>Ozel-Kizil et al. (2013; also see Ozel-Kizil et al., 2014) defined hyperfocusing as being "characterized by intensive concentration on interesting and non-routine activities accompanied by temporarily diminished perception of the environment".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Research&rft.atitle=Hyperfocus%3A+the+forgotten+frontier+of+attention&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2021-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7851038%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1430-2772&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31541305&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00426-019-01245-8&rft.aulast=Ashinoff&rft.aufirst=Brandon+K.&rft.au=Abu-Akel%2C+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs00426-019-01245-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psychcentral.com/adhd/adhd-mood-swings">"Can ADHD Cause Mood Swings?"</a>. Psych Central. 12 August 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2023. <q>ADHD-induced mood shifts may be a result of being distracted, comorbid conditions like depression or bipolar disorder, or a side effect of certain medications.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psych+Central&rft.atitle=Can+ADHD+Cause+Mood+Swings%3F&rft.date=2022-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsychcentral.com%2Fadhd%2Fadhd-mood-swings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonaghTraversBramham2019" class="citation journal cs1">McDonagh, Tracey; Travers, Áine; Bramham, Jessica (3 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14999013.2018.1508095">"Do Neuropsychological Deficits Predict Anger Dysregulation in Adults with ADHD?"</a>. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health. 18 (3): 200–211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14999013.2018.1508095">10.1080/14999013.2018.1508095</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1499-9013">1499-9013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149490018">149490018</a>. <q>Shifting attention was more significantly associated with trait anger and anger out than response inhibition, which was significantly related to anger control</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Forensic+Mental+Health&rft.atitle=Do+Neuropsychological+Deficits+Predict+Anger+Dysregulation+in+Adults+with+ADHD%3F&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=200-211&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149490018%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1499-9013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14999013.2018.1508095&rft.aulast=McDonagh&rft.aufirst=Tracey&rft.au=Travers%2C+%C3%81ine&rft.au=Bramham%2C+Jessica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14999013.2018.1508095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnsten2009" class="citation journal cs1">Arnsten, Amy F.T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894421">"ADHD and the Prefrontal Cortex"</a>. The Journal of Pediatrics. 154 (5): I–S43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpeds.2009.01.018">10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894421">2894421</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20596295">20596295</a>. <q>Studies have found that ADHD is associated with weaker function and structure of prefrontal cortex (PFC) circuits, especially in the right hemisphere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=ADHD+and+the+Prefrontal+Cortex&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=I-S43&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2894421%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20596295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpeds.2009.01.018&rft.aulast=Arnsten&rft.aufirst=Amy+F.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2894421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItamiUno2002" class="citation journal cs1">Itami, Shouichi; Uno, Hiroyuki (20 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12499848">"Orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder revealed by reversal and extinction tasks"</a>. NeuroReport. 13 (18): 2453–2457. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00001756-200212200-00016">10.1097/00001756-200212200-00016</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0959-4965">0959-4965</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12499848">12499848</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23189353">23189353</a>. <q>ADHD subjects indeed showed a performance deficit in the tasks, supporting OFC dysfunction in ADHD. Furthermore, a discriminat analysis using the task performance variables correctly classified 89.7% of the participants among ADHD patients and normal controls.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NeuroReport&rft.atitle=Orbitofrontal+cortex+dysfunction+in+attention-deficit+hyperactivity+disorder+revealed+by+reversal+and+extinction+tasks&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=2453-2457&rft.date=2002-12-20&rft.issn=0959-4965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23189353%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12499848&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00001756-200212200-00016&rft.aulast=Itami&rft.aufirst=Shouichi&rft.au=Uno%2C+Hiroyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F12499848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlovPhilipsenTebartz_van_ElstEbert2008" class="citation journal cs1">Perlov, Evgeniy; Philipsen, Alexandra; Tebartz van Elst, Ludger; Ebert, Dieter; Henning, Juergen; Maier, Simon; Bubl, Emanuel; Hesslinger, Bernd (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2575764">"Hippocampus and amygdala morphology in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder"</a>. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 33 (6): 509–515. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1488-2434">1488-2434</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2575764">2575764</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18982173">18982173</a>. <q>We conclude that the findings of interest (i.e., hippocampus enlargement and amygdala volume loss) are not very stable across different samples of patients with ADHD and that the different and contradictory findings may be related to the different locations of alterations along the complex circuits responsible for the different symptoms of ADHD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychiatry+%26+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Hippocampus+and+amygdala+morphology+in+adults+with+attention-deficit+hyperactivity+disorder&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=509-515&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2575764%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1488-2434&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18982173&rft.aulast=Perlov&rft.aufirst=Evgeniy&rft.au=Philipsen%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Tebartz+van+Elst%2C+Ludger&rft.au=Ebert%2C+Dieter&rft.au=Henning%2C+Juergen&rft.au=Maier%2C+Simon&rft.au=Bubl%2C+Emanuel&rft.au=Hesslinger%2C+Bernd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2575764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnsten2009" class="citation journal cs1">Arnsten, Amy P.T. 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Journal of Pediatrics. 154 (5): I–S43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jpeds.2009.01.018">10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.01.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2894421">2894421</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20596295">20596295</a>. <q>The prefrontal association cortex plays a crucial role in regulating attention, behavior, and emotion, with the right hemisphere specialized for behavioral inhibition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pediatrics&rft.atitle=The+Emerging+Neurobiology+of+Attention+Deficit+Hyperactivity+Disorder%3A+The+Key+Role+of+the+Prefrontal+Association+Cortex&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=I-S43&rft.date=2009-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2894421%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20596295&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jpeds.2009.01.018&rft.aulast=Arnsten&rft.aufirst=Amy+P.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2894421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodgesFealkoSoares2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hodges, Holly; Fealko, Casey; Soares, Neelkamal (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7082249">"Autism spectrum disorder: definition, epidemiology, causes, and clinical evaluation"</a>. 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Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 52 (7): 3061–3075. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10803-021-05186-3">10.1007/s10803-021-05186-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0162-3257">0162-3257</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9213348">9213348</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34255236">34255236</a>. <q>Difficulties with sensory input was described to impact mood, causing stress and agitation:</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Autism+and+Developmental+Disorders&rft.atitle=In+Our+Own+Words%3A+The+Complex+Sensory+Experiences+of+Autistic+Adults&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=3061-3075&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9213348%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0162-3257&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34255236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10803-021-05186-3&rft.aulast=MacLennan&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Brien%2C+S.&rft.au=Tavassoli%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9213348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenHernandezTottenhamKrasileva2015" class="citation journal cs1">Green, Shulamite A.; Hernandez, Leanna; Tottenham, Nim; Krasileva, Kate; Bookheimer, Susan Y.; Dapretto, Mirella (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4861140">"Neurobiology of Sensory Overresponsivity in Youth With Autism Spectrum Disorders"</a>. JAMA Psychiatry. 72 (8): 778–786. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamapsychiatry.2015.0737">10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.0737</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2168-6238">2168-6238</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4861140">4861140</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26061819">26061819</a>. <q>The authors found that youth with ASDs had overactivation in limbic areas, primary sensory cortices, and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) compared with typically developing (TD) control subjects in response to mildly aversive visual and auditory stimuli." & "Finally, Green et al10 found that SOR symptoms correlated with hyperactivity in the amygdala and OFC. </q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Neurobiology+of+Sensory+Overresponsivity+in+Youth+With+Autism+Spectrum+Disorders&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=778-786&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4861140%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2168-6238&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26061819&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjamapsychiatry.2015.0737&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Shulamite+A.&rft.au=Hernandez%2C+Leanna&rft.au=Tottenham%2C+Nim&rft.au=Krasileva%2C+Kate&rft.au=Bookheimer%2C+Susan+Y.&rft.au=Dapretto%2C+Mirella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4861140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahimEilbottVentolaHe2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ibrahim, Karim; Eilbott, Jeffrey A.; Ventola, Pamela; He, George; Pelphrey, Kevin A.; McCarthy, Gregory; Sukhodolsky, Denis G. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.01.009">"Reduced Amygdala–Prefrontal Functional Connectivity in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Co-occurring Disruptive Behavior"</a>. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 4 (12): 1031–1041. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bpsc.2019.01.009">10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.01.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2451-9022">2451-9022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7173634">7173634</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30979647">30979647</a>. <q>Children with ASD and disruptive behavior showed reduced amygdala–vlPFC connectivity compared with children with ASD without disruptive behavior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Psychiatry%3A+Cognitive+Neuroscience+and+Neuroimaging&rft.atitle=Reduced+Amygdala%E2%80%93Prefrontal+Functional+Connectivity+in+Children+With+Autism+Spectrum+Disorder+and+Co-occurring+Disruptive+Behavior&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1031-1041&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7173634%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2451-9022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30979647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bpsc.2019.01.009&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Karim&rft.au=Eilbott%2C+Jeffrey+A.&rft.au=Ventola%2C+Pamela&rft.au=He%2C+George&rft.au=Pelphrey%2C+Kevin+A.&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Gregory&rft.au=Sukhodolsky%2C+Denis+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.bpsc.2019.01.009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonagyLuytenAllisonCampbell2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fonagy, Peter; Luyten, Patrick; Allison, Elizabeth; Campbell, Chloe (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5389119">"What we have changed our minds about: Part 1. 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Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation. 4 (1): 11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40479-017-0061-9">10.1186/s40479-017-0061-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2051-6673">2051-6673</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5389119">5389119</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28413687">28413687</a>. <q>In BPD, the appraisal mechanisms are at fault, in large part because of mentalizing difficulties (e.g. in the mistaken appraisal of threat at the moment of its presentation) or a breakdown in epistemic trust, which damages the capacity to relearn different ways of mentalizing – or appraising – situations (i.e. the inability to change our understanding of the threat after the event).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Borderline+Personality+Disorder+and+Emotion+Dysregulation&rft.atitle=What+we+have+changed+our+minds+about%3A+Part+1.+Borderline+personality+disorder+as+a+limitation+of+resilience&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5389119%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2051-6673&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28413687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40479-017-0061-9&rft.aulast=Fonagy&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Luyten%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Allison%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5389119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapmanJamilFleisher2022" class="citation cs2">Chapman, Jennifer; Jamil, Radia T.; Fleisher, Carl (25 October 2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430883/">"Borderline Personality Disorder"</a>, StatPearls [Internet], StatPearls Publishing, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28613633">28613633</a>, retrieved 7 August 2023, <q>There are many theories about the development of borderline personality disorder. In the mentalizing model of Peter Fonagy and Anthony Bateman, borderline personality disorder is the result of a lack of resilience against psychological stressors. In this framework, Fonagy and Bateman define resilience as the ability to generate adaptive re-appraisal of negative events or stressors;...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StatPearls+%5BInternet%5D&rft.atitle=Borderline+Personality+Disorder&rft.date=2022-10-25&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28613633&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Jamil%2C+Radia+T.&rft.au=Fleisher%2C+Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK430883%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazarusChoukas-BradleyBeeneyByrd2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lazarus, Sophie A.; Choukas-Bradley, Sophia; Beeney, Joseph E.; Byrd, Amy L.; Vine, Vera; Stepp, Stephanie D. 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Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 47 (12): 1995–2005. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10802-019-00570-1">10.1007/s10802-019-00570-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2835">1573-2835</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7045362">7045362</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31240430">31240430</a>. <q>Core symptoms that comprise the disorder are often explicitly interpersonal in nature (e.g., tumultuous romantic relationships and frantic efforts to avoid abandonment) or are expressed in reaction to interpersonal stressors (e.g., affective instability, paranoid ideation, suicidal behavior</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Abnormal+Child+Psychology&rft.atitle=Too+Much+Too+Soon%3F%3A+Borderline+Personality+Disorder+Symptoms+and+Romantic+Relationships+in+Adolescent+Girls&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1995-2005&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7045362%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1573-2835&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31240430&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10802-019-00570-1&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=Sophie+A.&rft.au=Choukas-Bradley%2C+Sophia&rft.au=Beeney%2C+Joseph+E.&rft.au=Byrd%2C+Amy+L.&rft.au=Vine%2C+Vera&rft.au=Stepp%2C+Stephanie+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7045362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolPopeSprengelmeyerYoung2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nicol, Katie; Pope, Merrick; Sprengelmeyer, Reiner; Young, Andrew W.; Hall, Jeremy (6 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3819347">"Social Judgement in Borderline Personality Disorder"</a>. 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Specifically, they often make simplified judgments about people and situations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+Disorders&rft.atitle=Self+and+informant+report+across+the+borderline+personality+disorder+spectrum&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=429-436&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6082732%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1949-2723&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28857585&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fper0000259&rft.aulast=Balsis&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Loehle-Conger%2C+Evan&rft.au=Busch%2C+Alexander+J.&rft.au=Ungredda%2C+Tatiana&rft.au=Oltmanns%2C+Thomas+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6082732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenterTrull2013" class="citation journal cs1">Carpenter, Ryan W.; Trull, Timothy J. 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Current Psychiatry Reports. 15 (1): 335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11920-012-0335-2">10.1007/s11920-012-0335-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1535-1645">1535-1645</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3973423">3973423</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23250816">23250816</a>. <q>Following Linehan's biosocial model, we conceptualize emotion dysregulation in borderline personality disorder (BPD) as consisting of four components: emotion sensitivity, heightened and labile negative affect, a deficit of appropriate regulation strategies, and a surplus of maladaptive regulation strategies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Psychiatry+Reports&rft.atitle=Components+of+emotion+dysregulation+in+borderline+personality+disorder%3A+a+review&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=335&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3973423%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1535-1645&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23250816&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11920-012-0335-2&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Ryan+W.&rft.au=Trull%2C+Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3973423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalgóSzeghalmiBajzátBerán2021" class="citation journal cs1">Salgó, Ella; Szeghalmi, Liliána; Bajzát, Bettina; Berán, Eszter; Unoka, Zsolt (17 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7968662">"Emotion regulation, mindfulness, and self-compassion among patients with borderline personality disorder, compared to healthy control subjects"</a>. PLOS ONE. 16 (3): e0248409. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PLoSO..1648409S">2021PLoSO..1648409S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0248409">10.1371/journal.pone.0248409</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7968662">7968662</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33730065">33730065</a>. <q>In comparison to a healthy control group, BPD patients show deficits in the following areas: mindfulness, self-compassion and adaptive emotion-regulation strategies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Emotion+regulation%2C+mindfulness%2C+and+self-compassion+among+patients+with+borderline+personality+disorder%2C+compared+to+healthy+control+subjects&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e0248409&rft.date=2021-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7968662%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PLoSO..1648409S&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33730065&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0248409&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Salg%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Ella&rft.au=Szeghalmi%2C+Lili%C3%A1na&rft.au=Bajz%C3%A1t%2C+Bettina&rft.au=Ber%C3%A1n%2C+Eszter&rft.au=Unoka%2C+Zsolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7968662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon-GordonPetersFertuckYen2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dixon-Gordon, Katherine L.; Peters, Jessica R.; Fertuck, Eric A.; Yen, Shirley (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5842953">"Emotional Processes in Borderline Personality Disorder: An Update for Clinical Practice"</a>. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration. 27 (4): 425–438. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fint0000044">10.1037/int0000044</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1053-0479">1053-0479</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5842953">5842953</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29527105">29527105</a>. <q>BPD features are also associated with self-criticism, thought suppression, avoidance, and alcohol use as strategies for regulating emotions (Aldao & Dixon-Gordon, 2014).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychotherapy+Integration&rft.atitle=Emotional+Processes+in+Borderline+Personality+Disorder%3A+An+Update+for+Clinical+Practice&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=425-438&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5842953%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1053-0479&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29527105&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fint0000044&rft.aulast=Dixon-Gordon&rft.aufirst=Katherine+L.&rft.au=Peters%2C+Jessica+R.&rft.au=Fertuck%2C+Eric+A.&rft.au=Yen%2C+Shirley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5842953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayJacobsRockClark2021" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, Clara V.; Jacobs, Juno Irma-Louise; Rock, Adam J.; Clark, Gavin I. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7808589">"Attachment style, thought suppression, self-compassion and depression: Testing a serial mediation model"</a>. PLOS ONE. 16 (1): e0245056. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021PLoSO..1645056M">2021PLoSO..1645056M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0245056">10.1371/journal.pone.0245056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7808589">7808589</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33444358">33444358</a>. <q>Studies of the general population indicate that attempts to suppress thoughts typically result in a heightened accessibility of suppressed thoughts (e.g., a rebound effect) together with increases in emotional and physiological arousal [27].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Attachment+style%2C+thought+suppression%2C+self-compassion+and+depression%3A+Testing+a+serial+mediation+model&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e0245056&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7808589%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021PLoSO..1645056M&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33444358&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0245056&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Clara+V.&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Juno+Irma-Louise&rft.au=Rock%2C+Adam+J.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Gavin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7808589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanctôtAmatniekAncoli-IsraelArnold2017" class="citation journal cs1">Lanctôt, Krista L.; Amatniek, Joan; Ancoli-Israel, Sonia; Arnold, Steven E.; Ballard, Clive; Cohen-Mansfield, Jiska; Ismail, Zahinoor; Lyketsos, Constantine; Miller, David S.; Musiek, Erik; Osorio, Ricardo S.; Rosenberg, Paul B.; Satlin, Andrew; Steffens, David; Tariot, Pierre (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5651439">"Neuropsychiatric signs and symptoms of Alzheimer's disease: New treatment paradigms"</a>. Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions. 3 (3): 440–449. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trci.2017.07.001">10.1016/j.trci.2017.07.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5651439">5651439</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29067350">29067350</a>. <q>...NPSs based on neurobiological dimensions and behaviors rather than clinical syndromes, grouping them into five domains: (1) negative valence; (2) positive valence; (3) cognitive systems; (4) processes for social systems; and (5) arousal or regulatory systems [13]. Yet here, too, there is tremendous overlap. For example, impairment of cognitive systems may manifest in delusions, hallucinations, agitation, aggression, depression or dysphoria, anxiety, elation or euphoria, apathy, disinhibition, irritability, motor disturbance, sleep disorder, appetite disorder, aberrant vocalization, and ruminative, repetitive, and somatoform behaviors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alzheimer%27s+%26+Dementia%3A+Translational+Research+%26+Clinical+Interventions&rft.atitle=Neuropsychiatric+signs+and+symptoms+of+Alzheimer%27s+disease%3A+New+treatment+paradigms&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=440-449&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5651439%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29067350&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.trci.2017.07.001&rft.aulast=Lanct%C3%B4t&rft.aufirst=Krista+L.&rft.au=Amatniek%2C+Joan&rft.au=Ancoli-Israel%2C+Sonia&rft.au=Arnold%2C+Steven+E.&rft.au=Ballard%2C+Clive&rft.au=Cohen-Mansfield%2C+Jiska&rft.au=Ismail%2C+Zahinoor&rft.au=Lyketsos%2C+Constantine&rft.au=Miller%2C+David+S.&rft.au=Musiek%2C+Erik&rft.au=Osorio%2C+Ricardo+S.&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+Paul+B.&rft.au=Satlin%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Steffens%2C+David&rft.au=Tariot%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5651439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Sjödahl Hammarlund, C., Westergren, A., Åström, I., Edberg, A. K., & Hagell, P. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6087577/">The Impact of Living with Parkinson's Disease: Balancing within a Web of Needs and Demands</a>. Parkinson's disease, 2018, 4598651. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4598651">https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/4598651</a>.PMCID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6087577/">PMC6087577</a>.PMID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30151098">30151098</a>."Psychological symptoms and mood swings were intertwined with cognitive and physical problems, adding to the struggle of managing the demands of everyday life. The participants felt depressed, low-spirited, and were worried about the future. Some held dark and destructive thoughts and considered intentionally ending their lives. In a previous study, suicidal and death ideation was present among one-third of persons with PD [25]. " </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Jauhar, S., & Ritchie, S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/advances-in-psychiatric-treatment/article/psychiatric-and-behavioural-manifestations-of-huntingtons-disease/E0BBFE93570D7144ADF0C253D48A4E88">Psychiatric and behavioural manifestations of Huntington's disease</a>. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 16(3), 168-175. <a href="//doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.107.005371" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1192/apt.bp.107.005371">doi:10.1192/apt.bp.107.005371</a>."Cognitive deficits combined with neuropsychiatric symptoms often cause the greatest difficulties in behaviour, for example anergia, lack of initiative, blunted affect, egocentricity, constant demands, irritation and threatening behaviour." </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_la_Casa-FagesGrandas2011" class="citation journal cs1">De la Casa-Fages, Beatriz; Grandas, Francisco (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3216377">"Dopamine dysregulation syndrome and deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease"</a>. Neurology Research International. 2011: 759895. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2011%2F759895">10.1155/2011/759895</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2090-1860">2090-1860</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3216377">3216377</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22135744">22135744</a>. <q>(d) impairment in social or occupational functioning: fights, violent behaviour, loss of friends, absence from work, loss of job, legal difficulties, arguments or difficulties with family; (e) development of hypomaniac, maniac, or cyclothymic affective syndrome in relation to DRT; (f) development of a withdrawal state characterized by dysphoria, depression, irritability, and anxiety on reducing the level of DRT; (g) duration of disturbance of at least 6 months." & "Patients with DDS develop an addictive pattern of DRT use, self-administering doses of dopaminergic drugs in excess of those required to control their motor symptoms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurology+Research+International&rft.atitle=Dopamine+dysregulation+syndrome+and+deep+brain+stimulation+of+the+subthalamic+nucleus+in+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.volume=2011&rft.pages=759895&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3216377%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2090-1860&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22135744&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2011%2F759895&rft.aulast=De+la+Casa-Fages&rft.aufirst=Beatriz&rft.au=Grandas%2C+Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3216377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrewMuhammedBaigKelly2020" class="citation journal cs1">Drew, Daniel S; Muhammed, Kinan; Baig, Fahd; Kelly, Mark; Saleh, Youssuf; Sarangmat, Nagaraja; Okai, David; Hu, Michele; Manohar, Sanjay; Husain, Masud (1 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa198">"Dopamine and reward hypersensitivity in Parkinson's disease with impulse control disorder"</a>. Brain. 143 (8): 2502–2518. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawaa198">10.1093/brain/awaa198</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-8950">0006-8950</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7447523">7447523</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32761061">32761061</a>. <q>However, the findings argue against a simple relationship between dopamine level and reward sensitivity. Many PD+ICD patients were also found to experience behavioural apathy and impulsivity comorbidly, suggesting that aberrant reward sensitivity is just one component of a dysfunctional system which may incorporate functional changes in other neurotransmitter systems.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=Dopamine+and+reward+hypersensitivity+in+Parkinson%27s+disease+with+impulse+control+disorder&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2502-2518&rft.date=2020-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7447523%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-8950&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32761061&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawaa198&rft.aulast=Drew&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S&rft.au=Muhammed%2C+Kinan&rft.au=Baig%2C+Fahd&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Mark&rft.au=Saleh%2C+Youssuf&rft.au=Sarangmat%2C+Nagaraja&rft.au=Okai%2C+David&rft.au=Hu%2C+Michele&rft.au=Manohar%2C+Sanjay&rft.au=Husain%2C+Masud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawaa198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChauhanPhilipChauhanMehra2022" class="citation book cs1">Chauhan, Pradip; Philip, Shalom Elsy; Chauhan, Girish; Mehra, Simmi; Mehra, S. (2 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exonpublications.com/index.php/exon/article/view/epilepsy-anatomical-basis/899">"The Anatomical Basis of Seizures"</a>. Epilepsy. pp. 15–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36255%2Fexon-publications-epilepsy-anatomical-basis">10.36255/exon-publications-epilepsy-anatomical-basis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780645332049" title="Special:BookSources/9780645332049"><bdi>9780645332049</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35605083">35605083</a>. <q>Hyperexcitability of neurons and hypersynchrony of neural networks are the hallmarks of seizures." & "Seizures have been known to cause abnormal neurogenesis in the hippocampus and form faulty circuits that disrupt its function (11).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Anatomical+Basis+of+Seizures&rft.btitle=Epilepsy&rft.pages=15-23&rft.date=2022-04-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35605083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36255%2Fexon-publications-epilepsy-anatomical-basis&rft.isbn=9780645332049&rft.aulast=Chauhan&rft.aufirst=Pradip&rft.au=Philip%2C+Shalom+Elsy&rft.au=Chauhan%2C+Girish&rft.au=Mehra%2C+Simmi&rft.au=Mehra%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexonpublications.com%2Findex.php%2Fexon%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fepilepsy-anatomical-basis%2F899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilman2021" class="citation cs2">Heilman, Kenneth M. (2021), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-822290-4.00008-6">"Emotion and mood disorders associated with epilepsy"</a>, Disorders of Emotion in Neurologic Disease, Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol. 183, Elsevier, pp. 169–173, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-822290-4.00008-6">10.1016/b978-0-12-822290-4.00008-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-822290-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-822290-4"><bdi>978-0-12-822290-4</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34389116">34389116</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237009046">237009046</a>, retrieved 28 July 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Emotion+and+mood+disorders+associated+with+epilepsy&rft.btitle=Disorders+of+Emotion+in+Neurologic+Disease&rft.series=Handbook+of+Clinical+Neurology&rft.pages=169-173&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-822290-4.00008-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237009046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34389116&rft.isbn=978-0-12-822290-4&rft.aulast=Heilman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-822290-4.00008-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988">."Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. Epilepsy can alter mood and emotions. Treatments for epilepsy can also alter mood and emotions." </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalpekar2016" class="citation journal cs1">Salpekar, Jay (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6519597">"Mood Disorders in Epilepsy"</a>. FOCUS. 14 (4): 465–472. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1176%2Fappi.focus.20160017">10.1176/appi.focus.20160017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1541-4094">1541-4094</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6519597">6519597</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31975826">31975826</a>. <q>Mood disorder may represent the most common, and likely the most worrisome, psychiatric manifestation associated with epilepsy. Depression is frequently associated, although anxiety and bipolar disorder may also co-occur with epilepsy</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FOCUS&rft.atitle=Mood+Disorders+in+Epilepsy&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=465-472&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6519597%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1541-4094&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31975826&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1176%2Fappi.focus.20160017&rft.aulast=Salpekar&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6519597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHageAzar2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hage, Mirella P.; Azar, Sami T. 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Journal of Thyroid Research. 2012: e590648. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2012%2F590648">10.1155/2012/590648</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2090-8067">2090-8067</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3246784">3246784</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22220285">22220285</a>. <q>Today, it is well recognized that disturbances in thyroid function may significantly affect mental status including emotion and cognition. Both excess and insufficient thyroid hormones can cause mood abnormalities including depression...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Thyroid+Research&rft.atitle=The+Link+between+Thyroid+Function+and+Depression&rft.volume=2012&rft.pages=e590648&rft.date=2011-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3246784%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2090-8067&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22220285&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2012%2F590648&rft.aulast=Hage&rft.aufirst=Mirella+P.&rft.au=Azar%2C+Sami+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3246784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuśKjaergaardMarouliDel_Greco_M.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kuś, Aleksander; Kjaergaard, Alisa D.; Marouli, Eirini; Del Greco M., Fabiola; Sterenborg, Rosalie B.T.M.; Chaker, Layal; Peeters, Robin P.; Bednarczuk, Tomasz; Åsvold, Bjørn O.; Burgess, Stephen; Deloukas, Panos; Teumer, Alexander; Ellervik, Christina; Medici, Marco (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7612998">"Thyroid Function and Mood Disorders: A Mendelian Randomization Study"</a>. Thyroid. 31 (8): 1171–1181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fthy.2020.0884">10.1089/thy.2020.0884</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1050-7256">1050-7256</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7612998">7612998</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33899528">33899528</a>. <q>Variations in normal-range TSH and FT4 levels have no effects on the risk of MDD and its subtypes, and neither on minor depressive symptoms. This indicates that depressive symptoms should not be attributed to minor variations in thyroid function</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Thyroid&rft.atitle=Thyroid+Function+and+Mood+Disorders%3A+A+Mendelian+Randomization+Study&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1171-1181&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7612998%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1050-7256&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33899528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fthy.2020.0884&rft.aulast=Ku%C5%9B&rft.aufirst=Aleksander&rft.au=Kjaergaard%2C+Alisa+D.&rft.au=Marouli%2C+Eirini&rft.au=Del+Greco+M.%2C+Fabiola&rft.au=Sterenborg%2C+Rosalie+B.T.M.&rft.au=Chaker%2C+Layal&rft.au=Peeters%2C+Robin+P.&rft.au=Bednarczuk%2C+Tomasz&rft.au=%C3%85svold%2C+Bj%C3%B8rn+O.&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Deloukas%2C+Panos&rft.au=Teumer%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Ellervik%2C+Christina&rft.au=Medici%2C+Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7612998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoccaro2018" class="citation journal cs1">Coccaro, Emil F. 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Comprehensive Psychiatry. 84: 118–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.comppsych.2018.04.011">10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.04.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-440X">0010-440X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29753187">29753187</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21679528">21679528</a>. <q>These data indicate that inter-outburst anger in those with IED is relatively brief and that such individuals do not generally display the kind of persistent anger that is a diagnostic feature of DMDD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comprehensive+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=DSM-5+intermittent+explosive+disorder%3A+Relationship+with+Disruptive+Mood+Dysregulation+Disorder&rft.volume=84&rft.pages=118-121&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0010-440X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21679528%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29753187&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.comppsych.2018.04.011&rft.aulast=Coccaro&rft.aufirst=Emil+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.comppsych.2018.04.011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottde_VriesAguilar-GaxiolaAl-Hamzawi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, K. M.; de Vries, Y. A.; Aguilar-Gaxiola, S.; Al-Hamzawi, A.; Alonso, J.; Bromet, E. J.; Bunting, B.; Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M.; Cía, A.; Florescu, S.; Gureje, O.; Hu, C.-Y.; Karam, E. G.; Karam, A.; Kawakami, N. (23 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7327434">"Intermittent explosive disorder subtypes in the general population: association with comorbidity, impairment and suicidality"</a>. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences. 29: e138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS2045796020000517">10.1017/S2045796020000517</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-7979">2045-7979</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7327434">7327434</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32638683">32638683</a>. <q>A prominent bimodal conceptualisation of aggression classifies it as either: (i) spontaneous (referred to as reactive or impulsive aggression), or (ii) planned (referred to as proactive, premediated or instrumental aggression) (Babcock et al., 2014; Wrangham, 2018)." & "...DSM-5 is the occurrence of repeated episodes of impulsive aggression resulting in verbal or physical assaults or property destruction." & "DSM-IV criterion B for IED requires that the aggressiveness is 'grossly out of proportion to any precipitating psychosocial stressor'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epidemiology+and+Psychiatric+Sciences&rft.atitle=Intermittent+explosive+disorder+subtypes+in+the+general+population%3A+association+with+comorbidity%2C+impairment+and+suicidality&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=e138&rft.date=2020-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7327434%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2045-7979&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32638683&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS2045796020000517&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=K.+M.&rft.au=de+Vries%2C+Y.+A.&rft.au=Aguilar-Gaxiola%2C+S.&rft.au=Al-Hamzawi%2C+A.&rft.au=Alonso%2C+J.&rft.au=Bromet%2C+E.+J.&rft.au=Bunting%2C+B.&rft.au=Caldas-de-Almeida%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=C%C3%ADa%2C+A.&rft.au=Florescu%2C+S.&rft.au=Gureje%2C+O.&rft.au=Hu%2C+C.-Y.&rft.au=Karam%2C+E.+G.&rft.au=Karam%2C+A.&rft.au=Kawakami%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7327434&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTilghman-OsborneColeFeltonCiesla2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tilghman-Osborne, Carlos; Cole, David A.; Felton, Julia W.; Ciesla, Jeffrey A. (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2008.27.8.809">"Relation of Guilt, Shame, Behavioral and Characterological Self-Blame to Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents Over Time"</a>. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 27 (8): 809–842. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1521%2Fjscp.2008.27.8.809">10.1521/jscp.2008.27.8.809</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0736-7236">0736-7236</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4238306">4238306</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25419043">25419043</a>. <q>Results suggest that shame and CSB converge into a common construct, significantly related to depressive symptoms and cognitions. Convergence of guilt and BSB, however, was limited to particular pairs of measures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Clinical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Relation+of+Guilt%2C+Shame%2C+Behavioral+and+Characterological+Self-Blame+to+Depressive+Symptoms+in+Adolescents+Over+Time&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=809-842&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4238306%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0736-7236&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25419043&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1521%2Fjscp.2008.27.8.809&rft.aulast=Tilghman-Osborne&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.au=Cole%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Felton%2C+Julia+W.&rft.au=Ciesla%2C+Jeffrey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1521%2Fjscp.2008.27.8.809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeokCheong2020" class="citation journal cs1">Seok, Ji-Woo; Cheong, Chaejoon (20 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7251158">"Gray Matter Deficits and Dysfunction in the Insula Among Individuals With Intermittent Explosive Disorder"</a>. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 11: 439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2020.00439">10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00439</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-0640">1664-0640</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7251158">7251158</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32508687">32508687</a>. <q>We found hyperreactivity in brain regions involved in both, emotional expression, and regulation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Gray+Matter+Deficits+and+Dysfunction+in+the+Insula+Among+Individuals+With+Intermittent+Explosive+Disorder&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=439&rft.date=2020-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7251158%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-0640&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32508687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2020.00439&rft.aulast=Seok&rft.aufirst=Ji-Woo&rft.au=Cheong%2C+Chaejoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7251158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sengupta, A. 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Climacteric. 6 (2): 92–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2Fcmt.6.2.92.95">10.1080/cmt.6.2.92.95</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1369-7137">1369-7137</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12841878">12841878</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22273563">22273563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Climacteric&rft.atitle=The+emergence+of+the+menopause+in+India&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=92-95&rft.date=2003-01&rft.issn=1369-7137&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22273563%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12841878&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2Fcmt.6.2.92.95&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1080%2Fcmt.6.2.92.95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreemanSammelLinNelson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Freeman, Ellen W.; Sammel, Mary D.; Lin, Hui; Nelson, Deborah B. 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Archives of General Psychiatry. 63 (4): 375–382. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.63.4.375">10.1001/archpsyc.63.4.375</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-990X">0003-990X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16585466">16585466</a>. <q>Transition to menopause and its changing hormonal milieu are strongly associated with new onset of depressed mood among women with no history of depression.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+General+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Associations+of+Hormones+and+Menopausal+Status+With+Depressed+Mood+in+Women+With+No+History+of+Depression&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=375-382&rft.date=2006-04-01&rft.issn=0003-990X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16585466&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchpsyc.63.4.375&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Ellen+W.&rft.au=Sammel%2C+Mary+D.&rft.au=Lin%2C+Hui&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Deborah+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Farchpsyc.63.4.375&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Hankinson, S. 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Hormones of particular interest include: sex steroids; growth hormones; insulin-like growth factors; stress hormones, such as cortisol; and hormones produced by the adipose tissue, termed adipokines." </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavaOrsiliAlvisiMancini2019" class="citation journal cs1">Gava, Giulia; Orsili, Isabella; Alvisi, Stefania; Mancini, Ilaria; Seracchioli, Renato; Meriggiola, Maria Cristina (1 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6843314">"Cognition, Mood and Sleep in Menopausal Transition: The Role of Menopause Hormone Therapy"</a>. 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It is characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest or pleasure, low energy, worse appetite and sleep, and even suicide, disrupting daily activities and psychosocial functions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Major+Depressive+Disorder%3A+Advances+in+Neuroscience+Research+and+Translational+Applications&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=863-880&rft.date=2021-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8192601%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1673-7067&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33582959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12264-021-00638-3&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Zezhi&rft.au=Ruan%2C+Meihua&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jun&rft.au=Fang%2C+Yiru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs12264-021-00638-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenazzi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Benazzi, Franco (30 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2006.8.2/fbenazzi">"Various forms of depression"</a>. 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Different frequencies of mixed depression have been reported, which may be related to treated versus untreated samples...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+in+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Various+forms+of+depression&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-161&rft.date=2006-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3181770%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1958-5969&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16889102&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31887%2Fdcns.2006.8.2%2Ffbenazzi&rft.aulast=Benazzi&rft.aufirst=Franco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.31887%2Fdcns.2006.8.2%2Ffbenazzi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusch2009" class="citation journal cs1">Busch, Fredric N. 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These angry reactions cause intrapsychic conflicts through the onset of guilt and the fear that angry feelings will disrupt relationships</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Psychiatric+Treatment&rft.atitle=Anger+and+depression&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=271-278&rft.date=2009-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fapt.bp.107.004937&rft.issn=1355-5146&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Fredric+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1192%252Fapt.bp.107.004937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoomro2012" class="citation journal cs1">Soomro, G. Mustafa (18 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3285220">"Obsessive compulsive disorder"</a>. BMJ Clinical Evidence. 2012: 1004. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1752-8526">1752-8526</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3285220">3285220</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22305974">22305974</a>. <q>Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) involves obsessions, compulsions, or both, that are not caused by drugs or by a physical disorder, and which cause significant personal distress or social dysfunction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Clinical+Evidence&rft.atitle=Obsessive+compulsive+disorder&rft.volume=2012&rft.pages=1004&rft.date=2012-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3285220%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1752-8526&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22305974&rft.aulast=Soomro&rft.aufirst=G.+Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3285220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowenRahmanDongKhalaj2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bowen, Rudy; Rahman, Hiba; Dong, Lisa Yue; Khalaj, Sara; Baetz, Marilyn; Peters, Evyn; Balbuena, Lloyd (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6339952">"Suicidality in People With Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms or Personality Traits"</a>. 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Physical symptoms of PMS include abdominal bloating, breast tenderness, and headaches.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Clinical+Evidence&rft.atitle=Premenstrual+syndrome&rft.volume=2015&rft.pages=0806&rft.date=2015-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4548199%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1752-8526&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26303988&rft.aulast=Kwan&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft.au=Onwude%2C+Joseph+Loze&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4548199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYonkersO'BrienEriksson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Yonkers, Kimberly Ann; O'Brien, P. M. 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Lancet. 371 (9619): 1200–1210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2808%2960527-9">10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60527-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-547X">1474-547X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3118460">3118460</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18395582">18395582</a>. <q>The length of symptom expression varies between a few days and 2 weeks (figure 1). Symptoms often worsen substantially 6 days before, and peak at about 2 days before, menses start. " & "Such an enhanced tendency to have disphoria as a result of the effects of sex steroids on the brain might be heritable, as suggested by twin studies.56–58 Other possible risk factors for PMS are high body-mass index,59 stress,7 and traumatic events.60" " & "…various indices of serotonergic trans mission are reported to be aberrant in women with PMS.75,80–89" & "Another neurotransmitter that has been linked to PMS is the inhibitory aminoacid GABA. This theory gains support from an imaging study,90"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Premenstrual+syndrome&rft.volume=371&rft.issue=9619&rft.pages=1200-1210&rft.date=2008-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3118460%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1474-547X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18395582&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2808%2960527-9&rft.aulast=Yonkers&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+Ann&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+P.+M.+Shaughn&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3118460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirooziKafiSalehiShirmohammadi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Firoozi, Reihane; Kafi, Mousa; Salehi, Iraj; Shirmohammadi, Maryam (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3395966">"The Relationship between Severity of Premenstrual Syndrome and Psychiatric Symptoms"</a>. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry. 7 (1): 36–40. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2008-2215">2008-2215</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3395966">3395966</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23056116">23056116</a>. <q>Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is characterized by a cluster of mild to severe physical or emotional symptoms that mainly begin during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms should disappear within 4 days of the onset of menses and be severe enough to interfere with normal and daily function. The severe form of PMS is the Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), which differs from PMS in respect to intensity of symptoms, predominance of mood symptoms, and the significant function impairment. (1, 2, 3). The most common symptoms are tension, irritability, hostility, depression, anxiety, mood swings, sleep changes, breast tenderness, and abdominal bloating (4).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iranian+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+Relationship+between+Severity+of+Premenstrual+Syndrome+and+Psychiatric+Symptoms&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=36-40&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3395966%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2008-2215&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23056116&rft.aulast=Firoozi&rft.aufirst=Reihane&rft.au=Kafi%2C+Mousa&rft.au=Salehi%2C+Iraj&rft.au=Shirmohammadi%2C+Maryam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3395966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWySaadabadi2023" class="citation cs2">Wy, Tom Joshua P.; Saadabadi, Abdolreza (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541012/">"Schizoaffective Disorder"</a>, StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31082056">31082056</a>, retrieved 9 August 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StatPearls&rft.atitle=Schizoaffective+Disorder&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31082056&rft.aulast=Wy&rft.aufirst=Tom+Joshua+P.&rft.au=Saadabadi%2C+Abdolreza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK541012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988">."Because of criteria that encompass both psychotic and mood symptoms, schizoaffective disorder is easy to mistake for other mental disorders." </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatelCherianGohilAtkinson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Patel, Krishna R.; Cherian, Jessica; Gohil, Kunj; Atkinson, Dylan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159061">"Schizophrenia: overview and treatment options"</a>. P & T: A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management. 39 (9): 638–645. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1052-1372">1052-1372</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159061">4159061</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25210417">25210417</a>. <q>Schizophrenia is a complex, chronic mental health disorder characterized by an array of symptoms, including delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, and impaired cognitive ability.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=P+%26+T%3A+A+Peer-Reviewed+Journal+for+Formulary+Management&rft.atitle=Schizophrenia%3A+overview+and+treatment+options&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=638-645&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4159061%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1052-1372&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25210417&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Krishna+R.&rft.au=Cherian%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Gohil%2C+Kunj&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4159061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpthegroveMarwahaBirchwood2016" class="citation journal cs1">Upthegrove, Rachel; Marwaha, Steven; Birchwood, Max (15 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/schizophreniabulletin/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/schbul/sbw097">"Depression and Schizophrenia: Cause, Consequence or Trans-diagnostic Issue?"</a>. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 43 (2): 240–244. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbw097">10.1093/schbul/sbw097</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0586-7614">0586-7614</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5605248">5605248</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27421793">27421793</a>. <q>...phenomenology of depression in schizophrenia, however, has not often been interrogated in phenomenological terms. Some of our recent evidence suggests self-stigma, shame, difficulty in regaining trust in ones own thoughts after recovery from delusional beliefs, and poor motivation are core features rather than other more "biological" symptoms such as early morning wakening, diurnal variation in mood or loss of appetite.14</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Schizophrenia+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Depression+and+Schizophrenia%3A+Cause%2C+Consequence+or+Trans-diagnostic+Issue%3F&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=240-244&rft.date=2016-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5605248%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0586-7614&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27421793&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbw097&rft.aulast=Upthegrove&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Marwaha%2C+Steven&rft.au=Birchwood%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fschizophreniabulletin%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.1093%2Fschbul%2Fsbw097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYanJiSuYu2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yan, Wenhua; Ji, Weidong; Su, Chen; Yu, Yunhan; Yu, Xiaoman; Chen, Liangliang (1 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8441178">"Anger Experience and Anger Expression Through Drawing in Schizophrenia: An fNIRS Study"</a>. Frontiers in Psychology. 12: 721148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2021.721148">10.3389/fpsyg.2021.721148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-1078">1664-1078</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8441178">8441178</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34539522">34539522</a>. <q>Studying anger is important for schizophrenia because this disease is often associated with angry and hostile behavior (Volavka, 1999)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Anger+Experience+and+Anger+Expression+Through+Drawing+in+Schizophrenia%3A+An+fNIRS+Study&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=721148&rft.date=2021-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8441178%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-1078&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34539522&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2021.721148&rft.aulast=Yan&rft.aufirst=Wenhua&rft.au=Ji%2C+Weidong&rft.au=Su%2C+Chen&rft.au=Yu%2C+Yunhan&rft.au=Yu%2C+Xiaoman&rft.au=Chen%2C+Liangliang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8441178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurizio_PompiliAndrea_Fiorillo2015" class="citation journal cs1">Maurizio Pompili, M. 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The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology. 9 (2): 215–219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1461145705005602">10.1017/S1461145705005602</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1461-1457">1461-1457</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16004620">16004620</a>. <q>SAD patients were also more likely to report a larger number of accompanying symptoms during the anger attacks, suggesting that they experience the anger attacks as particularly intense.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Neuropsychopharmacology&rft.atitle=Anger+attacks+in+seasonal+affective+disorder&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=215-219&rft.date=2005-07-08&rft.issn=1461-1457&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16004620&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1461145705005602&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rft.au=Pjrek%2C+Edda&rft.au=Konstantinidis%2C+Anastasios&rft.au=Praschak-Rieder%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Willeit%2C+Matth%C3%A4us&rft.au=Stastny%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=Kasper%2C+Siegfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1461145705005602&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Basco, M. R. (2015). The Bipolar Workbook: Tools for Controlling Your Mood Swings. Amerika Serikat: Guilford Publications."Seasonal Mood Swings Sometimes mood swings occur at predictable times. Common examples are depressions that occur during the winter months and manias that occur in the spring. In this case the shifting seasons can serve as triggers for ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazaliMohd_DaudWoonMohamed_Saini2023" class="citation journal cs1">Razali, Nur Atikah; Mohd Daud, Tuti Iryani; Woon, Luke Sy-Cherng; Mohamed Saini, Suriati; Muhammad, Noor Azimah; Sharip, Shalisah (11 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9874087">"Case report: Bipolar disorder in 48,XXYY syndrome"</a>. Frontiers in Psychiatry. 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2022.1080698">10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1080698</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1664-0640">1664-0640</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9874087">9874087</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36713919">36713919</a>. <q>48,XXYY is one of the most under-studied and rare types of sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs). In male births, 48,XXYY incidence occurs with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 18,000–40,000 (1). The SCAs can influence the neurodevelopment of an individual and are associated with impairment in executive function, verbal skills, working memory, sustained attention, mental flexibility, and inhibition by altering the basic differentiation process of the neurons, encoding proteins, and synaptic transmission (2).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Case+report%3A+Bipolar+disorder+in+48%2CXXYY+syndrome&rft.volume=13&rft.date=2023-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9874087%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1664-0640&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36713919&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2022.1080698&rft.aulast=Razali&rft.aufirst=Nur+Atikah&rft.au=Mohd+Daud%2C+Tuti+Iryani&rft.au=Woon%2C+Luke+Sy-Cherng&rft.au=Mohamed+Saini%2C+Suriati&rft.au=Muhammad%2C+Noor+Azimah&rft.au=Sharip%2C+Shalisah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9874087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTartagliaDavisHenchNimishakavi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tartaglia, Nicole; Davis, Shanlee; Hench, Alison; Nimishakavi, Sheela; Beauregard, Renee; Reynolds, Ann; Fenton, Laura; Albrecht, Lindsey; Ross, Judith; Visootsak, Jeannie; Hansen, Robin; Hagerman, Randi (15 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3056496">"A new look at XXYY syndrome: medical and psychological features"</a>. 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Part A. 146A (12): 1509–1522. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fajmg.a.32366">10.1002/ajmg.a.32366</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1552-4833">1552-4833</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3056496">3056496</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18481271">18481271</a>. <q>Behavioral and psychiatric symptoms including hyperactivity, attention problems, impulsivity, aggression, mood instability, and "autistic-like" behaviors have also been described [Schlegel et al., 1965; Sorensen et al., 1978; Fryns et al., 1995; Hagerman, 1999].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Medical+Genetics.+Part+A&rft.atitle=A+new+look+at+XXYY+syndrome%3A+medical+and+psychological+features&rft.volume=146A&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1509-1522&rft.date=2008-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3056496%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1552-4833&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18481271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fajmg.a.32366&rft.aulast=Tartaglia&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft.au=Davis%2C+Shanlee&rft.au=Hench%2C+Alison&rft.au=Nimishakavi%2C+Sheela&rft.au=Beauregard%2C+Renee&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Ann&rft.au=Fenton%2C+Laura&rft.au=Albrecht%2C+Lindsey&rft.au=Ross%2C+Judith&rft.au=Visootsak%2C+Jeannie&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Robin&rft.au=Hagerman%2C+Randi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3056496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSekhonGupta2023" class="citation cs2">Sekhon, Sandeep; Gupta, Vikas (2023), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK558911/">"Mood Disorder"</a>, StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644337">32644337</a>, retrieved 13 August 2023, <q>Neurotransmitters that play an important function in mood disorders are serotonin and...." & "Stressful life changes (death of significant other, parents, siblings, etc.) traumatic events and childhood abuse have been found to be major risk factors for the development of mood disorder later on in life....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StatPearls&rft.atitle=Mood+Disorder&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32644337&rft.aulast=Sekhon&rft.aufirst=Sandeep&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Vikas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK558911%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonParkSeligman2006" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson, Christopher; Park, Nansook; Seligman, Martin E. 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The Journal of Positive Psychology. 1 (1): 17–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17439760500372739">10.1080/17439760500372739</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-9760">1743-9760</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143660204">143660204</a>. <q>A retrospective web-based study of 2087 adults found small but reliable associations between a history of physical illness and the character strengths of appreciation of beauty, bravery, curiosity, fairness, forgiveness, gratitude, humor, kindness, love of learning, and spirituality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Positive+Psychology&rft.atitle=Greater+strengths+of+character+and+recovery+from+illness&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-26&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143660204%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1743-9760&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17439760500372739&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Park%2C+Nansook&rft.au=Seligman%2C+Martin+E.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F17439760500372739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowe2017" class="citation journal cs1">Crowe, Marie (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpm.12418">"Recovery and mood disorders"</a>. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 24 (8): 561–562. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjpm.12418">10.1111/jpm.12418</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28802085">28802085</a>. <q>Personal recovery involves developing the skills to live well and is a very individual process that the consumer can undertake on their own, with peers and family or through disorder-specific psychotherapies. Personal recovery can be contrasted with clinical and functional recovery and refers to the process of individual psychological adaptation to the disorder rather than the reduction of psychiatric symptoms, relapse prevention and addressing functional impairment (Tse et al., 2014)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Psychiatric+and+Mental+Health+Nursing&rft.atitle=Recovery+and+mood+disorders&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=561-562&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjpm.12418&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28802085&rft.aulast=Crowe&rft.aufirst=Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjpm.12418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanYipTsui2023" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Kevin Ka Shing; Yip, Charles Chiu Hung; Tsui, Jack Ka Chun (27 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12671-023-02088-6">"Self-Compassion Mediates the Impact of Family Support on Clinical and Personal Recovery Among People with Mental Illness"</a>. Mindfulness. 14 (3): 720–731. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12671-023-02088-6">10.1007/s12671-023-02088-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1868-8527">1868-8527</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257243921">257243921</a>. <q>Our findings indicate that people with mental illness who receive greater support from the family are better able to have self-caring attitudes...They may also have more positive experiences and perceptions of recovery and attain greater levels of life satisfaction and enjoyment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mindfulness&rft.atitle=Self-Compassion+Mediates+the+Impact+of+Family+Support+on+Clinical+and+Personal+Recovery+Among+People+with+Mental+Illness&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=720-731&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257243921%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1868-8527&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12671-023-02088-6&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Ka+Shing&rft.au=Yip%2C+Charles+Chiu+Hung&rft.au=Tsui%2C+Jack+Ka+Chun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12671-023-02088-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConcertoRodolicoMineoCiancio2023" class="citation journal cs1">Concerto, Carmen; Rodolico, Alessandro; Mineo, Ludovico; Ciancio, Alessia; Marano, Leonardo; Romano, Carla Benedicta; Scavo, Elisa Vita; Spigarelli, Riccardo; Fusar-Poli, Laura; Furnari, Rosaria; Petralia, Antonino; Signorelli, Maria Salvina (16 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10299717">"Exploring Personal Recovery in Schizophrenia: The Role of Mentalization"</a>. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 12 (12): 4090. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fjcm12124090">10.3390/jcm12124090</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-0383">2077-0383</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10299717">10299717</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37373783">37373783</a>. <q>It encompasses various elements, such as spirituality, empowerment, embracing the illness actively, finding hope, restoring a positive identity, creating meaning in life, combating stigma, taking charge of one's own life, and cultivating supportive relationships [4]. PR concerns the individuals' perceived capacity to manage mental illness, their sense of purpose, and their confidence in their ability to lead a fulfilling life, irrespective of the disorder's severity [5]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Medicine&rft.atitle=Exploring+Personal+Recovery+in+Schizophrenia%3A+The+Role+of+Mentalization&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=4090&rft.date=2023-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10299717%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2077-0383&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37373783&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fjcm12124090&rft.aulast=Concerto&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft.au=Rodolico%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Mineo%2C+Ludovico&rft.au=Ciancio%2C+Alessia&rft.au=Marano%2C+Leonardo&rft.au=Romano%2C+Carla+Benedicta&rft.au=Scavo%2C+Elisa+Vita&rft.au=Spigarelli%2C+Riccardo&rft.au=Fusar-Poli%2C+Laura&rft.au=Furnari%2C+Rosaria&rft.au=Petralia%2C+Antonino&rft.au=Signorelli%2C+Maria+Salvina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10299717&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’KeeffeSheridanKellyDoyle2021" class="citation journal cs1">O’Keeffe, Donal; Sheridan, Ann; Kelly, Aine; Doyle, Roisin; Madigan, Kevin; Lawlor, Elizabeth; Clarke, Mary (18 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00127-021-02121-w">"A qualitative study exploring personal recovery meaning and the potential influence of clinical recovery status on this meaning 20 years after a first episode psychosis"</a>. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 57 (3): 473–483. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00127-021-02121-w">10.1007/s00127-021-02121-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0933-7954">0933-7954</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8934321">8934321</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34143247">34143247</a>. <q>For many, recovery is their preferred term to describe the continuing experience of living with, managing, or overcoming mental health difficulties [5].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Psychiatry+and+Psychiatric+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=A+qualitative+study+exploring+personal+recovery+meaning+and+the+potential+influence+of+clinical+recovery+status+on+this+meaning+20+years+after+a+first+episode+psychosis&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=473-483&rft.date=2021-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8934321%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0933-7954&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34143247&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00127-021-02121-w&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Keeffe&rft.aufirst=Donal&rft.au=Sheridan%2C+Ann&rft.au=Kelly%2C+Aine&rft.au=Doyle%2C+Roisin&rft.au=Madigan%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Lawlor%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs00127-021-02121-w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1999" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Paul (1999). Overcoming Depression. Basic Books. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01508-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01508-5"><bdi>978-0-465-01508-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Overcoming+Depression&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01508-5&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Goleman, pp. 73-4 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerence_Real1997" class="citation book cs1">Terence Real (1997). I Don't Want to Talk About It. Newleaf. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0717127108" title="Special:BookSources/978-0717127108"><bdi>978-0717127108</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0717127109">0717127109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Don%27t+Want+to+Talk+About+It&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Newleaf&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0717127108&rft.au=Terence+Real&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElfreyZiegelstein2009" class="citation journal cs1">Elfrey, Mary Kate; Ziegelstein, Roy C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752478">"The "inactivity trap""</a>. General Hospital Psychiatry. 31 (4): 303–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.genhosppsych.2009.05.001">10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2009.05.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-7714">1873-7714</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2752478">2752478</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19555788">19555788</a>. <q>It is the unfortunate result of the bidirectional relationship between depression and inactivity: depression leads to a reduced activity level, and depressive symptoms then become more severe. Berlin, et al.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=General+Hospital+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+%22inactivity+trap%22&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=303-305&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2752478%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1873-7714&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19555788&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.genhosppsych.2009.05.001&rft.aulast=Elfrey&rft.aufirst=Mary+Kate&rft.au=Ziegelstein%2C+Roy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2752478&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzucchelliKaneRees2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mazzucchelli, Trevor G.; Kane, Robert T.; Rees, Clare S. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882847">"Behavioral activation interventions for well-being: A meta-analysis"</a>. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 5 (2): 105–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17439760903569154">10.1080/17439760903569154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-9760">1743-9760</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882847">2882847</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20539837">20539837</a>. <q>By intentional activity, the authors meant discrete actions or practices that individuals must choose to engage in and that require some effort to enact. This might include adopting new behaviors such as an exercise program, changing one's cognitive attitudes or practices such as practicing forgiveness, or volitional activity such as pursuing personal goals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Positive+Psychology&rft.atitle=Behavioral+activation+interventions+for+well-being%3A+A+meta-analysis&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-121&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2882847%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1743-9760&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20539837&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17439760903569154&rft.aulast=Mazzucchelli&rft.aufirst=Trevor+G.&rft.au=Kane%2C+Robert+T.&rft.au=Rees%2C+Clare+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2882847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidal-RibasBrotmanValdiviesoLeibenluft2016" class="citation journal cs1">Vidal-Ribas, Pablo; Brotman, Melissa A.; Valdivieso, Isabel; Leibenluft, Ellen; Stringaris, Argyris (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4927461">"The Status of Irritability in Psychiatry: A Conceptual and Quantitative Review"</a>. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 55 (7): 556–570. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaac.2016.04.014">10.1016/j.jaac.2016.04.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1527-5418">1527-5418</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4927461">4927461</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27343883">27343883</a>. <q>Irritability describes proneness to anger... Irritability is a mood in the sense that young people can remain in states of proneness to anger for very long times and sometimes for no apparent reason, as discussed below... irritability shares a negative valence with anxiety and depression but denotes approach and is therefore linked to elation in mania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Child+and+Adolescent+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+Status+of+Irritability+in+Psychiatry%3A+A+Conceptual+and+Quantitative+Review&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=556-570&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4927461%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1527-5418&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27343883&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaac.2016.04.014&rft.aulast=Vidal-Ribas&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rft.au=Brotman%2C+Melissa+A.&rft.au=Valdivieso%2C+Isabel&rft.au=Leibenluft%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Stringaris%2C+Argyris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4927461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElicesSolerFeliu-SolerCarmona2017" class="citation journal cs1">Elices, Matilde; Soler, Joaquim; Feliu-Soler, Albert; Carmona, Cristina; Tiana, Thais; Pascual, Juan C.; García-Palacios, Azucena; Álvarez, Enric (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5497384">"Combining emotion regulation and mindfulness skills for preventing depression relapse: a randomized-controlled study"</a>. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation. 4 (1): 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40479-017-0064-6">10.1186/s40479-017-0064-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2051-6673">2051-6673</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5497384">5497384</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28690851">28690851</a>. <q>The first session provided an overview of the training goals and an explanation of the differences between the three states of mind (i.e., emotional mind, rational mind and wise mind)...In DBT, ER skills training is oriented to encouraging behavioral activation (BA) by training patients in "opposite action" (OA) to depressive symptoms.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Borderline+Personality+Disorder+and+Emotion+Dysregulation&rft.atitle=Combining+emotion+regulation+and+mindfulness+skills+for+preventing+depression+relapse%3A+a+randomized-controlled+study&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5497384%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2051-6673&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28690851&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40479-017-0064-6&rft.aulast=Elices&rft.aufirst=Matilde&rft.au=Soler%2C+Joaquim&rft.au=Feliu-Soler%2C+Albert&rft.au=Carmona%2C+Cristina&rft.au=Tiana%2C+Thais&rft.au=Pascual%2C+Juan+C.&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Palacios%2C+Azucena&rft.au=%C3%81lvarez%2C+Enric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5497384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazierVela2014" class="citation journal cs1">Frazier, Savannah N.; Vela, Jamie (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.02.001">"Dialectical behavior therapy for the treatment of anger and aggressive behavior: A review"</a>. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 19 (2): 156–163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.avb.2014.02.001">10.1016/j.avb.2014.02.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1359-1789">1359-1789</a>. <q>DBT was designed to treat emotional dysregulation (i.e., mood disturbance, affective liability, uncontrolled anger) and the behavioral difficulties..." & "Research has shown that there are potentially clinically significant results when using DBT to treat anger and aggression in various samples. Findings from this review suggest that treatments, even when modified show a positive impact on the reduction of anger and aggressive behaviors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aggression+and+Violent+Behavior&rft.atitle=Dialectical+behavior+therapy+for+the+treatment+of+anger+and+aggressive+behavior%3A+A+review&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=156-163&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.avb.2014.02.001&rft.issn=1359-1789&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Savannah+N.&rft.au=Vela%2C+Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.avb.2014.02.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesUmerKitturFinkelstein2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Brett D. M.; Umer, Madeha; Kittur, Mary E.; Finkelstein, Ofer; Xue, Siqi; Dimick, Mikaela K.; Ortiz, Abigail; Goldstein, Benjamin I.; Mulsant, Benoit H.; Husain, Muhammad I. (5 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9899872">"A systematic review on the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy for improving mood symptoms in bipolar disorders"</a>. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders. 11 (1): 6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40345-023-00288-6">10.1186/s40345-023-00288-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2194-7511">2194-7511</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9899872">9899872</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36739574">36739574</a>. <q>While they also experienced more improvement in depressive symptoms and in their ability to control emotional states, the difference between the two groups did not reach statistical significance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Bipolar+Disorders&rft.atitle=A+systematic+review+on+the+effectiveness+of+dialectical+behavior+therapy+for+improving+mood+symptoms+in+bipolar+disorders&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2023-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9899872%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2194-7511&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36739574&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40345-023-00288-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Brett+D.+M.&rft.au=Umer%2C+Madeha&rft.au=Kittur%2C+Mary+E.&rft.au=Finkelstein%2C+Ofer&rft.au=Xue%2C+Siqi&rft.au=Dimick%2C+Mikaela+K.&rft.au=Ortiz%2C+Abigail&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Benjamin+I.&rft.au=Mulsant%2C+Benoit+H.&rft.au=Husain%2C+Muhammad+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9899872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennaFrescoMennin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Renna, Megan E.; Fresco, David M.; Mennin, Douglas S. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7219947">"Emotion Regulation Therapy and Its Potential Role in the Treatment of Chronic Stress-Related Pathology Across Disorders"</a>. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.). 4: 2470547020905787. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2470547020905787">10.1177/2470547020905787</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2470-5470">2470-5470</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7219947">7219947</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32440604">32440604</a>. <q>...first phase of treatment focusing on increasing momentary clarity of motivational responses during emotional episodes and the cultivation of mindful emotion regulation skills with the goal of promoting counteractive responding to intense emotional experiences. Skills are presented in a specific order focusing on less cognitively elaborative skills (e.g., attention regulation skills) followed by more cognitively elaborative skills (e.g., metacognitive regulation skills).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chronic+Stress+%28Thousand+Oaks%2C+Calif.%29&rft.atitle=Emotion+Regulation+Therapy+and+Its+Potential+Role+in+the+Treatment+of+Chronic+Stress-Related+Pathology+Across+Disorders&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=2470547020905787&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7219947%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2470-5470&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32440604&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2470547020905787&rft.aulast=Renna&rft.aufirst=Megan+E.&rft.au=Fresco%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Mennin%2C+Douglas+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7219947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankSwartzKupfer2000" class="citation journal cs1">Frank, Ellen; Swartz, Holly A; Kupfer, David J (15 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006322300009690">"Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy: managing the chaos of bipolar disorder"</a>. Biological Psychiatry. 48 (6): 593–604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3223%2800%2900969-0">10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00969-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3223">0006-3223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11018230">11018230</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7926489">7926489</a>. <q>Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy is a manual-based psychotherapy (E. Frank et al, unpublished data, 1999) focusing on 1) the link between mood and life events, 2) the importance of maintaining regular daily rhythms as elucidated by the SRM, 3) the identification and management of potential precipitants of rhythm dysregulation with special attention to interpersonal triggers, 4).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Interpersonal+and+social+rhythm+therapy%3A+managing+the+chaos+of+bipolar+disorder&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=593-604&rft.date=2000-09-15&rft.issn=0006-3223&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7926489%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11018230&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0006-3223%2800%2900969-0&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Swartz%2C+Holly+A&rft.au=Kupfer%2C+David+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0006322300009690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBolandBenderAlloyConner2012" class="citation journal cs1">Boland, Elaine M.; Bender, Rachel E.; Alloy, Lauren B.; Conner, Bradley T.; Labelle, Denise R.; Abramson, Lyn Y. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3368102">"Life events and social rhythms in bipolar spectrum disorders: an examination of social rhythm sensitivity"</a>. Journal of Affective Disorders. 139 (3): 264–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2012.01.038">10.1016/j.jad.2012.01.038</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-2517">1573-2517</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3368102">3368102</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22381951">22381951</a>. <q>Shen, Alloy, Abramson, and Sylvia provided further evidence of social rhythm irregularities in bipolar spectrum disorder (2008). In a sample of 414 undergraduates, those diagnosed with either cyclothymia or bipolar II disorder reported significantly fewer regular activities than normal controls.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Affective+Disorders&rft.atitle=Life+events+and+social+rhythms+in+bipolar+spectrum+disorders%3A+an+examination+of+social+rhythm+sensitivity&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=264-272&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3368102%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1573-2517&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22381951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jad.2012.01.038&rft.aulast=Boland&rft.aufirst=Elaine+M.&rft.au=Bender%2C+Rachel+E.&rft.au=Alloy%2C+Lauren+B.&rft.au=Conner%2C+Bradley+T.&rft.au=Labelle%2C+Denise+R.&rft.au=Abramson%2C+Lyn+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3368102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullockJuddMurray2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bullock, Ben; Judd, Fiona; Murray, Greg (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.006">"Social rhythms and vulnerability to bipolar disorder"</a>. Journal of Affective Disorders. 135 (1–3): 384–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2011.06.006">10.1016/j.jad.2011.06.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-0327">0165-0327</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21708409">21708409</a>. <q>As well as being strongly associated with the clinical manifestation of BD, reduced social rhythmicity has also been demonstrated in some populations with increased risk for BD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Affective+Disorders&rft.atitle=Social+rhythms+and+vulnerability+to+bipolar+disorder&rft.volume=135&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=384-388&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=0165-0327&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21708409&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jad.2011.06.006&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Judd%2C+Fiona&rft.au=Murray%2C+Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.jad.2011.06.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayGottliebSwartz2021" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, Greg; Gottlieb, John; Swartz, Holly A. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7890582">"Maintaining Daily Routines to Stabilize Mood: Theory, Data, and Potential Intervention for Circadian Consequences of COVID-19"</a>. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie. 66 (1): 9–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0706743720957825">10.1177/0706743720957825</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1497-0015">1497-0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7890582">7890582</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32909832">32909832</a>. <q>More than 30 years ago, it was observed that major life events associated with mood disorder (divorce, loss of job, life transitions) are not just psychologically challenging but also cause significant change to daily routines.10 Unemployment, for example, may be associated not just with challenges to self-esteem but also with less regular bed-, wake- and mealtimes. This instability of daily routines, in turn, may have circadian impact through weakened zeitgeber information.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Psychiatry.+Revue+Canadienne+de+Psychiatrie&rft.atitle=Maintaining+Daily+Routines+to+Stabilize+Mood%3A+Theory%2C+Data%2C+and+Potential+Intervention+for+Circadian+Consequences+of+COVID-19&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-13&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7890582%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1497-0015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32909832&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0706743720957825&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Gottlieb%2C+John&rft.au=Swartz%2C+Holly+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7890582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaiLuoZhangWu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Bai, Zhenggang; Luo, Shiga; Zhang, Luyao; Wu, Sijie; Chi, Iris (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.040">"Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) to reduce depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. Journal of Affective Disorders. 260: 728–737. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jad.2019.09.040">10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.040</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0165-0327">0165-0327</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31563072">31563072</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203466750">203466750</a>. <q>...To foster psychological flexibility, according to Grégoire et al. (2017), ACT relies on six interrelated and overlapping processes: acceptance (i.e., willingness to open fully to unwanted experiences such as difficult thoughts, memories, or emotions), contact with the present moment (i.e., being mindful and aware of one's experiences), self as context (i.e., maintaining perspective about oneself within one's experiences), cognitive defusion (i.e., being able to step back from unwanted experiences without getting stuck in them), committed action (i.e., engaging in actions that move toward important aspects of life), and values (i.e., staying connected to personal values or areas of life that are important).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Affective+Disorders&rft.atitle=Acceptance+and+Commitment+Therapy+%28ACT%29+to+reduce+depression%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=260&rft.pages=728-737&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=0165-0327&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203466750%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31563072&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jad.2019.09.040&rft.aulast=Bai&rft.aufirst=Zhenggang&rft.au=Luo%2C+Shiga&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Luyao&rft.au=Wu%2C+Sijie&rft.au=Chi%2C+Iris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.jad.2019.09.040&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMood+swing" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Ronald R. Fieve, Moodswing (1989)</li> <li>Susanne P. Schad-Somers, On mood swings (1990)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Template:Borderline personality disorder"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Template talk:Borderline personality disorder"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Borderline personality disorder"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Borderline_personality_disorder" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Borderline personality disorder">Borderline personality disorder</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimensional_models_of_personality_disorders" title="Dimensional models of personality disorders">Dimensional models of personality disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulse-control_disorder" title="Impulse-control disorder">Impulse-control disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_model_of_mental_disorders" title="Trauma model of mental disorders">Trauma model of mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misdiagnosis_of_borderline_personality_disorder" title="Misdiagnosis of borderline personality disorder">Misdiagnosis of borderline personality disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symptoms and behaviors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dissociation_(psychology)" title="Dissociation (psychology)">Dissociation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Emotional dysregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emptiness" title="Emptiness">Feelings of emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">Episodic memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealization_and_devaluation" title="Idealization and devaluation">Idealization and devaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">Impulsivity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mood swings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">Self-harm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splitting_(psychology)" title="Splitting (psychology)">Splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Management_of_borderline_personality_disorder" title="Management of borderline personality disorder">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_deconstructive_psychotherapy" title="Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy">Dynamic deconstructive psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLean_Hospital" title="McLean Hospital">McLean Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentalization-based_treatment" title="Mentalization-based treatment">Mentalization-based treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schema_therapy" title="Schema therapy">Schema therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychiatry" title="Social psychiatry">Social psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transference_focused_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transference focused psychotherapy">Transference focused psychotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family challenges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BPDFamily.com" title="BPDFamily.com">BPDFamily (support group)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codependency" title="Codependency">Codependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex PTSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">Emotional blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_estrangement" title="Family estrangement">Family estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_estrangement" title="Sibling estrangement">Sibling estrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_boundaries" title="Personal boundaries">Personal boundaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mood_disorder" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mood_disorders" title="Template:Mood disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mood_disorders" title="Template talk:Mood disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mood_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mood disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mood_disorder" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mood_disorder" title="Mood disorder">Mood disorder</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Affective_spectrum" title="Affective spectrum">Spectrum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_I_disorder" title="Bipolar I disorder">Bipolar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_II_disorder" title="Bipolar II disorder">Bipolar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothymia" title="Cyclothymia">Cyclothymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Bipolar disorder not otherwise specified">Bipolar NOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder_in_children" title="Bipolar disorder in children">Childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypomania" title="Hypomania">Hypomania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mania" title="Mania">Mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_affective_state" title="Mixed affective state">Mixed affective state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_cycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid cycling">Rapid cycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysthymia" title="Dysthymia">Dysthymia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_affective_disorder" title="Seasonal affective disorder">Seasonal affective disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_depression" title="Atypical depression">Atypical depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melancholic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Melancholic depression">Melancholic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_episode" title="Major depressive episode">Major depressive episode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence" title="Depression in childhood and adolescence">Depression in childhood and adolescence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comorbidities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schizoaffective_disorder" title="Schizoaffective disorder">Schizoaffective disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">Symptoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">Delusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depression_(differential_diagnoses)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (differential diagnoses)">Depression (differential diagnoses)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" title="Emotional dysregulation">Emotional dysregulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">Anhedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">Dysphoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicidal_ideation" title="Suicidal ideation">Suicidal ideation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episodic_memory" title="Episodic memory">Episodic memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">Hallucination</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mood swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">Sleep disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">Psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotic_depression" title="Psychotic depression">Psychotic depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racing_thoughts" title="Racing thoughts">Racing thoughts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_affect_display" title="Reduced affect display">Reduced affect display</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_diagnostic_classification_and_rating_scales_used_in_psychiatry" title="List of diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry">Diagnosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_Spectrum_Diagnostic_Scale" title="Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale">Bipolar Spectrum Diagnostic Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Mania_Rating_Scale" title="Child Mania Rating Scale">Child Mania Rating Scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Behavior_Inventory" title="General Behavior Inventory">General Behavior Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypomania_Checklist" title="Hypomania Checklist">Hypomania Checklist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_Disorder_Questionnaire" title="Mood Disorder Questionnaire">Mood Disorder Questionnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rating_scales_for_depression" title="Rating scales for depression">Rating scales for depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Mania_Rating_Scale" title="Young Mania Rating Scale">Young Mania Rating Scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_bipolar_disorder" title="Treatment of bipolar disorder">Treatment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate" title="Valproate">Valproate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_valproate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium valproate">Sodium valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_semisodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproate semisodium">Valproate semisodium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic_drug" title="Sympathomimetic drug">Sympathomimetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selective_serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor">SSRIs</a> and similar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">Dextroamphetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escitalopram" title="Escitalopram">Escitalopram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertraline" title="Sertraline">Sertraline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">mood stabilizers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atypical_antipsychotic" title="Atypical antipsychotic">Atypical antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_(medication)" title="Lithium (medication)">Lithium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_carbonate" title="Lithium carbonate">Lithium carbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_citrate" title="Lithium citrate">Lithium citrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_sulfate" title="Lithium sulfate">Lithium sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_toxicity" title="Lithium toxicity">Lithium toxicity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-pharmaceutical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">Clinical psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">Cognitive behavioral therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_behavior_therapy" title="Dialectical behavior therapy">Dialectical behavior therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">Electroconvulsive therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">Involuntary commitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_therapy" title="Light therapy">Light therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcranial_magnetic_stimulation" title="Transcranial magnetic stimulation">Transcranial magnetic stimulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_bipolar_disorder" title="History of bipolar disorder">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Emil Kraepelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_K._Goodwin" title="Frederick K. Goodwin">Frederick K. Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cade" title="John Cade">John Cade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Leonhard" title="Karl Leonhard">Karl Leonhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Redfield_Jamison" title="Kay Redfield Jamison">Kay Redfield Jamison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogens_Schou" title="Mogens Schou">Mogens Schou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&oldid=1255528376">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mood_swing&oldid=1255528376</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Borderline_personality_disorder" title="Category:Borderline personality disorder">Borderline personality disorder</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mood_disorders" title="Category:Mood disorders">Mood disorders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Symptoms_and_signs_of_mental_disorders" title="Category:Symptoms and signs of mental disorders">Symptoms and signs of mental disorders</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_July_2021" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2021">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2023">Use dmy dates from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_to_be_expanded_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles to be expanded from July 2023">Articles to be expanded from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_to_be_expanded" title="Category:All articles to be expanded">All articles to be expanded</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 11:24 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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