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Sakka</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Ouafa Sakka"> <meta name="keywords" content="Ouafa Sakka"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Ouafa Sakka"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 13</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Ouafa Sakka</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Consequences of Corruption on Tunisian Small and Medium Enterprises' Exports</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moujib%20Bahri">Moujib Bahri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ouafa%20Sakka"> Ouafa Sakka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kallel%20Rahim"> Kallel Rahim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study builds on the literature about the effects of corruption on economic growth at the firm level, which analyzes how the payment of bribes affect organizational performance. Traditionally, the literature distinguishes two points of view regarding the impact of corruption: grease view and sand view. The grease view is based on the idea that corruption can compensate for the negative effect of red tape on firms’ activities such as innovation and exports. Therefore, some firms will be motivated to pay some additional money to officials in order to reduce the delay related to bureaucratic procedures. On the contrary, the second point of view considers that corruption sands the wheels of the economy and distorts resource allocation because it increases agency and transaction costs and reduces the returns on the investment. We have tested the effect of corruption on innovation and export activities on a sample of 537 Tunisian manufacturing small and medium enterprises (SMEs) using structural equation modeling and path analysis. Tunisia has undergone a revolution in 2010 and since then, the country is experiencing a political instability and economic hardships. Our results do not support the greasing hypothesis suggesting that corruption can reduce the negative effect of bureaucratic delays and the hard access of companies to public services related to exports. Instead, our results support the sanding hypothesis according to which corruption hinders SMEs’ exports through its negative influence on innovation. Furthermore, our results show that the interaction between excessive bureaucratic red tape and corruption has a negative effect on exports. However, the interaction between political instability and corruption increases exports. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption" title="corruption">corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exports" title=" exports"> exports</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SMEs" title=" SMEs"> SMEs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20conditions" title=" economic conditions"> economic conditions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93038/consequences-of-corruption-on-tunisian-small-and-medium-enterprises-exports" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93038.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">176</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Relationship among Teams' Information Processing Capacity and Performance in Information System Projects: The Effects of Uncertainty and Equivocality</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ouafa%20Sakka">Ouafa Sakka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Henri%20Barki"> Henri Barki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Louise%20Cote"> Louise Cote</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Uncertainty and equivocality are defined in the information processing literature as two task characteristics that require different information processing responses from managers. As uncertainty often stems from a lack of information, addressing it is thought to require the collection of additional data. On the other hand, as equivocality stems from ambiguity and a lack of understanding of the task at hand, addressing it is thought to require rich communication between those involved. Past research has provided weak to moderate empirical support to these hypotheses. The present study contributes to this literature by defining uncertainty and equivocality at the project level and investigating their moderating effects on the association between several project information processing constructs and project performance. The information processing constructs considered are the amount of information collected by the project team, and the richness and frequency of formal communications among the team members to discuss the project’s follow-up reports. Data on 93 information system development (ISD) project managers was collected in a questionnaire survey and analyzed it via the Fisher Test for correlation differences. The results indicate that the highest project performance levels were observed in projects characterized by high uncertainty and low equivocality in which project managers were provided with detailed and updated information on project costs and schedules. In addition, our findings show that information about user needs and technical aspects of the project is less useful to managing projects where uncertainty and equivocality are high. Further, while the strongest positive effect of interactive use of follow-up reports on performance occurred in projects where both uncertainty and equivocality levels were high, its weakest effect occurred when both of these were low. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncertainty" title="uncertainty">uncertainty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=equivocality" title=" equivocality"> equivocality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20processing%20model" title=" information processing model"> information processing model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=management%20control%20systems" title=" management control systems"> management control systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=project%20control" title=" project control"> project control</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interactive%20use" title=" interactive use"> interactive use</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diagnostic%20use" title=" diagnostic use"> diagnostic use</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=information%20system%20development" title=" information system development"> information system development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15214/relationship-among-teams-information-processing-capacity-and-performance-in-information-system-projects-the-effects-of-uncertainty-and-equivocality" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15214.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">294</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> The Impact of Corruption on Exports and Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: The Case of Tunisia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moujib%20Bahri">Moujib Bahri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rahim%20Kallel"> Rahim Kallel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ouafa%20Sakka"> Ouafa Sakka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Corruption is a phenomenon that increases uncertainty and risk of SMEs as it undermines the quality of the business environment and the easy access to public services. Our research builds on existing research on corruption's effects on economic growth at the firm level. Several papers have analyzed the effect of firms’ payments of bribes on their performance; however, only limited research has investigated the link between corruption, innovation, and exports. Drawing on principal-agent theory, we explore how corruption weakens the institutional context and makes the business environment unsound and not conducive to innovation and exports. This study employs data from The Enterprise Surveys conducted in Tunisia between March 2013 and July 2014 by the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and the European Investment Bank (EIB). The main objective of this survey was to gain a better understanding of Tunisian firms’ perception of the environment in which they operate. Since 2011, the country's political situation has become fragile and unstable, and public services are perceived as inefficient and corrupt. We test our hypotheses on a sample of 537 Tunisian manufacturing SMEs using structural equation modeling and path analysis. We find that political instability leads to higher level of corruption, and that excessive business licensing regulations create a fertile ground for bribery. Our findings do not support the greasing hypothesis suggesting that corruption can reduce the negative effect of bureaucratic delays and the hard access of companies to public services related to innovation and exports. Instead, our results support the sanding hypothesis according to which corruption hinders innovation activities and exports. Furthermore, corruption is found to, negatively and significantly, impact firms’ ownership of quality certificates. Our results suggest that, in an environment with a high level of corruption, governments and policymakers interested in assisting SMEs with their innovation and export activities should have a better control on corruption to allow them developing those activities without being forced to bribe government officers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corruption" title="corruption">corruption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=innovation" title=" innovation"> innovation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=exports" title=" exports"> exports</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SMEs" title=" SMEs"> SMEs</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86039/the-impact-of-corruption-on-exports-and-innovation-in-small-and-medium-sized-enterprises-the-case-of-tunisia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86039.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">180</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> The Challenge Confronted by the Developing Countries in Sustainable Urban Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sherine%20El%20Sakka">Sherine El Sakka </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sustainable urban development (SUD) is influenced by social, cultural, economic and environmental sustainability (ES) of developing and developed countries. Our paper will focus on the challenge confronted by the developing countries in sustainable urban development as an application on Egypt, which will clarify current situation and future challenge and assess the impact of a developing country on sustainable development to propose some possible directions for the future because new solution of improving sustainability of developing cities (SDC) should be found. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20urban%20development%20%28SUD%29" title="sustainable urban development (SUD)">sustainable urban development (SUD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20sustainability%20%28ES%29" title=" environmental sustainability (ES)"> environmental sustainability (ES)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability%20of%20developing%20cities%20%28SDC%29" title=" sustainability of developing cities (SDC)"> sustainability of developing cities (SDC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Egypt" title=" Egypt"> Egypt</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3242/the-challenge-confronted-by-the-developing-countries-in-sustainable-urban-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/3242.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">390</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Sustainability as an Effective Tool for a Place Branding an Application on El Gouna City, Egypt</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sherine%20El%20Sakka">Sherine El Sakka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most developing countries consider sustainability is a luxury, but El Gouna city at hurghada, Egypt, thought differently and uses sustainability as a tool for branding the place. Branding a place is new approach towards sustainable cities development (SCD); sustainability(S) requires multi-dimensional indicators to show the relationship between economic, social, environmental and cultural aspects. Sustainable development (SD) according to Brundland commission defined as" meeting the needs of current generations without negative impact on the needs of future generation’, branding a place (BP) integrate economic, social, environmental and cultural aspects into the city. In order for a city to be a good brand it must possess distinctive characteristics that can be identified, these include city appearance, people’s experience, people’s belief as well as what the city stands for. The study has found that place branding is a way to promote sustainable initiative; place branding has the potential to shape as a leading tool for the concurrence of more sustainable cities in developing countries, sustainability and green development should turn main priorities to developing countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20cities%20development%20%28SCD%29" title="sustainable cities development (SCD)">sustainable cities development (SCD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability%28S%29" title=" sustainability(S)"> sustainability(S)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development%20%28SD%29" title=" sustainable development (SD)"> sustainable development (SD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=branding%20a%20place%20%28BP%29" title=" branding a place (BP)"> branding a place (BP)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44560/sustainability-as-an-effective-tool-for-a-place-branding-an-application-on-el-gouna-city-egypt" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44560.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">345</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Structural Reliability of Existing Structures: A Case Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Z.%20Sakka">Z. Sakka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Assakkaf"> I. Assakkaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.%20Al-Yaqoub"> T. Al-Yaqoub</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Parol"> J. Parol</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A reliability-based methodology for the analysis assessment and evaluation of reinforced concrete structural elements of concrete structures is presented herein. The results of the reliability analysis and assessment for structural elements are verified by the results obtained from the deterministic methods. The analysis outcomes of reliability-based analysis are compared against the safety limits of the required reliability index β according to international standards and codes. The methodology is based on probabilistic analysis using reliability concepts and statistics of the main random variables that are relevant to the subject matter, and for which they are to be used in the performance-function equation(s) related to the structural elements under study. These methodology techniques can result in reliability index β, which is commonly known as the reliability index or reliability measure value that can be utilized to assess and evaluate the safety, human risk, and functionality of the structural component. Also, these methods can result in revised partial safety factor values for certain target reliability indices that can be used for the purpose of redesigning the reinforced concrete elements of the building and in which they could assist in considering some other remedial actions to improve the safety and functionality of the member. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structural%20reliability" title="structural reliability">structural reliability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20structures" title=" concrete structures"> concrete structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FORM" title=" FORM"> FORM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monte%20Carlo%20simulation" title=" Monte Carlo simulation"> Monte Carlo simulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13796/structural-reliability-of-existing-structures-a-case-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13796.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">518</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> A Comparison between Underwater Image Enhancement Techniques</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ouafa%20Benaida">Ouafa Benaida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelhamid%20Loukil"> Abdelhamid Loukil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adda%20Ali%20Pacha"> Adda Ali Pacha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, the growing interest of scientists in the field of image processing and analysis of underwater images and videos has been strengthened following the emergence of new underwater exploration techniques, such as the emergence of autonomous underwater vehicles and the use of underwater image sensors facilitating the exploration of underwater mineral resources as well as the search for new species of aquatic life by biologists. Indeed, underwater images and videos have several defects and must be preprocessed before their analysis. Underwater landscapes are usually darkened due to the interaction of light with the marine environment: light is absorbed as it travels through deep waters depending on its wavelength. Additionally, light does not follow a linear direction but is scattered due to its interaction with microparticles in water, resulting in low contrast, low brightness, color distortion, and restricted visibility. The improvement of the underwater image is, therefore, more than necessary in order to facilitate its analysis. The research presented in this paper aims to implement and evaluate a set of classical techniques used in the field of improving the quality of underwater images in several color representation spaces. These methods have the particularity of being simple to implement and do not require prior knowledge of the physical model at the origin of the degradation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underwater%20image%20enhancement" title="underwater image enhancement">underwater image enhancement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histogram%20normalization" title=" histogram normalization"> histogram normalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=histogram%20equalization" title=" histogram equalization"> histogram equalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=contrast%20limited%20adaptive%20histogram%20equalization" title=" contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization"> contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single-scale%20retinex" title=" single-scale retinex"> single-scale retinex</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163524/a-comparison-between-underwater-image-enhancement-techniques" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163524.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">89</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> A Robotic “Puppet Master” Application to ASD Therapeutic Support</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sophie%20Sakka">Sophie Sakka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R%C3%A9nald%20Gaboriau"> Rénald Gaboriau</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper describes a preliminary work aimed at setting a therapeutic support for autistic teenagers using three humanoid robots NAO shared by ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder) subjects. The studied population had attended successfully a first year program, and were observed with a second year program using the robots. This paper focuses on the content and the effects of the second year program. The approach is based on a master puppet concept: the subjects program the robots, and use them as an extension for communication. Twenty sessions were organized, alternating ten preparatory sessions and ten robotics programming sessions. During the preparatory sessions, the subjects write a story to be played by the robots. During the robot programming sessions, the subjects program the motions to be realized to make the robot tell the story. The program was concluded by a public performance. The experiment involves five ASD teenagers aged 12-15, who had all attended the first year robotics training. As a result, a progress in voluntary and organized communication skills of the five subjects was observed, leading to improvements in social organization, focus, voluntary communication, programming, reading and writing abilities. The changes observed in the subjects general behavior took place in a short time, and could be observed from one robotics session to the next one. The approach allowed the subjects to draw the limits of their body with respect to the environment, and therefore helped them confronting the world with less anxiety. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autism%20spectrum%20disorder" title="autism spectrum disorder">autism spectrum disorder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=robot" title=" robot"> robot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=therapeutic%20support" title=" therapeutic support"> therapeutic support</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rob%27autism" title=" rob'autism"> rob'autism</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71124/a-robotic-puppet-master-application-to-asd-therapeutic-support" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71124.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">245</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> A Relative Entropy Regularization Approach for Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Problem</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ouafa%20Amira">Ouafa Amira</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiangshe%20Zhang"> Jiangshe Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Clustering is an unsupervised machine learning technique; its aim is to extract the data structures, in which similar data objects are grouped in the same cluster, whereas dissimilar objects are grouped in different clusters. Clustering methods are widely utilized in different fields, such as: image processing, computer vision , and pattern recognition, etc. Fuzzy c-means clustering (fcm) is one of the most well known fuzzy clustering methods. It is based on solving an optimization problem, in which a minimization of a given cost function has been studied. This minimization aims to decrease the dissimilarity inside clusters, where the dissimilarity here is measured by the distances between data objects and cluster centers. The degree of belonging of a data point in a cluster is measured by a membership function which is included in the interval [0, 1]. In fcm clustering, the membership degree is constrained with the condition that the sum of a data object’s memberships in all clusters must be equal to one. This constraint can cause several problems, specially when our data objects are included in a noisy space. Regularization approach took a part in fuzzy c-means clustering technique. This process introduces an additional information in order to solve an ill-posed optimization problem. In this study, we focus on regularization by relative entropy approach, where in our optimization problem we aim to minimize the dissimilarity inside clusters. Finding an appropriate membership degree to each data object is our objective, because an appropriate membership degree leads to an accurate clustering result. Our clustering results in synthetic data sets, gaussian based data sets, and real world data sets show that our proposed model achieves a good accuracy. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clustering" title="clustering">clustering</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20c-means" title=" fuzzy c-means"> fuzzy c-means</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regularization" title=" regularization"> regularization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=relative%20entropy" title=" relative entropy"> relative entropy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96361/a-relative-entropy-regularization-approach-for-fuzzy-c-means-clustering-problem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/96361.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">259</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Postural Balance And Falls Risk In Persons With Multiple Sclerosis: Effect Of Gender Differences</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonda%20Jallouli">Sonda Jallouli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sameh%20Ghroubi"> Sameh Ghroubi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salma%20Sakka"> Salma Sakka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelmoneem%20Yahia"> Abdelmoneem Yahia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Habib%20Elleuch"> Mohamed Habib Elleuch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imen%20Ben%20Dhia"> Imen Ben Dhia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chokri%20Mhiri"> Chokri Mhiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Hammouda"> Omar Hammouda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The pathophysiology, prevalence, and progression of MS are gender dependent. Indeed, the inflammation is more pronounced in women, but the neurodegeneration is more important in men. In addition, women have more sleep disorders while men suffer more from cognitive decline. These non-physical disorders can negatively affect postural balance and fall risk. However, no study has examined the difference between men and women in those physical parameters in MS. Our objective was to determine the effect gender difference on postural balance and fall risk in MS persons. Methods: Eight men and twelve women with relapsing remitting-MS participated in this study. The assessment includes a posturographic examination to assess static (with eyes opened (EO) and eyes closed (EC)) and dynamic (with EO) postural balance. Unipedal balance and fall risk were assessed by a clinical unipedal balance test and the Four Square Step Test, respectively. Sleep quality was assessed using Spiegel's questionnaire, and cognitive assessment was performed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the Simple Reaction Time Test. Results: Compared to men, women showed an increase in CdPVm in static bipedal condition with EC (p=0.037; d=0.71) and a decrease in MoCA scores (p=0.028; d=1.06). No gender differences were found in the other tests. Discussion: Static postural balance was more impaired in women compared to men. This result could be explained by the more pronounced cognitive decline observed in women compared to men. Indeed, cognitive disorders have been shown to be predictive factors of postural balance impairment. Conclusion: women were less stable than men in the static condition, possibly due to their lower cognitive performance. This gender difference could be taken into account by therapists in training programs. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20sclerosis" title="multiple sclerosis">multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bipedal%20postural%20balance" title=" bipedal postural balance"> bipedal postural balance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fall%20risk" title=" fall risk"> fall risk</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sleep%20disturbance" title=" sleep disturbance"> sleep disturbance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cognitive%20deficiency" title=" cognitive deficiency"> cognitive deficiency</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148745/postural-balance-and-falls-risk-in-persons-with-multiple-sclerosis-effect-of-gender-differences" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148745.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">99</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> Combined Effect of Gender Differences and Fatiguing Task on Unipedal Postural Balance and Functional Mobility in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sonda%20Jallouli">Sonda Jallouli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omar%20Hammouda"> Omar Hammouda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imen%20Ben%20Dhia"> Imen Ben Dhia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salma%20Sakka"> Salma Sakka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chokri%20Mhiri"> Chokri Mhiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamed%20Habib%20Elleuch"> Mohamed Habib Elleuch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abedlmoneem%20Yahia"> Abedlmoneem Yahia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sameh%20Ghroubi"> Sameh Ghroubi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by gender differences with affecting women two to four times more than men, but the disease progression is faster and more severe in men. Fatigue represents one of the most frequent and disabling symptoms related to MS. Results of previous studies regarding gender differences in fatigue perception in MS persons are contradictory. Besides, fatigue has been shown to affect negatively postural balance and functional mobility in MS persons. However, no study has taken into account gender differences in the response of these physical parameters to a fatiguing protocol in MS persons. Given the reduction of autonomy due to the alteration of these parameters induced by fatigue and the importance of gender differences in postural balance training programs in fatigued men and women with MS, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of gender difference on unipedal postural balance and functional mobility after performing a fatiguing task in MS adults. Methods: Eleven women (30.29 ± 7.99 years) and seven men (30.91 ± 8.19 years) with relapsing-remitting MS performed a fatiguing protocol: three sets of the 5×sit to stand test (5-STST), six-minute walk test (6MWT) followed by three sets of the 5-STST. Unipedal balance, functional mobility, and fatigue perception were measured prefatigue (T0) and post fatigue (T3) using a clinical unipedal balance test, timed up and go test (TUGT), and analogic visual scale of fatigue (VASF), respectively. Heart rate (HR) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded before, during and after the fatiguing task. Results: Compared to women, men showed an impairment of unipedal balance on the dominant leg (p<0.001, d=0.52) and mobility (p<0.001, d=3) via reducing unipedal stance time and increasing duration of TUGT execution, respectively. No gender differences were observed in 6MWT, 5-STST, HR, RPE and VASF scores. Conclusion: Fatiguing protocol negatively affected unipedal postural balance and mobility only in men. These gender differences were inconclusive but can be taken into account in postural balance rehabilitation programs for persons with MS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functional%20mobility" title="functional mobility">functional mobility</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fatiguing%20exercises" title=" fatiguing exercises"> fatiguing exercises</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiple%20sclerosis" title=" multiple sclerosis"> multiple sclerosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sex%20differences" title=" sex differences"> sex differences</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unipedal%20balance" title=" unipedal balance"> unipedal balance</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146573/combined-effect-of-gender-differences-and-fatiguing-task-on-unipedal-postural-balance-and-functional-mobility-in-adults-with-multiple-sclerosis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/146573.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Humans’ Physical Strength Capacities on Different Handwheel Diameters and Angles</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saif%20K.%20Al-Qaisi">Saif K. Al-Qaisi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jad%20R.%20Mansour"> Jad R. Mansour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aseel%20W.%20Sakka"> Aseel W. Sakka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yousef%20Al-Abdallat"> Yousef Al-Abdallat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Handwheels are common to numerous industries, such as power generation plants, oil refineries, and chemical processing plants. The forces required to manually turn handwheels have been shown to exceed operators’ physical strengths, posing risks for injuries. Therefore, the objectives of this research were twofold: (1) to determine humans’ physical strengths on handwheels of different sizes and angles and (2) to subsequently propose recommended torque limits (RTLs) that accommodate the strengths of even the weaker segment of the population. Thirty male and thirty female participants were recruited from a university student population. Participants were asked to exert their maximum possible forces in a counter-clockwise direction on handwheels of different sizes (35 cm, 45 cm, 60 cm, and 70 cm) and angles (0°-horizontal, 45°-slanted, and 90°-vertical). The participant’s posture was controlled by adjusting the handwheel to be at the elbow level of each participant, requiring the participant to stand erect, and restricting the hand placements to be in the 10-11 o’clock position for the left hand and the 4-5 o’clock position for the right hand. A torque transducer (Futek TDF600) was used to measure the maximum torques generated by the human. Three repetitions were performed for each handwheel condition, and the average was computed. Results showed that, at all handwheel angles, as the handwheel diameter increased, the maximum torques generated also increased, while the underlying forces decreased. In controlling the handwheel diameter, the 0° handwheel was associated with the largest torques and forces, and the 45° handwheel was associated with the lowest torques and forces. Hence, a larger handwheel diameter –as large as 70 cm– in a 0° angle is favored for increasing the torque production capacities of users. Also, it was recognized that, regardless of the handwheel diameter size and angle, the torque demands in the field are much greater than humans’ torque production capabilities. As such, this research proposed RTLs for the different handwheel conditions by using the 25th percentile values of the females’ torque strengths. The proposed recommendations may serve future standard developers in defining torque limits that accommodate humans’ strengths. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=handwheel%20angle" title="handwheel angle">handwheel angle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=handwheel%20diameter" title=" handwheel diameter"> handwheel diameter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=humans%E2%80%99%20torque%20production%20strengths" title=" humans’ torque production strengths"> humans’ torque production strengths</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recommended%20torque%20limits" title=" recommended torque limits"> recommended torque limits</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107027/humans-physical-strength-capacities-on-different-handwheel-diameters-and-angles" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/107027.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">112</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Concrete Compressive Strengths of Major Existing Buildings in Kuwait</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zafer%20Sakka">Zafer Sakka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Husain%20Al-Khaiat"> Husain Al-Khaiat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to social and economic considerations, owners all over the world desire to keep and use existing structures, including aging ones. However, these structures, especially those that are dear, need accurate condition assessment, and proper safety evaluation. More than half of the budget spent on construction activities in developed countries is related to the repair and maintenance of these reinforced concrete (R/C) structures. Also, periodical evaluation and assessment of relatively old concrete structures are vital and imperative. If the evaluation and assessment of structural components of a particular aging R/C structure reveal that repairs are essential for these components, these repairs should not be delayed. Delaying the repairs has the potential of losing serviceability of the whole structure and/or causing total failure and collapse of the structure. In addition, if repairs are delayed, the cost of maintenance will skyrocket as well. It can also be concluded from the above that the assessment of existing needs to receive more consideration and thought from the structural engineering societies and professionals. Ten major existing structures in Kuwait city that were constructed in the 1970s were assessed for structural reliability and integrity. Numerous concrete samples were extracted from the structural systems of the investigated buildings. This paper presents the results of the compressive strength tests that were conducted on the extracted cores. The results are compared for the buildings’ columns and beams elements and compared with the design strengths. The collected data were statistically analyzed. The average compressive strengths of the concrete cores that were extracted from the ten buildings had a large variation. The lowest average compressive strength for one of the buildings was 158 kg/cm². This building was deemed unsafe and economically unfeasible to be repaired; accordingly, it was demolished. The other buildings had an average compressive strengths fall in the range 215-317 kg/cm². Poor construction practices were the main cause for the strengths. Although most of the drawings and information for these buildings were lost during the invasion of Kuwait in 1990, however, information gathered indicated that the design strengths of the beams and columns for most of these buildings were in the range of 280-400 kg/cm². Following the study, measures were taken to rehabilitate the buildings for safety. The mean compressive strength for all cores taken from beams and columns of the ten buildings was 256.7 kg/cm². The values range was 139 to 394 kg/cm². For columns, the mean was 250.4 kg/cm², and the values ranged from 137 to 394 kg/cm². However, the mean compressive strength for the beams was higher than that of columns. It was 285.9 kg/cm², and the range was 181 to 383 kg/cm². In addition to the concrete cores that were extracted from the ten buildings, the 28-day compressive strengths of more than 24,660 concrete cubes were collected from a major ready-mixed concrete supplier in Kuwait. The data represented four different grades of ready-mix concrete (250, 300, 350, and 400 kg/cm²) manufactured between the year 2003 and 2018. The average concrete compressive strength for the different concrete grades (250, 300, 350 and 400 kg/cm²) was found to be 318, 382, 453 and 504 kg/cm², respectively, and the coefficients of variations were found to be 0.138, 0.140, 0.157 and 0.131, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20compressive%20strength" title="concrete compressive strength">concrete compressive strength</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=concrete%20structures" title=" concrete structures"> concrete structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=existing%20building" title=" existing building"> existing building</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20analysis." title=" statistical analysis."> statistical analysis.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108918/concrete-compressive-strengths-of-major-existing-buildings-in-kuwait" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/108918.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">116</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div 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