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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crom%C3%B2for" title="Cromòfor – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cromòfor" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromophor" title="Chromophor – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chromophor" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromofoor" title="Kromofoor – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kromofoor" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crom%C3%B3foro" title="Cromóforo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cromóforo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromoforo" title="Kromoforo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kromoforo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="رنگ‌بر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنگ‌بر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chromophore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B3maf%C3%B3r" title="Crómafór – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Crómafór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crom%C3%B3foro" title="Cromóforo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cromóforo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EC%83%89%EB%8B%A8" title="발색단 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발색단" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գունակիրներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գունակիրներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromofor" title="Kromofor – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kromofor" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromofor" title="Kromofor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kromofor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromoforo" title="Cromoforo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cromoforo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8" title="כרומופור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כרומופור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromofor" title="Kromofor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kromofor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хромофор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хромофор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromofor" title="Kromofor – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kromofor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromofoor" title="Chromofoor – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chromofoor" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BA%E8%89%B2%E5%9B%A3" title="発色団 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="発色団" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromofor" title="Kromofor – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kromofor" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromofor" title="Chromofor – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chromofor" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crom%C3%B3foro" title="Cromóforo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cromóforo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromofor" title="Cromofor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cromofor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Хромофоры – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хромофоры" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chromophore" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromofori" title="Kromofori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kromofori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromofor" title="Kromofor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kromofor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хромофор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хромофор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_mang_m%C3%A0u" title="Nhóm mang màu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm mang màu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E8%89%B2%E5%9C%98" title="發色團 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="發色團" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">A molecule that absorbs light</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_Leaves_(199582361).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fall_Leaves_%28199582361%29.jpeg/220px-Fall_Leaves_%28199582361%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fall_Leaves_%28199582361%29.jpeg/330px-Fall_Leaves_%28199582361%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Fall_Leaves_%28199582361%29.jpeg/440px-Fall_Leaves_%28199582361%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Leaves change color in the fall because their chromophores (<a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> molecules) break down and stop absorbing red and blue light.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>chromophore</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> which absorbs <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> at a particular <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> and reflects <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a> as a result. Chromophores are commonly referred to as <i>colored molecules</i> for this reason. The word is derived from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%87%CF%81%E1%BF%B6%CE%BC%CE%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:χρῶμα">χρῶμᾰ</a><i> (chroma)</i> 'color' and <i> </i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:-φόρος">-φόρος</a><i> (phoros)</i> 'carrier of'. Many molecules in nature are chromophores, including <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>, the molecule responsible for the green colors of <a href="/wiki/Leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaves">leaves</a>. The color that is seen by our eyes is that of the light not <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorbed</a> by the reflecting object within a certain <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> spectrum of <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible light</a>. The chromophore indicates a region in the molecule where the energy difference between two separate <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbital" title="Molecular orbital">molecular orbitals</a> falls within the range of the visible spectrum (or in informal contexts, the spectrum under scrutiny). Visible light that hits the chromophore can thus be absorbed by exciting an <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> from its <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a> into an <a href="/wiki/Excited_state" title="Excited state">excited state</a>. In biological molecules that serve to capture or detect light energy, the chromophore is the <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)" title="Moiety (chemistry)">moiety</a> that causes a <a href="/wiki/Conformational_change" title="Conformational change">conformational change</a> in the molecule when hit by light. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Why_are_plants_green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Why_are_plants_green.svg/220px-Why_are_plants_green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Why_are_plants_green.svg/330px-Why_are_plants_green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Why_are_plants_green.svg/440px-Why_are_plants_green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>Healthy plants are perceived as green because chlorophyll absorbs mainly the blue and red wavelengths but green light, reflected by plant structures like cell walls, is less absorbed.<sup id="cite_ref-JBE_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBE-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta-Carotene_conjugation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Beta-Carotene_conjugation.svg/300px-Beta-Carotene_conjugation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Beta-Carotene_conjugation.svg/450px-Beta-Carotene_conjugation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Beta-Carotene_conjugation.svg/600px-Beta-Carotene_conjugation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="91" /></a><figcaption>The eleven conjugated double bonds that form the chromophore of the <a href="/wiki/Beta_carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta carotene">β-carotene</a> molecule are highlighted in red.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conjugated_pi-bond_system_chromophores">Conjugated pi-bond system chromophores</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromophore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Conjugated pi-bond system chromophores"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heme_B.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Heme_B.svg/220px-Heme_B.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Heme_B.svg/330px-Heme_B.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Heme_B.svg/440px-Heme_B.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Porphyrin" title="Porphyrin">porphyrin</a> <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)" title="Moiety (chemistry)">moieties</a> in our red blood cells, whose primary function is to bind iron atoms which capture oxygen, result in the <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a> chromophores which give human blood its red color. Heme is degraded by the body into <a href="/wiki/Biliverdin" title="Biliverdin">biliverdin</a> (which gives bruises their blue-green color), which in turn is degraded into <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> (which gives patients with <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a> a yellow skin tone).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RetinalCisandTrans.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/RetinalCisandTrans.svg/300px-RetinalCisandTrans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/RetinalCisandTrans.svg/450px-RetinalCisandTrans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/RetinalCisandTrans.svg/600px-RetinalCisandTrans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>In the <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_eye" title="Mammalian eye">mammalian eye</a>, the molecule <i><a href="/wiki/Retinal" title="Retinal">retinal</a></i> is a <b>conjugated chromophore</b>. <i>Retinal</i> begins as 11-cis-retinal, which, upon capturing a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> γ (light) of the correct wavelength, straightens out into <a href="/wiki/Retinal" title="Retinal">all-trans-retinal</a> which pushes against an <a href="/wiki/Opsin" title="Opsin">opsin</a> protein in the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>, which triggers a chemical signaling cascade which results in <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> of light or images by the brain.</figcaption></figure> <p>Just like how two adjacent p-orbitals in a molecule will form a <a href="/wiki/Pi-bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Pi-bond">pi-bond</a>, three or more adjacent p-orbitals in a molecule can form a <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_system" title="Conjugated system">conjugated pi-system</a>. In a conjugated pi-system, electrons are able to capture certain photons as the electrons resonate along a certain distance of p-orbitals - similar to how a <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">radio antenna</a> detects photons along its length. Typically, the more conjugated (longer) the pi-system is, the longer the wavelength of photon can be captured. In other words, with every added adjacent double bond we see in a molecule diagram, we can predict the system will be progressively more likely to appear yellow to our eyes as it is less likely to absorb yellow light and more likely to absorb red light. ("Conjugated systems of fewer than eight conjugated double bonds absorb only in the ultraviolet region and are colorless to the human eye", "Compounds that are blue or green typically do not rely on conjugated double bonds alone.")<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_system" title="Conjugated system">conjugated</a> chromophores, the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_electron_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular electron transition">electrons jump between energy levels</a> that are extended <a href="/wiki/Pi_bond" title="Pi bond">pi orbitals</a>, created by electron clouds like those in <a href="/wiki/Aromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic">aromatic</a> systems. Common examples include <a href="/wiki/Retinal" title="Retinal">retinal</a> (used in the eye to detect light), various <a href="/wiki/Food_coloring" title="Food coloring">food colorings</a>, fabric <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azo_compound" title="Azo compound">azo compounds</a>), <a href="/wiki/PH_indicator" title="PH indicator">pH indicators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lycopene" title="Lycopene">lycopene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carotene" title="Carotene">β-carotene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanins" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocyanins">anthocyanins</a>. Various factors in a chromophore's structure go into determining at what wavelength region in a spectrum the chromophore will absorb. Lengthening or extending a <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_system" title="Conjugated system">conjugated system</a> with more unsaturated (multiple) bonds in a molecule will tend to shift absorption to longer wavelengths. <a href="/wiki/Woodward%E2%80%93Fieser_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodward–Fieser rules">Woodward–Fieser rules</a> can be used to approximate <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>-visible maximum absorption wavelength in organic compounds with conjugated pi-bond systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some of these are metal complex chromophores, which contain a metal in a <a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">coordination complex</a> with ligands. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>, which is used by plants for photosynthesis and <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a>, the oxygen transporter in the blood of vertebrate animals. In these two examples, a metal is complexed at the center of a <a href="/wiki/Tetrapyrrole" title="Tetrapyrrole">tetrapyrrole</a> <a href="/wiki/Macrocycle" title="Macrocycle">macrocycle</a> ring: the metal being iron in the <a href="/wiki/Heme_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Heme group">heme group</a> (iron in a <a href="/wiki/Porphyrin" title="Porphyrin">porphyrin</a> ring) of hemoglobin, or magnesium complexed in a <a href="/wiki/Chlorin" title="Chlorin">chlorin</a>-type ring in the case of chlorophyll. The highly conjugated pi-bonding system of the macrocycle ring absorbs visible light. The nature of the central metal can also influence the absorption spectrum of the metal-macrocycle complex or properties such as excited state lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tetrapyrrole moiety in organic compounds which is not macrocyclic but still has a conjugated pi-bond system still acts as a chromophore. Examples of such compounds include <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urobilin" title="Urobilin">urobilin</a>, which exhibit a yellow color. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auxochrome">Auxochrome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromophore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Auxochrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Auxochrome" title="Auxochrome">auxochrome</a> is a functional group of atoms attached to the chromophore which modifies the ability of the chromophore to absorb light, altering the wavelength or intensity of the absorption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Halochromism">Halochromism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromophore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Halochromism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Halochromism" title="Halochromism">Halochromism</a></div> <p>Halochromism occurs when a substance changes color as the <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> changes. This is a property of <a href="/wiki/PH_indicator" title="PH indicator">pH indicators</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Molecular_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular structure">molecular structure</a> changes upon certain changes in the surrounding pH. This change in structure affects a chromophore in the pH indicator molecule. For example, <a href="/wiki/Phenolphthalein" title="Phenolphthalein">phenolphthalein</a> is a pH indicator whose structure changes as pH changes as shown in the following table: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Structure </th> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phenolphthalein-low-pH-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Phenolphthalein-low-pH-2D-skeletal.svg/180px-Phenolphthalein-low-pH-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Phenolphthalein-low-pH-2D-skeletal.svg/270px-Phenolphthalein-low-pH-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Phenolphthalein-low-pH-2D-skeletal.svg/360px-Phenolphthalein-low-pH-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phenolphthalein-mid-pH-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Phenolphthalein-mid-pH-2D-skeletal.svg/180px-Phenolphthalein-mid-pH-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Phenolphthalein-mid-pH-2D-skeletal.svg/270px-Phenolphthalein-mid-pH-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Phenolphthalein-mid-pH-2D-skeletal.svg/360px-Phenolphthalein-mid-pH-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>pH </th> <td>0-8.2</td> <td>8.2-12 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Conditions </th> <td>acidic or near-neutral</td> <td>basic </td></tr> <tr> <th>Color name </th> <td>colorless</td> <td>pink to <a href="/wiki/Fuchsia_(color)" title="Fuchsia (color)">fuchsia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Color </th> <td bgcolor="white"></td> <td bgcolor="fuchsia"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In a pH range of about 0-8, the molecule has three <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic ring">aromatic rings</a> all bonded to a <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrahedral">tetrahedral</a> sp<sup>3</sup> <a href="/wiki/Orbital_hybridization" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital hybridization">hybridized</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_atom" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon atom">carbon atom</a> in the middle which does not make the π-bonding in the aromatic rings conjugate. Because of their limited extent, the aromatic rings only absorb light in the ultraviolet region, and so the compound appears colorless in the 0-8 pH range. However, as the pH increases beyond 8.2, that central carbon becomes part of a double bond becoming sp<sup>2</sup> hybridized and leaving a p orbital to overlap with the π-bonding in the rings. This makes the three rings conjugate together to form an extended chromophore absorbing longer wavelength visible light to show a fuchsia color.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At pH ranges outside 0-12, other molecular structure changes result in other color changes; see <a href="/wiki/Phenolphthalein" title="Phenolphthalein">Phenolphthalein</a> details. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_chromophore_absorption_wavelengths">Common chromophore absorption wavelengths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromophore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Common chromophore absorption wavelengths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Functional group or compound</th> <th>Absorption wavelength </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromophenol_blue" title="Bromophenol blue">Bromophenol blue</a> (yellow form)</td> <td>591 nm<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Malachite_green" title="Malachite green">Malachite green</a> </td> <td>617 nm<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanidin" title="Cyanidin">Cyanidin</a> </td> <td>545 nm<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-carotene">β-carotene</a> </td> <td>452 nm<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromophore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pigment" title="Biological pigment">Biological pigment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorophore" title="Fluorophore">Fluorophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litmus" title="Litmus">Litmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacophore" title="Pharmacophore">Pharmacophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a>, glandular organ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_phototransduction" title="Visual phototransduction">Visual phototransduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodward%27s_rules" title="Woodward's rules">Woodward's rules</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromophore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKräutler2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kräutler, Bernhard (26 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4950323">"Breakdown of Chlorophyll in Higher Plants—Phyllobilins as Abundant, Yet Hardly Visible Signs of Ripening, Senescence, and Cell Death"</a>. <i>Angew. Chem. Int. Ed</i>. <b>4882</b> (55): 4882–4907. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.201508928">10.1002/anie.201508928</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4950323">4950323</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26919572">26919572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Angew.+Chem.+Int.+Ed.&rft.atitle=Breakdown+of+Chlorophyll+in+Higher+Plants%E2%80%94Phyllobilins+as+Abundant%2C+Yet+Hardly+Visible+Signs+of+Ripening%2C+Senescence%2C+and+Cell+Death&rft.volume=4882&rft.issue=55&rft.pages=4882-4907&rft.date=2016-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4950323%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26919572&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fanie.201508928&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%A4utler&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4950323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromophore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JBE-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JBE_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirtanenConstantinidouTyystjärvi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Virtanen, Olli; Constantinidou, Emanuella; Tyystjärvi, Esa (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00219266.2020.1858930">"Chlorophyll does not reflect green light – how to correct a misconception"</a>. <i>Journal of Biological Education</i>. <b>56</b> (5): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00219266.2020.1858930">10.1080/00219266.2020.1858930</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biological+Education&rft.atitle=Chlorophyll+does+not+reflect+green+light+%E2%80%93+how+to+correct+a+misconception&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00219266.2020.1858930&rft.aulast=Virtanen&rft.aufirst=Olli&rft.au=Constantinidou%2C+Emanuella&rft.au=Tyystj%C3%A4rvi%2C+Esa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F00219266.2020.1858930&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromophore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipton2017" class="citation book cs1">Lipton, Mark (Jan 31, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Purdue/Purdue%3A_Chem_26505%3A_Organic_Chemistry_I_(Lipton)/Chapter_1._Electronic_Structure_and_Chemical_Bonding/1.10%3A_Pi_Conjugation">"Chapter 1: Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding, Chapter 1.10: Pi Conjugation"</a>. <i>Purdue: Chem 26505: Organic Chemistry I (Lipton), LibreTexts edition</i>. Purdue University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Electronic+Structure+and+Chemical+Bonding%2C+Chapter+1.10%3A+Pi+Conjugation&rft.btitle=Purdue%3A+Chem+26505%3A+Organic+Chemistry+I+%28Lipton%29%2C+LibreTexts+edition&rft.pub=Purdue+University&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft.aulast=Lipton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FPurdue%2FPurdue%253A_Chem_26505%253A_Organic_Chemistry_I_%28Lipton%29%2FChapter_1._Electronic_Structure_and_Chemical_Bonding%2F1.10%253A_Pi_Conjugation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChromophore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGouterman2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gouterman" title="Martin Gouterman">Gouterman, Martin</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vuWERW37obgC&pg=PA1">"Optical spectra and electronic structure of porphyrins and related rings"</a>. In Dolphin, David (ed.). <i>The Porphyrins V3</i>. Physical Chemistry, Part A. 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</ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromophore&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webexhibits.org/causesofcolor/index.html">Causes of Color</a>: physical mechanisms by which color is generated.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060805192201/http://www.azonano.com/news.asp?newsID=2538">High Speed Nano-Sized Electronics May be Possible with Chromophores</a> - Azonano.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Color_topics" title="Template:Color topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Color_topics" title="Template talk:Color topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Color_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Color topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Color_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_science" title="Color science">Color science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">Electromagnetic spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">Visible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_color" title="Spectral color">Spectral colors</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chromophore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Structural_coloration" title="Structural coloration">Structural coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_chemicals" title="Color of chemicals">Color of chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_power_distribution" title="Spectral power distribution">Spectral power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromesthesia" title="Chromesthesia">Chromesthesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonochromatism" title="Sonochromatism">Sonochromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_calibration" title="Color calibration">Color calibration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_constancy" title="Color constancy">Color constancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_task" title="Color task">Color task</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_code" title="Color code">Color code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision_test" title="Color vision test">Color vision test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Evolution of color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impossible_color" title="Impossible color">Impossible colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(color)" title="Metamerism (color)">Metamerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opponent_process" title="Opponent process">Opponent process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterimage" title="Afterimage">Afterimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unique_hues" title="Unique hues">Unique hues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachromacy" title="Tetrachromacy">Tetrachromacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_dress" title="The dress">The dress</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_psychology" title="Color psychology">Color psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_symbolism" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_preferences" title="Color preferences">Color preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCscher_color_test" title="Lüscher color test">Lüscher color test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kruithof_curve" title="Kruithof curve">Kruithof curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_colour" title="Political colour">Political color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">National colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobia" title="Chromophobia">Chromophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_reproduction" title="Color reproduction">Color reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_cast" title="Colour cast">Color cast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-primary_color_display" title="Multi-primary color display">Multi-primary color display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattron" title="Quattron">Quattron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_model" title="Color model">Color model</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CMYK" class="mw-redirect" title="CMYK">CMYK</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">Color space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_mapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Color mapping">Color mapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RGB_color_wheel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/100px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/150px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/RGB_color_wheel.svg/200px-RGB_color_wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_color" title="Philosophy of color">Color<br />philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color scheme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_picker" title="Color picker">Color tool</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monochromatic_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="Monochromatic colors">Monochromatic colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">Complementary colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogous_colors" title="Analogous colors">Analogous colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Achromatic colors (Neutral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychrome" title="Polychrome">Polychromatic colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-on-dark_color_scheme" title="Light-on-dark color scheme">Light-on-dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">Web colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture_(heraldry)" title="Tincture (heraldry)">Tinctures in heraldry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_mixing" title="Color mixing">Color mixing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">Primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_color" title="Secondary color">Secondary color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromaticity" title="Chromaticity">Chromaticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_solid" title="Color solid">Color solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">Color wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_triangle" title="Color triangle">Color triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_analysis" title="Color analysis">Color analysis</a> (fashion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_realism_(art_style)" title="Color realism (art style)">Color realism (art style)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Vision_and_Colours" title="On Vision and Colours">On Vision and Colours</a></i> (Schopenhauer)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Colours" title="Theory of Colours">Theory of Colours</a></i> (Goethe)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term" title="Color term">Color terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Color_term#Basic_color_terms" title="Color term">Basic terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink" title="Pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple" title="Purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_(colour)" title="Orange (colour)">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey" title="Grey">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Color_in_culture" title="Category:Color in culture">Cultural differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity_and_the_color_naming_debate" title="Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate">Linguistic relativity and the color naming debate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue%E2%80%93green_distinction_in_language" title="Blue–green distinction in language">Blue–green distinction in language</a></li></ul></li> <li>Color history <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black-and-white_dualism" title="Black-and-white dualism">Black-and-white dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_in_culture" title="Blue in culture">Blue in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_in_Chinese_culture" title="Color in Chinese culture">Color in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_colors_of_Japan" title="Traditional colors of Japan">Traditional colors of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin_color" title="Human skin color">Human skin color</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color dimensions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dichromatism" title="Dichromatism">Dichromatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">Colorfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_(color)" title="Pastel (color)">Pastel colors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminance" title="Luminance">Luminance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Lightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkness" title="Darkness">Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">Brightness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">Iridescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">Fluorescence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayscale" title="Grayscale">Grayscale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tint,_shade_and_tone" title="Tint, shade and tone">Tint, shade and tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantone" title="Pantone">Pantone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Marketing_Group" title="Color Marketing Group">Color Marketing Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_Association_of_the_United_States" title="Color Association of the United States">Color Association of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Authority" title="International Colour Authority">International Colour Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Illumination" title="International Commission on Illumination">International Commission on Illumination</a> (CIE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Color_Consortium" title="International Color Consortium">International Color Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Colour_Association" title="International Colour Association">International Colour Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_colors" title="Lists of colors">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of colors: A–F">List of colors: A–F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of colors: G–M">List of colors: G–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors:_N%E2%80%93Z" title="List of colors: N–Z">List of colors: N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_(compact)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colors (compact)">List of colors (compact)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">List of colors by shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_palettes" title="List of color palettes">List of color palettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_color_spaces_and_their_uses" title="List of color spaces and their uses">List of color spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crayola_crayon_colors" title="List of Crayola crayon colors">List of Crayola crayon colors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crayola_crayons" title="History of Crayola crayons">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_chart" title="Color chart">Color chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_RAL_colors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of RAL colors">List of RAL colors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_colors" title="Web colors">List of web colors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colors_by_shade" title="List of colors by shade">Shades of:</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_red" title="Shades of red">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_orange" title="Shades of orange">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_yellow" title="Shades of yellow">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_green" title="Shades of green">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_cyan" title="Shades of cyan">Cyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_blue" title="Shades of blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_violet" title="Shades of violet">Violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_purple" title="Shades of purple">Purple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_magenta" title="Shades of magenta">Magenta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_pink" title="Shades of pink">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_brown" title="Shades of brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_white" title="Shades of white">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_gray" title="Shades of gray">Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shades_of_black" title="Shades of black">Black</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_color-related_articles" title="Index of color-related articles">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Contrast</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting" title="Lighting">Lighting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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