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The situation typically occurs in the end game, with only a few cards remaining. Although numerous types of squeezes have been analyzed and catalogued in contract bridge, they were first discovered and described in [[whist]]. Most squeezes operate on the principle that declarer's and dummy's hands can, between them, hold more cards with the potential to take extra tricks than a single defender's hand can protect or ''guard''. Infrequently, due to the difficulty of coordinating their holdings, two defenders can cooperate to squeeze declarer or dummy on the same principle. ==Context== ===Complexity=== Squeeze plays are considered by many "to be the domain of the experts but many of the positions are straightforward once the basic principles are understood."<ref>Moon (2010), Preface.</ref> And according to [[Terence Reese]], the squeeze play "in its practical aspects is not particularly difficult. It takes time, admittedly...and has...to be learned – it cannot be 'picked up'".<ref name="ReeseJourdain">Reese and Jourdain (1980), Preface.</ref> ===Significance and prevalence=== Squeeze plays are important in difficult-to-make high-level contracts and in [[Duplicate bridge#Scoring|matchpoint]] play where the taking of one more trick than generally achieved by the field is a real difference-maker likely to result in a top {{gcb|board}}. The opportunity to employ a squeeze play arises sufficiently frequently that it is essential to learn if one aspires to become an advanced player.<ref>Reese and Jourdain (1980), Preface. Reese states that "squeeze possibilities – not always fulfilled, of course – arose on about one hand in every six or seven."</ref><sup>, </sup><ref>Moon (2010), p. 23 states "about one deal in 12 contains the possibility of a squeeze."</ref> ===Terminology=== * {{gcb|busy|Busy cards}}: Cards held by defenders which are winners or protecting winners. * {{gcb|cardreading|Card reading}}: Determining or assuming the location of the opponents' cards. * The {{gcb|count}}: The number of tricks that must be lost before the squeeze can function. * {{gcb|rectifythecount|Rectify the count}}: To lose the necessary number of tricks. * [[Entry (cards)|Entry]]: A high card or trump that enables declarer to place the lead in the hand that holds, or that will hold, another card that the squeeze has established. * {{gcb|idle|Idle cards}}: Cards that can safely be discarded by defenders (i.e., are not busy). Rectifying the count removes idle cards from the defenders' hands. * {{gcb|menace|Menace or threat cards}}: Cards held by declarer or dummy which start out as [[Contract bridge glossary#loser|losers]], but which may be promoted to winning rank when the squeeze forces the defense to discard its stoppers. * Squeeze card: The card which (when led) forces the defense to discard a busy card or cards. Before the squeeze card can bring the squeeze about, several conditions described below must be met.<ref>According to the ''[[Official Encyclopedia of Bridge]]'', the concept of a squeeze card was developed by [[Sidney Lenz]]. Although ''squeeze card'' may be useful as a pedagogical device, the Encyclopedia suggests that the concept of a ''squeezed position'' is more useful at the table as a means of arriving at the position necessary for a squeeze to occur.</ref> ==Conditions== The most basic forms of squeeze require all the following conditions to be in place before the squeeze can operate:<ref>Clyde Love, in ''[[Bridge Squeezes Complete]]'', uses terminology that results in the acronym BLUE to summarize these conditions: a defender must be ''busy'' in two suits, the ''loser'' count must be right, at least one threat must be in the ''upper'' hand, and there must be an ''entry'' to the threat card.</ref> * The defense's guards in the threat suits must be held by one defender only. * The count has been rectified which ensures that: **Declarer has enough winners to take all the remaining tricks but one, which is to be gained from the squeeze; and **The defender being squeezed has no idle cards. * Between them, declarer and dummy have threat cards in two suits that the squeeze may establish as winners: ** At least one of the threat cards must be in the hand opposite the squeeze card; and ** At least one of the threat cards must lie in the hand that plays after the squeezed defender. * There is an entry to the threat card opposite the squeeze card. ==Examples== {| | {{BridgeHandNWES |Label =Example 1 |Lead = South to lead |A&thinsp;J|K|—|— |K&thinsp;Q|A|—|— ||Q&thinsp;J&thinsp;10||— |4|2|—|A}} | South needs all three remaining tricks in a notrump contract. South leads the squeeze card, the {{Clubs}}A, and West is squeezed in hearts and spades. If West discards the {{Hearts}}A, North's {{Hearts}}K becomes a winner. If West discards either spade, North's {{Spades}}J becomes a winner. Note the following features of this position: # One defender, West, holds the defense's only guards in declarer's two threat suits, spades and hearts. # The count is rectified. Three cards remain, and declarer has two immediate winners (the {{Clubs}}A and {{Spades}}A). Another winner will be established by the squeeze (either the {{Hearts}}K or the {{Spades}}J). # The {{Hearts}}K and the {{Spades}}J are the threat cards. At least one threat card (in this case, both the {{Hearts}}K and the {{Spades}}J) lies opposite the squeeze card (the {{clubs}}A). # At least one threat card (in this case, both the {{Hearts}}K and the {{Spades}}J) is in the hand that plays after the squeezed defender. # The {{Spades}}A is an entry to either threat card. This is an example of a ''positional'' squeeze, because both threat cards are in the same hand, North's. No threat card lies over East and therefore the squeeze can take effect only if West is to be squeezed. |- | {{BridgeHandNWES |Label =Example 2 |Lead = South to lead |A&thinsp;J|K|—|— ||Q&thinsp;J&thinsp;10||— |K&thinsp;Q|A|—|— |4|2|—|A}} |If West's cards are transferred to East, as shown in Example 2, the squeeze fails because the fourth condition above is not satisfied. In that case, one of the menaces must be discarded before it is East's turn to play. If the {{Hearts}}K is discarded, East can safely discard the {{Hearts}}A. If the {{Spades}}J is discarded, East can safely discard a spade. |} {{clear}} ==Classification==<!-- This section is linked from [[Automatic squeeze]] --> There are several ways to classify squeezes: * According to which opponent can be squeezed: **In a ''positional'' squeeze, only one opponent can be squeezed. **In an ''automatic'' squeeze, either opponent can be squeezed. * According to number of opponents squeezed: **In a ''single'' squeeze, only one opponent is squeezed. **In a ''double'' squeeze, both opponents are squeezed. * According to number of suits involved: **In a ''two-suit'' squeeze, there are menaces in two suits. **In a ''three-suit'' squeeze, there are menaces in three suits. **In a ''compound'' squeeze, there are menaces in three suits (against one); then, menaces in three suits (against both opponents). It could be named a ''six-suit'' squeeze.<ref>Clyde Love in ''[[Bridge Squeezes Complete]]'' proposes the term ''quintuple squeeze'' as it is a triple squeeze followed by a double squeeze</ref> **The peculiar and rare ''[[single-suit squeeze]]'' is actually a type of [[endplay]] rather than a real squeeze. * According to what is gained: **In a ''material'' squeeze, the opponents are forced to give up a trick directly. **In a ''non-material'' squeeze, the opponents are forced to give up strategic position. For example, an opponent can be squeezed out of an exit card or a card that disturbs declarer's entries. An extra trick, however, may materialize later. * According to the count rectification: **In a squeeze ''with the count'', the count is rectified before the squeeze card is played, and declarer will lose no more tricks. These are typically material squeezes. **In a squeeze ''without the count'', the count is not yet rectified. These are typically non-material squeezes, often with a throw-in in the end position. Most of the common types of squeezes (and some of the rare ones) have names: {|class="wikitable collapsible uncollapsed sortable" !Type of Squeeze||Positional or<br>Automatic||Opponents||Suits||Material or <br>Non-material||Count<br>Rectified |- |[[Simple squeeze]]||Either||Single||2||Yes||Yes |- |[[Criss-cross squeeze]]||Automatic||Single||2||Yes||Yes |- |[[Trump squeeze]]||Either||Single||2||Yes||Yes |- |[[Progressive squeeze]]<br>({{aka}} [[Triple squeeze]])||valign=top|Positional||valign=top|Single||valign=top|3||valign=top|Yes||valign=top|Yes |- |[[Double squeeze]]<br>(also: [[Simultaneous double squeeze]]<br>[[Non-simultaneous double squeeze]])||valign=top|Either||valign=top|Double||valign=top|3||valign=top|Yes||valign=top|Yes |- |[[Compound squeeze]]||Positional||Double||3||Yes||Yes |- |[[Entry-shifting squeeze]]||Positional||Single||2||Yes||Yes |- |[[Single-suit squeeze]]||Positional||Single||1||Yes||No |- |[[Strip squeeze]]||Positional||Single||2–3||Yes||No |- |[[Backwash squeeze]]||Positional||Single||2||Yes||Yes |- |[[Cannibal squeeze]]<br>(a.k.a. Suicide squeeze)||valign=top|Positional||valign=top|Single||valign=top|2||valign=top|Yes||valign=top|Yes* |- |[[Stepping-stone squeeze]]||Positional||Either||2||No||No |- |[[Guard squeeze]]||Positional||Either||2–3||Yes||Yes |- |[[Vice squeeze]]||Positional||Single||2–3||Yes||No |- |[[Winkle squeeze]]||Positional||Single||3||No||No |- |[[Clash squeeze]]||Positional||Either||3||Yes||Yes |- |[[Saturated squeeze]]||Positional||Double||4||Yes||Yes |- |[[Pseudo-squeeze]]||N/A||N/A||N/A||No||N/A |- |[[Entry squeeze]]||Either||Either||3||No||No |- |[[Knockout squeeze]]||Either||Single||3||No||No |} ==See also== *[[Bridge Squeezes Complete]] by [[Clyde E. Love]] *[[List of play techniques (bridge)]] *[[Vienna coup]] ==Notes== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book |last1 = Bird |first1 = David |author-link1 = David Bird (bridge writer) |last2 = Smith |first2 = Marc |author-link2 = Marc Smith (bridge) |title = Squeezes Made Simple |publisher = Master Point Press |location = Toronto |pages = 61 |year = 2001 |oclc = 46620681 |isbn = 978-1-894154-32-1}} * {{cite book |last = Bird |first = David |author-link = David Bird (bridge writer) |title = Bridge Squeezes for Everyone |publisher = Master Point Press |location = Toronto |pages = 221 |year = 2002 |oclc = 48533829 |isbn = 978-1-894154-42-0}} * {{cite book |last = Coffin |first = George |author-link = George Coffin |title = Endplays in Bridge: Eliminations, Squeezes and Coups |lccn = 81069898 }} * {{cite book |last = Eng |first = Fook H. |title = Bridge Squeezes Illustrated |publisher = Eng |location = Los Angeles |pages = 185 |year = 1973 |oclc = 2556958 }} * {{cite book |last = Freehill |first = H.G. |title = The Squeeze at Bridge |publisher = Faber and Faber |location = London |pages = 126 |year = 1949 |oclc = 2813446 }} * {{cite book |last = French |first = Marvin L. |title = Squeeze Refresher (For Good Bridge Players) |publisher = Self Published |location = San Diego |pages = 90 |year = 2013 |url = http://lajollabridge.com/French/misc/Squeeze-Refresher.pdf }} * {{cite book |last = Kelsey |first = Hugh |title = Simple Squeezes |publisher = Victor Gollancz Ltd. in association with Peter Crawley (London), 120p |series = Master Bridge Series |year = 1985 |isbn = 0-575-03607-9}} * {{cite book |last = Kelsey |first = Hugh |title = Strip-Squeezes |publisher = Victor Gollancz Ltd. in association with Peter Crawley (London), 120p |series = Master Bridge Series |year = 1986 |isbn = 0-575-03896-9}} * {{cite book |last = Kelsey |first = Hugh |title = Double Squeezes |publisher = Victor Gollancz Ltd. in association with Peter Crawley (London), 125p |series = Master Bridge Series |year = 1997 |isbn = 0-575-04115-3}} * {{cite book |last = Kelsey |first = Hugh |title = Triple Squeezes |publisher = Victor Gollancz Ltd. in association with Peter Crawley (London), 120p |series = Master Bridge Series |year = 1990 |isbn = 0-575-04718-6}} * {{cite book |last = Laderman |first = Julian |title = A Bridge to Simple Squeezes |publisher = Master Point Press |location = Toronto |pages = 151 |edition = 2nd |year = 2007 |oclc = 154712413 |isbn = 978-1-897106-26-6}} * {{cite book |last = Love |first = Clyde E. |author-link = Clyde E. Love |title = Squeeze Play in Bridge |publisher = Richard R. Smith Publisher Inc |location = New York |pages = 183 |year = 1951 |oclc = 2556862 }} * {{cite book |last = Love |first = Clyde E. |title = [[Bridge Squeezes Complete]] or Winning End Play Strategy |publisher = Barclay Bridge Supplies, Sterling Publishing Company Inc |location = Long Island, NY |edition = 1st |pages = 260 |year = 1959 |lccn = 59014249 }} * {{cite book |last = Love |first = Clyde E. |editor1-last = Lee |editor1-first = Linda |editor1-link = Linda Lee (bridge) |editor2-last = Pottage |editor2-first = Julian |editor2-link = Julian Pottage |title = Bridge Squeezes Complete: Winning Endgame Strategy |publisher = Master Point Press |location = Toronto |edition = Revised |pages = 384 |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-1-897106-58-7}} * {{cite book |last1 = Mollo |first1 = Victor |author-link1 = Victor Mollo |last2 = Gardener |first2 = Nico |author-link2 = Nico Gardener |title = Card Play Technique or the Art of Being Lucky |edition = 1st |publisher = George Newnes Limited |location = London |year = 1955 }} * {{cite book |last = Moon |first = Anthony |title = Simple Squeezes |edition = 2nd |publisher = Pressure Point Press |year = 2010 |isbn = 978-0-9561532-5-8}} * {{cite book |last1 = Ottlik |first1 = Géza |author-link1 = Géza Ottlik |last2 = Kelsey |first2 = Hugh |author-link2 = Hugh Kelsey |title = Adventures in Card Play |publisher = Victor Gallancz Ltd. in association with Peter Crawley |location = London |year = 1979 }} Also, {{cite book |title = Adventures in Card Play |publisher = (2005) London: Cassell in association with Peter Crawley, 7th Impression |isbn = 0-304-36807-5}} * {{cite book |last1 = Reese |first1 = Terence |author-link1 = Terence Reese |last2 = Jourdain |first2 = Patrick |title = Squeeze Play is Easy |year = 1980 |publisher = George Allen & Unwin LTD |location=London |isbn = 0-04-793047-0 |postscript=, 145 pages}} / {{cite book |title = Squeeze Play Made Easy |date = 1980 |publisher = Sterling Publishing Co. Inc. |location=New York |isbn = 0-8069-4940-6 |postscript=, 145 pages}} * Reese, Terence. ''Master Play in Contract Bridge'' * {{cite book |last = Schuld |first = Frank |title = The Simple Squeeze in Bridge |edition = New and Revised |publisher = Drake Publishers Inc |location = New York |year = 1977 |isbn = 0-8473-1453-7}} * {{cite book |last = Squire |first = Norman |title = Squeeze Play Simplified |publisher = Gerald Duckworth & Co. Ltd. |location = London |year = 1979 |isbn = 0-7156-1292-1}} * Thoma, Peter. ''The Art of Bridge Squeezes'' * {{cite book |last = Wang |first = Chien-Hwa |title = The Squeeze at Bridge |publisher = Cadogan Books |location = London |pages = 203 |series = Cadogan bridge series |year = 1993 |lccn = 93007343 |isbn = 1-85744-507-4}} {{WPCBIndex}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Squeeze Play (Bridge)}} [[Category:Contract bridge squeezes|*]] [[fr:Squeeze#Bridge]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Aka" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Aka">Template:Aka</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Aka&action=edit" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Aka">view source</a>) (semi-protected)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Also_known_as" title="Template:Also known as">Template:Also known as</a> (<a 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