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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_in_the_application_of_smart_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_in_the_application_of_smart_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Challenges in the application of smart power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges_in_the_application_of_smart_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges in the application of smart power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges_in_the_application_of_smart_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rule_of_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_of_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Rule of law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_of_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_roadblocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_roadblocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Organizational roadblocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_roadblocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financing_smart_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financing_smart_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Financing smart power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financing_smart_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strategic_communications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_communications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Strategic communications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_communications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Nations_as_an_instrument_of_smart_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_as_an_instrument_of_smart_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>United Nations as an instrument of smart power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_as_an_instrument_of_smart_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_perspectives_on_smart_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_perspectives_on_smart_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Global perspectives on smart power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_perspectives_on_smart_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Global perspectives on smart power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Global_perspectives_on_smart_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S.-China_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S.-China_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>U.S.-China relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S.-China_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S-Turkish_Relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S-Turkish_Relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>U.S-Turkish Relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S-Turkish_Relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate_surrounding_smart_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate_surrounding_smart_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Debate surrounding smart power</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Debate_surrounding_smart_power-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Debate surrounding smart power subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Debate_surrounding_smart_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transformational_diplomacy_versus_smart_power_strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transformational_diplomacy_versus_smart_power_strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Transformational diplomacy versus smart power strategy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transformational_diplomacy_versus_smart_power_strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Smart_power_as_an_instrument_of_American_imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smart_power_as_an_instrument_of_American_imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Smart power as an instrument of American imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smart_power_as_an_instrument_of_American_imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ineffective_use_of_smart_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ineffective_use_of_smart_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Ineffective use of smart power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ineffective_use_of_smart_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Questioning_old_institutions_and_alliances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Questioning_old_institutions_and_alliances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Questioning old institutions and alliances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Questioning_old_institutions_and_alliances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Smart power</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kluge_Macht" title="Kluge Macht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kluge Macht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poder_inteligente" title="Poder inteligente – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Poder inteligente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF" title="قدرت هوشمند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قدرت هوشمند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_power" title="Smart power – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Smart power" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88%ED%8A%B8_%ED%8C%8C%EC%9B%8C" title="스마트 파워 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스마트 파워" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB_%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA" title="Խելացի ուժ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խելացի ուժ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%94" title="עוצמה חכמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עוצמה חכמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_power" title="Smart power – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Smart power" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Умная сила – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Умная сила" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A_%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA" title="ڏاهي طاقت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڏاهي طاقت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C4%B1ll%C4%B1_g%C3%BC%C3%A7" title="Akıllı güç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Akıllı güç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Розумна сила – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розумна сила" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%81n_l%E1%BB%B1c_th%C3%B4ng_minh" title="Quyền lực thông minh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quyền lực thông minh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A7%E5%AF%A6%E5%8A%9B" title="巧實力 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巧實力" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the political term. For the book, see <a href="/wiki/Smart_Power" title="Smart Power">Smart Power</a>. For the TV episode, see <a href="/wiki/Smart_Power_(The_Handmaid%27s_Tale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart Power (The Handmaid's Tale)">Smart Power (The Handmaid's Tale)</a>. For energy use, see <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smart_meter" title="Smart meter">Smart meter</a>.</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a>, the term <b>smart power</b> refers to the combination of <a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">hard power</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a> strategies. It is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a> as "an approach that underscores the necessity of a strong military, but also invests heavily in alliances, partnerships, and institutions of all levels to expand one's influence and establish legitimacy of one's action." <sup id="cite_ref-CSIS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSIS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_Defense_for_International_Security_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs">Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Clinton_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinton administration">Clinton administration</a> and author of several books on smart power strategy, suggests that the most effective strategies in foreign policy today require a mix of hard and soft power resources. Employing only hard power or only soft power in a given situation will usually prove inadequate.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nye utilizes the example of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, arguing that combatting terrorism demands smart power strategy. He advises that simply utilizing soft power resources to change the hearts and minds of the Taliban government would be ineffective and requires a hard power component. In developing relationships with the mainstream Muslim world, however, soft power resources are necessary and the use of hard power would have damaging effects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Crocker" class="mw-redirect" title="Chester A. Crocker">Chester A. Crocker</a>, smart power "involves the strategic use of diplomacy, persuasion, capacity building, and the projection of power and influence in ways that are cost-effective and have political and social legitimacy" – essentially the engagement of both military force and all forms of diplomacy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soft_Power_(2004)_by_Joseph_Nye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Soft_Power_%282004%29_by_Joseph_Nye.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a>'s book describing the concept of "<a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>The origin of the term "smart power" is under debate and has been attributed to both <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Nossel" title="Suzanne Nossel">Suzanne Nossel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a>. </p><p>Suzanne Nossel, Deputy to Ambassador Holbrooke at the United Nations during the Clinton administration, is credited with coining the term in an article in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs" title="Foreign Affairs">Foreign Affairs</a> entitled, "Smart Power: Reclaiming Liberal Internationalism", in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Nossel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nossel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a more recent article for CNN, she has criticized the Trump administration for its "tunnel-vision" foreign policy that neglects both soft power and smart power. She writes: "..Trump seems oblivious toward the brand value of what Joseph Nye has called the 'soft power' that comes from projecting appealing aspects of American society and character abroad. He is also indifferent to my own concept of 'smart power,'or the imperative to engage a broad range of tools of statecraft, from diplomacy to aid to private sector engagement to military intervention."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a>, however, claims that smart power is a term he introduced in 2003 "to counter the misperception that soft power alone can produce effective foreign policy."<sup id="cite_ref-Nye_2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nye_2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created the term to name an alternative to the hard power-driven foreign policy of the Bush administration. Nye notes that smart power strategy denotes the ability to combine hard and soft power depending on whether hard or soft power would be more effective in a given situation. He states that many situations require soft power; however, in stopping North Korea's nuclear weapons program, for instance, hard power might be more effective than soft power.<sup id="cite_ref-Mundow_Nye_2011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mundow_Nye_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of the <i>Financial Times</i>, "to win the peace, therefore, the US will have to show as much skill in exercising soft power as it has in using hard power to win the war."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smart power addresses multilateralism and enhances foreign policy. </p><p>A successful smart power narrative for the United States in the twenty-first century, Nye argues, will not obsess over power maximization or the preservation of hegemony. Rather, it will find "ways to combine resources into successful strategies in the new context of power diffusion and the 'rise of the rest.'"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A successful smart power strategy will provide answers to the following questions: 1) What goals or outcomes are preferred?<sup id="cite_ref-Nye_The_Future_of_Power_208_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nye_The_Future_of_Power_208-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2) What resources are available and in which contexts?<sup id="cite_ref-Nye_The_Future_of_Power_208_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nye_The_Future_of_Power_208-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 3) What are the positions and preferences of the targets of attempts at influence?<sup id="cite_ref-Nye_The_Future_of_Power_208_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nye_The_Future_of_Power_208-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4) Which forms of power behavior are most likely to succeed?<sup id="cite_ref-Nye_Future_of_Power_209_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nye_Future_of_Power_209-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 5) What is the probability of success?<sup id="cite_ref-Nye_Future_of_Power_209_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nye_Future_of_Power_209-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/International_relations_of_the_Great_Powers_(1814%E2%80%931919)" class="mw-redirect" title="International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)">International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom">History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Since the period of <i><a href="/wiki/Pax_Britannica" title="Pax Britannica">Pax Britannica</a></i> (1815–1914) the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">foreign relations of the United Kingdom</a> has employed a combination of influence and coercion in international relations.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term smart power emerged in the past decade, but the concept of smart power has much earlier roots in the history of the United States and is a popular notion in international relations today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <dl><dt>1901</dt> <dd>President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> proclaims: "<a href="/wiki/Big_Stick_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Stick ideology">Speak softly and carry a big stick</a>."</dd> <dt>1948</dt> <dd>The United States initiates major peacetime soft power programs under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Smith%E2%80%93Mundt_Act" title="Smith–Mundt Act">Smith-Mundt Act</a>, including broadcasting, exchange and information world wide to combat the outreach of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.</dd> <dt>1991</dt> <dd>The end of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> was marked by the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, which fell as a result of a combination of hard and soft power. Throughout the Cold War, hard power was used to deter Soviet aggression and soft power was used to erode faith in Communism. Joseph Nye said: "When the Berlin Wall finally collapsed, it was destroyed not by artillery barrage but by hammers and bulldozers wielded by those who had lost faith in communism."<sup id="cite_ref-Nye_2009_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nye_2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>2004</dt> <dd>Joseph S. Nye introduces the term "smart power" in his book, "Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics". "Smart power is neither hard nor soft. It is both," he writes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an article in "Foreign Affairs", analyst Suzanne Nossel uses the term "smart power". For Nossel, "Smart power means knowing that the United States' own hand is not always its best tool: U.S. interests are furthered by enlisting others on behalf of U.S. goals."<sup id="cite_ref-Nossel_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nossel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>2007</dt> <dd>In light of <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">9/11</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">war in Iraq</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a> was criticized for placing too much emphasis on a hard power strategy. To counter this hard power strategy, the <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a> released the "Commission on Smart Power" to introduce the concept of smart power into discussion on which principles should guide the future of U.S. foreign policy in light of 9/11 and the war in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-CSIS_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSIS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report identifies five critical areas of focus for the U.S.: Alliances, <a href="/wiki/Global_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Development">Global Development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public Diplomacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_integration" title="Economic integration">Economic Integration</a>, and Technology and Innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-CSIS_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSIS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the report, these five goals constitute smart foreign policy and will help the United States achieve the goal of "American preeminence as an agent of good."<sup id="cite_ref-CSIS_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSIS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="The Center for Strategic and International Studies">The Center for Strategic and International Studies</a>, released a second report, "Investing in a New <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a>", to address the concept of smart power in international releases. This report addressed the United Nations as an instrument of U.S. smart power. By collaborating with the UN, the U.S. can lead the way in reinvigorating multilateralism within the international community in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-Multilateralism_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multilateralism-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>2009</dt> <dd>Under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a>, smart power became a core principle of his foreign policy strategy. It was popularized by <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> during her Senate confirmation hearing on January 13, 2009 for the position of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>: <blockquote><p>We must use what has been called smart power---the full range of tools at our disposal---diplomatic, economic, military, political, legal, and cultural---picking the right tool, or combination of tools, for each situation. With smart power, diplomacy will be the vanguard of foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> Both <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Nossel" title="Suzanne Nossel">Suzanne Nossel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a> were supportive of Clinton's encouragement of smart power, since it would popularize the use of smart power in U.S. foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That popularization has been accompanied by more frequent use of the term, and <a href="/wiki/David_Ignatius" title="David Ignatius">David Ignatius</a> describes it as an "overused and vapid phrase meant to connote the kind of power between hard and soft".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>2010</dt> <dd>The "First Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review (QDDR)" entitled, "Leading through Civilian Power", called for the implementation of a smart power strategy through civilian leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>2011</dt> <dd>Obama's "2011 May Speech on the Middle East and North Africa" called for a smart power strategy, incorporating development, in addition to defense and diplomacy, as the third pillar of his foreign policy doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_application">Contemporary application</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Contemporary application"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UK government <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defence_and_Security_Review_2015" title="Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015">Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015</a> was based on a combination of hard power and soft power strategies.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Poisoning_of_Sergei_and_Yulia_Skripal" title="Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal">Poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal</a> in 2018, the National Security Review described a "fusion doctrine", that will combine resources from <a href="/wiki/British_intelligence_agencies" title="British intelligence agencies">British intelligence agencies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">foreign relations</a> and economic considerations to defeat the UK's enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recent years, some scholars have sought to differentiate smart power further from soft power, while also including military posture and other tools of statecraft as part of a broad smart power philosophy. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Whiton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Whiton (page does not exist)">Christian Whiton</a>, a <a href="/wiki/State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="State Department">State Department</a> official during the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a>, recalled U.S. political influence activities from the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>-backed programs like the <a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom" title="Congress for Cultural Freedom">Congress for Cultural Freedom</a>, and called for adapting these to contemporary challenges to the U.S. posed by China, Iran, and Islamists.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges_in_the_application_of_smart_power">Challenges in the application of smart power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Challenges in the application of smart power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to "Dealing with Today's Asymmetric Threat to U.S. and Global Security", a symposium sponsored by <a href="/wiki/CACI" title="CACI">CACI</a>, an effective smart power strategy faces multiple challenges in transitioning from smart power as a theory to smart power in practice. Applying smart power today requires great difficulty, since it operates in an environment of asymmetric threats, ranging from cybersecurity to terrorism. These threats exist in a dynamic international environment, adding yet another challenge to the application of smart power strategy. In order to effectively address asymmetric threats arising in a dynamic international environment, the symposium suggests addressing the following factors: <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>, organizational roadblocks, financing smart power, and strategic communications.<sup id="cite_ref-DwTAT_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DwTAT-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rule_of_law">Rule of law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Rule of law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></div> <p>In order to implement smart power approaches on both a domestic and international level, the United States must develop a legal framework for the use of smart power capabilities. Developing a legal foundation for smart power, however, demands a clear concept of these asymmetric threats, which is often difficult. The cyber domain, for instance, presents an extremely nebulous concept. Hence, the challenge will be conceptualizing asymmetric threats before formulating a legal framework.<sup id="cite_ref-DwTAT_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DwTAT-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational_roadblocks">Organizational roadblocks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organizational roadblocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inability to promote smart power approaches because of organizational failures within agencies presents another obstacle to successful smart power implementation. Agencies often lack either the appropriate authority or resources to employ smart power. The only way to give smart power long-term sustainability is to address these organizational failures and promote the coordination and accessibility of hard and soft power resources.<sup id="cite_ref-DwTAT_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DwTAT-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financing_smart_power">Financing smart power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Financing smart power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the ongoing financial crisis, the dire need for financial resources presents a critical obstacle to the implementation of smart power. According to Secretary Gates, 'there is a need for a dramatic increase in spending on the civilian instruments of national security---diplomacy, strategic communications, foreign assistance, civic action, and economic reconstruction and development." In order to successfully implement smart power, the U.S. budget needs to be rebalanced so that non-military foreign affairs programs receive more funding. Sacrificing defense spending will, however, be met with stalwart resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-DwTAT_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DwTAT-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strategic_communications">Strategic communications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Strategic communications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Asymmetries of perception," according to the report, are a major obstacle to strategic communications. A long-term smart power strategy will mitigate negative perceptions by discussing the nature of these threats and making a case for action using smart power strategy. The report states that the central theme of our strategic communications campaign should be education of our nation in our values as a democratic nation and in the nature of the threats our nation faces today.<sup id="cite_ref-DwTAT_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DwTAT-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Nations_as_an_instrument_of_smart_power">United Nations as an instrument of smart power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United Nations as an instrument of smart power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of all the tools at the disposal of smart power strategists in the United States, experts suggest that the U.N. is the most critical. The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a> issued a report, <i>Investing in a New Multilateralism</i>, in January 2009 to outline the role of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as an instrument of U.S. smart power strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-Multilateralism_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multilateralism-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report suggests that in an increasingly multipolar world, the UN cannot be discarded as outdated and must be regarded as an essential tool to thinking strategically about the new multilateralism that our nation faces.<sup id="cite_ref-Multilateralism_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multilateralism-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An effective smart power strategy will align the interests of the U.S. and the UN, thereby effectively addressing threats to peace and security, climate change, global health, and humanitarian operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Multilateralism_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Multilateralism-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_perspectives_on_smart_power">Global perspectives on smart power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Global perspectives on smart power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S.-China_relations">U.S.-China relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: U.S.-China relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As announced by Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> in November 2011, the United States will begin to shift its attention to the Asia-Pacific region, making the strategic relationship between the U.S. and China of supreme importance in determining the future of international affairs in the region. The <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Strategic_and_International_Studies" title="Center for Strategic and International Studies">Center for Strategic and International Studies</a>, in "Smart Power in U.S.-China Relations," offers recommendations for building a cooperative strategic relationship between the U.S. and China through smart power strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than relying on unilateral action, the U.S. and China should combine their smart power resources to promote the global good and enhance the peace and security of the region. The report recommends the following policy objectives: implement an aggressive engagement agenda, launch an action agenda on energy and climate, and institute a new dialogue on finance and economics. Overall, the report suggests that U.S.-Sino relations should be pursued without the black-and-white view of China as either benign or hostile, but rather, as a partner necessary in serving the interests of the U.S. and the region while promoting the global good. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S-Turkish_Relations">U.S-Turkish Relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: U.S-Turkish Relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Obama administration continually stresses the importance of smart power strategy in relations with the Middle East and especially <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> due to its increasing leadership role as a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional soft power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As not only an Islamic democratic nation but also the only Muslim member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, Turkey's leverage in the region could inspire other nations to follow in its footsteps. By establishing a cooperative relationship with Turkey and working to clarify misunderstandings through smart power, Turkey could eventually become the bridge between the East and the West. A smart power approach to U.S.-Turkish relations will expand the leadership role of Turkey in the region and increases its strategic importance to NATO. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate_surrounding_smart_power">Debate surrounding smart power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Debate surrounding smart power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transformational_diplomacy_versus_smart_power_strategy">Transformational diplomacy versus smart power strategy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transformational diplomacy versus smart power strategy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a>, Bush's Secretary of State, coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Transformational_Diplomacy" title="Transformational Diplomacy">Transformational Diplomacy</a>" to denote Bush's policy to promote democracy through a hard power driven strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimitrova_2011_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimitrova_2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Transformational diplomacy" stands at odds with "smart power," which utilizes hard and soft power resources based on the situation. The Obama administration's foreign policy was based on smart power strategy, attempting to strike a balance between defense and diplomacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Smart_power_as_an_instrument_of_American_imperialism">Smart power as an instrument of American imperialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Smart power as an instrument of American imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an interview with the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a>, interviewer Anna Mundow, questioned Joseph Nye over the criticism that smart power is the friendly face of <a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="American imperialism">American imperialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mundow_Nye_2011_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mundow_Nye_2011-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the same token, the <a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush doctrine</a> has also been criticized for being "imperialistic," by focusing on American power over partnerships with the rest of the world. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Nye" title="Joseph Nye">Joseph Nye</a> defends smart power by noting that criticism often stems from a misunderstanding of the smart power theory. Nye himself designed the theory to apply to any nation of any size, not just the United States. It was meant to be a more sophisticated method of thinking about power in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">information age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-9/11" title="Post-9/11">post-9/11</a> world.19 President Obama defined his vision for U.S. leadership as "not in the spirit of a patron but the spirit of a partner."<sup id="cite_ref-Dimitrova_2011_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimitrova_2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ineffective_use_of_smart_power">Ineffective use of smart power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ineffective use of smart power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ken_Adelman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ken Adelman">Ken Adelman</a>, in an article entitled "Not-So-Smart Power," argues that there is no correlation between U.S. aid and the ability of America to positively influence events abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He points out that the nations who receive the most foreign aid, such as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, are no more in tune with American values than those who receive less or no U.S. foreign aid. Overall, he criticizes the instruments of smart power, such as foreign aid and exchange programs, for being ineffective in achieving American national interests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Questioning_old_institutions_and_alliances">Questioning old institutions and alliances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Questioning old institutions and alliances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the application of smart power in U.S. strategy, Ted Galen Carpenter, author of the work <i>Smart Power'</i>, criticizes U.S. foreign policy for failing to question outdated alliances, such as NATO.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carpenter articulated his disapproval of <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventionist foreign policy</a>, saying, "America does not need to be — and should not aspire to be — a combination <a href="/wiki/Global_policeman" title="Global policeman">global policeman</a> and global social worker." Rather than utilizing antiquated institutions, the U.S. should rethink certain alliances in arriving at a new vision for the future of American foreign policy. Carpenter fears that America's domestic interests will be sacrificed in favor of global interests through smart power. Essentially, interventionist foreign policies advocated by U.S. smart power strategies undercut domestic liberties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_war_(general_term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold war (general term)">Cold war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagement_(diplomacy)" title="Engagement (diplomacy)">Engagement (diplomacy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noopolitik" title="Noopolitik">Noopolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot_and_stick" title="Carrot and stick">Carrot and stick approach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_realism" title="Progressive realism">Progressive realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformational_diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformational diplomacy">Transformational diplomacy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CSIS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSIS_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSIS_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSIS_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSIS_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcGiffertCohenArmitageNye2007" class="citation book cs1">McGiffert, Carola; Cohen, Craig; Armitage, Richard Lee; Nye, Joseph S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090723040801/http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/071106_csissmartpowerreport.pdf"><i>CSIS Commission on Smart Power: A Smarter, More Secure America</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89206-510-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89206-510-3"><bdi>978-0-89206-510-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csis.org/files/media/csis/pubs/071106_csissmartpowerreport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CSIS+Commission+on+Smart+Power%3A+A+Smarter%2C+More+Secure+America&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Center+for+Strategic+and+International+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-89206-510-3&rft.aulast=McGiffert&rft.aufirst=Carola&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Craig&rft.au=Armitage%2C+Richard+Lee&rft.au=Nye%2C+Joseph+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcsis.org%2Ffiles%2Fmedia%2Fcsis%2Fpubs%2F071106_csissmartpowerreport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGavel2008" class="citation web cs1">Gavel, Doug (July 3, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091213023017/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/publications/insight/international/joseph-nye">"Joseph Nye on Smart Power"</a>. Harvard University Kennedy School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/publications/insight/international/joseph-nye">the original</a> on 2009-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+Nye+on+Smart+Power&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Kennedy+School&rft.date=2008-07-03&rft.aulast=Gavel&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hks.harvard.edu%2Fnews-events%2Fpublications%2Finsight%2Finternational%2Fjoseph-nye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrocker,_Chester_A.Hampson,_Fen_OslerAall,_Pamela_R.2007" class="citation book cs1">Crocker, Chester A.; Hampson, Fen Osler; Aall, Pamela R. (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leashingdogsofwa00croc"><i>Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World</i></a></span>. US Institute of Peace Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leashingdogsofwa00croc/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-97-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-97-8"><bdi>978-1-929223-97-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leashing+the+Dogs+of+War%3A+Conflict+Management+in+a+Divided+World&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-929223-97-8&rft.au=Crocker%2C+Chester+A.&rft.au=Hampson%2C+Fen+Osler&rft.au=Aall%2C+Pamela+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleashingdogsofwa00croc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nossel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nossel_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nossel_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNossel2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Nossel, Suzanne (1 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/59716/suzanne-nossel/smart-power">"Smart power: Reclaiming liberal internationalism"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Smart+power%3A+Reclaiming+liberal+internationalism&rft.date=2004-03-01&rft.aulast=Nossel&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F59716%2Fsuzanne-nossel%2Fsmart-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNossel2017" class="citation news cs1">Nossel, Suzanne (5 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2017/03/05/opinions/trumps-worrying-foreign-policy-nossel-opinion/index.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'America First' puts freedom and leadership last"</a>. <i>CNN</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=%27America+First%27+puts+freedom+and+leadership+last&rft.date=2017-03-05&rft.aulast=Nossel&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F03%2F05%2Fopinions%2Ftrumps-worrying-foreign-policy-nossel-opinion%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nye_2009-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nye_2009_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nye_2009_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNye2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Nye, Joseph S. (1 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/united-states/get-smart">"Get Smart: Combining Hard and Soft Power"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. Council on Foreign Relations.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Get+Smart%3A+Combining+Hard+and+Soft+Power&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Funited-states%2Fget-smart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mundow_Nye_2011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mundow_Nye_2011_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mundow_Nye_2011_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMundowNye2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Mundow, Anna; Nye, Joseph (6 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2011/02/06/wielding_smart_power_in_world_affairs/?page=full">"Wielding 'smart power' in world affairs"</a>. <i>Boston Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Wielding+%27smart+power%27+in+world+affairs&rft.date=2011-02-06&rft.aulast=Mundow&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Nye%2C+Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fae%2Fbooks%2Farticles%2F2011%2F02%2F06%2Fwielding_smart_power_in_world_affairs%2F%3Fpage%3Dfull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNye2004" class="citation book cs1">Nye, Joseph S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hTBxIMnpMloC"><i>Soft Power: The Means To Success In World Politics</i></a>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-225-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58648-225-1"><bdi>978-1-58648-225-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soft+Power%3A+The+Means+To+Success+In+World+Politics&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58648-225-1&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhTBxIMnpMloC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNye2011" class="citation book cs1">Nye, Joseph S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jThyCT8d3mYC"><i>The Future of Power</i></a>. New York: PublicAffairs. pp. <span class="nowrap">207–</span>208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586488925" title="Special:BookSources/9781586488925"><bdi>9781586488925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781586488925&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjThyCT8d3mYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nye_The_Future_of_Power_208-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nye_The_Future_of_Power_208_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nye_The_Future_of_Power_208_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nye_The_Future_of_Power_208_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNye2011" class="citation book cs1">Nye, Joseph S. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jThyCT8d3mYC"><i>The Future of Power</i></a>. New York: PublicAffairs. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586488925" title="Special:BookSources/9781586488925"><bdi>9781586488925</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+of+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781586488925&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjThyCT8d3mYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nye_Future_of_Power_209-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nye_Future_of_Power_209_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nye_Future_of_Power_209_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNye2011" class="citation book cs1">Nye, Joseph S. 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Taylor & Francis. pp. <span class="nowrap">204–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415545334" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415545334"><bdi>978-0415545334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soft+power%2C+hard+power%2C+and+the+Pax+Americana&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0415545334&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DujlMly6WVxIC%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNye2004" class="citation book cs1">Nye, Joseph (2004). <i>Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Security+Expert+Advisory+Group+Policy+Paper&rft.atitle=Smart+Power+and+U.S.+Turkish+Relations&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2010-01&rft.aulast=Fotoui&rft.aufirst=Eleni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kas.de%2Fc%2Fdocument_library%2Fget_file%3Fuuid%3Dc351af90-ecf3-ca3e-9579-cc91d25f6f69%23page%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dimitrova_2011-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dimitrova_2011_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimitrova_2011_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDimitrova2011" class="citation cs2">Dimitrova, Anna (20 July 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturaldiplomacy.org/culturaldiplomacynews/participant-papers/academy/Anna-Dimitrova-Obama's-Foreign-Policy-Between-Pragmatic-Realism-and-Smart-Diplomacy.pdf"><i>Obama's Foreign Policy: Between Pragmatic Realism and Smart Diplomacy?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obama%27s+Foreign+Policy%3A+Between+Pragmatic+Realism+and+Smart+Diplomacy%3F&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft.aulast=Dimitrova&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturaldiplomacy.org%2Fculturaldiplomacynews%2Fparticipant-papers%2Facademy%2FAnna-Dimitrova-Obama%27s-Foreign-Policy-Between-Pragmatic-Realism-and-Smart-Diplomacy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdelman2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Adelman, Ken (18 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/04/18/not-so-smart-power/">"Not-So-Smart Power"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. Council on Foreign Relations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=Not-So-Smart+Power&rft.date=2011-04-18&rft.aulast=Adelman&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2011%2F04%2F18%2Fnot-so-smart-power%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBandow2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Bandow, Doug (August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613015018/http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0908f.asp">"A Prudent Foreign Policy"</a>. <i>Freedom Daily</i>. Future of Freedom Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fff.org/freedom/fd0908f.asp">the original</a> on 13 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Freedom+Daily&rft.atitle=A+Prudent+Foreign+Policy&rft.date=2009-08&rft.aulast=Bandow&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fff.org%2Ffreedom%2Ffd0908f.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASmart+power" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smart_power&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngds-ku.org/Presentations/IR04.pdf">Soft Power, Smart Power and Intelligent Power</a> A lecture in honor of Joseph Nye</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngds-ku.org/presentations/Smart-Intelligent.pdf">Smart-Intelligent Power and Conflict management at State Level</a> Paper presented during ICCTSS 2014, held at University of Karachi</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/lords-select/soft-power-and-the-uks-influence/news/soft-power-report-24mar14/">Soft Power Committee 'Persuasion and Power' report</a> UK Parliament</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-security-strategy-and-strategic-defence-and-security-review-2015">Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015</a> UK Government</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Power_in_international_relations68" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_power" title="Template:International power"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_power" title="Template talk:International power"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_power" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International power"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Power_in_international_relations68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power in international relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_power" title="Food power">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_power" title="Maritime power">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_power" title="National power">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_politics" title="Power politics">Politics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_power" title="Sharp power">Sharp</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great</a> (<a href="/wiki/Least_of_the_Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Least of the Great Powers">Least Great</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Super</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower" title="Potential superpower">Potential</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="African Century">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Century" title="Asian Century">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Century" title="Indian Century">Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Century" title="Pacific Century">Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">List of ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">List of medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">List of modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Western_era" title="Post-Western era">Post-Western era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">Hegemonic stability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Philosophy of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_transition_theory" title="Power transition theory">Power transition theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Superpower">Second Superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower collapse">Superpower collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_disengagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower disengagement">Superpower disengagement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_Index_of_National_Capability" title="Composite Index of National Capability">Composite Index of National Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_National_Power" title="Comprehensive National Power">Comprehensive National Power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations_and_groups_by_region68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Organizations and groups</a> by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States (ACS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System (SICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Interaction_and_Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Asia" title="Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia">Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Cooperation_Secretariat" title="Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat">Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union (EU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group (V4)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">North America–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Oceania–Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.25em;">Non–regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Speaking_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries">Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E9_(countries)" title="E9 (countries)">E9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">G24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a 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