CINXE.COM
Maitreyi Menon | FLAME University - Academia.edu
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Maitreyi Menon | FLAME University - Academia.edu</title> <!-- _ _ _ | | (_) | | __ _ ___ __ _ __| | ___ _ __ ___ _ __ _ ___ __| |_ _ / _` |/ __/ _` |/ _` |/ _ \ '_ ` _ \| |/ _` | / _ \/ _` | | | | | (_| | (_| (_| | (_| | __/ | | | | | | (_| || __/ (_| | |_| | \__,_|\___\__,_|\__,_|\___|_| |_| |_|_|\__,_(_)___|\__,_|\__,_| We're hiring! See https://www.academia.edu/hiring --> <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "profiles/works", 'action': "summary", 'controller_action': 'profiles/works#summary', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="RE-yoe6Unz2YywK3gABJgg0pQKBqDgWV6a03BLolJp5RsbPfy0zH4TIPvcU2sjnBsaQvEo-2PStJILr--1tSRw" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow-3d36c19b4875b226bfed0fcba1dcea3f2fe61148383d97c0465c016b8c969290.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/social/home-79e78ce59bef0a338eb6540ec3d93b4a7952115b56c57f1760943128f4544d42.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/figure_carousel-2004283e0948681916eefa74772df54f56cb5c7413d82b160212231c2f474bb3.css" /><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ProfilePage","mainEntity":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Maitreyi Menon","url":"https://flame.academia.edu/MaitreyiMenon","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/52612571/24892599/23723041/s200_maitreyi.menon.jpg","sameAs":[]},"dateCreated":"2016-08-28T08:05:50-07:00","dateModified":"2021-06-11T05:38:24-07:00","name":"Maitreyi Menon","description":"Interested in Economics, Labour Relations and Public Policy.","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/52612571/24892599/23723041/s200_maitreyi.menon.jpg","thumbnailUrl":"https://0.academia-photos.com/52612571/24892599/23723041/s65_maitreyi.menon.jpg","primaryImageOfPage":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/52612571/24892599/23723041/s200_maitreyi.menon.jpg","width":200},"sameAs":[],"relatedLink":"https://www.academia.edu/37556735/Rethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_Past_A_Critique_of_Colonialist_Thought"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-8c9ae4b5c8a2531640c354d92a1f3579c8ff103277ef74913e34c8a76d4e6c00.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/figure_carousel-2004283e0948681916eefa74772df54f56cb5c7413d82b160212231c2f474bb3.css" /><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 30px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 20px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 32px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 40px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 26px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 48px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 52px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 48px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 58px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 80px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 64px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 104px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 1280px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 38px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 152px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}</style><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-57f9da13cef3fd4e2a8b655342c6488eded3e557e823fe67571f2ac77acd7b6f.css" /> <meta name="author" content="maitreyi menon" /> <meta name="description" content="Interested in Economics, Labour Relations and Public Policy." /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'works'; var $action_name = "summary"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '9744e839ffe2d813ef8b7eb988ae0a3341a6052d'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":13933,"monthly_visitors":"143 million","monthly_visitor_count":143701084,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":143,"user_count":285952376,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1743215490000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1743215490000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <script src="//cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/html5shiv/3.7.2/html5shiv.min.js"></script> <![endif]--> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-9982828ed1de4777566441c35ccf7157c55ca779141fce69380d727ebdbbb926.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-cf157bca4ef673abcac8051ac68ed1136134beba22a884388e7ed6391572eef4.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-f96ab8a6334d161855249975a57d3f3d57f65c2e7553c6d20ab43c63efb79575.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://flame.academia.edu/MaitreyiMenon" /> </head> <!--[if gte IE 9 ]> <body class='ie ie9 c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'> <![endif]--> <!--[if !(IE) ]><!--> <body class='c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'> <!--<![endif]--> <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root"> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- Event listeners for analytics --> <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more <span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less <span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/profile.wjs-bundle-091a194a2533e53e1630c5cfd78813a4445aff73d16c70cdba1eafe8c0939f4a.js" defer="defer"></script><script>$viewedUser = Aedu.User.set_viewed( {"id":52612571,"first_name":"Maitreyi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Menon","page_name":"MaitreyiMenon","domain_name":"flame","created_at":"2016-08-28T08:05:50.238-07:00","display_name":"Maitreyi Menon","url":"https://flame.academia.edu/MaitreyiMenon","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/52612571/24892599/23723041/s65_maitreyi.menon.jpg","has_photo":true,"department":{"id":2348863,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://flame.academia.edu/Departments/Public_Policy/Documents","university":{"id":2799,"name":"FLAME University","url":"https://flame.academia.edu/"}},"position":"Undergraduate","position_id":7,"is_analytics_public":false,"interests":[{"id":19553,"name":"Cyborg Feminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyborg_Feminism"},{"id":20794,"name":"Cyberfeminism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberfeminism"},{"id":27906,"name":"Media technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_technology"},{"id":81588,"name":"Science Fiction Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science_Fiction_Studies"},{"id":38503,"name":"Politics of the Body","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_the_Body"}]} ); if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = []</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://flame.academia.edu/MaitreyiMenon","location":"/MaitreyiMenon","scheme":"https","host":"flame.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/MaitreyiMenon","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-b0611314-0ed1-4b91-8eea-d987c8d495de"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-b0611314-0ed1-4b91-8eea-d987c8d495de"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Maitreyi Menon" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/52612571/24892599/23723041/s200_maitreyi.menon.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Maitreyi Menon</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://flame.academia.edu/">FLAME University</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://flame.academia.edu/Departments/Public_Policy/Documents">Public Policy</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Undergraduate</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Maitreyi" data-follow-user-id="52612571" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="52612571"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">934</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">14</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">Interested in Economics, Labour Relations and Public Policy.<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><h3 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Related Authors</h3></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list" data-nosnippet="true"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HassanEgeh"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Hassan Egeh related author profile picture" border="0" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HassanEgeh">Hassan Egeh</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://um-boston.academia.edu/LApontePares"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Luis Aponte Pares related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3296677/1096433/1367441/s200_luis.aponte_pares.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://um-boston.academia.edu/LApontePares">Luis Aponte Pares</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Massachusetts, Boston</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://manoa-hawaii.academia.edu/SankaranKrishna"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Sankaran Krishna related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1529415/541460/10338316/s200_sankaran.krishna.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://manoa-hawaii.academia.edu/SankaranKrishna">Sankaran Krishna</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">University of Hawaii at Manoa</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://richmond-uk.academia.edu/LondonTaylor"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="London Taylor related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/65553153/17597841/17654746/s200_london.taylor.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://richmond-uk.academia.edu/LondonTaylor">London Taylor</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Richmond American University London</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RdwanKing"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Rdwan King related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/71287391/18296327/18264750/s200_rdwan.king.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RdwanKing">Rdwan King</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://unzik-edu.academia.edu/MichaelAnyaegbunam"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Michael Anyaegbunam related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/55448168/14610381/15463496/s200_michael.anyaegbunam.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://unzik-edu.academia.edu/MichaelAnyaegbunam">Michael Anyaegbunam</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/bunoyau"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="bu noyau related author profile picture" border="0" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/bunoyau">bu noyau</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://quantumpro.academia.edu/IanHussey"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Ian Hussey related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1751690/601063/21447123/s200_ian.hussey.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://quantumpro.academia.edu/IanHussey">Ian Hussey</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Edmonton</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://unj.academia.edu/AditiaPrasetiawan"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Aditia Prasetiawan related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1398624/506556/8314786/s200_aditia.prasetiawan.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://unj.academia.edu/AditiaPrasetiawan">Aditia Prasetiawan</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">State University of Jakarta</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/iosrjournals"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="IOSR Journals related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2594470/1482486/33690215/s200_iosr.journals.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/iosrjournals">IOSR Journals</a></div></div></ul></div><style type="text/css">.suggested-academics--header h3{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px}</style><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="52612571" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Media_technology"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://flame.academia.edu/MaitreyiMenon","location":"/MaitreyiMenon","scheme":"https","host":"flame.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/MaitreyiMenon","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Media technology"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-85d3b343-9977-43d0-b000-3ecb5e165616"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-85d3b343-9977-43d0-b000-3ecb5e165616"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="52612571" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science_Fiction_Studies"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Science Fiction Studies"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-8c210fad-1614-44c0-8af6-69efe6216658"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-8c210fad-1614-44c0-8af6-69efe6216658"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="52612571" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics_of_the_Body"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Politics of the Body"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-1980a4d6-6372-4cf5-954d-0aa41f7312c6"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-1980a4d6-6372-4cf5-954d-0aa41f7312c6"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Maitreyi Menon</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37556735"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37556735/Rethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_Past_A_Critique_of_Colonialist_Thought"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Rethinking Development Theories of the Past: A Critique of Colonialist Thought" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533087/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37556735/Rethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_Past_A_Critique_of_Colonialist_Thought">Rethinking Development Theories of the Past: A Critique of Colonialist Thought</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Western interest into the rest of the world have always come with rationalizations-may it be the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Western interest into the rest of the world have always come with rationalizations-may it be the enlightenment era focus of 'the rational pursuit of human freedoms', or the antiquated colonial responsibility of the 'white man's burden' or the contemporary concern for human development indicators. The development rhetoric of the late twentieth century represented massive social engineering undertakings to rewire the undermodernized east into the prototype of the ideal west. What was once understood as the ethical responsibility of the west to sanitize the savages of their barbarity has then became in moral responsibility to propagate the spirit of capitalism by capacity building for increasing output and state machinery, modelled by that of the 'ideal' west. This 'secular theory of salvation' (Ashis Nandy) was focused on creating a new reality devoid of the inherited problems of the east. In this process of social sanitization, postulations of development theory replaced evangelical Christianity as a new blind faith. However, consequences of these imposed paradigms of development, like growing wealth inequality, relational variations in affluence and other measures have created epitaphs for such dictums of development. Modernization Theory The development theories of past, in this essay referring to the Modernization and Dependency theory consequently offered a paradigm of development for the east, modelled on the west or on the mistakes of the western society. Modernization theory was developed during the post-world war period as an attempt to explain the disparities in development between the wealthy west and the impoverished 'east' (with the exception of Japan). This was seen as an alternative to the communist alternative of development already spreading through south east Asia, which threatened the western sphere of control</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-37556735-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-37556735-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17852392/figure-1-rostows-evolutionary-approach-to-economic-and"><img alt="Rostow鈥檚 evolutionary approach to economic and social development mimics the growth histories of from the system clouds the validity of such statements today (Abid, 2004). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/57533087/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-37556735-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cb70d81f775348a5afa0dfe23a7fb95b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57533087,"asset_id":37556735,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533087/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37556735"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37556735"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37556735; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37556735]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37556735]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37556735; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='37556735']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "cb70d81f775348a5afa0dfe23a7fb95b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=37556735]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":37556735,"title":"Rethinking Development Theories of the Past: A Critique of Colonialist Thought","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Western interest into the rest of the world have always come with rationalizations-may it be the enlightenment era focus of 'the rational pursuit of human freedoms', or the antiquated colonial responsibility of the 'white man's burden' or the contemporary concern for human development indicators. The development rhetoric of the late twentieth century represented massive social engineering undertakings to rewire the undermodernized east into the prototype of the ideal west. What was once understood as the ethical responsibility of the west to sanitize the savages of their barbarity has then became in moral responsibility to propagate the spirit of capitalism by capacity building for increasing output and state machinery, modelled by that of the 'ideal' west. This 'secular theory of salvation' (Ashis Nandy) was focused on creating a new reality devoid of the inherited problems of the east. In this process of social sanitization, postulations of development theory replaced evangelical Christianity as a new blind faith. However, consequences of these imposed paradigms of development, like growing wealth inequality, relational variations in affluence and other measures have created epitaphs for such dictums of development. Modernization Theory The development theories of past, in this essay referring to the Modernization and Dependency theory consequently offered a paradigm of development for the east, modelled on the west or on the mistakes of the western society. Modernization theory was developed during the post-world war period as an attempt to explain the disparities in development between the wealthy west and the impoverished 'east' (with the exception of Japan). This was seen as an alternative to the communist alternative of development already spreading through south east Asia, which threatened the western sphere of control","ai_title_tag":"Critiquing Colonialist Development Theories and Their Impact"},"translated_abstract":"Western interest into the rest of the world have always come with rationalizations-may it be the enlightenment era focus of 'the rational pursuit of human freedoms', or the antiquated colonial responsibility of the 'white man's burden' or the contemporary concern for human development indicators. The development rhetoric of the late twentieth century represented massive social engineering undertakings to rewire the undermodernized east into the prototype of the ideal west. What was once understood as the ethical responsibility of the west to sanitize the savages of their barbarity has then became in moral responsibility to propagate the spirit of capitalism by capacity building for increasing output and state machinery, modelled by that of the 'ideal' west. This 'secular theory of salvation' (Ashis Nandy) was focused on creating a new reality devoid of the inherited problems of the east. In this process of social sanitization, postulations of development theory replaced evangelical Christianity as a new blind faith. However, consequences of these imposed paradigms of development, like growing wealth inequality, relational variations in affluence and other measures have created epitaphs for such dictums of development. Modernization Theory The development theories of past, in this essay referring to the Modernization and Dependency theory consequently offered a paradigm of development for the east, modelled on the west or on the mistakes of the western society. Modernization theory was developed during the post-world war period as an attempt to explain the disparities in development between the wealthy west and the impoverished 'east' (with the exception of Japan). This was seen as an alternative to the communist alternative of development already spreading through south east Asia, which threatened the western sphere of control","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37556735/Rethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_Past_A_Critique_of_Colonialist_Thought","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-10-09T06:34:48.037-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":52612571,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57533087,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533087/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"RUD_assignment_final.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533087/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Rethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_P.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57533087/RUD_assignment_final-libre.pdf?1539092538=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_P.pdf\u0026Expires=1743219090\u0026Signature=SiSF58Fk9EZmDAsgxLPVrJC5-okOSnE1WqD39wBrjEm3RnzoS~2gUhDRBF6CesU8YWAyZys4tExLbaxNgxcwRCacFJwmhYHO3Zj9kV3-rP5kZLqOwa6Bjlt-xUbHxe35pfGmH~LTx4InFqi0zr4b2~LUiFUqm3pieyU~wqGk9jMIg2yDgB3App0uacJlXsNReXooingNef4-2ce-mpduDfP5SWx6h6Q4D7ZUvm7ENA7lbii9DcA9SHlXxDDX~hEcKWl8kYcufXoEn~Ltcrju6und68~LZKpEluLiRn5qa4PtEOtmjx2azNr5HQr7TOn9a0YGgQW7nEXzFeLP4acoQA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Rethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_Past_A_Critique_of_Colonialist_Thought","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Western interest into the rest of the world have always come with rationalizations-may it be the enlightenment era focus of 'the rational pursuit of human freedoms', or the antiquated colonial responsibility of the 'white man's burden' or the contemporary concern for human development indicators. The development rhetoric of the late twentieth century represented massive social engineering undertakings to rewire the undermodernized east into the prototype of the ideal west. What was once understood as the ethical responsibility of the west to sanitize the savages of their barbarity has then became in moral responsibility to propagate the spirit of capitalism by capacity building for increasing output and state machinery, modelled by that of the 'ideal' west. This 'secular theory of salvation' (Ashis Nandy) was focused on creating a new reality devoid of the inherited problems of the east. In this process of social sanitization, postulations of development theory replaced evangelical Christianity as a new blind faith. However, consequences of these imposed paradigms of development, like growing wealth inequality, relational variations in affluence and other measures have created epitaphs for such dictums of development. Modernization Theory The development theories of past, in this essay referring to the Modernization and Dependency theory consequently offered a paradigm of development for the east, modelled on the west or on the mistakes of the western society. Modernization theory was developed during the post-world war period as an attempt to explain the disparities in development between the wealthy west and the impoverished 'east' (with the exception of Japan). This was seen as an alternative to the communist alternative of development already spreading through south east Asia, which threatened the western sphere of control","owner":{"id":52612571,"first_name":"Maitreyi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Menon","page_name":"MaitreyiMenon","domain_name":"flame","created_at":"2016-08-28T08:05:50.238-07:00","display_name":"Maitreyi Menon","url":"https://flame.academia.edu/MaitreyiMenon"},"attachments":[{"id":57533087,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533087/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"RUD_assignment_final.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533087/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Rethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_P.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57533087/RUD_assignment_final-libre.pdf?1539092538=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_P.pdf\u0026Expires=1743219090\u0026Signature=SiSF58Fk9EZmDAsgxLPVrJC5-okOSnE1WqD39wBrjEm3RnzoS~2gUhDRBF6CesU8YWAyZys4tExLbaxNgxcwRCacFJwmhYHO3Zj9kV3-rP5kZLqOwa6Bjlt-xUbHxe35pfGmH~LTx4InFqi0zr4b2~LUiFUqm3pieyU~wqGk9jMIg2yDgB3App0uacJlXsNReXooingNef4-2ce-mpduDfP5SWx6h6Q4D7ZUvm7ENA7lbii9DcA9SHlXxDDX~hEcKWl8kYcufXoEn~Ltcrju6und68~LZKpEluLiRn5qa4PtEOtmjx2azNr5HQr7TOn9a0YGgQW7nEXzFeLP4acoQA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies"},{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-37556735-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37556734"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37556734/Industry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Industry Analysis for Coffee Industry in India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533095/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37556734/Industry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in_India">Industry Analysis for Coffee Industry in India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b1aa6f8ea0766c0612c7659403b5ba41" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57533095,"asset_id":37556734,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533095/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37556734"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37556734"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37556734; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37556734]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37556734]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37556734; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='37556734']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b1aa6f8ea0766c0612c7659403b5ba41" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=37556734]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":37556734,"title":"Industry Analysis for Coffee Industry in India","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"The paper presents an industry analysis of the coffee sector in India, emphasizing its significance as a plantation crop primarily produced in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. Despite being the world's seventh largest coffee exporter, the Indian market faces challenges such as environmental impacts from climate change, deforestation, and competition in both the packaged and coffee shop segments. Major players like Nestle and Hindustan Unilever dominate the packaged sector, while the coffee shop industry remains largely monopolistic due to low entry barriers, despite the emergence of localized brands and independent coffee shops that capitalize on personalized service.","ai_title_tag":"Coffee Industry Analysis in India"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37556734/Industry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in_India","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-10-09T06:34:47.952-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":52612571,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57533095,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533095/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Maitreyi_Final_Updated.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533095/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Industry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57533095/Maitreyi_Final_Updated-libre.pdf?1539092547=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIndustry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1743163444\u0026Signature=VhfQHoncrKSvRXaoPTSxPRxRDCH9vf4M~8PkkaMUYatRv-KLaXeXjUk0SWd6V1mqb2QEReKs-NhqrBUSu-quPb~z~fguSkrrnfwO60ayf7ah4bphq8kdD19FZuRTBxe6dtPdkDCHhLGS5onkxM6vud3LrGZTkEqyghEjyBZ-rf9k4AZKha5X~1uCw5mjYUtlzrJw8T3fjPEC84c6aElcCs56a-i5VMCmShaUzEWAAppN4soqWSIujum7v3zo7pjX5r0I1VPGDG0uob8zMFAhkiiknDJpoxCAJIBZIEGy2kIA3jXSwaQww8zs94F7PMPK51EnSurFkHNShe4DoWmatA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Industry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in_India","translated_slug":"","page_count":69,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":52612571,"first_name":"Maitreyi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Menon","page_name":"MaitreyiMenon","domain_name":"flame","created_at":"2016-08-28T08:05:50.238-07:00","display_name":"Maitreyi Menon","url":"https://flame.academia.edu/MaitreyiMenon"},"attachments":[{"id":57533095,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533095/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Maitreyi_Final_Updated.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533095/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Industry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57533095/Maitreyi_Final_Updated-libre.pdf?1539092547=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIndustry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1743163444\u0026Signature=VhfQHoncrKSvRXaoPTSxPRxRDCH9vf4M~8PkkaMUYatRv-KLaXeXjUk0SWd6V1mqb2QEReKs-NhqrBUSu-quPb~z~fguSkrrnfwO60ayf7ah4bphq8kdD19FZuRTBxe6dtPdkDCHhLGS5onkxM6vud3LrGZTkEqyghEjyBZ-rf9k4AZKha5X~1uCw5mjYUtlzrJw8T3fjPEC84c6aElcCs56a-i5VMCmShaUzEWAAppN4soqWSIujum7v3zo7pjX5r0I1VPGDG0uob8zMFAhkiiknDJpoxCAJIBZIEGy2kIA3jXSwaQww8zs94F7PMPK51EnSurFkHNShe4DoWmatA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"},{"id":912116,"name":"Coffee Market Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coffee_Market_Analysis"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37556733"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37556733/Assigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comparative_Approach"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Assigning Polluter Responsibility: A Comparative Approach" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533084/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37556733/Assigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comparative_Approach">Assigning Polluter Responsibility: A Comparative Approach</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d2ee2cf8c485ed52343afbdf4d349cc1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57533084,"asset_id":37556733,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533084/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37556733"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37556733"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37556733; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37556733]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37556733]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37556733; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='37556733']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d2ee2cf8c485ed52343afbdf4d349cc1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=37556733]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":37556733,"title":"Assigning Polluter Responsibility: A Comparative Approach","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"This paper examines the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) in the context of environmental policy, particularly its role in assigning responsibility for pollution. The principle鈥檚 evolution, challenges in implementation, and its economic and moral implications are discussed, alongside different policy instruments such as carbon pricing, taxation, and emission quotas. The paper emphasizes the necessity for adaptable policy frameworks in developing countries and highlights the importance of engaging local stakeholders and ensuring accountability in the management of environmental damage."},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37556733/Assigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comparative_Approach","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-10-09T06:34:47.949-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":52612571,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57533084,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533084/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Maitreyi_M.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533084/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Assigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57533084/Maitreyi_M-libre.pdf?1539092253=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comp.pdf\u0026Expires=1743194678\u0026Signature=HIl41BVjaNoLyM64s6dWJt~2CV1WyVVnUUnyPLNnohKBfLmOoPbU9Cb-9AkBq9hVZtEb-Gvq6oJ96~UFyRqGTPuxq4nXfYYPhynUCQvMf9PP7DexM-qholkSQ7tOlDdR1I1wWgds9sc0q4~PA5Kv0jPj5fhfNn1XoY8u5jz92AP6zjZZ1euOXDiH-EK5Mn-BZ1OjqATTTi6CyxO~xKqKCHc4eE6IKi9Ygw1nULigIDKR3VQBtnuRVtu3mzmEevLosH95P~yj49zeJfCNsljRz4yp8XL8FvhUGQCg1Fuwm8lIt1BKF5tYVk3AbOkmULuziS-wBQNbRZt0iuy-aRQyNw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Assigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comparative_Approach","translated_slug":"","page_count":6,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":52612571,"first_name":"Maitreyi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Menon","page_name":"MaitreyiMenon","domain_name":"flame","created_at":"2016-08-28T08:05:50.238-07:00","display_name":"Maitreyi Menon","url":"https://flame.academia.edu/MaitreyiMenon"},"attachments":[{"id":57533084,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533084/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Maitreyi_M.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533084/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Assigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57533084/Maitreyi_M-libre.pdf?1539092253=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comp.pdf\u0026Expires=1743194678\u0026Signature=HIl41BVjaNoLyM64s6dWJt~2CV1WyVVnUUnyPLNnohKBfLmOoPbU9Cb-9AkBq9hVZtEb-Gvq6oJ96~UFyRqGTPuxq4nXfYYPhynUCQvMf9PP7DexM-qholkSQ7tOlDdR1I1wWgds9sc0q4~PA5Kv0jPj5fhfNn1XoY8u5jz92AP6zjZZ1euOXDiH-EK5Mn-BZ1OjqATTTi6CyxO~xKqKCHc4eE6IKi9Ygw1nULigIDKR3VQBtnuRVtu3mzmEevLosH95P~yj49zeJfCNsljRz4yp8XL8FvhUGQCg1Fuwm8lIt1BKF5tYVk3AbOkmULuziS-wBQNbRZt0iuy-aRQyNw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy"},{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability"},{"id":34442,"name":"Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Responsibility"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-37556733-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="8642613" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37556735"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37556735/Rethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_Past_A_Critique_of_Colonialist_Thought"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Rethinking Development Theories of the Past: A Critique of Colonialist Thought" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533087/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37556735/Rethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_Past_A_Critique_of_Colonialist_Thought">Rethinking Development Theories of the Past: A Critique of Colonialist Thought</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Western interest into the rest of the world have always come with rationalizations-may it be the ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Western interest into the rest of the world have always come with rationalizations-may it be the enlightenment era focus of 'the rational pursuit of human freedoms', or the antiquated colonial responsibility of the 'white man's burden' or the contemporary concern for human development indicators. The development rhetoric of the late twentieth century represented massive social engineering undertakings to rewire the undermodernized east into the prototype of the ideal west. What was once understood as the ethical responsibility of the west to sanitize the savages of their barbarity has then became in moral responsibility to propagate the spirit of capitalism by capacity building for increasing output and state machinery, modelled by that of the 'ideal' west. This 'secular theory of salvation' (Ashis Nandy) was focused on creating a new reality devoid of the inherited problems of the east. In this process of social sanitization, postulations of development theory replaced evangelical Christianity as a new blind faith. However, consequences of these imposed paradigms of development, like growing wealth inequality, relational variations in affluence and other measures have created epitaphs for such dictums of development. Modernization Theory The development theories of past, in this essay referring to the Modernization and Dependency theory consequently offered a paradigm of development for the east, modelled on the west or on the mistakes of the western society. Modernization theory was developed during the post-world war period as an attempt to explain the disparities in development between the wealthy west and the impoverished 'east' (with the exception of Japan). This was seen as an alternative to the communist alternative of development already spreading through south east Asia, which threatened the western sphere of control</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><div class="carousel-container carousel-container--sm" id="profile-work-37556735-figures"><div class="prev-slide-container js-prev-button-container"><button aria-label="Previous" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-37556735-figures-prev"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_back_ios</span></button></div><div class="slides-container js-slides-container"><figure class="figure-slide-container"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/figures/17852392/figure-1-rostows-evolutionary-approach-to-economic-and"><img alt="Rostow鈥檚 evolutionary approach to economic and social development mimics the growth histories of from the system clouds the validity of such statements today (Abid, 2004). " class="figure-slide-image" src="https://figures.academia-assets.com/57533087/figure_001.jpg" /></a></figure></div><div class="next-slide-container js-next-button-container"><button aria-label="Next" class="carousel-navigation-button js-profile-work-37556735-figures-next"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">arrow_forward_ios</span></button></div></div></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cb70d81f775348a5afa0dfe23a7fb95b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57533087,"asset_id":37556735,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533087/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37556735"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37556735"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37556735; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37556735]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37556735]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37556735; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='37556735']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "cb70d81f775348a5afa0dfe23a7fb95b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=37556735]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":37556735,"title":"Rethinking Development Theories of the Past: A Critique of Colonialist Thought","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Western interest into the rest of the world have always come with rationalizations-may it be the enlightenment era focus of 'the rational pursuit of human freedoms', or the antiquated colonial responsibility of the 'white man's burden' or the contemporary concern for human development indicators. The development rhetoric of the late twentieth century represented massive social engineering undertakings to rewire the undermodernized east into the prototype of the ideal west. What was once understood as the ethical responsibility of the west to sanitize the savages of their barbarity has then became in moral responsibility to propagate the spirit of capitalism by capacity building for increasing output and state machinery, modelled by that of the 'ideal' west. This 'secular theory of salvation' (Ashis Nandy) was focused on creating a new reality devoid of the inherited problems of the east. In this process of social sanitization, postulations of development theory replaced evangelical Christianity as a new blind faith. However, consequences of these imposed paradigms of development, like growing wealth inequality, relational variations in affluence and other measures have created epitaphs for such dictums of development. Modernization Theory The development theories of past, in this essay referring to the Modernization and Dependency theory consequently offered a paradigm of development for the east, modelled on the west or on the mistakes of the western society. Modernization theory was developed during the post-world war period as an attempt to explain the disparities in development between the wealthy west and the impoverished 'east' (with the exception of Japan). This was seen as an alternative to the communist alternative of development already spreading through south east Asia, which threatened the western sphere of control","ai_title_tag":"Critiquing Colonialist Development Theories and Their Impact"},"translated_abstract":"Western interest into the rest of the world have always come with rationalizations-may it be the enlightenment era focus of 'the rational pursuit of human freedoms', or the antiquated colonial responsibility of the 'white man's burden' or the contemporary concern for human development indicators. The development rhetoric of the late twentieth century represented massive social engineering undertakings to rewire the undermodernized east into the prototype of the ideal west. What was once understood as the ethical responsibility of the west to sanitize the savages of their barbarity has then became in moral responsibility to propagate the spirit of capitalism by capacity building for increasing output and state machinery, modelled by that of the 'ideal' west. This 'secular theory of salvation' (Ashis Nandy) was focused on creating a new reality devoid of the inherited problems of the east. In this process of social sanitization, postulations of development theory replaced evangelical Christianity as a new blind faith. However, consequences of these imposed paradigms of development, like growing wealth inequality, relational variations in affluence and other measures have created epitaphs for such dictums of development. Modernization Theory The development theories of past, in this essay referring to the Modernization and Dependency theory consequently offered a paradigm of development for the east, modelled on the west or on the mistakes of the western society. Modernization theory was developed during the post-world war period as an attempt to explain the disparities in development between the wealthy west and the impoverished 'east' (with the exception of Japan). This was seen as an alternative to the communist alternative of development already spreading through south east Asia, which threatened the western sphere of control","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37556735/Rethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_Past_A_Critique_of_Colonialist_Thought","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-10-09T06:34:48.037-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":52612571,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57533087,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533087/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"RUD_assignment_final.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533087/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Rethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_P.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57533087/RUD_assignment_final-libre.pdf?1539092538=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_P.pdf\u0026Expires=1743219090\u0026Signature=SiSF58Fk9EZmDAsgxLPVrJC5-okOSnE1WqD39wBrjEm3RnzoS~2gUhDRBF6CesU8YWAyZys4tExLbaxNgxcwRCacFJwmhYHO3Zj9kV3-rP5kZLqOwa6Bjlt-xUbHxe35pfGmH~LTx4InFqi0zr4b2~LUiFUqm3pieyU~wqGk9jMIg2yDgB3App0uacJlXsNReXooingNef4-2ce-mpduDfP5SWx6h6Q4D7ZUvm7ENA7lbii9DcA9SHlXxDDX~hEcKWl8kYcufXoEn~Ltcrju6und68~LZKpEluLiRn5qa4PtEOtmjx2azNr5HQr7TOn9a0YGgQW7nEXzFeLP4acoQA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Rethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_Past_A_Critique_of_Colonialist_Thought","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Western interest into the rest of the world have always come with rationalizations-may it be the enlightenment era focus of 'the rational pursuit of human freedoms', or the antiquated colonial responsibility of the 'white man's burden' or the contemporary concern for human development indicators. The development rhetoric of the late twentieth century represented massive social engineering undertakings to rewire the undermodernized east into the prototype of the ideal west. What was once understood as the ethical responsibility of the west to sanitize the savages of their barbarity has then became in moral responsibility to propagate the spirit of capitalism by capacity building for increasing output and state machinery, modelled by that of the 'ideal' west. This 'secular theory of salvation' (Ashis Nandy) was focused on creating a new reality devoid of the inherited problems of the east. In this process of social sanitization, postulations of development theory replaced evangelical Christianity as a new blind faith. However, consequences of these imposed paradigms of development, like growing wealth inequality, relational variations in affluence and other measures have created epitaphs for such dictums of development. Modernization Theory The development theories of past, in this essay referring to the Modernization and Dependency theory consequently offered a paradigm of development for the east, modelled on the west or on the mistakes of the western society. Modernization theory was developed during the post-world war period as an attempt to explain the disparities in development between the wealthy west and the impoverished 'east' (with the exception of Japan). This was seen as an alternative to the communist alternative of development already spreading through south east Asia, which threatened the western sphere of control","owner":{"id":52612571,"first_name":"Maitreyi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Menon","page_name":"MaitreyiMenon","domain_name":"flame","created_at":"2016-08-28T08:05:50.238-07:00","display_name":"Maitreyi Menon","url":"https://flame.academia.edu/MaitreyiMenon"},"attachments":[{"id":57533087,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533087/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"RUD_assignment_final.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533087/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Rethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_P.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57533087/RUD_assignment_final-libre.pdf?1539092538=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRethinking_Development_Theories_of_the_P.pdf\u0026Expires=1743219090\u0026Signature=SiSF58Fk9EZmDAsgxLPVrJC5-okOSnE1WqD39wBrjEm3RnzoS~2gUhDRBF6CesU8YWAyZys4tExLbaxNgxcwRCacFJwmhYHO3Zj9kV3-rP5kZLqOwa6Bjlt-xUbHxe35pfGmH~LTx4InFqi0zr4b2~LUiFUqm3pieyU~wqGk9jMIg2yDgB3App0uacJlXsNReXooingNef4-2ce-mpduDfP5SWx6h6Q4D7ZUvm7ENA7lbii9DcA9SHlXxDDX~hEcKWl8kYcufXoEn~Ltcrju6und68~LZKpEluLiRn5qa4PtEOtmjx2azNr5HQr7TOn9a0YGgQW7nEXzFeLP4acoQA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies"},{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (true) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-37556735-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37556734"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37556734/Industry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in_India"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Industry Analysis for Coffee Industry in India" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533095/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37556734/Industry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in_India">Industry Analysis for Coffee Industry in India</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b1aa6f8ea0766c0612c7659403b5ba41" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57533095,"asset_id":37556734,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533095/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37556734"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37556734"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37556734; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37556734]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37556734]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37556734; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='37556734']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b1aa6f8ea0766c0612c7659403b5ba41" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=37556734]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":37556734,"title":"Industry Analysis for Coffee Industry in India","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"The paper presents an industry analysis of the coffee sector in India, emphasizing its significance as a plantation crop primarily produced in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. Despite being the world's seventh largest coffee exporter, the Indian market faces challenges such as environmental impacts from climate change, deforestation, and competition in both the packaged and coffee shop segments. Major players like Nestle and Hindustan Unilever dominate the packaged sector, while the coffee shop industry remains largely monopolistic due to low entry barriers, despite the emergence of localized brands and independent coffee shops that capitalize on personalized service.","ai_title_tag":"Coffee Industry Analysis in India"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37556734/Industry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in_India","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-10-09T06:34:47.952-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":52612571,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57533095,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533095/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Maitreyi_Final_Updated.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533095/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Industry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57533095/Maitreyi_Final_Updated-libre.pdf?1539092547=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIndustry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1743163444\u0026Signature=VhfQHoncrKSvRXaoPTSxPRxRDCH9vf4M~8PkkaMUYatRv-KLaXeXjUk0SWd6V1mqb2QEReKs-NhqrBUSu-quPb~z~fguSkrrnfwO60ayf7ah4bphq8kdD19FZuRTBxe6dtPdkDCHhLGS5onkxM6vud3LrGZTkEqyghEjyBZ-rf9k4AZKha5X~1uCw5mjYUtlzrJw8T3fjPEC84c6aElcCs56a-i5VMCmShaUzEWAAppN4soqWSIujum7v3zo7pjX5r0I1VPGDG0uob8zMFAhkiiknDJpoxCAJIBZIEGy2kIA3jXSwaQww8zs94F7PMPK51EnSurFkHNShe4DoWmatA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Industry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in_India","translated_slug":"","page_count":69,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":52612571,"first_name":"Maitreyi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Menon","page_name":"MaitreyiMenon","domain_name":"flame","created_at":"2016-08-28T08:05:50.238-07:00","display_name":"Maitreyi Menon","url":"https://flame.academia.edu/MaitreyiMenon"},"attachments":[{"id":57533095,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533095/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Maitreyi_Final_Updated.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533095/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Industry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57533095/Maitreyi_Final_Updated-libre.pdf?1539092547=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIndustry_Analysis_for_Coffee_Industry_in.pdf\u0026Expires=1743163444\u0026Signature=VhfQHoncrKSvRXaoPTSxPRxRDCH9vf4M~8PkkaMUYatRv-KLaXeXjUk0SWd6V1mqb2QEReKs-NhqrBUSu-quPb~z~fguSkrrnfwO60ayf7ah4bphq8kdD19FZuRTBxe6dtPdkDCHhLGS5onkxM6vud3LrGZTkEqyghEjyBZ-rf9k4AZKha5X~1uCw5mjYUtlzrJw8T3fjPEC84c6aElcCs56a-i5VMCmShaUzEWAAppN4soqWSIujum7v3zo7pjX5r0I1VPGDG0uob8zMFAhkiiknDJpoxCAJIBZIEGy2kIA3jXSwaQww8zs94F7PMPK51EnSurFkHNShe4DoWmatA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics"},{"id":912116,"name":"Coffee Market Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coffee_Market_Analysis"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37556733"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37556733/Assigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comparative_Approach"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Assigning Polluter Responsibility: A Comparative Approach" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533084/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37556733/Assigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comparative_Approach">Assigning Polluter Responsibility: A Comparative Approach</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d2ee2cf8c485ed52343afbdf4d349cc1" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57533084,"asset_id":37556733,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533084/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37556733"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37556733"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37556733; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37556733]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37556733]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37556733; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='37556733']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d2ee2cf8c485ed52343afbdf4d349cc1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=37556733]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":37556733,"title":"Assigning Polluter Responsibility: A Comparative Approach","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"This paper examines the Polluter Pays Principle (PPP) in the context of environmental policy, particularly its role in assigning responsibility for pollution. The principle鈥檚 evolution, challenges in implementation, and its economic and moral implications are discussed, alongside different policy instruments such as carbon pricing, taxation, and emission quotas. The paper emphasizes the necessity for adaptable policy frameworks in developing countries and highlights the importance of engaging local stakeholders and ensuring accountability in the management of environmental damage."},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37556733/Assigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comparative_Approach","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-10-09T06:34:47.949-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":52612571,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57533084,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533084/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Maitreyi_M.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533084/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Assigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57533084/Maitreyi_M-libre.pdf?1539092253=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comp.pdf\u0026Expires=1743194678\u0026Signature=HIl41BVjaNoLyM64s6dWJt~2CV1WyVVnUUnyPLNnohKBfLmOoPbU9Cb-9AkBq9hVZtEb-Gvq6oJ96~UFyRqGTPuxq4nXfYYPhynUCQvMf9PP7DexM-qholkSQ7tOlDdR1I1wWgds9sc0q4~PA5Kv0jPj5fhfNn1XoY8u5jz92AP6zjZZ1euOXDiH-EK5Mn-BZ1OjqATTTi6CyxO~xKqKCHc4eE6IKi9Ygw1nULigIDKR3VQBtnuRVtu3mzmEevLosH95P~yj49zeJfCNsljRz4yp8XL8FvhUGQCg1Fuwm8lIt1BKF5tYVk3AbOkmULuziS-wBQNbRZt0iuy-aRQyNw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Assigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comparative_Approach","translated_slug":"","page_count":6,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"owner":{"id":52612571,"first_name":"Maitreyi","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Menon","page_name":"MaitreyiMenon","domain_name":"flame","created_at":"2016-08-28T08:05:50.238-07:00","display_name":"Maitreyi Menon","url":"https://flame.academia.edu/MaitreyiMenon"},"attachments":[{"id":57533084,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57533084/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Maitreyi_M.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57533084/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Assigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comp.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57533084/Maitreyi_M-libre.pdf?1539092253=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAssigning_Polluter_Responsibility_A_Comp.pdf\u0026Expires=1743194678\u0026Signature=HIl41BVjaNoLyM64s6dWJt~2CV1WyVVnUUnyPLNnohKBfLmOoPbU9Cb-9AkBq9hVZtEb-Gvq6oJ96~UFyRqGTPuxq4nXfYYPhynUCQvMf9PP7DexM-qholkSQ7tOlDdR1I1wWgds9sc0q4~PA5Kv0jPj5fhfNn1XoY8u5jz92AP6zjZZ1euOXDiH-EK5Mn-BZ1OjqATTTi6CyxO~xKqKCHc4eE6IKi9Ygw1nULigIDKR3VQBtnuRVtu3mzmEevLosH95P~yj49zeJfCNsljRz4yp8XL8FvhUGQCg1Fuwm8lIt1BKF5tYVk3AbOkmULuziS-wBQNbRZt0iuy-aRQyNw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":941,"name":"Social Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Policy"},{"id":2809,"name":"Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conservation"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability"},{"id":34442,"name":"Responsibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Responsibility"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-37556733-figures'); } }); </script> </div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/google_contacts-0dfb882d836b94dbcb4a2d123d6933fc9533eda5be911641f20b4eb428429600.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $('.js-google-connect-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); GoogleContacts.authorize_and_show_contacts(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); $.ajax({ url: $r.api_v0_profiles_update_about_path({ subdomain_param: 'api', about: "", }), type: 'PUT', success: function(response) { location.reload(); } }); }); $('.js-work-creator-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_document_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-video-upload-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_video_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-do-this-later-button').click(function() { $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-do-this-later-button').click(function(){ $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--close').click(function(){ $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--panel').hide(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--button').click(function(){ Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserWorks({ initialWorksOffset: 20, allWorksOffset: 20, maxSections: 1 }) }); </script> </div></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile_edit-5ea339ee107c863779f560dd7275595239fed73f1a13d279d2b599a28c0ecd33.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/add_coauthor-22174b608f9cb871d03443cafa7feac496fb50d7df2d66a53f5ee3c04ba67f53.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/tab-dcac0130902f0cc2d8cb403714dd47454f11fc6fb0e99ae6a0827b06613abc20.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb window.ae = window.ae || {}; window.ae.WowProfile = window.ae.WowProfile || {}; if(Aedu.User.current && Aedu.User.current.id === $viewedUser.id) { window.ae.WowProfile.current_user_edit = {}; new WowProfileEdit.EditUploadView({ el: '.js-edit-upload-button-wrapper', model: window.$current_user, }); new AddCoauthor.AddCoauthorsController(); } var userInfoView = new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserInfo({ recaptcha_key: "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB" }); WowProfile.router = new WowProfile.Router({ userInfoView: userInfoView }); Backbone.history.start({ pushState: true, root: "/" + $viewedUser.page_name }); new WowProfile.UserWorksNav() }); </script> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "d513d03c17c5677badd8c0427c9dbb28f159842d709e3a5fce5dfc6199e3e815", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="5ReFGxrcMboWV7zy9ujvOnHAZZH7876mArUPHTVhjNjw6YRlPwRpZryTA4BAWp95zU0KIx5LhhiiOILndB_4AQ" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://flame.academia.edu/MaitreyiMenon" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="q3PJGX9XV2bbH7w1Gun_N1tfmKA7exGGGK1Va4-Ua7q-jchnWo8PunHbA0esW49059L3Et7DKTi4INiRzuofYw" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>