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id="toc-Early_career_and_marriage_(1833–1842)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career_and_marriage_(1833–1842)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early career and marriage (1833–1842) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career_and_marriage_(1833–1842)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dresden_(1842–1849)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dresden_(1842–1849)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Dresden (1842–1849) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dresden_(1842–1849)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_exile:_Switzerland_(1849–1858)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_exile:_Switzerland_(1849–1858)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 In exile: Switzerland (1849–1858) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_exile:_Switzerland_(1849–1858)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_exile:_Venice_and_Paris_(1858–1862)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_exile:_Venice_and_Paris_(1858–1862)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 In exile: Venice and Paris (1858–1862) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_exile:_Venice_and_Paris_(1858–1862)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_and_resurgence_(1862–1871)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_and_resurgence_(1862–1871)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Return and resurgence (1862–1871) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_and_resurgence_(1862–1871)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bayreuth_(1871–1876)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayreuth_(1871–1876)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Bayreuth (1871–1876) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayreuth_(1871–1876)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years_(1876–1883)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years_(1876–1883)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Last years (1876–1883) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years_(1876–1883)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Operas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_works_(to_1842)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_works_(to_1842)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Early works (to 1842) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_works_(to_1842)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Romantic_operas"_(1843–1851)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Romantic_operas"_(1843–1851)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 "Romantic operas" (1843–1851) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Romantic_operas"_(1843–1851)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Music_dramas"_(1851–1882)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Music_dramas"_(1851–1882)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 "Music dramas" (1851–1882) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Music_dramas"_(1851–1882)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Starting_the_Ring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Starting_the_Ring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3.1 Starting the Ring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Starting_the_Ring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tristan_und_Isolde_and_Die_Meistersinger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tristan_und_Isolde_and_Die_Meistersinger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3.2 Tristan und Isolde and Die Meistersinger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tristan_und_Isolde_and_Die_Meistersinger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Completing_the_Ring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Completing_the_Ring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3.3 Completing the Ring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Completing_the_Ring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parsifal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parsifal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3.4 Parsifal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parsifal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-operatic_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-operatic_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Non-operatic music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-operatic_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Prose writings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Influence and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Influence_on_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Influence on music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_literature,_philosophy_and_the_visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_literature,_philosophy_and_the_visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Influence on literature, philosophy and the visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_literature,_philosophy_and_the_visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Influence on cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opponents_and_supporters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opponents_and_supporters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Opponents and supporters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opponents_and_supporters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_stage_portrayals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_stage_portrayals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Film and stage portrayals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_stage_portrayals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bayreuth_Festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayreuth_Festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Bayreuth Festival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayreuth_Festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Racism_and_antisemitism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racism_and_antisemitism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Racism and antisemitism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racism_and_antisemitism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Other interpretations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_appropriation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_appropriation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Nazi appropriation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_appropriation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Primary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Secondary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_and_chapters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_chapters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Books and chapters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_chapters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_and_encyclopaedia_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_and_encyclopaedia_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.4 Journal and encyclopaedia articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_and_encyclopaedia_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.5 Online </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Richard Wagner</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 154 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" > 154 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AA%E1%89%BB%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%B5_%E1%89%AB%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%90%E1%88%AD" title="ሪቻርድ ቫግነር – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሪቻርድ ቫግነር" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Вагнер, Рихард – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Вагнер, Рихард" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%B1" title="ريخارد فاغنر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريخارد فاغنر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADchard_V%C3%A1gner" title="Ríchard Vágner – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ríchard Vágner" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рихьард Вагнер – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Рихьард Вагнер" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rixard_Vaqner" title="Rixard Vaqner – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rixard Vaqner" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%86%D8%B1" title="ریچارد واقنر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریچارد واقنر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="রিশার্ড ভাগনার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রিশার্ড ভাগনার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рихард Вагнер – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рихард Вагнер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рыхард Вагнер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рыхард Вагнер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Рыхард Вагнэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рыхард Вагнэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0" title="रिचार्ड वैगनर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रिचार्ड वैगनर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рихард Вагнер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рихард Вагнер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рихард Вагнер – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Рихард Вагнер" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рихард Вагнер – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рихард Вагнер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AF%CF%87%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%92%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Ρίχαρντ Βάγκνερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρίχαρντ Βάγκνερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%B1" title="ریشارد واگنر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریشارد واگنر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E6%A0%BC%E7%B4%8D" title="華格納 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="華格納" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Вагнер, Рихард – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Вагнер, Рихард" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%98%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B0%94%EA%B7%B8%EB%84%88" title="리하르트 바그너 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리하르트 바그너" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%AD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռիխարդ Վագներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիխարդ Վագներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0" title="रिशार्द वाग्नर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रिशार्द वाग्नर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Вагнер, Рихард – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Вагнер, Рихард" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%A8" title="ריכרד וגנר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריכרד וגנר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რიხარდ ვაგნერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რიხარდ ვაგნერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рихард Вагнер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Рихард Вагнер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рихард Вагнер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рихард Вагнер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardus_Wagner" title="Ricardus Wagner – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ricardus Wagner" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihards_V%C4%81gners" title="Rihards Vāgners – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rihards Vāgners" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рихьард Вагнер – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Рихьард Вагнер" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(zeneszerz%C5%91)" title="Richard Wagner (zeneszerző) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Richard Wagner (zeneszerző)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рихард Вагнер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рихард Вагнер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BC" title="റിച്ചാർഡ് വാഗ്നർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റിച്ചാർഡ് വാഗ്നർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0" title="रिचर्ड वॅग्नर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रिचर्ड वॅग्नर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="რიხარდ ვაგნერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რიხარდ ვაგნერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B1" title="ريتشارد فاجنر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد فاجنر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рихард Вагнер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Рихард Вагнер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0" title="रिचार्ड वाग्नर – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रिचार्ड वाग्नर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC" title="リヒャルト・ワーグナー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リヒャルト・ワーグナー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Вагнер, Рихард – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вагнер, Рихард" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A1_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0" title="ਰਿਚਰਡ ਵੈਗਨਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਿਚਰਡ ਵੈਗਨਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%B1" title="رچرڈ ویگنر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رچرڈ ویگنر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rihard_Vagner" title="Rihard Vagner – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Rihard Vagner" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D2%91%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ріхард Ваґнер – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ріхард Ваґнер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Вагнер, Рихард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вагнер, Рихард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Вагнер Рихард – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Вагнер Рихард" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A4%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1" title="ڕیچارد ڤاگنەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیچارد ڤاگنەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рихард Вагнер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рихард Вагнер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="ரிச்சார்ட் வாக்னர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரிச்சார்ட் வாக்னர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рихард Вагнер – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Рихард Вагнер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ริชชาร์ท วากเนอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ริชชาร์ท วากเนอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Рихард Вагнер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Рихард Вагнер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ріхард Вагнер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ріхард Вагнер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86%D8%B1" title="رچرڈ واگنر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رچرڈ واگنر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagner_Rihard" title="Vagner Rihard – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vagner Rihard" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagneri_Richard" title="Wagneri Richard – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Wagneri Richard" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3" title="理查德·瓦格纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="理查德·瓦格纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="ריכארד וואגנער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ריכארד וואגנער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Richard Wagner" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%C2%B7%E8%8F%AF%E6%A0%BC%E7%B4%8D" title="理查·華格納 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="理查·華格納" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C4%8Derds_Vagneris" title="Ričerds Vagneris – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ričerds Vagneris" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3" title="理查德·瓦格纳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="理查德·瓦格纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Richard Wagner" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wagner&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner">Wagner</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German composer (1813–1883)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Wagner" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wagner_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wagner (disambiguation)">Wagner (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Richard Wagner (disambiguation)">Richard Wagner (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Richard Wagner</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:RichardWagner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/RichardWagner.jpg/220px-RichardWagner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/RichardWagner.jpg/330px-RichardWagner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/RichardWagner.jpg/440px-RichardWagner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="1897" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Wagner in 1871</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1813-05-22)22 May 1813 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 February 1883(1883-02-13) (aged 69) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Works</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of compositions by Richard Wagner">List of compositions</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Wagner_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Richard_Wagner_Signature.svg/150px-Richard_Wagner_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Richard_Wagner_Signature.svg/225px-Richard_Wagner_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Richard_Wagner_Signature.svg/300px-Richard_Wagner_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="119" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Wilhelm Richard Wagner (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈvɑːɡnər/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">VAHG-nər</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʁɪçaʁt ˈvaːɡnɐ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/10\/De-Richard_Wagner.ogg\/De-Richard_Wagner.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Richard Wagner.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/10/De-Richard_Wagner.ogg/De-Richard_Wagner.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Richard_Wagner.ogg" title="File:De-Richard Wagner.ogg">ⓘ</a>; 22 May 1813 – 13 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, essayist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his <a href="/wiki/Operas" class="mw-redirect" title="Operas">operas</a> (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "<a href="/wiki/Music_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Music drama">music dramas</a>"). Unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> and the music for each of his stage works. Initially establishing his reputation as a composer of works in the romantic vein of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a>, Wagner revolutionised opera through his concept of the <a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a> ("total work of art"), by which he sought to synthesise the poetic, visual, musical and dramatic arts, with music subsidiary to drama. The drama was to be presented as a continuously sung narrative, without conventional operatic structures like <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">arias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Recitative" title="Recitative">recitatives</a>. He described this vision in a <a href="/wiki/List_of_prose_works_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of prose works by Richard Wagner">series of essays</a> published between 1849 and 1852. Wagner realised these ideas most fully in the first half of the 16-hour, four-opera cycle <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a> (The Ring of the <a href="/wiki/Nibelung" title="Nibelung">Nibelung</a>, also known simply as The Ring). Wagner's compositions, particularly those of his later period, are notable for their complex <a href="/wiki/Texture_(music)" title="Texture (music)">textures</a>, rich <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmonies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchestration" title="Orchestration">orchestration</a>, and the elaborate use of <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotifs</a>—musical phrases associated with individual characters, places, ideas, or plot elements. His advances in musical language, such as extreme <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromaticism</a> and quickly shifting <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonal centres</a>, greatly influenced the development of classical music; his <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a> is sometimes described as marking the start of <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">modern music</a>. As he matured, he softened his ideological stance against traditional operatic forms (ie. arias, ensembles and <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choruses</a>), reintroducing them into his last few stage works, including <a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a> (The Mastersingers of Nuremberg) and <a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a>. To properly present his vision of the works, Wagner had his own <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera house</a> built to his specifications: the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a>, which featured many innovative design elements intended to immerse the audience in the drama. The premieres of The Ring and Parsifal took place there, and his <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_canon" title="Bayreuth canon">most important stage works</a> are performed at the annual <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a>. The early success of the festival was secured by the efforts of his wife, <a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima Wagner</a>, and has since been maintained by <a href="/wiki/Wagner_family" title="Wagner family">their descendants</a>, attracting audiences from around the world. Wagner's unorthodox operas, essays, and personal dealings engendered considerable controversy during his lifetime, and continue to do so. Termed a "genius" by some and a "disease" by others, his music is widely performed, but his views on religion, politics, and social life are debated—most notably on the extent to which his <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> finds expression in his stage and prose works. The effect of his ideas can be traced in many of the arts throughout the 20th century; his influence spread beyond composition into conducting, philosophy, literature, the visual arts and theatre. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagnerbruhl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A building with four main storeys with an open shop to one side of an arched entrance and garret windows in the roof. A sculpted figure of an animal is above the arch." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wagnerbruhl.jpg/180px-Wagnerbruhl.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wagnerbruhl.jpg/270px-Wagnerbruhl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Wagnerbruhl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>Wagner's birthplace, at 3, <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BChl_(Leipzig)" title="Brühl (Leipzig)">the Brühl</a>, Leipzig</figcaption></figure> Richard Wagner was born on 22 May 1813 to an <a href="/wiki/Wagner_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner family tree">ethnic German family</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, then part of the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>. His family lived at No 3, the <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BChl_(Leipzig)" title="Brühl (Leipzig)">Brühl</a> (The House of the Red and White Lions) in Leipzig's <a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[n 1]</a> He was baptised at <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Church,_Leipzig" title="St. Thomas Church, Leipzig">St. Thomas Church</a>. He was the ninth child of Carl Friedrich Wagner, a clerk in the Leipzig police service, and his wife, Johanna Rosine (née Pätz), the daughter of a baker.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner19923-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._12-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[n 2]</a> Wagner's father Carl died of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> six months after Richard's birth. Afterwards, his mother Johanna lived with Carl's friend, the actor and playwright <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Geyer" title="Ludwig Geyer">Ludwig Geyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._6-8">[6]</a> In August 1814 Johanna and Geyer probably married, although no documentation of this has been found in the Leipzig church registers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman19907_and_n-9">[7]</a> She and her family moved to Geyer's residence in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>. Until he was fourteen, Wagner was known as Wilhelm Richard Geyer. He almost certainly thought that Geyer was his biological father.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._9-10">[8]</a> Geyer's love of the theatre came to be shared by his stepson, and Wagner took part in his performances. In his autobiography <a href="/wiki/Mein_Leben_(Wagner)" title="Mein Leben (Wagner)">Mein Leben</a> Wagner recalled once playing the part of an angel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner19925-11">[9]</a> In late 1820, Wagner was enrolled at Pastor Wetzel's school at Possendorf, near Dresden, where he received some piano instruction from his Latin teacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._32–33-12">[10]</a> He struggled to play a proper <a href="/wiki/Scale_(music)" title="Scale (music)">scale</a> at the keyboard and preferred playing theatre overtures <a href="/wiki/Learning_music_by_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning music by ear">by ear</a>. Following Geyer's death in 1821, Richard was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Kreuzschule" title="Kreuzschule">Kreuzschule</a>, the boarding school of the <a href="/wiki/Dresdner_Kreuzchor" title="Dresdner Kreuzchor">Dresdner Kreuzchor</a>, at the expense of Geyer's brother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._45–55-13">[11]</a> At the age of nine he was hugely impressed by the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic</a> elements of <a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Carl Maria von Weber</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Der_Freisch%C3%BCtz" title="Der Freischütz">Der Freischütz</a>, which he saw Weber conduct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman199078-14">[12]</a> At this period Wagner entertained ambitions as a playwright. His first creative effort, listed in the <a href="/wiki/Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis" title="Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis">Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis</a> (the standard listing of Wagner's works) as WWV 1, was a tragedy called <a href="/wiki/Leubald" title="Leubald">Leubald</a>. Begun when he was in school in 1826, the play was strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>. Wagner was determined to set it to music and persuaded his family to allow him music lessons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner199225–27-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[n 3]</a> By 1827, the family had returned to Leipzig. Wagner's first lessons in <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> were taken during 1828–1831 with Christian Gottlieb Müller.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._63,_71-17">[14]</a> In January 1828 he first heard <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Beethoven)">7th Symphony</a> and then, in March, the same composer's <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._9_(Beethoven)" title="Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)">9th Symphony</a>, both at the <a href="/wiki/Gewandhaus" title="Gewandhaus">Gewandhaus</a>. Beethoven became a major inspiration, and Wagner wrote a piano transcription of the 9th Symphony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner199235–36-18">[15]</a> He was also greatly impressed by a performance of <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Requiem_(Mozart)" title="Requiem (Mozart)">Requiem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._62-19">[16]</a> Wagner's early <a href="/wiki/Piano_sonata" title="Piano sonata">piano sonatas</a> and his first attempts at orchestral <a href="/wiki/Overture" title="Overture">overtures</a> date from this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._76–77-20">[17]</a> In 1829 he saw a performance by <a href="/wiki/Dramatic_soprano" title="Dramatic soprano">dramatic soprano</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Schr%C3%B6der-Devrient" title="Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient">Wilhelmine Schröder-Devrient</a>, who became his ideal of the fusion of drama and music in opera. In Mein Leben Wagner wrote, "When I look back across my entire life I find no event to place beside this in the impression it produced on me," and claimed that the "profoundly human and ecstatic performance of this incomparable artist" kindled in him an "almost demonic fire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner199237-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[n 4]</a> In 1831, Wagner enrolled at the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_University" title="Leipzig University">Leipzig University</a>, where he became a member of the Saxon <a href="/wiki/Studentenverbindung" title="Studentenverbindung">student fraternity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner199244-24">[20]</a> He took composition lessons with the <a href="/wiki/Thomaskantor" title="Thomaskantor">Thomaskantor</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Theodor_Weinlig" title="Christian Theodor Weinlig">Theodor Weinlig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._85–86-25">[21]</a> Weinlig was so impressed with Wagner's musical ability that he refused any payment for his lessons. He arranged for his pupil's Piano Sonata in B-flat major (which was consequently dedicated to him) to be published as Wagner's Op. 1. A year later, Wagner composed his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_C_major_(Wagner)" title="Symphony in C major (Wagner)">Symphony in C major</a>, a Beethovenesque work performed in Prague in 1832<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a309-26">[22]</a> and at the Leipzig Gewandhaus in 1833.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._95-27">[23]</a> He then began to work on an opera, <a href="/wiki/Die_Hochzeit" title="Die Hochzeit">Die Hochzeit</a> (The Wedding), which he never completed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a321-28">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career_and_marriage_(1833–1842)">Early career and marriage (1833–1842)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early career and marriage (1833–1842)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The head and upper torso of a young white woman with dark hair done in an elaborate style. She wears a small hat, a cloak and dress that expose her shoulders and pearl earrings. On her left hand that holds the edge of the cloak, two rings are visible." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Minna.jpg/150px-Minna.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Minna.jpg/225px-Minna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Minna.jpg/300px-Minna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Minna_Planer" title="Minna Planer">Wilhelmine "Minna" Planer</a> (1835), by Alexander von Otterstedt</figcaption></figure> In 1833, Wagner's brother Albert managed to obtain for him a position as choirmaster at the theatre in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._98-29">[25]</a> In the same year, at the age of 20, Wagner composed his first complete opera, <a href="/wiki/Die_Feen" title="Die Feen">Die Feen</a> (The Fairies). This work, which imitated the style of Weber, went unproduced until half a century later, when it was premiered in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> shortly after the composer's death in 1883.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a271–273-30">[26]</a> Having returned to Leipzig in 1834, Wagner held a brief appointment as musical director at the opera house in <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._173-31">[27]</a> during which he wrote <a href="/wiki/Das_Liebesverbot" title="Das Liebesverbot">Das Liebesverbot</a> (The Ban on Love), based on Shakespeare's <a href="/wiki/Measure_for_Measure" title="Measure for Measure">Measure for Measure</a>. This was staged at Magdeburg in 1836 but closed before the second performance; this, together with the financial collapse of the theatre company employing him, left the composer in bankruptcy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a273–274-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman199052-33">[29]</a> Wagner had fallen for one of the leading ladies at Magdeburg, the actress <a href="/wiki/Minna_Planer" title="Minna Planer">Christine Wilhelmine "Minna" Planer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2002b-34">[30]</a> and after the disaster of Das Liebesverbot he followed her to <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a>, where she helped him to get an engagement at the theatre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._212-35">[31]</a> The two married in <a href="/wiki/Tragheim_Church" title="Tragheim Church">Tragheim Church</a> on 24 November 1836.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._214-36">[32]</a> In May 1837, Minna left Wagner for another man,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._217-37">[33]</a> and this was only the first débâcle of a tempestuous marriage. In June 1837, Wagner moved to <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> (then in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>), where he became music director of the local opera;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._226–227-38">[34]</a> having in this capacity engaged Minna's sister Amalie (also a singer) for the theatre, he presently resumed relations with Minna during 1838.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._229–231-39">[35]</a> By 1839, the couple had amassed such large debts that they fled Riga on the run from creditors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._242–243-40">[36]</a> Debts plagued Wagner for most of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a116–118-41">[37]</a> Initially the pair took a stormy sea passage to London,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._249–250-42">[38]</a> from which Wagner drew the inspiration for his opera <a href="/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder" title="Der fliegende Holländer">Der fliegende Holländer</a> (The Flying Dutchman), with a plot based on a sketch by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a277-43">[39]</a> The Wagners settled in Paris in September 1839<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2002b-34">[30]</a> and stayed there until 1842. Wagner made a scant living by writing articles and short novelettes such as A pilgrimage to Beethoven, which sketched his growing concept of "music drama", and An end in Paris, where he depicts his own miseries as a German musician in the French metropolis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._268–324-44">[40]</a> He also provided arrangements of operas by other composers, largely on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Schlesinger" title="Maurice Schlesinger">Schlesinger</a> publishing house. During this stay he completed his third and fourth operas <a href="/wiki/Rienzi" title="Rienzi">Rienzi</a> and Der fliegende Holländer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._268–324-44">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dresden_(1842–1849)">Dresden (1842–1849)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dresden (1842–1849)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Wagner_c.1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The head and upper body of a young white man with dark hair receding where it is parted on the left. Sideburns run the full length of his face. He wears a cravat and his right hand is tucked between the buttons of his coat." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Richard_Wagner_c.1840.jpg/180px-Richard_Wagner_c.1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Richard_Wagner_c.1840.jpg/270px-Richard_Wagner_c.1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Richard_Wagner_c.1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>Wagner <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1840, by Ernest Benedikt Kietz</figcaption></figure> Wagner had completed Rienzi in 1840. With the strong support of <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._316-45">[41]</a> it was accepted for performance by the Dresden <a href="/wiki/Semperoper#History" title="Semperoper">Court Theatre</a> (Hofoper) in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Kingdom of Saxony</a>, and in 1842 Wagner moved to Dresden. His relief at returning to Germany was recorded in his "<a href="/wiki/Autobiographic_Sketch_(Wagner)" title="Autobiographic Sketch (Wagner)">Autobiographic Sketch</a>" of 1842, where he wrote that, en route from Paris, "For the first time I saw the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>—with hot tears in my eyes, I, poor artist, swore eternal fidelity to my German fatherland."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1994c19-46">[42]</a> Rienzi was staged to considerable acclaim on 20 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a274-47">[43]</a> Wagner lived in Dresden for the next six years, eventually being appointed the Royal Saxon Court Conductor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._325–509-48">[44]</a> During this period, he staged there Der fliegende Holländer (2 January 1843)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a276-49">[45]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a> (19 October 1845),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a279-50">[46]</a> the first two of his three middle-period operas. Wagner also mixed with artistic circles in Dresden, including the composer <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Hiller" title="Ferdinand Hiller">Ferdinand Hiller</a> and the architect <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Semper" title="Gottfried Semper">Gottfried Semper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a31-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2012192–193-52">[48]</a> Wagner's involvement in <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left-wing politics</a> abruptly ended his welcome in Dresden. Wagner was active among <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> German nationalists there, regularly receiving such guests as the conductor and radical editor <a href="/wiki/August_R%C3%B6ckel" title="August Röckel">August Röckel</a> and the Russian <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Mikhail Bakunin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990118-53">[49]</a> He was also influenced by the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a140–144-54">[50]</a> Widespread discontent came to a head in 1849, when the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/May_Uprising_in_Dresden" title="May Uprising in Dresden">May Uprising in Dresden</a> broke out, in which Wagner played a <a href="/wiki/May_Uprising_in_Dresden#Prominent_figures_amongst_the_revolutionaries" title="May Uprising in Dresden">minor supporting role</a>. Warrants were issued for the revolutionaries' arrest. Wagner had to flee, first visiting Paris and then settling in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1992417–420-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[n 5]</a> where he at first took refuge with a friend, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_M%C3%BCller_(composer)" title="Alexander Müller (composer)">Alexander Müller</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_exile:_Switzerland_(1849–1858)">In exile: Switzerland (1849–1858)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In exile: Switzerland (1849–1858)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Wagners_Steckbrief_1849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A printed notice in German with elaborate Gothic capitals. Wagner is described as 37 to 38 of middle height with brown hair and glasses." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Richard_Wagners_Steckbrief_1849.jpg/170px-Richard_Wagners_Steckbrief_1849.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Richard_Wagners_Steckbrief_1849.jpg/255px-Richard_Wagners_Steckbrief_1849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Richard_Wagners_Steckbrief_1849.jpg/340px-Richard_Wagners_Steckbrief_1849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1055" /></a><figcaption>Warrant for the arrest of Richard Wagner, issued on 16 May 1849</figcaption></figure> Wagner was to spend the next twelve years in exile from Germany. He had completed <a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a>, the last of his middle-period operas, before the Dresden uprising, and now wrote desperately to his friend <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a> to have it staged in his absence. Liszt conducted the premiere in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> in August 1850.<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> Nevertheless, Wagner was in grim personal straits, isolated from the German musical world and without any regular income. In 1850, Julie, the wife of his friend Karl Ritter, began to pay him a small pension which she maintained until 1859. With help from her friend Jessie Laussot, this was to have been augmented to an annual sum of 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Thaler" title="Thaler">thalers</a> per year, but the plan was abandoned when Wagner began an affair with Mme. Laussot. Wagner even plotted an elopement with her in 1850, which her husband prevented.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a27,_30-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._133–56,_247–48,_404–05-60">[55]</a> Meanwhile, Wagner's wife Minna, who had disliked the operas he had written after Rienzi, was falling into a deepening <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood_disorder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (mood disorder)">depression</a>. Wagner fell victim to ill health, according to <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Newman" title="Ernest Newman">Ernest Newman</a> "largely a matter of overwrought nerves", which made it difficult for him to continue writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._137–38-61">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[n 6]</a> Wagner's primary published output during his first years in Zürich was a set of essays. In "<a href="/wiki/The_Artwork_of_the_Future" title="The Artwork of the Future">The Artwork of the Future</a>" (1849), he described a vision of opera as <a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a> (total work of art), in which music, song, dance, poetry, visual arts and stagecraft were unified. "<a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Music">Judaism in Music</a>" (1850)<a href="#cite_note-64">[n 7]</a> was the first of Wagner's writings to feature <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2012197–98-65">[58]</a> In this polemic Wagner asserted—often with vulgar, abusive language—that Jews lived as "outsiders" amid European societies and were disconnected from the national spirit (<a href="/wiki/Geist#Volksgeist" title="Geist">Volksgeist</a>) of these countries, thus capable of producing only shallow and artificial imitations of European art music, despite having achieved technical proficiency in its study. According to Wagner, Jews such as Meyerbeer commercialised music catered to the masses in order to achieve fame and financial success, rather than creating genuine works of art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2012261–63-66">[59]</a> In "<a href="/wiki/Opera_and_Drama" title="Opera and Drama">Opera and Drama</a>" (1851), Wagner described the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a> of music drama that he was using to create the Ring cycle. Before leaving Dresden, Wagner had drafted a scenario that eventually became <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a>. He initially <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen:_Composition_of_the_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen: Composition of the poem">wrote the libretto</a> for a single opera, Siegfried's Tod (Siegfried's Death), in 1848. After arriving in Zürich, he expanded the story with Der junge Siegfried (Young Siegfried), which explored the <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">hero's</a> background. He completed the text of the cycle by writing the libretti for <a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a> (The <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a> (The Rhine Gold) and revising the other libretti to conform to his new concept, completing them in 1852.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a297-67">[60]</a> The concept of opera expressed in "Opera and Drama" and in other essays effectively renounced all the operas he had previously written through Lohengrin. Partly in an attempt to explain his change of views, Wagner published in 1851 the autobiographical "<a href="/wiki/A_Communication_to_My_Friends" title="A Communication to My Friends">A Communication to My Friends</a>".<a href="#cite_note-68">[61]</a> This included his first public announcement of what was to become the Ring cycle: <blockquote>I shall never write an Opera more. As I have no wish to invent an arbitrary title for my works, I will call them Dramas ... I propose to produce my myth in three complete dramas, preceded by a lengthy Prelude (Vorspiel).... At a specially-appointed Festival, I propose, some future time, to produce those three Dramas with their Prelude, in the course of three days and a fore-evening [emphasis in original].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1994c391_and_n-69">[62]</a></blockquote> Wagner began composing the music for Das Rheingold between November 1853 and September 1854, following it immediately with Die Walküre (written between June 1854 and March 1856).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a289,_292-70">[63]</a> He began work on the third Ring drama, which he now called simply <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a>, probably in September 1856, but by June 1857 he had completed only the first two acts. He decided to put the work aside to concentrate on a new idea: <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a289,_294,_300-71">[64]</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Arthurian</a> love story <a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Iseult</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mathilde_Wesendonck_by_Karl_Ferdinand_Sohn,_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A three-quarter length portrait of a young white woman in the open air. She wears a shawl over an elaborate long-sleeved dress that exposes her shoulders and has a hat on over her centrally parted dark hair." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mathilde_Wesendonck_by_Karl_Ferdinand_Sohn%2C_1850.jpg/180px-Mathilde_Wesendonck_by_Karl_Ferdinand_Sohn%2C_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mathilde_Wesendonck_by_Karl_Ferdinand_Sohn%2C_1850.jpg/270px-Mathilde_Wesendonck_by_Karl_Ferdinand_Sohn%2C_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mathilde_Wesendonck_by_Karl_Ferdinand_Sohn%2C_1850.jpg/360px-Mathilde_Wesendonck_by_Karl_Ferdinand_Sohn%2C_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Wesendonck" title="Mathilde Wesendonck">Mathilde Wesendonck</a> (1850) by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Sohn" title="Karl Ferdinand Sohn">Karl Ferdinand Sohn</a></figcaption></figure> One source of inspiration for Tristan und Isolde was the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a>, notably his <a href="/wiki/The_World_as_Will_and_Representation" title="The World as Will and Representation">The World as Will and Representation</a>, to which Wagner had been introduced in 1854 by his poet friend <a href="/wiki/Georg_Herwegh" title="Georg Herwegh">Georg Herwegh</a>. Wagner later called this the most important event of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1992508–510-72">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[n 8]</a> His personal circumstances certainly made him an easy convert to what he understood to be Schopenhauer's philosophy, sometimes categorised as "<a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">philosophical pessimism</a>". He remained an adherent of Schopenhauer for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a> One of Schopenhauer's doctrines was that music held a supreme role in the arts as a direct expression of the world's essence, namely, blind, impulsive will.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee198877–78-75">[67]</a> This doctrine contradicted Wagner's view, expressed in "Opera and Drama", that the music in opera had to be subservient to the drama. Wagner scholars have argued that Schopenhauer's influence caused Wagner to assign a more commanding role to music in his later operas, including the latter half of the Ring cycle, which he had yet to compose.<a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[n 9]</a> Aspects of Schopenhauerian doctrine found their way into Wagner's subsequent libretti.<a href="#cite_note-80">[n 10]</a> A second source of inspiration was Wagner's infatuation with the poet-writer <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Wesendonck" title="Mathilde Wesendonck">Mathilde Wesendonck</a>, the wife of the silk merchant Otto Wesendonck. Wagner met the Wesendoncks, who were both great admirers of his music, in Zürich in 1852. From May 1853 onwards Wesendonck made several loans to Wagner to finance his household expenses in Zürich,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._415–18,_516–18-81">[71]</a> and in 1857 placed a cottage on his estate at Wagner's disposal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990168–69-82">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._508–09-83">[73]</a> which became known as the Asyl ("asylum" or "place of rest"). During this period, Wagner's growing passion for his patron's wife inspired him to put aside work on the Ring cycle (which was not resumed for the next twelve years) and begin work on Tristan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001b-84">[74]</a> While planning the opera, Wagner composed the <a href="/wiki/Wesendonck_Lieder" title="Wesendonck Lieder">Wesendonck Lieder</a>, five songs for voice and piano, setting poems by Mathilde. Two of these settings are explicitly subtitled by Wagner as "studies for Tristan und Isolde".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a318-85">[75]</a> Among the conducting engagements that Wagner undertook for revenue during this period, he gave several concerts in 1855 with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Philharmonic_Society" title="Royal Philharmonic Society">Philharmonic Society of London</a>, including one before <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._473–76-86">[76]</a> The Queen enjoyed his Tannhäuser overture and spoke with Wagner after the concert, writing in her diary that Wagner was "short, very quiet, wears spectacles & has a very finely-developed forehead, a hooked nose & projecting chin."<a href="#cite_note-87">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_exile:_Venice_and_Paris_(1858–1862)">In exile: Venice and Paris (1858–1862)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In exile: Venice and Paris (1858–1862)">edit</a>]</div> Wagner's uneasy affair with Mathilde collapsed in 1858, when Minna intercepted a letter to Mathilde from him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._540–542-88">[78]</a> After the resulting confrontation with Minna, Wagner left Zürich alone, bound for <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, where he rented an apartment in the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Giustinian_(Dorsoduro)" title="Palazzo Giustinian (Dorsoduro)">Palazzo Giustinian</a>, while Minna returned to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._559–567-89">[79]</a> Wagner's attitude to Minna had changed; the editor of his correspondence with her, John Burk, has said that she was to him "an invalid, to be treated with kindness and consideration, but, except at a distance, [was] a menace to his peace of mind."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurk1950405-90">[80]</a> Wagner continued his correspondence with Mathilde and his friendship with her husband Otto, who maintained his financial support of the composer. In an 1859 letter to Mathilde, Wagner wrote, half-satirically, of Tristan: "Child! This Tristan is turning into something terrible. This final act!!!—I fear the opera will be banned ... only mediocre performances can save me! Perfectly good ones will be bound to drive people mad."<a href="#cite_note-91">[81]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Wagner,_Paris,_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of the upper half of a man of about fifty viewed from his front right. He wears a cravat and frock coat. He has long sideburns and his dark hair is receding at the temples." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Richard_Wagner%2C_Paris%2C_1861.jpg/180px-Richard_Wagner%2C_Paris%2C_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Richard_Wagner%2C_Paris%2C_1861.jpg/270px-Richard_Wagner%2C_Paris%2C_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Richard_Wagner%2C_Paris%2C_1861.jpg/360px-Richard_Wagner%2C_Paris%2C_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption>Wagner in Paris, 1861</figcaption></figure> In November 1859, Wagner once again moved to Paris to oversee production of a new revision of Tannhäuser, staged thanks to the efforts of Princess <a href="/wiki/Pauline_von_Metternich" title="Pauline von Metternich">Pauline von Metternich</a>, whose husband was the Austrian ambassador in Paris. The performances of the Paris Tannhäuser in 1861 were <a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)#The_Paris_première" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">a notable fiasco</a>. This was partly a consequence of the conservative tastes of the <a href="/wiki/Jockey-Club_de_Paris" title="Jockey-Club de Paris">Jockey Club</a>, which organised demonstrations in the theatre to protest at the presentation of the ballet feature in Act 1 (instead of its traditional location in the second act); but the opportunity was also exploited by those who wanted to use the occasion as a veiled political protest against the pro-Austrian policies of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge1984-92">[82]</a> It was during this visit that Wagner met the French poet <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>, who wrote an appreciative brochure, "Richard Wagner et Tannhäuser à Paris".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._8–9-93">[83]</a> The opera was withdrawn after the third performance and Wagner left Paris soon after.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983315–320-94">[84]</a> He had sought a reconciliation with Minna during this Paris visit, and although she joined him there, the reunion was not successful and they again parted from each other when Wagner left.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurk1950378–379-95">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_and_resurgence_(1862–1871)">Return and resurgence (1862–1871)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Return and resurgence (1862–1871)">edit</a>]</div> The political ban that had been placed on Wagner in the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> after he had fled Dresden was fully lifted in 1862. The composer settled in <a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden-Biebrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiesbaden-Biebrich">Biebrich</a>, on the Rhine near Wiesbaden in <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983293–303-96">[86]</a> Here Minna visited him for the last time: they parted irrevocably,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990215–216-97">[87]</a> though Wagner continued to give financial support to her while she lived in Dresden until her death in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurk1950409–428-98">[88]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_II._von_Bayern_in_Generalsuniform_mit_dem_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young man in a dark military jacket, jodhpurs, long boots, and a voluminous ermine robe. He wears a sword at his side, a sash, a chain and a large star. Mainly hidden by his robe is a throne and behind that is a curtain with a crest with Ludwig's name and title in Latin. To one side a cushion holding a crown sits on a table." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_II._von_Bayern_in_Generalsuniform_mit_dem_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel.jpg/180px-K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_II._von_Bayern_in_Generalsuniform_mit_dem_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_II._von_Bayern_in_Generalsuniform_mit_dem_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel.jpg/270px-K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_II._von_Bayern_in_Generalsuniform_mit_dem_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_II._von_Bayern_in_Generalsuniform_mit_dem_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel.jpg/360px-K%C3%B6nig_Ludwig_II._von_Bayern_in_Generalsuniform_mit_dem_Kr%C3%B6nungsmantel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">Ludwig II of Bavaria</a> about the time when he first met Wagner, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_von_Piloty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferdinand von Piloty (page does not exist)">Ferdinand von Piloty</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Piloty" class="extiw" title="de:Ferdinand von Piloty">de</a>], 1865</figcaption></figure> In Biebrich, Wagner, at last, began work on Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, his only mature comedy. Wagner wrote a first draft of the libretto in 1845,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a301-99">[89]</a> and he had resolved to develop it during a visit he had made to Venice with the Wesendoncks in 1860, where he was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a>'s painting <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin_(Titian)" title="Assumption of the Virgin (Titian)">The Assumption of the Virgin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1992667-100">[90]</a> Throughout this period (1861–1864) Wagner sought to have Tristan und Isolde produced in Vienna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983321–330-101">[91]</a> Despite many rehearsals, the opera remained unperformed, and gained a reputation as being "impossible" to sing, which added to Wagner's financial problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._147–148-102">[92]</a> Wagner's fortunes took a dramatic upturn in 1864, when <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_II_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig II of Bavaria">King Ludwig II</a> succeeded to the throne of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> at the age of 18. The young king, an ardent admirer of Wagner's operas, had the composer brought to Munich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._212–220-103">[93]</a> The King, who was homosexual, expressed in his correspondence a passionate personal adoration for the composer,<a href="#cite_note-105">[n 11]</a> and Wagner in his responses had no scruples about feigning reciprocal feelings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983336–338-106">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990231–232-107">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[n 12]</a> Ludwig settled Wagner's considerable debts<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983339-110">[98]</a> and proposed to stage Tristan, Die Meistersinger, the Ring, and the other operas Wagner planned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983346-111">[99]</a> Wagner also began to dictate his autobiography, Mein Leben, at the King's request.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1992741-112">[100]</a> Wagner noted that his rescue by Ludwig coincided with news of the death of his earlier mentor (but later supposed enemy) <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Giacomo Meyerbeer</a>, and regretted that "this operatic master, who had done me so much harm, should not have lived to see this day."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1992739-113">[101]</a> After grave difficulties in rehearsal, Tristan und Isolde premiered at the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="National Theatre Munich">National Theatre Munich</a> on 10 June 1865, the first Wagner opera premiere in almost 15 years. (The premiere had been scheduled for 15 May, but was delayed by bailiffs acting for Wagner's creditors,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983354-114">[102]</a> and also because the Isolde, <a href="/wiki/Malvina_Garrigues" title="Malvina Garrigues">Malvina Schnorr von Carolsfeld</a>, was hoarse and needed time to recover.) The conductor of this premiere was <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_B%C3%BClow" title="Hans von Bülow">Hans von Bülow</a>, whose wife, <a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima</a>, had given birth in April that year to a daughter, named <a href="/wiki/Isolde_Beidler" title="Isolde Beidler">Isolde</a>, a child not of Bülow but of Wagner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_p._366-115">[103]</a> Cosima was 24 years younger than Wagner and was herself illegitimate, the daughter of the Countess <a href="/wiki/Marie_d%27Agoult" title="Marie d'Agoult">Marie d'Agoult</a>, who had left her husband for <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a32–33-116">[104]</a> Liszt initially disapproved of his daughter's involvement with Wagner, though nevertheless the two men were friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_p._530-117">[105]</a> The indiscreet affair scandalised Munich, and Wagner also fell into disfavour with many leading members of the court, who were suspicious of his influence on the King.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_p._496-118">[106]</a> In December 1865, Ludwig was finally forced to ask the composer to leave Munich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._499–501-119">[107]</a> He apparently also toyed with the idea of abdicating to follow his hero into exile, but Wagner quickly dissuaded him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._538–539-120">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fritz_Luckhardt_-_Richard_y_Cosima_Wagner_(9_de_mayo_de_1872,_Viena).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A couple is shown: On the left is a tall woman of about 30. She wears a voluminous dress and is sitting sideways in an upright chair, facing and looking up into the eyes of the man who is on the right. He is about 60, quite short, and balding at the temples. He is dressed in a suit with a tailcoat and wears a cravat. He faces and looks down at the woman. His hand rests on the back of the chair." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fritz_Luckhardt_-_Richard_y_Cosima_Wagner_%289_de_mayo_de_1872%2C_Viena%29.jpg/170px-Fritz_Luckhardt_-_Richard_y_Cosima_Wagner_%289_de_mayo_de_1872%2C_Viena%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fritz_Luckhardt_-_Richard_y_Cosima_Wagner_%289_de_mayo_de_1872%2C_Viena%29.jpg/255px-Fritz_Luckhardt_-_Richard_y_Cosima_Wagner_%289_de_mayo_de_1872%2C_Viena%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Fritz_Luckhardt_-_Richard_y_Cosima_Wagner_%289_de_mayo_de_1872%2C_Viena%29.jpg/340px-Fritz_Luckhardt_-_Richard_y_Cosima_Wagner_%289_de_mayo_de_1872%2C_Viena%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="2091" /></a><figcaption>Richard and Cosima Wagner, photographed in 1872</figcaption></figure> Ludwig installed Wagner at the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Tribschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Tribschen">Villa Tribschen</a>, beside Switzerland's <a href="/wiki/Lake_Lucerne" title="Lake Lucerne">Lake Lucerne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._518–519-121">[109]</a> Die Meistersinger was completed at Tribschen in 1867, and premiered in Munich on 21 June the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a301-99">[89]</a> At Ludwig's insistence, "special previews" of the first two works of the Ring, Das Rheingold and Die Walküre, were performed at Munich in 1869 and 1870,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a287,_290-122">[110]</a> but Wagner retained his dream, first expressed in "A Communication to My Friends", to present the first complete cycle at a special festival with a new, dedicated, <a href="/wiki/Opera_house" title="Opera house">opera house</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[111]</a> Minna died of a heart attack on 25 January 1866 in Dresden. Wagner did not attend the funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983367-124">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[n 13]</a> Following Minna's death Cosima wrote to Hans von Bülow several times asking him to grant her a divorce, but Bülow refused to concede this. He consented only after she had two more children with Wagner: another daughter, named Eva, after the heroine of Meistersinger, and a son <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Wagner" title="Siegfried Wagner">Siegfried</a>, named after the hero of the Ring. The divorce was finally sanctioned, after delays in the legal process, by a Berlin court on 18 July 1870.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2011118-127">[114]</a> Richard and Cosima's wedding took place on 25 August 1870.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a17-128">[115]</a> On Christmas Day of that year, Wagner arranged a surprise performance (its premiere) of the <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Idyll" title="Siegfried Idyll">Siegfried Idyll</a> for Cosima's birthday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a311-129">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[n 14]</a> The marriage to Cosima lasted to the end of Wagner's life. Wagner, settled into his new-found domesticity, turned his energies towards completing the Ring cycle. He had not abandoned polemics: he republished his 1850 pamphlet "Judaism in Music", originally issued under a pseudonym, under his own name in 1869, extending the introduction and adding a lengthy final section. The publication led to several public protests at early performances of Die Meistersinger in Vienna and Mannheim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner1997123-131">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bayreuth_(1871–1876)">Bayreuth (1871–1876)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bayreuth (1871–1876)">edit</a>]</div> In 1871, Wagner decided to move to <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>, which was to be the location of his new opera house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983400-132">[118]</a> The town council donated a large plot of land—the "Green Hill"—as a site for the theatre. The Wagners moved to the town the following year, and the foundation stone for the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a> ("Festival Theatre") was laid. Wagner initially announced the first Bayreuth Festival, at which for the first time the Ring cycle was presented complete, for 1873,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts199440-133">[119]</a> but since Ludwig had declined to finance the project, the start of building was delayed and the proposed date for the festival was deferred. To raise funds for the construction, "<a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Wagner_Societies" title="International Association of Wagner Societies">Wagner societies</a>" were formed in several cities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._392–393-134">[120]</a> and Wagner began touring Germany conducting concerts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983409–418-135">[121]</a> By the spring of 1873, only a third of the required funds had been raised; further pleas to Ludwig were initially ignored, but early in 1874, with the project on the verge of collapse, the King relented and provided a loan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts199445–46-136">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983418–419-137">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[n 15]</a> The full building programme included the family home, "<a href="/wiki/Wahnfried" title="Wahnfried">Wahnfried</a>", into which Wagner, with Cosima and the children, moved from their temporary accommodation on 18 April 1874.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek1981156-140">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983419-141">[126]</a> The theatre was completed in 1875, and the festival was scheduled for the following year. Commenting on the struggle to finish the building, Wagner remarked to Cosima: "Each stone is red with my blood and yours."<a href="#cite_note-142">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Festspielhaus_Bayreuth_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A building stands beyond a part-ploughed field and a row of trees. It has five sections. Farthest away, the tallest part with a v-shaped roof contains the stage. Adjoining it is the auditorium section built of patterned brick. Nearest is the royal entrance, made of stone and brick with arched windows and a portico. Two wings adjoin the auditorium." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Festspielhaus_Bayreuth_1900.jpg/220px-Festspielhaus_Bayreuth_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Festspielhaus_Bayreuth_1900.jpg/330px-Festspielhaus_Bayreuth_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Festspielhaus_Bayreuth_1900.jpg/440px-Festspielhaus_Bayreuth_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2557" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Photochrom" title="Photochrom">photochrom</a> print of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1895</figcaption></figure> For the design of the Festspielhaus, Wagner appropriated some of the ideas of his former colleague, Gottfried Semper, which he had previously solicited for a proposed new opera house in Munich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts199440-133">[119]</a> Wagner was responsible for several theatrical innovations at Bayreuth; these include darkening the auditorium during performances, and placing the orchestra in a pit out of view of the audience.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts199411-143">[128]</a> The Festspielhaus finally opened on 13 August 1876 with Das Rheingold, at last taking its place as the first evening of the complete Ring cycle; the 1876 <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a> therefore saw the premiere of the complete cycle, performed as a sequence as the composer had intended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a287-144">[129]</a> The 1876 Festival consisted of three full Ring cycles (under the baton of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Richter_(conductor)" title="Hans Richter (conductor)">Hans Richter</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts199461–62-145">[130]</a> At the end, critical reactions ranged between that of the Norwegian composer <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a>, who thought the work "divinely composed", and that of the French newspaper <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a>, which called the music "the dream of a lunatic".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts199471–72-146">[131]</a> The disillusioned included Wagner's (then) friend <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, who, having published his eulogistic essay "Richard Wagner in Bayreuth" before the festival as part of his <a href="/wiki/Untimely_Meditations" title="Untimely Meditations">Untimely Meditations</a>, was bitterly disappointed by what he saw as Wagner's pandering to increasingly exclusivist German nationalism; his breach with Wagner began at this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._517–539-147">[132]</a> The festival firmly established Wagner as an artist of European, and indeed world, importance: attendees included <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm I">Kaiser Wilhelm I</a>, the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Camille Saint-Saëns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts199466–67-148">[133]</a> Wagner was far from satisfied with the Festival; Cosima recorded that months later his attitude towards the productions was "Never again, never again!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosima_Wagner1994270-149">[134]</a> Moreover, the festival finished with a deficit of about 150,000 marks.<a href="#cite_note-150">[135]</a> The expenses of Bayreuth and of Wahnfried meant that Wagner still sought further sources of income by conducting or taking on commissions such as the Centennial March for America, for which he received $5,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983422-151">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_p._475-152">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years_(1876–1883)">Last years (1876–1883)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Last years (1876–1883)">edit</a>]</div> Following the first Bayreuth Festival, Wagner began work on <a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a>, his final opera. The composition took four years, much of which Wagner spent in Italy for health reasons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a18-153">[138]</a> From 1876 to 1878 Wagner also embarked on the last of his documented emotional liaisons, this time with <a href="/wiki/Judith_Gautier" title="Judith Gautier">Judith Gautier</a>, whom he had met at the 1876 Festival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._605–607-154">[139]</a> Wagner was also much troubled by problems of financing Parsifal, and by the prospect of the work being performed by other theatres than Bayreuth. He was once again assisted by the liberality of King Ludwig, but was still forced by his personal financial situation in 1877 to sell the rights of several of his unpublished works (including the Siegfried Idyll) to the publisher <a href="/wiki/Schott_Music" title="Schott Music">Schott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._607–610-155">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WahnfriedBayreuth11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Several floral tributes are laid on a flat gravestone that is in the middle of a large bed full of low leafy plants. A crazy-paved path passes either side of the bed." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/WahnfriedBayreuth11.JPG/220px-WahnfriedBayreuth11.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/WahnfriedBayreuth11.JPG/330px-WahnfriedBayreuth11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/WahnfriedBayreuth11.JPG/440px-WahnfriedBayreuth11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The Wagner grave in the Wahnfried garden; in 1977 Cosima's ashes were placed alongside Wagner's body.</figcaption></figure> Wagner wrote several articles in his later years, often on political topics, and often <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> in tone, repudiating some of his earlier, more liberal, views. These include "Religion and Art" (1880) and "Heroism and Christianity" (1881), which were printed in the journal <a href="/wiki/Bayreuther_Bl%C3%A4tter" title="Bayreuther Blätter">Bayreuther Blätter</a>, published by his supporter <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Wolzogen" title="Hans von Wolzogen">Hans von Wolzogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[141]</a> Wagner's sudden interest in Christianity at this period, which infuses Parsifal, was contemporary with his increasing alignment with <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a>, and required on his part, and the part of his associates, "the rewriting of some recent Wagnerian history", so as to represent, for example, the Ring as a work reflecting Christian ideals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley2008154–156-157">[142]</a> Many of these later articles, including "What is German?" (1878, but based on a draft written in the 1860s),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1995a149–170-158">[143]</a> repeated Wagner's antisemitic preoccupations. Wagner completed Parsifal in January 1882, and a second Bayreuth Festival was held for the new opera, which premiered on 26 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a19-159">[144]</a> Wagner was by this time extremely ill, having suffered a series of increasingly severe <a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">angina</a> attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990414–417-160">[145]</a> During the sixteenth and final performance of Parsifal on 29 August, he entered the pit unseen during act 3, took the baton from conductor <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Levi" title="Hermann Levi">Hermann Levi</a>, and led the performance to its conclusion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_p._692-161">[146]</a> After the festival, the Wagner family journeyed to <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> for the winter. Wagner died of a heart attack at the age of 69 on 13 February 1883 at <a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Vendramin_Calergi" title="Ca' Vendramin Calergi">Ca' Vendramin Calergi</a>, a 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Palazzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Palazzo">palazzo</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canal_(Venice)" title="Grand Canal (Venice)">Grand Canal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._697,_711–712-162">[147]</a> The legend that the attack was prompted by an argument with Cosima over Wagner's supposedly amorous interest in the singer <a href="/wiki/Carrie_Pringle" title="Carrie Pringle">Carrie Pringle</a>, who had been a Flower-maiden in Parsifal at Bayreuth, is without credible evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECormack200521–25-163">[148]</a> After a funerary <a href="/wiki/Gondola" title="Gondola">gondola</a> bore Wagner's remains over the Grand Canal, his body was taken to Germany where it was buried in the garden of the Villa Wahnfried in Bayreuth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._714–716-164">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_works_for_the_stage_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of works for the stage by Richard Wagner">List of works for the stage by Richard Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of compositions by Richard Wagner">List of compositions by Richard Wagner</a></div> Wagner's musical output is listed by the Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis (WWV) as comprising 113 works, including fragments and projects.<a href="#cite_note-165">[150]</a> The first complete scholarly edition of his musical works in print was commenced in 1970 under the aegis of the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Academy_of_Fine_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts">Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Akademie_der_Wissenschaften_und_der_Literatur" title="Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur">Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, and is presently under the editorship of <a href="/wiki/Egon_Voss" title="Egon Voss">Egon Voss</a>. It will consist of 21 volumes (57 books) of music and 10 volumes (13 books) of relevant documents and texts. As at October 2017, three volumes remain to be published. The publisher is <a href="/wiki/Schott_Music" title="Schott Music">Schott Music</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman201786–88-166">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operas">Operas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Operas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siegfried_leitmotif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Musical notation showing a theme in F and in 6/8 time on a treble clef." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Siegfried_leitmotif.jpg/300px-Siegfried_leitmotif.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Siegfried_leitmotif.jpg/450px-Siegfried_leitmotif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Siegfried_leitmotif.jpg/600px-Siegfried_leitmotif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a> associated with the horn-call of the hero of Wagner's opera <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></figcaption></figure> Wagner's operatic works are his primary artistic legacy. Unlike most opera composers, who generally left the task of writing the <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> (the text and lyrics) to others, Wagner wrote his own libretti, which he referred to as "poems".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a264–268-167">[152]</a> From 1849 onwards, he urged a new concept of opera often referred to as "music drama" (although he later rejected this term),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a236–237-168">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[n 16]</a> in which all musical, poetic and dramatic elements were to be fused together—the <a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a>. Wagner developed a compositional style in which the importance of the orchestra is equal to that of the singers. The orchestra's dramatic role in the later operas includes the use of <a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">leitmotifs</a>, musical phrases that can be interpreted as announcing specific characters, locales, and plot elements; their complex interweaving and evolution illuminate the progression of the drama.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a234–235-171">[155]</a> These operas are still, despite Wagner's reservations, referred to by many writers<a href="#cite_note-172">[156]</a> as "music dramas".<a href="#cite_note-173">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_works_(to_1842)">Early works (to 1842)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Early works (to 1842)">edit</a>]</div> Wagner's earliest attempts at opera were often uncompleted. Abandoned works include <a href="/wiki/Die_Laune_des_Verliebten" title="Die Laune des Verliebten">a pastoral opera</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>'s Die Laune des Verliebten (The Infatuated Lover's Caprice), written at the age of 17,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a321-28">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Die_Hochzeit" title="Die Hochzeit">Die Hochzeit</a> (The Wedding), on which Wagner worked in 1832,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a321-28">[24]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Singspiel" title="Singspiel">singspiel</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nnerlist_gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fer_als_Frauenlist" title="Männerlist größer als Frauenlist">Männerlist größer als Frauenlist</a> (Men are More Cunning than Women, 1837–1838). <a href="/wiki/Die_Feen" title="Die Feen">Die Feen</a> (The Fairies, 1833) was not performed in the composer's lifetime,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a271–273-30">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Das_Liebesverbot" title="Das Liebesverbot">Das Liebesverbot</a> (The Ban on Love, 1836) was withdrawn after its first performance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a273–274-32">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rienzi" title="Rienzi">Rienzi</a> (1842) was Wagner's first opera to be successfully staged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a274–276-174">[158]</a> The compositional style of these early works was conventional—the relatively more sophisticated Rienzi showing the clear influence of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Opera">Grand Opera</a> à la Spontini and Meyerbeer—and did not exhibit the innovations that would mark Wagner's place in musical history. Later in life, Wagner said that he did not consider these works to be part of his <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oeuvre" class="extiw" title="wikt:oeuvre">oeuvre</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee198826-175">[159]</a> and they have been performed only rarely in the last hundred years, although the overture to Rienzi is an occasional concert-hall piece. Die Feen, Das Liebesverbot, and Rienzi were performed at both Leipzig and Bayreuth in 2013 to mark the composer's bicentenary.<a href="#cite_note-176">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Romantic_operas"_(1843–1851)">"Romantic operas" (1843–1851)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: "Romantic operas" (1843–1851)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Six bars of music are written across 19 pre-printed staves. The page is headed "Overture". Below the heading to the right is Wagner's name. The tempo indication is allegro con brio. Several lines are written diagonally in lighter handwriting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder.jpg/170px-Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder.jpg/255px-Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder.jpg/340px-Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="920" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Opening of overture to Der fliegende Holländer in Wagner's hand and with his notes to the publisher</figcaption></figure> Wagner's middle stage output began with <a href="/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder" title="Der fliegende Holländer">Der fliegende Holländer</a> (The Flying Dutchman, 1843), followed by <a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a> (1845) and <a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a> (1850). These three operas are sometimes referred to as Wagner's "romantic operas".<a href="#cite_note-177">[161]</a> They reinforced the reputation, among the public in Germany and beyond, that Wagner had begun to establish with Rienzi. Although distancing himself from the style of these operas from 1849 onwards, he nevertheless reworked both Der fliegende Holländer and Tannhäuser on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-179">[n 17]</a> These three operas are considered to represent a significant developmental stage in Wagner's musical and operatic maturity as regards thematic handling, portrayal of emotions and orchestration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Westernhagen1980106–107-180">[163]</a> They are the earliest works included in the <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_canon" title="Bayreuth canon">Bayreuth canon</a>, the mature operas that Cosima staged at the Bayreuth Festival after Wagner's death in accordance with his wishes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkelton2002-181">[164]</a> All three (including the differing versions of Der fliegende Holländer and Tannhäuser) continue to be regularly performed throughout the world and have been frequently recorded.<a href="#cite_note-182">[n 18]</a> They were also the operas by which his fame spread during his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-184">[n 19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Music_dramas"_(1851–1882)">"Music dramas" (1851–1882)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: "Music dramas" (1851–1882)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Starting_the_Ring">Starting the Ring</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Starting the Ring">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen:_Composition_of_the_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen: Composition of the music">Der Ring des Nibelungen: Composition of the music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen:_Composition_of_the_poem" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen: Composition of the poem">Der Ring des Nibelungen: Composition of the poem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ring22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A youthful valkyrie, wearing armour, cloak and winged helmet and holding a spear, stands with one foot on a rock and looks intently towards the right foreground. In the background are trees and mountains." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ring22.jpg/180px-Ring22.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ring22.jpg/270px-Ring22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ring22.jpg/360px-Ring22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BCnnhilde" class="mw-redirect" title="Brünnhilde">Brünnhilde</a> the <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a>, as illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rackham" title="Arthur Rackham">Arthur Rackham</a> (1910)</figcaption></figure> Wagner's late dramas are considered his masterpieces. Der Ring des Nibelungen, commonly referred to as the Ring or "Ring cycle", is a set of four operas based loosely on figures and elements of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Germanic mythology</a>—particularly from the later <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>—notably the <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volsunga_Saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Volsunga Saga">Volsunga Saga</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> <a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[166]</a> Wagner specifically developed the libretti for these operas according to his interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Alliterative_verse#High_German_and_Saxon_forms" title="Alliterative verse">Stabreim</a>[<a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS">broken anchor</a>], highly alliterative rhyming verse-pairs used in old Germanic poetry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a239–240,_266–267-186">[167]</a> They were also influenced by Wagner's concepts of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> drama, in which <a href="/wiki/Tetralogy" title="Tetralogy">tetralogies</a> were a component of <a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Athenian festivals</a>, and which he had amply discussed in his essay "<a href="/wiki/Oper_und_Drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Oper und Drama">Oper und Drama</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington200874-187">[168]</a> The first two components of the Ring cycle were <a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a> (The Rhinegold), which was completed in 1854, and <a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a> (The Valkyrie), which was finished in 1856. In Das Rheingold, with its "relentlessly talky 'realism' [and] the absence of lyrical '<a href="/wiki/Number_(music)" title="Number (music)">numbers</a>'",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey200886-188">[169]</a> Wagner came very close to the musical ideals of his 1849–1851 essays. Die Walküre, which contains what is virtually a traditional <a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a> (Siegmund's Winterstürme in the first act), and the quasi-<a href="/wiki/Choral_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Choral music">choral</a> appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a> themselves, shows more "operatic" traits, but has been assessed by Barry Millington as "the music drama that most satisfactorily embodies the theoretical principles of 'Oper und Drama'... A thoroughgoing synthesis of poetry and music is achieved without any notable sacrifice in musical expression."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2002c-189">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Tristan_und_Isolde_and_Die_Meistersinger">Tristan und Isolde and Die Meistersinger</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tristan und Isolde and Die Meistersinger">edit</a>]</div> While composing the opera <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a>, the third part of the Ring cycle, Wagner interrupted work on it and between 1857 and 1864 wrote the tragic love story <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a> and his only mature comedy <a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a> (The Mastersingers of Nuremberg), two works that are also part of the regular operatic canon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a294,_300,_304-190">[171]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betz_Franz.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photograph of a bearded white man with male-pattern baldness wearing glasses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Betz_Franz.png/180px-Betz_Franz.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Betz_Franz.png/270px-Betz_Franz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Betz_Franz.png/360px-Betz_Franz.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Franz_Betz" title="Franz Betz">Franz Betz</a> (by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Luckhardt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Luckhardt (page does not exist)">Fritz Luckhardt</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Luckhardt" class="extiw" title="de:Fritz Luckhardt">de</a>]), who created the role of Hans Sachs in Die Meistersinger, and sang Wotan in the first complete Ring cycle</figcaption></figure>Tristan is often granted a special place in musical history; many see it as the beginning of the move away from conventional <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonality" title="Tonality">tonality</a> and consider that it lays the groundwork for the direction of classical music in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a301-99">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlhaus197964-191">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge2008224-192">[173]</a> Wagner felt that his musico-dramatical theories were most perfectly realised in this work with its use of "the art of transition" between dramatic elements and the balance achieved between vocal and orchestral lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose198115-193">[174]</a> Completed in 1859, the work was given its first performance in Munich, conducted by Bülow, in June 1865.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a298-194">[175]</a> Die Meistersinger was originally conceived by Wagner in 1845 as a sort of comic pendant to Tannhäuser.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClatchie2008134-195">[176]</a> Like Tristan, it was premiered in Munich under the baton of Bülow, on 21 June 1868, and became an immediate success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990282–283-196">[177]</a> Millington describes Meistersinger as "a rich, perceptive music drama widely admired for its warm humanity",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2002a-197">[178]</a> but its strong German <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> overtones have led some to cite it as an example of Wagner's reactionary politics and antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-198">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Completing_the_Ring">Completing the Ring</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Completing the Ring">edit</a>]</div> When Wagner returned to writing the music for the last act of Siegfried and for <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a> (Twilight of the Gods) as the final part of the Ring, his style had changed once more to something more recognisable as "operatic" than the aural world of Rheingold and Walküre, though it was still thoroughly stamped with his own originality as a composer and suffused with leitmotifs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a294–295-199">[180]</a> This was in part because the libretti of the four Ring operas had been written in reverse order, so that the book for Götterdämmerung was conceived more "traditionally" than that of Rheingold;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a286-200">[181]</a> still, the self-imposed strictures of the Gesamtkunstwerk had become relaxed. The differences also result from Wagner's development as a composer during the period in which he wrote Tristan, Meistersinger and the Paris version of Tannhäuser.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuffett198443-201">[182]</a> From Act 3 of Siegfried onwards, the Ring becomes more <a href="/wiki/Chromaticism" title="Chromaticism">chromatic</a> melodically, more complex harmonically and more developmental in its treatment of leitmotifs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuffett198448–49-202">[183]</a> Wagner took 26 years from writing the first draft of a libretto in 1848 until he completed Götterdämmerung in 1874. The Ring takes about 15 hours to perform<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a285-203">[184]</a> and is the only undertaking of such size to be regularly presented on the world's stages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Parsifal">Parsifal</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Parsifal">edit</a>]</div> Wagner's final opera, <a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a> (1882), which was his only work written especially for his Bayreuth Festspielhaus and which is described in the score as a "Bühnenweihfestspiel" ("festival play for the consecration of the stage"), has a storyline suggested by elements of the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a>. It also carries elements of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> renunciation suggested by Wagner's readings of Schopenhauer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a308-204">[185]</a> Wagner described it to Cosima as his "last card".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosima_Wagner1978II,_p._647._Entry_of_28_March_1881.-205">[186]</a> It remains controversial because of its treatment of Christianity, its eroticism, and its expression, as perceived by some commentators, of German nationalism and antisemitism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley2008169–175-206">[187]</a> Despite the composer's own description of the opera to King Ludwig as "this most Christian of works",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._578._Letter_from_Wagner_to_the_King_of_19_September_1881.-207">[188]</a> Ulrike Kienzle has commented that "Wagner's turn to Christian mythology, upon which the imagery and spiritual contents of Parsifal rest, is idiosyncratic and contradicts Christian <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> in many ways."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienzle200581-208">[189]</a> Musically the opera has been held to represent a continuing development of the composer's style, and Millington describes it as "a diaphanous score of unearthly beauty and refinement".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2002b-34">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-operatic_music">Non-operatic music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Non-operatic music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gill_Wagner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cartoon showing a misshapen figure of a man with a tiny body below a head with a prominent nose and chin standing on the lobe of a human ear. The figure is hammering the sharp end of a crochet symbol into the inner part of the ear and blood pours out." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gill_Wagner.jpg/170px-Gill_Wagner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gill_Wagner.jpg/255px-Gill_Wagner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Gill_Wagner.jpg/340px-Gill_Wagner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5491" data-file-height="7950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gill" title="André Gill">André Gill</a> suggesting that Wagner's music was ear-splitting. Cover of <a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89clipse" title="L'Éclipse">L'Éclipse</a> 18 April 1869.</figcaption></figure> Apart from his operas, Wagner composed relatively few pieces of music. These include his <a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_C_major_(Wagner)" title="Symphony in C major (Wagner)">Symphony in C major</a> (written at the age of 19), the <a href="/wiki/Faust_Overture" title="Faust Overture">Faust Overture</a> (the only completed part of an intended symphony on the subject), some <a href="/wiki/Concert_overture" class="mw-redirect" title="Concert overture">concert overtures</a>, and choral and piano pieces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Westernhagen1980138-209">[190]</a> His most commonly performed work that is not an extract from an opera is the <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Idyll" title="Siegfried Idyll">Siegfried Idyll</a> for chamber orchestra, which has several motifs in common with the Ring cycle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a311–312-210">[191]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wesendonck_Lieder" title="Wesendonck Lieder">Wesendonck Lieder</a> are also often performed, either in the original piano version or with orchestral accompaniment.<a href="#cite_note-211">[n 20]</a> More rarely performed are the American Centennial March (1876), and <a href="/wiki/Das_Liebesmahl_der_Apostel" title="Das Liebesmahl der Apostel">Das Liebesmahl der Apostel</a> (The Love Feast of the Apostles), a piece for male choruses and orchestra composed in 1843 for the city of Dresden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a314-212">[192]</a> After completing Parsifal, Wagner expressed his intention to turn to the writing of symphonies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Westernhagen1980111-213">[193]</a> and several sketches dating from the late 1870s and early 1880s have been identified as work towards this end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge2008189–205-214">[194]</a> The overtures and certain orchestral passages from Wagner's middle- and late-stage operas are commonly played as concert pieces. For most of these, Wagner wrote or rewrote short passages to ensure musical coherence. The "<a href="/wiki/Bridal_Chorus" title="Bridal Chorus">Bridal Chorus</a>" from Lohengrin is frequently played as the bride's processional <a href="/wiki/Wedding_march" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedding march">wedding march</a> in English-speaking countries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1980p._701,_''Wedding_March''-215">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose_writings">Prose writings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Prose writings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_prose_works_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of prose works by Richard Wagner">List of prose works by Richard Wagner</a></div> Wagner was an extremely prolific writer, authoring many books, poems, and articles, as well as voluminous correspondence. His writings covered a wide range of topics, including autobiography, politics, philosophy, and detailed analyses of his own operas. Wagner planned for a collected edition of his publications as early as 1865;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a193-216">[196]</a> he believed that such an edition would help the world understand his intellectual development and artistic aims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a194-217">[197]</a> The first such edition was published between 1871 and 1883, but was doctored to suppress or alter articles that were an embarrassment to him (e.g. those praising Meyerbeer), or by altering dates on some articles to reinforce Wagner's own account of his progress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a194–195-218">[198]</a> Wagner's autobiography Mein Leben was originally published for close friends only in a very small edition (15–18 copies per volume) in four volumes between 1870 and 1880. The first public edition (with many passages suppressed by Cosima) appeared in 1911; the first attempt at a full edition (in German) appeared in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a185–186-219">[199]</a> There have been modern complete or partial editions of Wagner's writings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a195-220">[200]</a> including a centennial edition in German edited by <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Borchmeyer" title="Dieter Borchmeyer">Dieter Borchmeyer</a> (which, however, omitted the essay "<a href="/wiki/Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik" title="Das Judenthum in der Musik">Das Judenthum in der Musik</a>" and Mein Leben).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1983-221">[201]</a> The English translations of Wagner's prose in eight volumes by <a href="/wiki/William_Ashton_Ellis" title="William Ashton Ellis">William Ashton Ellis</a> (1892–1899) are still in print and commonly used, despite their deficiencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadwell2008191-222">[202]</a> The first complete historical and critical edition of Wagner's prose works was launched in 2013 at the Institute for Music Research at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a>; this will result in at least eight volumes of text and several volumes of commentary, totalling over 5,000 pages. It was originally anticipated that the project will be completed by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-223">[203]</a> A complete edition of Wagner's correspondence, estimated to amount to between 10,000 and 12,000 items, is underway under the supervision of the University of Würzburg. As of January 2021, 25 volumes have appeared, covering the period to 1873.<a href="#cite_note-224">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_music">Influence on music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Influence on music">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint listen-noimage"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagner_Tristan_opening_(orchestral).ogg" title="File:Wagner Tristan opening (orchestral).ogg">The opening of Tristan und Isolde, featuring the 'Tristan chord'</a></div> <div><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="19" data-mwtitle="Wagner_Tristan_opening_(orchestral).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Wagner_Tristan_opening_%28orchestral%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Wagner_Tristan_opening_%28orchestral%29.ogg/Wagner_Tristan_opening_%28orchestral%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWagner_Tristan_opening_%28orchestral%29.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div> <div class="description"></div></div></div></div> </div> Wagner's later musical style introduced new ideas in harmony, melodic process (leitmotif) and operatic structure. Notably from Tristan und Isolde onwards, he explored the limits of the traditional tonal system, which gave keys and chords their identity, pointing the way to <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonality</a> in the 20th century. Some music historians date the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Modern_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern classical music">modern classical music</a> to the first notes of Tristan, which include the so-called <a href="/wiki/Tristan_chord" title="Tristan chord">Tristan chord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge2008114-225">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee2000208–209-226">[206]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_Gustav_Mahler_by_Moritz_N%C3%A4hr_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Middle-aged man, seated, facing towards the left but head turned towards the right. He has a high forehead, rimless glasses and is wearing a dark, crumpled suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Photo_of_Gustav_Mahler_by_Moritz_N%C3%A4hr_01.jpg/180px-Photo_of_Gustav_Mahler_by_Moritz_N%C3%A4hr_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Photo_of_Gustav_Mahler_by_Moritz_N%C3%A4hr_01.jpg/270px-Photo_of_Gustav_Mahler_by_Moritz_N%C3%A4hr_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Photo_of_Gustav_Mahler_by_Moritz_N%C3%A4hr_01.jpg/360px-Photo_of_Gustav_Mahler_by_Moritz_N%C3%A4hr_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>Gustav Mahler in 1907</figcaption></figure> Wagner inspired great devotion. For a long period, many composers were inclined to align themselves with or against Wagner's music. <a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Hugo Wolf</a> were greatly indebted to him, as were <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">César Franck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Duparc_(composer)" title="Henri Duparc (composer)">Henri Duparc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Ernest Chausson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Jules Massenet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Richard Strauss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Zemlinsky" title="Alexander von Zemlinsky">Alexander von Zemlinsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Pfitzner" title="Hans Pfitzner">Hans Pfitzner</a> and many others.<a href="#cite_note-227">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> was devoted to Wagner and his music: he sought him out on his 1875 visit to Vienna at the age of 15,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_La_Grange197343–44-228">[208]</a> and became a renowned Wagner conductor;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a371-229">[209]</a> his compositions were seen by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Richard Taruskin</a> as extending Wagner's "maximalization" of "the temporal and the sonorous" in music to the world of the symphony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin20095–8-230">[210]</a> The harmonic revolutions of <a href="/wiki/Claude_Debussy" title="Claude Debussy">Claude Debussy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a> (both of whose oeuvres contain examples of tonal and <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonal</a> modernism) have often been traced back to Tristan and Parsifal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee198854-231">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey2008228–229-232">[212]</a> The Italian form of operatic <a href="/wiki/Realism_(theatre)" title="Realism (theatre)">realism</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Verismo" title="Verismo">verismo</a> owed much to the Wagnerian concept of musical form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey2008226-233">[213]</a> Wagner made a major contribution to the principles and practice of conducting. His essay "About Conducting" (1869)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1995a289–364-234">[214]</a> advanced <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>'s technique of conducting and claimed that conducting was a means by which a musical work could be re-interpreted, rather than simply a mechanism for achieving orchestral unison. He exemplified this approach in his own conducting, which was significantly more flexible than the disciplined approach of <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a>; in his view, this also justified practices that were later frowned upon, such as the rewriting of scores.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrup1980645-235">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[n 21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler" title="Wilhelm Furtwängler">Wilhelm Furtwängler</a> felt that Wagner and Bülow, through their interpretative approach, inspired a whole new generation of conductors (including Furtwängler himself).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Westernhagen1980113-238">[217]</a> Among those from the late 20th century and beyond claiming inspiration from Wagner's music are the German band <a href="/wiki/Rammstein" title="Rammstein">Rammstein</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReissman2004-239">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Steinman" title="Jim Steinman">Jim Steinman</a>, who wrote songs for <a href="/wiki/Meat_Loaf" title="Meat Loaf">Meat Loaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Tyler" title="Bonnie Tyler">Bonnie Tyler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Supply" title="Air Supply">Air Supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celine_Dion" title="Celine Dion">Celine Dion</a> and others;<a href="#cite_note-240">[219]</a> and the electronic composer <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Schulze" title="Klaus Schulze">Klaus Schulze</a>, whose 1975 album <a href="/wiki/Timewind" title="Timewind">Timewind</a> consists of two 30-minute tracks, "Bayreuth Return" and "Wahnfried 1883". <a href="/wiki/Joey_DeMaio" title="Joey DeMaio">Joey DeMaio</a> of the band <a href="/wiki/Manowar" title="Manowar">Manowar</a> has described Wagner as "the father of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoe2010p._23,_n.45-241">[220]</a> The Slovenian group <a href="/wiki/Laibach_(band)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laibach (band)">Laibach</a> created the 2009 suite VolksWagner, using material from Wagner's operas.<a href="#cite_note-242">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Spector" title="Phil Spector">Phil Spector</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wall_of_Sound" title="Wall of Sound">Wall of Sound</a> recording technique was, it has been claimed, heavily influenced by Wagner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2008114-243">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_literature,_philosophy_and_the_visual_arts">Influence on literature, philosophy and the visual arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Influence on literature, philosophy and the visual arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nietzsche1882.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A moustachioed man in his late thirties looks to the left of the photo. His head rests on his far hand." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nietzsche1882.jpg/180px-Nietzsche1882.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nietzsche1882.jpg/270px-Nietzsche1882.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nietzsche1882.jpg/360px-Nietzsche1882.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>Friedrich Nietzsche in 1882</figcaption></figure> Wagner's influence on literature and philosophy is significant. Millington has commented:<blockquote>[Wagner's] protean abundance meant that he could inspire the use of literary motif in many a novel employing interior <a href="/wiki/Monologue" title="Monologue">monologue</a>; ... the <a href="/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolism (arts)">Symbolists</a> saw him as a mystic hierophant; the <a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadents</a> found many a frisson in his work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a396-244">[223]</a></blockquote><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a> was a member of Wagner's inner circle during the early 1870s. Nietzche's first published work, <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_Tragedy" title="The Birth of Tragedy">The Birth of Tragedy</a>, proposed Wagner's music as the <a href="/wiki/Dionysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysian">Dionysian</a> "rebirth" of European culture in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian</a> rationalist "decadence". Nietzsche broke with Wagner following the first Bayreuth Festival in 1876, believing that Wagner's final phase represented a pandering to Christian pieties and a surrender to the new <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Reich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee198852-245">[224]</a> Nevertheless, in <a href="/wiki/Thus_Spoke_Zarathustra" title="Thus Spoke Zarathustra">Thus Spoke Zarathustra</a>, Nietzsche alluded to Wagner as the "old sorcerer", a reference to the captivating power of Wagner's music.<a href="#cite_note-246">[225]</a> Nietzsche expressed his displeasure with the later Wagner in <a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_Wagner" title="The Case of Wagner">The Case of Wagner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_contra_Wagner" title="Nietzsche contra Wagner">Nietzsche contra Wagner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee198852-245">[224]</a> The poets <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9" title="Stéphane Mallarmé">Stéphane Mallarmé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verlaine" title="Paul Verlaine">Paul Verlaine</a> worshipped Wagner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee198849–50-247">[226]</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Dujardin" title="Édouard Dujardin">Édouard Dujardin</a>, whose influential novel <a href="/wiki/Les_Lauriers_sont_coup%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Lauriers sont coupés">Les Lauriers sont coupés</a> is in the form of an interior monologue inspired by Wagnerian music, founded a journal dedicated to Wagner, La Revue Wagnérienne, to which <a href="/wiki/J._K._Huysmans" class="mw-redirect" title="J. K. Huysmans">J. K. Huysmans</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9odor_de_Wyzewa" title="Téodor de Wyzewa">Téodor de Wyzewa</a> contributed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey2008372–387-248">[227]</a> In a list of major cultural figures influenced by Wagner, <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Magee" title="Bryan Magee">Bryan Magee</a> includes <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aubrey_Beardsley" title="Aubrey Beardsley">Aubrey Beardsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Gérard de Nerval</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Auguste_Renoir" title="Pierre-Auguste Renoir">Pierre-Auguste Renoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a> and several others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee198847–56-249">[228]</a> In the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> once called Wagner "perhaps the greatest genius that ever lived",<a href="#cite_note-250">[229]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee198852-245">[224]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter1983163-251">[230]</a> were heavily influenced by him and discussed Wagner in their novels. He is also discussed in some of the works of <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1992''passim''-252">[231]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a>, who featured Lohengrin in <a href="/wiki/The_Souls_of_Black_Folk" title="The Souls of Black Folk">The Souls of Black Folk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2008136-253">[232]</a> Wagnerian themes inhabit <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a>, which contains lines from Tristan und Isolde and Götterdämmerung; and Verlaine's poem on Parsifal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee198847-254">[233]</a> Many of Wagner's concepts, including his speculation about dreams, predated their investigation by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorton1999-255">[234]</a> Wagner had publicly analysed the Oedipus myth before Freud was born in terms of its psychological significance, insisting that incestuous desires are natural and normal, and perceptively exhibiting the relationship between sexuality and anxiety.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee200085-256">[235]</a> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Groddeck" title="Georg Groddeck">Georg Groddeck</a> considered the Ring as the first manual of psychoanalysis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPicard2010759-257">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_cinema">Influence on cinema</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Influence on cinema">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_using_the_music_of_Richard_Wagner" title="List of films using the music of Richard Wagner">List of films using the music of Richard Wagner</a></div> Wagner's concept of the use of leitmotifs and the integrated musical expression which they can enable has influenced many 20th and 21st century <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">film scores</a>. The critic <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> has noted that the Wagnerian leitmotif "leads directly to <a href="/wiki/Film_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Film music">cinema music</a> where the sole function of the leitmotif is to announce heroes or situations so as to allow the audience to orient itself more easily".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdorno200934–36-258">[237]</a> Film scores citing Wagnerian themes include the <a href="/wiki/Looney_Tunes" title="Looney Tunes">Looney Tunes</a> short <a href="/wiki/What%27s_Opera,_Doc%3F" title="What's Opera, Doc?">What's Opera, Doc?</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apocalypse_Now" title="Apocalypse Now">Apocalypse Now</a>, which both feature a version of the <a href="/wiki/Ride_of_the_Valkyries" title="Ride of the Valkyries">Ride of the Valkyries</a>;<a href="#cite_note-259">[238]</a> <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Jones_(composer)" title="Trevor Jones (composer)">Trevor Jones</a>'s soundtrack to <a href="/wiki/John_Boorman" title="John Boorman">John Boorman</a>'s film <a href="/wiki/Excalibur_(film)" title="Excalibur (film)">Excalibur</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1999-260">[239]</a> and the 2011 films <a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Method" title="A Dangerous Method">A Dangerous Method</a> (dir. <a href="/wiki/David_Cronenberg" title="David Cronenberg">David Cronenberg</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Melancholia_(2011_film)" title="Melancholia (2011 film)">Melancholia</a> (dir. <a href="/wiki/Lars_von_Trier" title="Lars von Trier">Lars von Trier</a>).<a href="#cite_note-261">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Syberberg" title="Hans-Jürgen Syberberg">Hans-Jürgen Syberberg</a>'s 1977 film <a href="/wiki/Hitler:_A_Film_from_Germany" title="Hitler: A Film from Germany">Hitler: A Film from Germany</a>'s visual style and set design are strongly inspired by Der Ring des Nibelungen, musical excerpts from which are frequently used in the film's soundtrack.<a href="#cite_note-262">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opponents_and_supporters">Opponents and supporters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Opponents and supporters">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanslick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A balding white man aged about 40 with a moustache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hanslick.jpg/180px-Hanslick.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hanslick.jpg/270px-Hanslick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Hanslick.jpg/360px-Hanslick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1491" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>Eduard Hanslick</figcaption></figure> Not all reaction to Wagner was positive. For a time, German musical life divided into two factions, supporters of Wagner and supporters of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Johannes Brahms</a>; the latter, with the support of the powerful critic <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a> (of whom Beckmesser in Meistersinger is in part a caricature), championed traditional forms and led the conservative front against Wagnerian innovations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a26,_127-263">[242]</a> They were supported by the conservative leanings of some German music schools, including the <a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">conservatories</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Music_and_Theatre_Leipzig" title="University of Music and Theatre Leipzig">Leipzig</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Ignaz Moscheles</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_und_Tanz_K%C3%B6ln" title="Hochschule für Musik und Tanz Köln">Cologne</a> under the direction of Ferdinand Hiller.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESietzWiegandt2001-264">[243]</a> Another Wagner detractor was the French composer <a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Charles-Valentin Alkan</a>, who wrote to Hiller after attending Wagner's Paris concert on 25 January 1860, at which Wagner conducted the overtures to Der fliegende Holländer and Tannhäuser, the preludes to Lohengrin and Tristan und Isolde, and six other extracts from Tannhäuser and Lohengrin: "I had imagined that I was going to meet music of an innovative kind but was astonished to find a pale imitation of Berlioz ... I do not like all the music of Berlioz while appreciating his marvellous understanding of certain instrumental effects ... but here he was imitated and caricatured ... Wagner is not a musician, he is a disease."<a href="#cite_note-265">[244]</a> Even those who, like Debussy, opposed Wagner ("this old poisoner")<a href="#cite_note-266">[245]</a> could not deny his influence. Indeed, Debussy was one of many composers, including Tchaikovsky, who felt the need to break with Wagner precisely because his influence was so unmistakable and overwhelming. "Golliwogg's Cakewalk" from Debussy's <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Corner" title="Children's Corner">Children's Corner</a> piano suite contains a deliberately tongue-in-cheek quotation from the opening bars of Tristan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2008101-267">[246]</a> Others who proved resistant to Wagner's operas included <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a>, who said "Wagner has wonderful moments, and dreadful quarters of an hour."<a href="#cite_note-268">[247]</a> In the 20th century Wagner's music was parodied by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[n 22]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge2008228-270">[248]</a> Wagner's followers (known as Wagnerians or Wagnerites)<a href="#cite_note-271">[249]</a> have formed many societies dedicated to Wagner's life and work.<a href="#cite_note-272">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_stage_portrayals">Film and stage portrayals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Film and stage portrayals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_Richard_Wagner" title="List of films about Richard Wagner">List of films about Richard Wagner</a></div> Wagner has been the subject of many biographical films. The earliest was a silent film made by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Froelich" title="Carl Froelich">Carl Froelich</a> in 1913 and featured in the title role the composer <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Becce" title="Giuseppe Becce">Giuseppe Becce</a>, who also wrote the score for the film (as Wagner's music, still in copyright, was not available).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarshaw201277–78-273">[251]</a> Other film portrayals of Wagner include: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Badel" title="Alan Badel">Alan Badel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Magic_Fire" title="Magic Fire">Magic Fire</a> (1955), <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Brook" title="Lyndon Brook">Lyndon Brook</a> in <a href="/wiki/Song_Without_End" title="Song Without End">Song Without End</a> (1960), <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Howard" title="Trevor Howard">Trevor Howard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_(film)" title="Ludwig (film)">Ludwig</a> (1972), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nicholas" title="Paul Nicholas">Paul Nicholas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lisztomania_(film)" title="Lisztomania (film)">Lisztomania</a> (1975), and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wagner_(film)" title="Wagner (film)">Wagner</a> (1983).<a href="#cite_note-274">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Harvey_(composer)" title="Jonathan Harvey (composer)">Jonathan Harvey</a>'s opera <a href="/wiki/Wagner_Dream" title="Wagner Dream">Wagner Dream</a> (2007) intertwines the events surrounding Wagner's death with the story of Wagner's uncompleted opera outline <a href="/wiki/Die_Sieger" title="Die Sieger">Die Sieger</a> (The Victors).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber_Music_News20072-275">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bayreuth_Festival">Bayreuth Festival</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bayreuth Festival">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a></div> Since Wagner's death, the Bayreuth Festival, which has become an annual event, has been successively directed by his widow, his son Siegfried, the latter's widow <a href="/wiki/Winifred_Wagner" title="Winifred Wagner">Winifred Wagner</a>, their two sons <a href="/wiki/Wieland_Wagner" title="Wieland Wagner">Wieland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner" title="Wolfgang Wagner">Wolfgang Wagner</a>, and, presently, two of the composer's great-granddaughters, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Wagner-Pasquier" title="Eva Wagner-Pasquier">Eva Wagner-Pasquier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Katharina_Wagner" title="Katharina Wagner">Katharina Wagner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[254]</a> Since 1973, the festival has been overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Foundation" title="Richard Wagner Foundation">Richard-Wagner-Stiftung</a> (Richard Wagner Foundation), the members of which include some of Wagner's descendants.<a href="#cite_note-277">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Views">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Richard_Wagner" title="Controversies surrounding Richard Wagner">Controversies surrounding Richard Wagner</a></div> Wagner's operas, writings, politics, beliefs and unorthodox lifestyle made him a controversial figure during his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee200011–14-278">[256]</a> Following his death, debate about his ideas and their interpretation, particularly in Germany during the 20th century, has continued. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racism_and_antisemitism">Racism and antisemitism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Racism and antisemitism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wagnerclic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cartoon figure holding a baton, stands next to a music stand in front of some musicians. The figure has a large nose and a prominent forehead. His sideburns turn into a wispy beard under his chin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wagnerclic.jpg/180px-Wagnerclic.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wagnerclic.jpg/270px-Wagnerclic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Wagnerclic.jpg/360px-Wagnerclic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Wagner by Karl Clic in the Viennese satirical magazine Humoristische Blätter (1873). The exaggerated features refer to rumours of Wagner's Jewish ancestry.</figcaption></figure> Wagner's hostile writings on Jews, including <a href="/wiki/Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik" title="Das Judenthum in der Musik">Jewishness in Music</a>, correspond to some existing trends of thought in Germany during the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-279">[257]</a> Despite his very public views on this topic, throughout his life Wagner had Jewish friends, colleagues and supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a164-280">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2012198-281">[259]</a> There have been frequent suggestions that <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a> stereotypes are represented in Wagner's operas. The characters of <a href="/wiki/Alberich" title="Alberich">Alberich</a> and Mime in the Ring, Sixtus Beckmesser in Die Meistersinger, and Klingsor in Parsifal are sometimes claimed as Jewish representations, though they are not identified as such in the librettos of these operas.<a href="#cite_note-282">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[n 23]</a> The topic is further complicated by claims, which may have been credited by Wagner, that he himself was of Jewish ancestry, via his supposed father Geyer; however, there is no evidence that Geyer had Jewish ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman19904-284">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2002-285">[262]</a> Some biographers have noted that Wagner in his final years developed an interest in the <a href="/wiki/Racialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialist">racialist</a> philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a>, notably Gobineau's belief that Western society was doomed because of <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a> between "superior" and "inferior" races.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverett2020-286">[263]</a> According to Robert Gutman, this theme is reflected in the opera Parsifal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990418_ff-287">[264]</a> Other biographers (such as Lucy Beckett) believe that this is not true, as the original drafts of the story date back to 1857 and Wagner had completed the libretto for Parsifal by 1877,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett1981-288">[265]</a> but he displayed no significant public interest in Gobineau until 1880.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990406-289">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_interpretations">Other interpretations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other interpretations">edit</a>]</div> Wagner's ideas are amenable to socialist interpretations; many of his ideas on art were being formulated at the time of his revolutionary inclinations in the 1840s. Thus, for example, <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Wagnerite" title="The Perfect Wagnerite">The Perfect Wagnerite</a> (1883): <blockquote>[Wagner's] picture of Niblunghome<a href="#cite_note-290">[n 24]</a> under the reign of Alberic is a poetic vision of unregulated industrial capitalism as it was made known in Germany in the middle of the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels">Engels</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England">The Condition of the Working Class in England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1898Introduction-291">[267]</a></blockquote> Left-wing interpretations of Wagner also inform the writings of <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> among other Wagner critics.<a href="#cite_note-292">[n 25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> gave Wagner as an example of "bourgeois false consciousness", alienating art from its social context.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington200881-293">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a> contended that the ideas of the early Wagner represented the ideology of the "true socialists" (wahre Sozialisten), a movement referenced in <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Communist_Manifesto" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Manifesto">Communist Manifesto</a> as belonging to the left wing of German <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_radicalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois radicalism">bourgeois radicalism</a> and associated with <a href="/wiki/Feuerbachianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Feuerbachianism">Feuerbachianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Theodor_Ferdinand_Gr%C3%BCn" title="Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grün">Karl Theodor Ferdinand Grün</a>,<a href="#cite_note-294">[269]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Anatoly Lunacharsky</a> said about the later Wagner: "The circle is complete. The revolutionary has become a reactionary. The rebellious petty bourgeois now kisses the slipper of the Pope, the keeper of order."<a href="#cite_note-295">[270]</a> The writer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Donington" title="Robert Donington">Robert Donington</a> has produced a detailed, if controversial, <a href="/wiki/Jungian_interpretation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungian interpretation">Jungian interpretation</a> of the Ring cycle, described as "an approach to Wagner by way of his symbols", which, for example, sees the character of the goddess Fricka as part of her husband Wotan's "inner femininity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonington197931,_72–75-296">[271]</a> Millington notes that <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Nattiez" title="Jean-Jacques Nattiez">Jean-Jacques Nattiez</a> has also applied <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytical" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoanalytical">psychoanalytical</a> techniques in an evaluation of Wagner's life and works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENattiez1993-297">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington200882–83-298">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_appropriation">Nazi appropriation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Nazi appropriation">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> was an admirer of Wagner's music and saw in his operas an embodiment of his own vision of the German nation; in a 1922 speech he claimed that Wagner's works glorified "the heroic Teutonic nature ... Greatness lies in the heroic."<a href="#cite_note-299">[274]</a> Hitler visited Bayreuth frequently from 1923 onwards and attended the productions at the theatre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts1994140,_198-300">[275]</a> There continues to be debate about the extent to which Wagner's views might have influenced <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> thinking.<a href="#cite_note-302">[n 26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a> (1855–1927), who married Wagner's daughter Eva in 1908 but never met Wagner, was the author of <a href="/wiki/The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century">The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century</a>, approved by the Nazi movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2007108–109-303">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[n 27]</a> Chamberlain met Hitler several times between 1923 and 1927 in Bayreuth, but cannot credibly be regarded as a conduit of Wagner's own views.<a href="#cite_note-307">[280]</a> The Nazis used those parts of Wagner's thought that were useful for propaganda and ignored or suppressed the rest.<a href="#cite_note-308">[281]</a> While Bayreuth presented a useful front for Nazi culture, and Wagner's music was used at many Nazi events,<a href="#cite_note-309">[282]</a> the Nazi hierarchy as a whole did not share Hitler's enthusiasm for Wagner's operas and resented attending these lengthy epics at Hitler's insistence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2007184-310">[283]</a> Some Nazi ideologists, most notably <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>, rejected Parsifal as excessively Christian and pacifist.<a href="#cite_note-311">[284]</a> Guido Fackler has researched evidence that indicates that it is possible that Wagner's music was used at the <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a> in 1933–1934 to "reeducate" <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a> by exposure to "national music".<a href="#cite_note-312">[285]</a> There has been no evidence to support claims, sometimes made,<a href="#cite_note-313">[286]</a> that his music was played at <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Nazi death camps</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, and Pamela Potter has noted that Wagner's music was explicitly off-limits in the camps.<a href="#cite_note-314">[n 28]</a> Because of the associations of Wagner with antisemitism and Nazism, the <a href="/wiki/Wagner%27s_music_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner's music in Israel">performance of his music in the State of Israel</a> has been a source of controversy.<a href="#cite_note-315">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> On the Brühl as a centre of the Jewish quarter, see e.g. the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/leipzig">Leipzig page of the Museum of the Jewish People website</a>, and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lbi.org/exhibitions/our-midst-facets-jewish-life-leipzig-modern-era/">Leo Baeck Institute page</a> on the Jewish history of Leipzig, also the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://germansynagogues.com/">"Destroyed German Synagogues"</a> site page on Leipzig, (all accessed 19 April 2020.) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Of their children, two (Carl Gustave and Maria Theresia) died as infants. The others were Wagner's brothers Albert and Carl Julius, and his sisters Rosalie, Luise, Clara and Ottilie. Except for Carl Julius becoming a goldsmith, all his siblings developed careers connected with the stage. Wagner also had a younger half-sister, Caecilie, born in 1815 to his mother and her second husband Geyer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a97-6">[5]</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Wagner_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner family tree">Wagner family tree</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> This sketch is referred to alternatively as Leubald und Adelaide. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Wagner claimed to have seen Schröder-Devrient in the title role of <a href="/wiki/Fidelio" title="Fidelio">Fidelio</a>, but it seems more likely that he saw her performance as Romeo in <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/I_Capuleti_e_i_Montecchi" title="I Capuleti e i Montecchi">I Capuleti e i Montecchi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a133-22">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Röckel and Bakunin failed to escape and endured long terms of imprisonment. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Gutman records him as suffering from <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">shingles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990142-62">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Full English translation in <a href="#CITEREFWagner1995c">Wagner 1995c</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Others agree on the profound importance of this work to Wagner – see <a href="#CITEREFMagee2000">Magee 2000</a>, pp. 133–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> The influence was noted by Nietzsche in his "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Genealogy_of_Morality" title="On the Genealogy of Morality">On the Genealogy of Morality</a>": "[the] fascinating position of Schopenhauer on art ... was apparently the reason Richard Wagner first moved over to Schopenhauer ... That shift was so great that it opened up a complete theoretical contrast between his earlier and his later aesthetic beliefs."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche2009III,_p._5.-77">[69]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> For example, the self-renouncing cobbler-poet <a href="/wiki/Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a> is a "Schopenhauerian" creation; Schopenhauer asserted that goodness and salvation result from renunciation of the world, and turning against and denying one's own will.<a href="#cite_note-79">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> E.g. "My dearest Beloved!", "My beloved, my most glorious Friend" and "O Holy One, I worship you".<a href="#cite_note-104">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Wagner excused himself in 1878, when discussing this correspondence with Cosima, by saying "The tone wasn't good, but I didn't set it."<a href="#cite_note-108">[97]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Wagner claimed to be unable to travel to the funeral due to an "inflamed finger".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990262-125">[113]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Cosima's birthday was 24 December, but she usually celebrated it on Christmas Day. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> In 1873, the King awarded Wagner the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Maximilian_Order_for_Science_and_Art" title="Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art">Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Art</a>; Wagner was enraged that, at the same time, the honour had been given also to Brahms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKörner1984326-138">[124]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> In his 1872 essay "On the Designation 'Music Drama'", he criticises the term "music drama" suggesting instead the phrase "deeds of music made visible".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1995b299–304-169">[154]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> For the reworking of Der fliegende Holländer, see <a href="#CITEREFDeathridge1982">Deathridge 1982</a>, pp. 13, 25; for that of Tannhäuser, see <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 280–282 which further cites Wagner's comment to Cosima three weeks before his death that he "still owes the world Tannhäuser."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosima_Wagner1978II,_p._996-178">[162]</a> See also the articles on these operas in Wikipedia. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> See performance listings by opera in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.operabase.com/index.cgi?lang=en">Operabase</a>, and the Wikipedia articles <a href="/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder_discography" title="Der fliegende Holländer discography">Der fliegende Holländer discography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_discography" title="Tannhäuser discography">Tannhäuser discography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_discography" title="Lohengrin discography">Lohengrin discography</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> For example, Der fliegende Holländer (Dutchman) was first performed in London in 1870 and in the US (Philadelphia) in 1876; Tannhäuser in New York in 1859 and in London in 1876; Lohengrin in New York in 1871 and London in 1875.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a276,_279,_282–283-183">[165]</a> For detailed performance histories including other countries, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opera.stanford.edu/Wagner/">Stanford University Wagner site</a>, under each opera. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Normally the orchestration by <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mottl" title="Felix Mottl">Felix Mottl</a> is used (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hz.imslp.net/files/imglnks/usimg/7/73/IMSLP66082-PMLP45968-Wagner-WWV091.FS.pdf">score</a> available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imslp.org/">IMSLP</a> website), although Wagner arranged one of the songs for chamber orchestra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a318-85">[75]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> See for example Wagner's proposals for the rescoring of Beethoven's <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Symphony_(Beethoven)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Symphony (Beethoven)">Ninth Symphony</a> in his essay on that work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1995b231–253-236">[216]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Ouvert%C3%BCre_zum_%22Fliegenden_Holl%C3%A4nder%22,_wie_sie_eine_schlechte_Kurkapelle_morgens_um_7_am_Brunnen_vom_Blatt_spielt" title="Ouvertüre zum "Fliegenden Holländer", wie sie eine schlechte Kurkapelle morgens um 7 am Brunnen vom Blatt spielt">Ouvertüre zum "Fliegenden Holländer", wie sie eine schlechte Kurkapelle morgens um 7 am Brunnen vom Blatt spielt</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner1997">Weiner 1997</a> gives very detailed allegations of antisemitism in Wagner's music and characterisations. </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> Shaw's anglicization of Nibelheim, the empire of Alberich in the Ring cycle. </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFŽižek2009">Žižek 2009</a>, p. viii: "[In this book] for the first time the Marxist reading of a musical work of art ... was combined with the highest musicological analysis." </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> The claim that Hitler, in his maturity, commented that "it [i.e. his political career] all began" after seeing a performance of Rienzi in his youth, has been disproved.<a href="#cite_note-301">[276]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> The book is described by Roger Allen as "a toxic mix of world history and racially inspired anthropology".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201380-304">[278]</a> Chamberlain is described by <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Biddiss" title="Michael D. Biddiss">Michael D. Biddiss</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a>, as a "racialist writer".<a href="#cite_note-305">[279]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> See e.g. <a href="#CITEREFJohn2004">John (2004)</a> for a detailed essay on music in the Nazi death camps, which nowhere mentions Wagner. See also <a href="#CITEREFPotter2008">Potter (2008)</a>, p. 244: "We know from testimonies that concentration camp orchestras played [all sorts of] music ... but that Wagner was explicitly off-limits. However, after the war, unsubstantiated claims that Wagner's music accompanied Jews to their death took on momentum." </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Peter_Roach_(phonetician)" title="Peter Roach (phonetician)">Roach, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Setter" title="Jane Setter">Setter, Jane</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Esling" title="John Esling">Esling, John</a> (eds.). <a href="/wiki/English_Pronouncing_Dictionary" title="English Pronouncing Dictionary">Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary</a> (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-15255-6"><bdi>978-0-521-15255-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cambridge+English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-15255-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner19923-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner19923_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1992">Wagner 1992</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._12-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._12_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a97-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a97_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._6-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._6_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman19907_and_n-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman19907_and_n_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1990">Gutman 1990</a>, pp. 7 and n. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._9-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._9_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner19925-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner19925_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1992">Wagner 1992</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._32–33-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._32–33_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._45–55-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._45–55_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, pp. 45–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman199078-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman199078_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1990">Gutman 1990</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner199225–27-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner199225–27_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1992">Wagner 1992</a>, pp. 25–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._63,_71-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._63,_71_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, pp. 63, 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner199235–36-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner199235–36_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1992">Wagner 1992</a>, pp. 35–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._62-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._62_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._76–77-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._76–77_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner199237-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner199237_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1992">Wagner 1992</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a133-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a133_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner199244-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner199244_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1992">Wagner 1992</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._85–86-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._85–86_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a309-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a309_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._95-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._95_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a321-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a321_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a321_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a321_28-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 321. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._98-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._98_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a271–273-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a271–273_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a271–273_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 271–273. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._173-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._173_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a273–274-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a273–274_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a273–274_32-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 273–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman199052-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman199052_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1990">Gutman 1990</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2002b-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2002b_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2002b_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2002b_34-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2002b">Millington 2002b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._212-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._212_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._214-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._214_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._217-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._217_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, p. 217. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._226–227-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._226–227_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, pp. 226–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._229–231-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._229–231_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, pp. 229–231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._242–243-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._242–243_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, pp. 242–243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a116–118-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a116–118_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 116–118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._249–250-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._249–250_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, pp. 249–250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a277-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a277_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._268–324-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._268–324_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._268–324_44-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, pp. 268–324. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._316-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_p._316_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1994c19-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1994c19_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1994c">Wagner 1994c</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a274-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a274_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._325–509-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976I,_pp._325–509_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, I, pp. 325–509. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a276-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a276_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a279-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a279_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a31-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a31_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2012192–193-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway2012192–193_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConway2012">Conway 2012</a>, pp. 192–193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990118-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman1990118_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1990">Gutman 1990</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a140–144-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a140–144_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 140–144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1992417–420-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1992417–420_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1992">Wagner 1992</a>, pp. 417–420. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1911" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924017758073">Family Letters of Richard Wagner</a>. Translated by Elli, William Ashton. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924017758073/page/n173">154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8443-0014-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8443-0014-6"><bdi>978-0-8443-0014-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+Letters+of+Richard+Wagner&rft.place=London&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1911&rft.isbn=978-0-8443-0014-6&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924017758073&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1987">Wagner 1987</a>, p. 199. Letter from Richard Wagner to Franz Liszt, 21 April 1850. See also <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 282, 285 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a27,_30-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a27,_30_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 27, 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._133–56,_247–48,_404–05-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._133–56,_247–48,_404–05_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, II, pp. 133–56, 247–48, 404–05. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._137–38-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._137–38_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, II, pp. 137–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990142-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman1990142_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1990">Gutman 1990</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2012197–98-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway2012197–98_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConway2012">Conway 2012</a>, pp. 197–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2012261–63-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway2012261–63_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConway2012">Conway 2012</a>, pp. 261–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a297-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a297_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFTreadwell2008">Treadwell 2008</a>, pp. 182–90 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1994c391_and_n-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1994c391_and_n_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1994c">Wagner 1994c</a>, 391 and n. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a289,_292-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a289,_292_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 289, 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a289,_294,_300-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a289,_294,_300_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 289, 294, 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1992508–510-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1992508–510_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1992">Wagner 1992</a>, pp. 508–510. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> See e.g. <a href="#CITEREFMagee2000">Magee 2000</a>, pp. 276–78 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee198877–78-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee198877–78_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagee1988">Magee 1988</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> See e.g. <a href="#CITEREFDahlhaus1979">Dahlhaus 1979</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENietzsche2009III,_p._5.-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENietzsche2009III,_p._5._77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNietzsche2009">Nietzsche 2009</a>, III, p. 5.. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFMagee2000">Magee 2000</a>, pp. 251–53 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._415–18,_516–18-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._415–18,_516–18_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, II, pp. 415–18, 516–18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990168–69-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman1990168–69_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1990">Gutman 1990</a>, pp. 168–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._508–09-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._508–09_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, II, pp. 508–09. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001b-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001b_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001b">Millington 2001b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a318-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a318_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a318_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 318. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._473–76-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._473–76_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, II, pp. 473–76. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFSpencer2000">Spencer 2000</a>, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._540–542-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._540–542_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, II, pp. 540–542. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._559–567-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976II,_pp._559–567_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, II, pp. 559–567. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurk1950405-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurk1950405_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurk1950">Burk 1950</a>, p. 405. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFDaverio2008">Daverio 2008</a>, p. 116. Letter from Richard Wagner to Mathilde Wesendonck, April 1859 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge1984-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeathridge1984_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeathridge1984">Deathridge 1984</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._8–9-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._8–9_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, III, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983315–320-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983315–320_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983">Gregor-Dellin 1983</a>, pp. 315–320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurk1950378–379-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurk1950378–379_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurk1950">Burk 1950</a>, pp. 378–379. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983293–303-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983293–303_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983">Gregor-Dellin 1983</a>, pp. 293–303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990215–216-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman1990215–216_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1990">Gutman 1990</a>, pp. 215–216. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurk1950409–428-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurk1950409–428_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurk1950">Burk 1950</a>, pp. 409–428. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a301-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a301_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a301_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a301_99-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1992667-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1992667_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1992">Wagner 1992</a>, p. 667. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983321–330-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983321–330_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983">Gregor-Dellin 1983</a>, pp. 321–330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._147–148-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._147–148_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, III, pp. 147–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._212–220-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._212–220_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, III, pp. 212–220. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983">Gregor-Dellin 1983</a>, pp. 337–338 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983336–338-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983336–338_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983">Gregor-Dellin 1983</a>, pp. 336–338. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990231–232-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman1990231–232_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1990">Gutman 1990</a>, pp. 231–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983">Gregor-Dellin 1983</a>, p. 338 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983339-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983339_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983">Gregor-Dellin 1983</a>, p. 339. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983346-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983346_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983">Gregor-Dellin 1983</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1992741-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1992741_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1992">Wagner 1992</a>, p. 741. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1992739-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1992739_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1992">Wagner 1992</a>, p. 739. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983354-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983354_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983">Gregor-Dellin 1983</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_p._366-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_p._366_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, III, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a32–33-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a32–33_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_p._530-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_p._530_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, III, p. 530. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_p._496-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_p._496_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, III, p. 496. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._499–501-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._499–501_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, III, pp. 499–501. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._538–539-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._538–539_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, III, pp. 538–539. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._518–519-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976III,_pp._518–519_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, III, pp. 518–519. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a287,_290-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a287,_290_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 287, 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1994c">Wagner 1994c</a>, 391 and n; <a href="#CITEREFSpotts1994">Spotts 1994</a>, pp. 37–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983367-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983367_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983">Gregor-Dellin 1983</a>, p. 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990262-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman1990262_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1990">Gutman 1990</a>, p. 262. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilmes2011118-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilmes2011118_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHilmes2011">Hilmes 2011</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a17-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a17_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a311-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a311_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiner1997123-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiner1997123_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner1997">Weiner 1997</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983400-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983400_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983">Gregor-Dellin 1983</a>, p. 400. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts199440-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpotts199440_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpotts199440_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpotts1994">Spotts 1994</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._392–393-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._392–393_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, IV, pp. 392–393. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983409–418-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983409–418_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983">Gregor-Dellin 1983</a>, pp. 409–418. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts199445–46-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpotts199445–46_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpotts1994">Spotts 1994</a>, pp. 45–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983418–419-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983418–419_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983">Gregor-Dellin 1983</a>, pp. 418–419. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKörner1984326-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKörner1984326_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKörner1984">Körner (1984)</a>, 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarek1981156-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarek1981156_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarek1981">Marek 1981</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983419-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983419_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983">Gregor-Dellin 1983</a>, p. 419. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFSpotts1994">Spotts 1994</a>, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts199411-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpotts199411_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpotts1994">Spotts 1994</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a287-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a287_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts199461–62-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpotts199461–62_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpotts1994">Spotts 1994</a>, pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts199471–72-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpotts199471–72_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpotts1994">Spotts 1994</a>, pp. 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._517–539-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._517–539_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, IV, pp. 517–539. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts199466–67-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpotts199466–67_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpotts1994">Spotts 1994</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosima_Wagner1994270-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosima_Wagner1994270_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCosima_Wagner1994">Cosima Wagner 1994</a>, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, IV, p. 542 This was equivalent at the time to about $37,500. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983422-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGregor-Dellin1983422_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983">Gregor-Dellin 1983</a>, p. 422. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_p._475-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_p._475_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, IV, p. 475. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a18-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a18_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._605–607-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._605–607_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, IV, pp. 605–607. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._607–610-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._607–610_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, IV, pp. 607–610. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 331–332, 409 The later essays and articles are reprinted in <a href="#CITEREFWagner1995e">Wagner 1995e</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley2008154–156-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley2008154–156_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley2008">Stanley 2008</a>, pp. 154–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1995a149–170-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1995a149–170_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1995a">Wagner 1995a</a>, pp. 149–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a19-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a19_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990414–417-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman1990414–417_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1990">Gutman 1990</a>, pp. 414–417. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_p._692-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_p._692_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, IV, p. 692. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._697,_711–712-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._697,_711–712_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, IV, pp. 697, 711–712. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECormack200521–25-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECormack200521–25_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCormack2005">Cormack 2005</a>, pp. 21–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._714–716-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._714–716_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, IV, pp. 714–716. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> The WWV is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.arcor.de/rww2002/rww2002/instvok/wwv.htm">available online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312005752/http://home.arcor.de/rww2002/rww2002/instvok/wwv.htm">Archived</a> 12 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in German (accessed 30 October 2012) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman201786–88-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman201786–88_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFColeman2017">Coleman 2017</a>, pp. 86–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a264–268-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a264–268_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 264–268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a236–237-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a236–237_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 236–237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1995b299–304-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1995b299–304_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1995b">Wagner 1995b</a>, pp. 299–304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a234–235-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a234–235_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 234–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> See e.g. <a href="#CITEREFDahlhaus1995">Dahlhaus 1995</a>, pp. 129–136 </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> See also <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 236, 271 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a274–276-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a274–276_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 274–276. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee198826-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee198826_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagee1988">Magee 1988</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wagnerjahr2013.de/en/wagner_2013.html">Wagnerjahr 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207101729/http://www.wagnerjahr2013.de/en/wagner_2013.html">Archived</a> 7 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> website, accessed 14 November 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> e.g. in <a href="#CITEREFSpencer2008">Spencer 2008</a>, pp. 67–73 and <a href="#CITEREFDahlhaus1995">Dahlhaus 1995</a>, pp. 125–129 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosima_Wagner1978II,_p._996-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosima_Wagner1978II,_p._996_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCosima_Wagner1978">Cosima Wagner 1978</a>, II, p. 996. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Westernhagen1980106–107-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Westernhagen1980106–107_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Westernhagen1980">von Westernhagen 1980</a>, pp. 106–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkelton2002-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkelton2002_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkelton2002">Skelton 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a276,_279,_282–283-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a276,_279,_282–283_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 276, 279, 282–283. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 286; Donington (1979) 128–130, 141, 210–212. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a239–240,_266–267-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a239–240,_266–267_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 239–240, 266–267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington200874-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington200874_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2008">Millington 2008</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey200886-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrey200886_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrey2008">Grey 2008</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2002c-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2002c_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2002c">Millington 2002c</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a294,_300,_304-190"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a294,_300,_304_190-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 294, 300, 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahlhaus197964-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahlhaus197964_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDahlhaus1979">Dahlhaus 1979</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge2008224-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeathridge2008224_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeathridge2008">Deathridge 2008</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERose198115-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose198115_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRose1981">Rose 1981</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a298-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a298_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClatchie2008134-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcClatchie2008134_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcClatchie2008">McClatchie 2008</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990282–283-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman1990282–283_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1990">Gutman 1990</a>, pp. 282–283. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2002a-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2002a_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2002a">Millington 2002a</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> See e.g. <a href="#CITEREFWeiner1997">Weiner 1997</a>, pp. 66–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a294–295-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a294–295_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 294–295. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a286-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a286_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 286. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuffett198443-201"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuffett198443_201-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuffett1984">Puffett 1984</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPuffett198448–49-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPuffett198448–49_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuffett1984">Puffett 1984</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a285-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a285_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a308-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a308_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosima_Wagner1978II,_p._647._Entry_of_28_March_1881.-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosima_Wagner1978II,_p._647._Entry_of_28_March_1881._205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCosima_Wagner1978">Cosima Wagner 1978</a>, II, p. 647. Entry of 28 March 1881.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStanley2008169–175-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStanley2008169–175_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanley2008">Stanley 2008</a>, pp. 169–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._578._Letter_from_Wagner_to_the_King_of_19_September_1881.-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1976IV,_pp._578._Letter_from_Wagner_to_the_King_of_19_September_1881._207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1976">Newman 1976</a>, IV, pp. 578. Letter from Wagner to the King of 19 September 1881.. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienzle200581-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKienzle200581_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKienzle2005">Kienzle 2005</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Westernhagen1980138-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Westernhagen1980138_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Westernhagen1980">von Westernhagen 1980</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a311–312-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a311–312_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 311–312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a314-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a314_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 314. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Westernhagen1980111-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Westernhagen1980111_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Westernhagen1980">von Westernhagen 1980</a>, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge2008189–205-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeathridge2008189–205_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeathridge2008">Deathridge 2008</a>, pp. 189–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1980p._701,_''Wedding_March''-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1980p._701,_''Wedding_March''_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1980">Kennedy 1980</a>, p. 701, Wedding March. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a193-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a193_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a194-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a194_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 194. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a194–195-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a194–195_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 194–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a185–186-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a185–186_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, pp. 185–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a195-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a195_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1983-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1983_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1983">Wagner 1983</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadwell2008191-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadwell2008191_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreadwell2008">Treadwell 2008</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musikwissenschaft.uni-wuerzburg.de/forschung/richard-wagner-schriften/">"Richard Wagner Schriften (RWS). Historisch-kritische Gesamtausgabe"</a> [Richard Wagner Writings (RWS). Historical-Critical Complete Edition] (in German). <a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a>. Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard+Wagner+Schriften+%28RWS%29.+Historisch-kritische+Gesamtausgabe&rft.pub=University+of+W%C3%BCrzburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musikwissenschaft.uni-wuerzburg.de%2Fforschung%2Frichard-wagner-schriften%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musikwissenschaft.uni-wuerzburg.de/forschung/richard-wagner-briefausgabe/">"Richard-Wagner-Briefausgabe"</a> (in German). <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_W%C3%BCrzburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Universität Würzburg">Universität Würzburg</a>. Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard-Wagner-Briefausgabe&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4t+W%C3%BCrzburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musikwissenschaft.uni-wuerzburg.de%2Fforschung%2Frichard-wagner-briefausgabe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge2008114-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeathridge2008114_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeathridge2008">Deathridge 2008</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee2000208–209-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee2000208–209_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagee2000">Magee 2000</a>, pp. 208–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> See articles on these composers in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>; <a href="#CITEREFGrey2008">Grey 2008</a>, pp. 222–229; <a href="#CITEREFDeathridge2008">Deathridge 2008</a>, pp. 231–232 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_La_Grange197343–44-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_La_Grange197343–44_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_La_Grange1973">de La Grange 1973</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a371-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a371_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 371. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaruskin20095–8-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaruskin20095–8_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaruskin2009">Taruskin 2009</a>, pp. 5–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee198854-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee198854_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagee1988">Magee 1988</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey2008228–229-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrey2008228–229_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrey2008">Grey 2008</a>, pp. 228–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrey2008226-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrey2008226_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrey2008">Grey 2008</a>, p. 226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1995a289–364-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1995a289–364_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1995a">Wagner 1995a</a>, pp. 289–364. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestrup1980645-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestrup1980645_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWestrup1980">Westrup 1980</a>, p. 645. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagner1995b231–253-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagner1995b231–253_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWagner1995b">Wagner 1995b</a>, pp. 231–253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Westernhagen1980113-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Westernhagen1980113_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvon_Westernhagen1980">von Westernhagen 1980</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReissman2004-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReissman2004_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReissman2004">Reissman 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheffield2021" class="citation web cs1">Sheffield, Rob (21 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/jim-steinman-karaoke-total-eclipse-heart-song-1158584/">"A Toast to Jim Steinman: The Songwriting Powder Keg Who Kept Giving Off Sparks"</a>. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 15 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=A+Toast+to+Jim+Steinman%3A+The+Songwriting+Powder+Keg+Who+Kept+Giving+Off+Sparks&rft.date=2021-04-21&rft.aulast=Sheffield&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-features%2Fjim-steinman-karaoke-total-eclipse-heart-song-1158584%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoe2010p._23,_n.45-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoe2010p._23,_n.45_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoe2010">Joe 2010</a>, p. 23, n.45. </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laibach.org/project/volkswagner/">"Volkswagner"</a>. Laibach. Retrieved 24 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volkswagner&rft.pub=Laibach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laibach.org%2Fproject%2Fvolkswagner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2008114-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2008114_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLong2008">Long 2008</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a396-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a396_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 396. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee198852-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee198852_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee198852_245-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee198852_245-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagee1988">Magee 1988</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Penrose, James F. 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Retrieved 15 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silver+Screen+Wagner+Vies+for+Oscar+Gold&rft.pub=WQXR-FM&rft.date=2011-12-10&rft.aulast=Giovetti&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wqxr.org%2Fstory%2F174538-silver-screen-wagner-vies-oscar-gold%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSontag1980">Sontag 1980</a>; <a href="#CITEREFKaes1989">Kaes 1989</a>, pp. 44, 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a26,_127-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a26,_127_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 26, 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESietzWiegandt2001-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESietzWiegandt2001_264-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSietzWiegandt2001">Sietz & Wiegandt 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrançois-Sappey1991">François-Sappey 1991</a>, p. 198. 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Letter from Claude Debussy to <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lou%C3%BFs" title="Pierre Louÿs">Pierre Louÿs</a>, 17 January 1896 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2008101-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2008101_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss2008">Ross 2008</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFMichotte1968">Michotte 1968</a>, pp. 135–136; conversation between Rossini and Emile Naumann, recorded in <a href="#CITEREFNaumann1876">Naumann 1876</a>, IV, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeathridge2008228-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeathridge2008228_270-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeathridge2008">Deathridge 2008</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> cf. <a href="#CITEREFShaw1898">Shaw 1898</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605042325/http://www.richard-wagner-verband.de/english/index.html">"Richard-Wagner-Verband-International"</a>. International Association of the Wagner Societies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richard-wagner-verband.de/english/index.html">the original</a> on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Richard-Wagner-Verband-International&rft.pub=International+Association+of+the+Wagner+Societies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richard-wagner-verband.de%2Fenglish%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWarshaw201277–78-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWarshaw201277–78_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWarshaw2012">Warshaw 2012</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> See entries for these films at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/">Internet Movie Database (IMDb)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaber_Music_News20072-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaber_Music_News20072_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaber_Music_News2007">Faber Music News 2007</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bayreuther-festspiele.de/fsdb_en/leitungen.htm">Management record</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128172032/http://www.bayreuther-festspiele.de/fsdb_en/leitungen.htm">Archived</a> 28 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Bayreuth Festival website, accessed 26 January 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bayreuther-festspiele.de/rechtsform_und_finanzierung/stiftungsurkunde_143.html">Statutes of the Foundation (in German)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101017093914/http://bayreuther-festspiele.de/rechtsform_und_finanzierung/stiftungsurkunde_143.html">Archived</a> 17 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Bayreuth Festival website, accessed 26 January 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagee200011–14-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMagee200011–14_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMagee2000">Magee 2000</a>, pp. 11–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiner1997">Weiner 1997</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFKatz1986">Katz 1986</a>, p. 19; <a href="#CITEREFConway2012">Conway 2012</a>, pp. 258–264; <a href="#CITEREFVaszonyi2010">Vaszonyi 2010</a>, pp. 90–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a164-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington2001a164_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2001a">Millington 2001a</a>, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2012198-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway2012198_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConway2012">Conway 2012</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFGutman1990">Gutman 1990</a> and <a href="#CITEREFAdorno2009">Adorno 2009</a>, pp. 12–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman19904-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman19904_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1990">Gutman 1990</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConway2002-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConway2002_285-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConway2002">Conway 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverett2020-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverett2020_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEverett2020">Everett (2020)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990418_ff-287"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman1990418_ff_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1990">Gutman 1990</a>, p. 418 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckett1981-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeckett1981_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeckett1981">Beckett 1981</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGutman1990406-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGutman1990406_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGutman1990">Gutman 1990</a>, p. 406. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw1898Introduction-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw1898Introduction_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShaw1898">Shaw 1898</a>, Introduction. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington200881-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington200881_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2008">Millington 2008</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukacs1937" class="citation book cs1">Lukacs, György (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/1937/richard-wagner.htm">"Richard Wagner as a "True Socialist""</a>. Литературные теории XIX века и марксизм" (Nineteenth Century Literary Theories and Marxism). Translated by P., Anton. Moscow: State Publishing House of the USSR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+Wagner+as+a+%E2%80%9CTrue+Socialist%E2%80%9D&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+XIX+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%22+%28Nineteenth+Century+Literary+Theories+and+Marxism%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=State+Publishing+House+of+the+USSR&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Lukacs&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flukacs%2Fworks%2F1937%2Frichard-wagner.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLunacharsky1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Lunacharsky, Anatoly</a> (1965) [1933]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lunachar/1933/wagner.htm">"Richard Wagner (On the 50th Anniversary of His Death)"</a>. On Literature and Art. Translated by Pyman, Avril. Moscow: Progress Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Richard+Wagner+%28On+the+50th+Anniversary+of+His+Death%29&rft.btitle=On+Literature+and+Art&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Lunacharsky&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flunachar%2F1933%2Fwagner.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonington197931,_72–75-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonington197931,_72–75_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonington1979">Donington 1979</a>, pp. 31, 72–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENattiez1993-297"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENattiez1993_297-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNattiez1993">Nattiez 1993</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillington200882–83-298"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillington200882–83_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillington2008">Millington 2008</a>, pp. 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Cited in <a href="#CITEREFSpotts1994">Spotts 1994</a>, p. 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpotts1994140,_198-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpotts1994140,_198_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpotts1994">Spotts 1994</a>, pp. 140, 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFKarlsson2012">Karlsson 2012</a>, pp. 35–52 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2007108–109-303"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr2007108–109_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarr2007">Carr 2007</a>, pp. 108–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen201380-304"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen201380_304-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2013">Allen 2013</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Biddiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Biddiss">Biddiss, Michael</a> (n.d.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32349">"Chamberlain, Houston Stewart"</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarr2007">Carr 2007</a>, pp. 109–110. See also <a href="#CITEREFField1981">Field 1981</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFPotter2008">Potter 2008</a>, passim </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCalico2002">Calico 2002</a>, pp. 200–2001; <a href="#CITEREFGrey2002">Grey 2002</a>, pp. 93–94 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr2007184-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarr2007184_310-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarr2007">Carr 2007</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandlerStokłosaVinzent" class="citation book cs1">Chandler, Andrew; Stokłosa, Katarzyna; Vinzent, Jutta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6lj6gkIUzBsC">Exile and Patronage: Cross-cultural Negotiations Beyond the Third Reich</a>. Münster: <a href="/wiki/LIT_Verlag" title="LIT Verlag">LIT Verlag</a>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exile+and+Patronage%3A+Cross-cultural+Negotiations+Beyond+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Stok%C5%82osa%2C+Katarzyna&rft.au=Vinzent%2C+Jutta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6lj6gkIUzBsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFackler2007">Fackler 2007</a>. See also the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holocaustmusic.ort.org/places/camps/">Music and the Holocaust</a> website. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> E.g. in <a href="#CITEREFWalsh1992">Walsh 1992</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFBruen1993">Bruen 1993</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary">Primary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Primary">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1983" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1983). <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Borchmeyer" title="Dieter Borchmeyer">Borchmeyer, Dieter</a> (ed.). Richard Wagner Dichtungen und Schriften [Richard Wagner Seals and Writings] (10 vols.). Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Insel_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Insel Verlag">Insel Verlag</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Wagner+Dichtungen+und+Schriften&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Insel+Verlag&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1987" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1987). Spencer, Stewart; Millington, Barry (eds.). Selected Letters of Richard Wagner. Translated by Spencer, Stewart; Millington, Barry. London: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Dent" title="J. M. Dent">Dent</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02500-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-02500-2"><bdi>978-0-393-02500-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Letters+of+Richard+Wagner&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-393-02500-2&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNietzscheWagner1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche, Friedrich</a>; Wagner, Richard (1921). <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_F%C3%B6rster-Nietzsche" title="Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche">Foerster-Nietzsche, Elizabeth</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nietzschewagnerc00nietiala/page/n7/mode/2up">The Nietzsche-Wagner Correspondence</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_V._Kerr" title="Caroline V. Kerr">Kerr, Caroline V.</a> <a href="/wiki/H.L._Mencken" class="mw-redirect" title="H.L. Mencken">Introduction by H.L. Mencken</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boni_%26_Liveright" title="Boni & Liveright">Boni & Liveright</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000HFOAGI">B000HFOAGI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nietzsche-Wagner+Correspondence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Boni+%26+Liveright&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000HFOAGI%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Nietzsche&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnietzschewagnerc00nietiala%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1912" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.85202/page/n7/mode/2up">The Story of Bayreuth as Told in the Bayreuth Letters of Richard Wagner</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_V._Kerr" title="Caroline V. Kerr">Kerr, Caroline V.</a> <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Small,_Maynard_%26_Company" title="Small, Maynard & Company">Small, Maynard & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000KWL6SI">B000KWL6SI</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Bayreuth+as+Told+in+the+Bayreuth+Letters+of+Richard+Wagner&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Small%2C+Maynard+%26+Company&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000KWL6SI%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.85202%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1992" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1992). <a href="/wiki/Mein_Leben_(Wagner)" title="Mein Leben (Wagner)">My Life</a>. Translated by Gray, Andrew. New York: <a href="/wiki/Da_Capo_Press" title="Da Capo Press">Da Capo Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80481-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80481-6"><bdi>978-0-306-80481-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80481-6&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1992). Collected Prose Works. Translated by <a href="/wiki/William_Ashton_Ellis" title="William Ashton Ellis">Ellis, W. Ashton</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Prose+Works&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1994c" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1994c). <a href="/wiki/The_Artwork_of_the_Future" title="The Artwork of the Future">The Artwork of the Future</a> and Other Works. Vol. 1. Lincoln (NE) and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9752-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9752-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-9752-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Artwork+of+the+Future+and+Other+Works&rft.place=Lincoln+%28NE%29+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9752-4&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1995d" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1995d). <a href="/wiki/Opera_and_Drama" title="Opera and Drama">Opera and Drama</a>. Vol. 2. Lincoln (NE) and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9765-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9765-4"><bdi>978-0-8032-9765-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+and+Drama&rft.place=Lincoln+%28NE%29+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9765-4&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1995c" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1995c). Judaism in Music and Other Essays. Vol. 3. Lincoln (NE) and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9766-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9766-1"><bdi>978-0-8032-9766-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+in+Music+and+Other+Essays&rft.place=Lincoln+%28NE%29+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9766-1&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1995a" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1995a). Art and Politics. Vol. 4. Lincoln (NE) and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9774-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9774-6"><bdi>978-0-8032-9774-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Politics&rft.place=Lincoln+%28NE%29+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9774-6&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1995b" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1995b). Actors and Singers. Vol. 5. Lincoln (NE) and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9773-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9773-9"><bdi>978-0-8032-9773-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Actors+and+Singers&rft.place=Lincoln+%28NE%29+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9773-9&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1994a" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1994a). Religion and Art. Vol. 6. Lincoln (NE) and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9764-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9764-7"><bdi>978-0-8032-9764-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Art&rft.place=Lincoln+%28NE%29+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9764-7&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1994b" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1994b). Pilgrimage to Beethoven and Other Essays. Vol. 7. Lincoln (NE) and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9763-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9763-0"><bdi>978-0-8032-9763-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+to+Beethoven+and+Other+Essays&rft.place=Lincoln+%28NE%29+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9763-0&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner1995e" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Richard (1995e). Jesus of Nazareth and Other Writings. Vol. 8. Lincoln (NE) and London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9780-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9780-7"><bdi>978-0-8032-9780-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+of+Nazareth+and+Other+Writings&rft.place=Lincoln+%28NE%29+and+London&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9780-7&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary">Secondary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Secondary">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books_and_chapters">Books and chapters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Books and chapters">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdorno2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno, Theodor</a> (2009). In Search of Wagner. Translated by Rodney Livingstone. London: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-344-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-344-5"><bdi>978-1-84467-344-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Wagner&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-344-5&rft.aulast=Adorno&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek, Slavoj</a>. "Foreword: Why is Wagner Worth Saving". In <a href="#CITEREFAdorno2009">Adorno (2009)</a>, pp. viii–xxvii.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2013" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Roger (2013). "Chamberlain, Houston Stewart". In Vazsonyi, Nicholas (ed.). The Cambridge Wagner Encyclopedia. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 78–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00425-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00425-2"><bdi>978-1-107-00425-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chamberlain%2C+Houston+Stewart&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Wagner+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=78-81&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00425-2&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplegatePotter2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Celia_Applegate" title="Celia Applegate">Applegate, Celia</a>; Potter, Pamela (2002). Music & German National Identity. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-02131-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-02131-7"><bdi>978-0-226-02131-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+%26+German+National+Identity&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-226-02131-7&rft.aulast=Applegate&rft.aufirst=Celia&rft.au=Potter%2C+Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Joy_H._Calico" title="Joy H. Calico">Calico, Joy Haslam</a>. "Für eine neue deutsche Nationaloper". In <a href="#CITEREFApplegatePotter2002">Applegate & Potter (2002)</a>, pp. 190–204.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Joy_H._Calico" title="Joy H. Calico">Grey, Thomas S.</a> "Wagner's Die Meistersinger as National Opera (1868–1945)". In <a href="#CITEREFApplegatePotter2002">Applegate & Potter (2002)</a>, pp. 78–104.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett1981" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, Lucy (1981). Richard Wagner: Parsifal. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29662-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29662-5"><bdi>978-0-521-29662-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Wagner%3A+Parsifal&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29662-5&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurk1950" class="citation book cs1">Burk, John N. (1950). Letters of Richard Wagner: The Burrell Collection. New York: <a href="/wiki/The_Macmillan_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="The Macmillan Company">The Macmillan Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8443-0031-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8443-0031-3"><bdi>978-0-8443-0031-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+Richard+Wagner%3A+The+Burrell+Collection&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-8443-0031-3&rft.aulast=Burk&rft.aufirst=John+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2007" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Jonathan (2007). The Wagner Clan. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-20790-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-20790-9"><bdi>978-0-571-20790-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wagner+Clan&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-571-20790-9&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Conway_(music_historian)" title="David Conway (music historian)">Conway, David</a> (2012). Jewry in Music: Entry to the Profession from the Enlightenment to Richard Wagner. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01538-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01538-8"><bdi>978-1-107-01538-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewry+in+Music%3A+Entry+to+the+Profession+from+the+Enlightenment+to+Richard+Wagner&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01538-8&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlhaus1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus, Carl</a> (1979). Richard Wagner's Music Dramas. Translated by Mary Whittall. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22397-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22397-3"><bdi>978-0-521-22397-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Wagner%27s+Music+Dramas&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22397-3&rft.aulast=Dahlhaus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlhaus1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus, Carl</a> (1995). "Wagner: (Wilhelm) Richard Wagner". <a href="/wiki/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" title="The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>. Vol. 20. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. pp. 115–136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-23111-1"><bdi>978-0-333-23111-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wagner%3A+%28Wilhelm%29+Richard+Wagner&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=115-136&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-333-23111-1&rft.aulast=Dahlhaus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeathridge1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Deathridge" title="John Deathridge">Deathridge, John</a> (1984). The New Grove Wagner. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-36065-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-36065-1"><bdi>978-0-333-36065-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Grove+Wagner&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-333-36065-1&rft.aulast=Deathridge&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeathridge1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Deathridge" title="John Deathridge">Deathridge, John</a> (1982). "An Introduction to The Flying Dutchman". In John, Nicholas (ed.). English National Opera/The Royal Opera House Opera Guide 12: Der Fliegende Holländer/The Flying Dutchman. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Calder" title="John Calder">John Calder</a>. pp. 13–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-3920-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-3920-1"><bdi>978-0-7145-3920-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+The+Flying+Dutchman&rft.btitle=English+National+Opera%2FThe+Royal+Opera+House+Opera+Guide+12%3A+Der+Fliegende+Holl%C3%A4nder%2FThe+Flying+Dutchman&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13-26&rft.pub=John+Calder&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-7145-3920-1&rft.aulast=Deathridge&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeathridge2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Deathridge" title="John Deathridge">Deathridge, John</a> (2008). Wagner Beyond Good and Evil. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25453-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25453-4"><bdi>978-0-520-25453-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagner+Beyond+Good+and+Evil&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25453-4&rft.aulast=Deathridge&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonington1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Donington" title="Robert Donington">Donington, Robert</a> (1979). Wagner's Ring and its Symbols. London: Faber Paperbacks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-04818-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-04818-2"><bdi>978-0-571-04818-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagner%27s+Ring+and+its+Symbols&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+Paperbacks&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-571-04818-2&rft.aulast=Donington&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField1981" class="citation book cs1">Field, Geoffrey G. (1981). Evangelist of Race: The Germanic Vision of Houston Stewart Chamberlain. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-04860-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-04860-6"><bdi>978-0-231-04860-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelist+of+Race%3A+The+Germanic+Vision+of+Houston+Stewart+Chamberlain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-231-04860-6&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois-Sappey1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Fran%C3%A7ois-Sappey" title="Brigitte François-Sappey">François-Sappey, Brigitte</a>, ed. (1991). Charles Valentin Alkan. Paris: <a href="/wiki/Fayard" title="Fayard">Fayard</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-02779-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-02779-1"><bdi>978-2-213-02779-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Valentin+Alkan&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-2-213-02779-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_La_Grange1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry-Louis_de_La_Grange" title="Henry-Louis de La Grange">de La Grange, Henri-Louis</a> (1973). Mahler: Volume One. London: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz" title="Victor Gollancz">Victor Gollancz</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-575-01672-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-575-01672-9"><bdi>978-0-575-01672-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahler%3A+Volume+One&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Victor+Gollancz&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-575-01672-9&rft.aulast=de+La+Grange&rft.aufirst=Henri-Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregor-Dellin1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gregor-Dellin" title="Martin Gregor-Dellin">Gregor-Dellin, Martin</a> (1983). Richard Wagner – His Life, His Work, His Century. London: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Brace_Jovanovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt Brace Jovanovich">Harcourt Brace Jovanovich</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-177151-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-177151-6"><bdi>978-0-15-177151-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Wagner+%E2%80%93+His+Life%2C+His+Work%2C+His+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-15-177151-6&rft.aulast=Gregor-Dellin&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey2008" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Thomas S., ed. (2008). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">The Cambridge Companion to Wagner</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64439-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64439-6"><bdi>978-0-521-64439-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Wagner&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64439-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Daverio, John. "Tristan und Isolde: essence and appearance". In <a href="#CITEREFGrey2008">Grey (2008)</a>, pp. 115–133.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">McClatchie, Stephen. "Performing Germany in Wagner's Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg". In <a href="#CITEREFGrey2008">Grey (2008)</a>, pp. 134–150.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Millington, Barry. "Der Ring des Nibelungen: conception and interpretation". In <a href="#CITEREFGrey2008">Grey (2008)</a>, pp. 74–84.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Spencer, Stewart. "The 'Romantic operas' and the turn to myth". In <a href="#CITEREFGrey2008">Grey (2008)</a>, pp. 67–73.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Stanley, Glenn. "Parsifal: redemption and Kunstreligion". In <a href="#CITEREFGrey2008">Grey (2008)</a>, pp. 151–175.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Treadwell, James. "The Urge to Communicate". In <a href="#CITEREFGrey2008">Grey (2008)</a>, pp. 179–191.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutman1990" class="citation book cs1">Gutman, Robert W. (1990). Wagner – The Man, His Mind and His Music. Orlando: <a href="/wiki/Harvest_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvest Books">Harvest Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-677615-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-677615-8"><bdi>978-0-15-677615-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagner+%E2%80%93+The+Man%2C+His+Mind+and+His+Music&rft.place=Orlando&rft.pub=Harvest+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-15-677615-8&rft.aulast=Gutman&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilmes2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hilmes" title="Oliver Hilmes">Hilmes, Oliver</a> (2011). Cosima Wagner: The Lady of Bayreuth. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17090-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17090-0"><bdi>978-0-300-17090-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosima+Wagner%3A+The+Lady+of+Bayreuth&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-17090-0&rft.aulast=Hilmes&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe2010" class="citation book cs1">Joe, Jeongwon (2010). "Why Wagner and Cinema? Tolkien was wrong". In Joe, Jeongwon; Gilman, Sander L. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGI5X1eEVokC">Wagner and Cinema</a>. Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22163-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22163-6"><bdi>978-0-253-22163-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+Wagner+and+Cinema%3F+Tolkien+was+wrong&rft.btitle=Wagner+and+Cinema&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22163-6&rft.aulast=Joe&rft.aufirst=Jeongwon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGI5X1eEVokC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">John, Eckhardt (2004). "La musique dans la système concentrationnaire nazi" [Music in the Nazi Concentration Camp System]. In Huynh, Pascal (ed.). Le troisième Reich et la musique [The Third Reich and Music] (in French). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Fayard" title="Fayard">Fayard</a>. pp. 219–228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-62135-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-62135-7"><bdi>978-2-213-62135-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+musique+dans+la+syst%C3%A8me+concentrationnaire+nazi&rft.btitle=Le+troisi%C3%A8me+Reich+et+la+musique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=219-228&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-213-62135-7&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Eckhardt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaes1989" class="citation book cs1">Kaes, Anton (1989). From Hitler to Heimat: The Return of History as Film. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-32456-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-32456-5"><bdi>978-0-674-32456-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Hitler+to+Heimat%3A+The+Return+of+History+as+Film&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-674-32456-5&rft.aulast=Kaes&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz1986" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Jacob (1986). The Darker Side of Genius: Richard Wagner's Anti-Semitism. Hanover and London: Brandeis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-368-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-368-4"><bdi>978-0-87451-368-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Darker+Side+of+Genius%3A+Richard+Wagner%27s+Anti-Semitism&rft.place=Hanover+and+London&rft.pub=Brandeis&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-368-4&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)" title="Michael Kennedy (music critic)">Kennedy, Michael</a> (1980). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-311320-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-311320-6"><bdi>978-0-19-311320-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-19-311320-6&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKienzle2005" class="citation book cs1">Kienzle, Ulrike (2005). "Parsifal and Religion: A Christian Music Drama?". In <a href="/wiki/William_Kinderman" title="William Kinderman">Kinderman, William</a>; Syer, Katherine Rae (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhBBRn3i9zsC">A Companion To Wagner's Parsifal</a>. Woodbridge: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell & Brewer</a>. pp. 81–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-457-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57113-457-8"><bdi>978-1-57113-457-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parsifal+and+Religion%3A+A+Christian+Music+Drama%3F&rft.btitle=A+Companion+To+Wagner%27s+Parsifal&rft.place=Woodbridge&rft.pages=81-132&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-57113-457-8&rft.aulast=Kienzle&rft.aufirst=Ulrike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqhBBRn3i9zsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockspeiser1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lockspeiser" title="Edward Lockspeiser">Lockspeiser, Edward</a> (1978). Debussy, his Life and Mind: Volume 1, 1862–1902 (2nd ed.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22053-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22053-8"><bdi>978-0-521-22053-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debussy%2C+his+Life+and+Mind%3A+Volume+1%2C+1862%E2%80%931902&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22053-8&rft.aulast=Lockspeiser&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2008" class="citation book cs1">Long, Michael (2008). Beautiful Monsters: Imagining the Classic in Musical Media. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25720-7"><bdi>978-0-520-25720-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beautiful+Monsters%3A+Imagining+the+Classic+in+Musical+Media&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25720-7&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagee1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Magee" title="Bryan Magee">Magee, Bryan</a> (1988). Aspects of Wagner. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284012-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284012-7"><bdi>978-0-19-284012-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Wagner&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-284012-7&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagee2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Magee" title="Bryan Magee">Magee, Bryan</a> (2000). Wagner and Philosophy. London: Allen Lanes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9480-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9480-3"><bdi>978-0-7139-9480-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagner+and+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lanes&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9480-3&rft.aulast=Magee&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarek1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Richard_Marek" title="George Richard Marek">Marek, George R.</a> (1981). Cosima Wagner. London: Julia MacRae Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86203-120-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86203-120-6"><bdi>978-0-86203-120-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosima+Wagner&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Julia+MacRae+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-86203-120-6&rft.aulast=Marek&rft.aufirst=George+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1992" class="citation book cs1">Martin, T. P. (1992). Joyce and Wagner: A Study in Influence. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39487-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39487-1"><bdi>978-0-521-39487-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joyce+and+Wagner%3A+A+Study+in+Influence&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39487-1&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichotte1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Michotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmond Michotte">Michotte, Edmond</a> (1968). <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Weinstock" title="Herbert Weinstock">Weinstock, Herbert</a> (ed.). Richard Wagner's Visit to Rossini (Paris 1860): and an Evening at Rossini's in Beau-Sejour (Passy) 1858. Translated by Weinstock, Herbert. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-52442-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-52442-9"><bdi>978-0-226-52442-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Wagner%27s+Visit+to+Rossini+%28Paris+1860%29%3A+and+an+Evening+at+Rossini%27s+in+Beau-Sejour+%28Passy%29+1858&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-226-52442-9&rft.aulast=Michotte&rft.aufirst=Edmond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington2001a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Millington&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Millington (page does not exist)">Millington, Barry</a> (2001a) [1992]. The Wagner Compendium: A Guide to Wagner's Life and Music (Revised ed.). London: Thames and Hudson Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-50-028274-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-50-028274-8"><bdi>978-0-50-028274-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wagner+Compendium%3A+A+Guide+to+Wagner%27s+Life+and+Music&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson+Ltd&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-50-028274-8&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNattiez1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Nattiez" title="Jean-Jacques Nattiez">Nattiez, Jean-Jacques</a> (1993). Wagner Androgyne: A Study in Interpretation. Translated by Spencer, Stewart. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04832-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04832-1"><bdi>978-0-691-04832-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagner+Androgyne%3A+A+Study+in+Interpretation&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04832-1&rft.aulast=Nattiez&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaumann1876" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Naumann, Emil (1876). Italienische Tondichter, von Palestrina bis auf die Gegenwart [Italian Composers, From Palestrina to the Present Day] (in German). Berlin: R. Oppenheim. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12378618">12378618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italienische+Tondichter%2C+von+Palestrina+bis+auf+die+Gegenwart&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=R.+Oppenheim&rft.date=1876&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12378618&rft.aulast=Naumann&rft.aufirst=Emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Newman" title="Ernest Newman">Newman, Ernest</a> (1976). The Life of Richard Wagner (4 vols.). Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Richard+Wagner&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1949" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Ernest (1949). Wagner Nights. London: Putnam & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagner+Nights&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Putnam+%26+Co.&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNietzsche2009" class="citation web cs1">Nietzsche, Friedrich (2009) [1887]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808151242/http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/Nietzsche/genealogy3.htm">"On the Genealogy of Morals – A Polemical Tract"</a>. records.viu.ca. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Ian_C._Johnston" title="Ian C. Johnston">Johnston, Ian C.</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://records.viu.ca/~johnstoi/Nietzsche/genealogy3.htm">the original</a> on 8 August 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=records.viu.ca&rft.atitle=On+the+Genealogy+of+Morals+%E2%80%93+A+Polemical+Tract&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Nietzsche&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecords.viu.ca%2F~johnstoi%2FNietzsche%2Fgenealogy3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainter1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_D._Painter" title="George D. Painter">Painter, George D.</a> (1983). Marcel Proust. Harmondsworth: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-006512-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-006512-1"><bdi>978-0-14-006512-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marcel+Proust&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-14-006512-1&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicard2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Picard, T., ed. (2010). Dictionnaire encyclopédique Wagner [Dictionnaire encyclopédique Wagner] (in French). Paris: Actes Sud. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7427-7843-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7427-7843-0"><bdi>978-2-7427-7843-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionnaire+encyclop%C3%A9dique+Wagner&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Actes+Sud&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-2-7427-7843-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2008" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Pamela R. (2008). Wagner and the Third Reich: myths and realities.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagner+and+the+Third+Reich%3A+myths+and+realities&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Pamela+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> (In <a href="#CITEREFGrey2008">Grey 2008</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuffett1984" class="citation book cs1">Puffett, Derrick (1984). "Siegfried in the Context of Wagner's Operatic Writing". In John, Nicholas (ed.). Siegfried: Opera Guide 28. London: <a href="/wiki/Calder_Publishing" title="Calder Publishing">Calder Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-4040-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-4040-5"><bdi>978-0-7145-4040-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Siegfried+in+the+Context+of+Wagner%27s+Operatic+Writing&rft.btitle=Siegfried%3A+Opera+Guide+28&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Calder+Publishing&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7145-4040-5&rft.aulast=Puffett&rft.aufirst=Derrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1981" class="citation book cs1">Rose, John Luke (1981). "A Landmark in Musical History". In John, Nicholas (ed.). Tristan and Isolde: English National Opera Guide 6. London: <a href="/wiki/Calder_Publishing" title="Calder Publishing">Calder Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-3849-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7145-3849-5"><bdi>978-0-7145-3849-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Landmark+in+Musical+History&rft.btitle=Tristan+and+Isolde%3A+English+National+Opera+Guide+6&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Calder+Publishing&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7145-3849-5&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=John+Luke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ross_(music_critic)" title="Alex Ross (music critic)">Ross, Alex</a> (2008). <a href="/wiki/The_Rest_Is_Noise:_Listening_to_the_Twentieth_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century">The Rest Is Noise: Listening to the Twentieth Century</a>. London: Fourth Estate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-475-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-475-6"><bdi>978-1-84115-475-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rest+Is+Noise%3A+Listening+to+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84115-475-6&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1898" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw, George Bernard</a> (1898). The Perfect Wagnerite. London: <a href="/wiki/Grant_Richards_(publishing_house)" title="Grant Richards (publishing house)">Grant Richards</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perfect+Wagnerite&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Grant+Richards&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=George+Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1487/1487-h/1487-h.htm#2H_4_0011">Online version at Gutenberg</a>, Retrieved 20 July 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSontag1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Sontag, Susan</a> (21 February 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1980/feb/21/eye-of-the-storm/">"Eye of the Storm"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. XXVII (2): 36–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Eye+of+the+Storm&rft.volume=XXVII&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=36-43&rft.date=1980-02-21&rft.aulast=Sontag&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1980%2Ffeb%2F21%2Feye-of-the-storm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syberberg.de/Syberberg4_2010/Susan-Sontag-Syberbergs-Hitler-engl.html">Reprinted</a> as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation book cs1">"Syberberg's Hitler". <a href="/wiki/Under_the_Sign_of_Saturn" title="Under the Sign of Saturn">Under the Sign of Saturn</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar,_Straus_and_Giroux" title="Farrar, Straus and Giroux">Farrar, Straus and Giroux</a>. 1980. pp. 137–165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86316-052-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86316-052-3"><bdi>978-0-86316-052-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syberberg%27s+Hitler&rft.btitle=Under+the+Sign+of+Saturn&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=137-165&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-86316-052-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2000" class="citation book cs1">Spencer, Stewart (2000). Wagner Remembered. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-19653-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-19653-1"><bdi>978-0-571-19653-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagner+Remembered&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-571-19653-1&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpotts1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Spotts" title="Frederic Spotts">Spotts, Frederic</a> (1994). Bayreuth: A History of the Wagner Festival. New Haven: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06665-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06665-4"><bdi>978-0-300-06665-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bayreuth%3A+A+History+of+the+Wagner+Festival&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06665-4&rft.aulast=Spotts&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaruskin2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taruskin" title="Richard Taruskin">Taruskin, Richard</a> (2009). Music in the Early Twentieth Century. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10290-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10290-0"><bdi>978-0-691-10290-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10290-0&rft.aulast=Taruskin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaszonyi2010" class="citation book cs1">Vaszonyi, Nicholas (2010). Richard Wagner: Self-Promotion and the Making of a Brand. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51996-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51996-0"><bdi>978-0-521-51996-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Wagner%3A+Self-Promotion+and+the+Making+of+a+Brand&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51996-0&rft.aulast=Vaszonyi&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosima_Wagner1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Wagner, Cosima</a> (1978). Diaries (2 vols). Translated by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Skelton" title="Geoffrey Skelton">Skelton, Geoffrey</a>. London: Dent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-122635-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-122635-1"><bdi>978-0-15-122635-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diaries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-15-122635-1&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Cosima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosima_Wagner1994" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Cosima (1994). <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Skelton" title="Geoffrey Skelton">Skelton, Geoffrey</a> (ed.). Cosima Wagner's Diaries: an Abridgement. Translated by Skelton, Geoffrey. London: Pimlico Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-5952-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-5952-9"><bdi>978-0-7126-5952-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosima+Wagner%27s+Diaries%3A+an+Abridgement&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pimlico+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-5952-9&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Cosima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiner1997" class="citation book cs1">Weiner, Marc A. (1997). Richard Wagner and the Anti-Semitic Imagination. Lincoln: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press" title="University of Nebraska Press">University of Nebraska Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9792-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-9792-0"><bdi>978-0-8032-9792-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Wagner+and+the+Anti-Semitic+Imagination&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-9792-0&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Marc+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Journal_and_encyclopaedia_articles">Journal and encyclopaedia articles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Journal and encyclopaedia articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruen1993" class="citation journal cs1">Bruen, Hanan (Spring 1993). "Wagner in Israel: A conflict among Aesthetic, Historical, Psychological and Social Considerations". Journal of Aesthetic Education. 27 (1). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>: 99–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3333345">10.2307/3333345</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3333345">3333345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Aesthetic+Education&rft.atitle=Wagner+in+Israel%3A+A+conflict+among+Aesthetic%2C+Historical%2C+Psychological+and+Social+Considerations&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-103&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3333345&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3333345%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bruen&rft.aufirst=Hanan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2017" class="citation journal cs1">Coleman, Jeremy (2017). "The Body in the Library". The Wagner Journal. 11 (1): 86–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wagner+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Body+in+the+Library&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-92&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCormack2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cormack, David (Spring 2005). "'Wir welken und sterben dahinnen': Carrie Pringle and the Solo Flowermaidens of 1882". The Musical Times. 146 (1890). Musical Times Publications Ltd.: 16–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F30044066">10.2307/30044066</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30044066">30044066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Times&rft.atitle=%27Wir+welken+und+sterben+dahinnen%27%3A+Carrie+Pringle+and+the+Solo+Flowermaidens+of+1882&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=1890&rft.pages=16-31&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F30044066&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30044066%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cormack&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFackler2007" class="citation journal cs1">Fackler, Guido (Winter 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621010305/http://www.music.ucsb.edu/projects/musicandpolitics/archive/2007-1/fackler.html">"Music in Concentration Camps 1933–1945"</a>. Music and Politics. 1 (1). Translated by Peter Logan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music.ucsb.edu/projects/musicandpolitics/archive/2007-1/fackler.html">the original</a> on 21 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Music+and+Politics&rft.atitle=Music+in+Concentration+Camps+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Fackler&rft.aufirst=Guido&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.music.ucsb.edu%2Fprojects%2Fmusicandpolitics%2Farchive%2F2007-1%2Ffackler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton1999" class="citation journal cs1">Horton, Paul C. (July 1999). Feder, Stuart (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=173586">"Review of Psychoanalytic Explorations in Music: Second Series"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Psychiatry" title="The American Journal of Psychiatry">The American Journal of Psychiatry</a>. 156 (1109–1110).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Review+of+Psychoanalytic+Explorations+in+Music%3A+Second+Series&rft.volume=156&rft.issue=1109%E2%80%931110&rft.date=1999-07&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Paul+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajp.psychiatryonline.org%2Farticle.aspx%3FarticleID%3D173586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlsson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Karlsson, Jonas (2012). "'In that hour it began'? Hitler, Rienzi, and the Trustworthiness of August Kubizek's The Young Hitler I Knew". The Wagner Journal. 6 (2): 33–47. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-0173">1755-0173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wagner+Journal&rft.atitle=%27In+that+hour+it+began%27%3F+Hitler%2C+Rienzi%2C+and+the+Trustworthiness+of+August+Kubizek%27s+The+Young+Hitler+I+Knew&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=33-47&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1755-0173&rft.aulast=Karlsson&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Grant, John (1999). "Excalibur: US movie". In Clute, John; Grant, John (eds.). <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Orbit_Books" title="Orbit Books">Orbit Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85723-893-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85723-893-8"><bdi>978-1-85723-893-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Excalibur%3A+US+movie&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Fantasy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Orbit+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85723-893-8&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKörner1984" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Körner, Hans (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180719105503/http://periodika.digitale-sammlungen.de/zblg/kapitel/zblg47_kap28">"Der Bayerische Maximiliansorden für Wissenschaft und Kunst und seine Mitglieder"</a>. Zeitschrift für Bayerische Landesgeschichte (in German). 47: 299–398. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodika.digitale-sammlungen.de/zblg/kapitel/zblg47_kap28">the original</a> on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Bayerische+Landesgeschichte&rft.atitle=Der+Bayerische+Maximiliansorden+f%C3%BCr+Wissenschaft+und+Kunst+und+seine+Mitglieder&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=299-398&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6rner&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperiodika.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Fzblg%2Fkapitel%2Fzblg47_kap28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington2001b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Millington, Barry (2001b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000030144">"Wesendonck [Wesendonk; née Luckemeyer], Mathilde"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.30144">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.30144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wesendonck+%5BWesendonk%3B+n%C3%A9e+Luckemeyer%5D%2C+Mathilde&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.30144&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000030144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington2002a" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Millington, Barry (2002a) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-5000003512">"Meistersinger von Nürnberg, Die"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O003512">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O003512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Meistersinger+von+N%C3%BCrnberg%2C+Die&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O003512&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-5000003512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington2002b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Millington, Barry (2002b) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-5000002803">"Parsifal"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O002803">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O002803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parsifal&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O002803&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-5000002803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillington2002c" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Millington, Barry (2002c) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-5000003661">"Walküre, Die"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O003661">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.O003661</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Walk%C3%BCre%2C+Die&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.O003661&rft.aulast=Millington&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-5000003661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReissman2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Reissman, Carla S. (17 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stern.de/kultur/musik/crossover-projekt-rammstein-meets-wagner-3075340.html">"Rammstein meets Wagner"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stern_(magazine)" title="Stern (magazine)">Stern</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150119134312/http://www.stern.de/kultur/musik/crossover-projekt-rammstein-meets-wagner-520361.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2015. Retrieved 31 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stern&rft.atitle=Rammstein+meets+Wagner&rft.date=2004-02-17&rft.aulast=Reissman&rft.aufirst=Carla+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stern.de%2Fkultur%2Fmusik%2Fcrossover-projekt-rammstein-meets-wagner-3075340.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSietzWiegandt2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sietz, Reinhold; Wiegandt, Matthias (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000013041">"Hiller, Ferdinand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.13041">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.13041</a>. Retrieved 23 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hiller%2C+Ferdinand&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.13041&rft.aulast=Sietz&rft.aufirst=Reinhold&rft.au=Wiegandt%2C+Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000013041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkelton2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Skelton" title="Geoffrey Skelton">Skelton, Geoffrey</a> (2002) [2001]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040950">"Bayreuth"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Music_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Music Online">Grove Music Online</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40950">10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40950</a>. Retrieved 20 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bayreuth&rft.btitle=Grove+Music+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.article.40950&rft.aulast=Skelton&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fgrovemusic%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgmo%2F9781561592630.001.0001%2Fomo-9781561592630-e-0000040950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarshaw2012" class="citation journal cs1">Warshaw, Hilary (2012). "No Sound of Music". The Wagner Journal. 6 (2): 77–79. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1755-0173">1755-0173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wagner+Journal&rft.atitle=No+Sound+of+Music&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77-79&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1755-0173&rft.aulast=Warshaw&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Westernhagen1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">von Westernhagen, Kurt (1980). "(Wilhelm) Richard Wagner". In <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Sadie" title="Stanley Sadie">Sadie, Stanley</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>. Vol. 20. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%28Wilhelm%29+Richard+Wagner&rft.btitle=Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=von+Westernhagen&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestrup1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Westrup" title="Jack Westrup">Westrup, Jack</a> (1980). "Conducting". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians">Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians</a>. Vol. 4. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conducting&rft.btitle=Grove+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Westrup&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Online">Online</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Online">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway2002" class="citation web cs1">Conway, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121203090712/http://www.smerus.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/vulture_.htm">"A Vulture is Almost an Eagle' ... The Jewishness of Richard Wagner"</a>. Jewry in Music. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smerus.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/vulture_.htm">the original</a> on 3 December 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewry+in+Music&rft.atitle=A+Vulture+is+Almost+an+Eagle%27+...+The+Jewishness+of+Richard+Wagner&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smerus.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk%2Fvulture_.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett2020" class="citation web cs1">Everett, Derrick (18 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319203717/https://www.monsalvat.no/racism.htm">"Parsifal and Race – claims and refutations: Wagner, Gobineau and Parsifal – Gobineau as the inspiration for Parsifal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monsalvat.no/racism.htm">the original</a> on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parsifal+and+Race+%E2%80%93+claims+and+refutations%3A+Wagner%2C+Gobineau+and+Parsifal+%E2%80%93+Gobineau+as+the+inspiration+for+Parsifal&rft.date=2020-04-18&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Derrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monsalvat.no%2Fracism.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaber_Music_News2007" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402110100/http://www.fabermusic.com/resources/pdfs/ffautumn2007.pdf">"Faber Music News"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Faber_Music" title="Faber Music">Faber Music</a>. Autumn 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fabermusic.com/resources/pdfs/FFAutumn2007.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Faber+Music&rft.atitle=Faber+Music+News&rft.ssn=fall&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fabermusic.com%2Fresources%2Fpdfs%2FFFAutumn2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1992" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walsh_(author)" title="Michael Walsh (author)">Walsh, Michael</a> (13 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,974661,00.html">"The Case of Wagner – Again"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Retrieved 4 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Case+of+Wagner+%E2%80%93+Again&rft.date=1992-01-13&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C974661%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Borchmeyer" title="Dieter Borchmeyer">Borchmeyer, Dieter</a> (2003). Drama and the World of Richard Wagner. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11497-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11497-2"><bdi>978-0-691-11497-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drama+and+the+World+of+Richard+Wagner&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11497-2&rft.aulast=Borchmeyer&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Burbidge, Peter; Sutton, Richard, eds. (1979). The Wagner Companion. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29657-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29657-1"><bdi>978-0-521-29657-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wagner+Companion&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29657-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Garten, H. F. (1977). Wagner the Dramatist. London: John Calder. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71453-620-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-71453-620-0"><bdi>978-0-71453-620-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagner+the+Dramatist&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Calder&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-71453-620-0&rft.aulast=Garten&rft.aufirst=H.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._Owen_Lee" title="M. Owen Lee">Lee, M. Owen</a> (1998). Wagner: The Terrible Man and His Truthful Art. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4721-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-4721-2"><bdi>978-0-8020-4721-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagner%3A+The+Terrible+Man+and+His+Truthful+Art&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-4721-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=M.+Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="no" class="citation journal cs1">Overvold, Liselotte Z. (1976). "Wagner's American Centennial March: Genesis and Reception". Monatshefte. 68 (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a>: 179–187. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30156682">30156682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monatshefte&rft.atitle=Wagner%27s+American+Centennial+March%3A+Genesis+and+Reception&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=179-187&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30156682%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Overvold&rft.aufirst=Liselotte+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lawrence_Rose" title="Paul Lawrence Rose">Rose, Paul Lawrence</a> (1996). Wagner: Race and Revolution. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-17888-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-17888-9"><bdi>978-0-571-17888-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagner%3A+Race+and+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+and+Faber&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-571-17888-9&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Paul+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScruton2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton, Roger</a> (2003). Death-Devoted Heart: Sex and the Sacred in Wagner's "Tristan and Isolde". Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516691-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516691-0"><bdi>978-0-19-516691-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death-Devoted+Heart%3A+Sex+and+the+Sacred+in+Wagner%27s+%22Tristan+and+Isolde%22&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516691-0&rft.aulast=Scruton&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tanner" title="Michael Tanner">Tanner, Michael</a> (1995). Wagner. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10290-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10290-0"><bdi>978-0-691-10290-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagner&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10290-0&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Vernon, David (2021). Disturbing the Universe: Wagner's Musikdrama. Edinburgh: Candle Row Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1527299245" title="Special:BookSources/978-1527299245"><bdi>978-1527299245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disturbing+the+Universe%3A+Wagner%27s+Musikdrama&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Candle+Row+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1527299245&rft.aulast=Vernon&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Wagner&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Richard Wagner <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Richard+Wagner&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Richard+Wagner">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Richard+Wagner&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Richard Wagner <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Richard+Wagner&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Richard+Wagner">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Richard+Wagner&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> Operas <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wagneropera.net/">Richard Wagner Opera</a>, Richard Wagner operas, Wagner interviews, CDs, DVDs, Wagner calendar, Bayreuth Festival</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wagneroperas.com/">Wagner Operas</a>, site featuring photographs, video, MIDI files, scores, libretti, and commentary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opera.stanford.edu/Wagner/">Wilhelm Richard Wagner</a> site by Stanford University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-wagnerian.com/">The Wagnerian</a>, Richard Wagner news, operas, reviews, articles.</li></ul> Writings <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.belgacom.net/wagnerlibrary/">The Wagner Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221013908/http://users.belgacom.net/wagnerlibrary/">Archived</a> 21 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. English translations of Wagner's prose works, including some of Wagner's more notable essays.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1325">Works by Richard Wagner</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Wagner%2C%20Richard%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Richard%20Wagner%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wagner%2C%20Richard%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Richard%20Wagner%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Wagner%2C%20R%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Richard%20Wagner%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Wagner%2C%20Richard%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Richard%20Wagner%22%29%20OR%20%28%221813-1883%22%20AND%20Wagner%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Richard Wagner</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> Scores <ul><li><a href="https://www.cpdl.org/wiki/index.php/Richard_Wagner" class="extiw" title="choralwiki:Richard Wagner">Free scores by Richard Wagner</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Choral_Public_Domain_Library" title="Choral Public Domain Library">Choral Public Domain Library</a> (ChoralWiki)</li> <li><a href="https://imslp.org/wiki/Category:Wagner,_Richard" class="extiw" title="scores:Category:Wagner, Richard">Free scores by Richard Wagner</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Music_Score_Library_Project" title="International Music Score Library Project">International Music Score Library Project</a> (IMSLP)</li></ul> Other <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/wagner">"Discovering Wagner"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovering+Wagner&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Fwagner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Wagner" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523055553/http://www.wagnermuseum.de/national_archives/information_34.html">The National Archive</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Foundation" title="Richard Wagner Foundation">Richard Wagner Foundation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richard-wagner-museum.ch/">Richard Wagner Museum</a> in the country manor Triebschen near Lucerne, Switzerland, where Wagner and Cosima lived and worked from 1866 to 1872. (In German).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548gv">"Wagner"</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with John Deathridge, Lucy Beckett and Michael Tanner (In Our Time, 20 June 2002)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:inherit}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox navbox-musical-artist" aria-labelledby="Richard_Wagner" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Richard_Wagner" title="Template:Richard Wagner"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Richard_Wagner" title="Template talk:Richard Wagner"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Richard_Wagner" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Richard Wagner"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Richard_Wagner" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Wagner</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_for_the_stage_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of works for the stage by Richard Wagner">List of works for the stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Richard_Wagner" title="List of compositions by Richard Wagner">List of compositions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Complete operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Early_works" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Feen" title="Die Feen">Die Feen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Liebesverbot" title="Das Liebesverbot">Das Liebesverbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rienzi" title="Rienzi">Rienzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romantic operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder" title="Der fliegende Holländer">Der fliegende Holländer</a> <a href="/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder_discography" title="Der fliegende Holländer discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_(opera)" title="Tannhäuser (opera)">Tannhäuser</a> <a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user_discography" title="Tannhäuser discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)" title="Lohengrin (opera)">Lohengrin</a> <a href="/wiki/Lohengrin_discography" title="Lohengrin discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music dramas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen_link=Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen_discography&#124;10px" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a> <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen_discography" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a> <a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold_discography" title="Das Rheingold discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a> <a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre_discography" title="Die Walküre discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a> <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_discography" title="Siegfried discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_discography" title="Götterdämmerung discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde" title="Tristan und Isolde">Tristan und Isolde</a> <a href="/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde_discography" title="Tristan und Isolde discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg">Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg</a> <a href="/wiki/Die_Meistersinger_von_N%C3%BCrnberg_discography" title="Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parsifal_discography" title="Parsifal discography"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/10px-CD_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/15px-CD_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/CD_icon.svg/20px-CD_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="192" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-operatic music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_in_C_major_(Wagner)" title="Symphony in C major (Wagner)">Symphony in C major</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonia_(Wagner)" title="Polonia (Wagner)">Polonia Overture</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Liebesmahl_der_Apostel" title="Das Liebesmahl der Apostel">Das Liebesmahl der Apostel</a> (1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faust_Overture" title="Faust Overture">Faust Overture</a> (1840, rev. 1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesendonck_Lieder" title="Wesendonck Lieder">Wesendonck Lieder</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Idyll" title="Siegfried Idyll">Siegfried Idyll</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaisermarsch" title="Kaisermarsch">Kaisermarsch</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Art_and_Revolution" title="Art and Revolution">Art and Revolution</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Artwork_of_the_Future" title="The Artwork of the Future">The Artwork of the Future</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Autobiographic_Sketch_(Wagner)" title="Autobiographic Sketch (Wagner)">Autobiographic Sketch</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Communication_to_My_Friends" title="A Communication to My Friends">A Communication to My Friends</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Das_Judenthum_in_der_Musik" title="Das Judenthum in der Musik">Das Judenthum in der Musik (Jewishness in Music)</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leubald" title="Leubald">Leubald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Leben_(Wagner)" title="Mein Leben (Wagner)">Mein Leben</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Future" title="Music of the Future">Music of the Future</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_and_Drama" title="Opera and Drama">Opera and Drama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other opera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Opera_excerpts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opera excerpts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Bridal_Chorus" title="Bridal Chorus">Bridal Chorus</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ride_of_the_Valkyries" title="Ride of the Valkyries">Ride of the Valkyries</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Liebestod" title="Liebestod">Liebestod</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unfinished operas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Laune_des_Verliebten" title="Die Laune des Verliebten">Die Laune des Verliebten</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Hochzeit" title="Die Hochzeit">Die Hochzeit</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nnerlist_gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fer_als_Frauenlist" title="Männerlist größer als Frauenlist">Männerlist größer als Frauenlist</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieland_der_Schmied_(libretto)" title="Wieland der Schmied (libretto)">Wieland der Schmied</a> (1850; text only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Sieger" title="Die Sieger">Die Sieger</a> (1858; text only)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holztrompete" title="Holztrompete">Holztrompete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_tuba" title="Wagner tuba">Wagner tuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bayreuth Festival</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuther_Bl%C3%A4tter" title="Bayreuther Blätter">Bayreuther Blätter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_canon" title="Bayreuth canon">Bayreuth canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Circle" title="Bayreuth Circle">Bayreuth Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival" title="Bayreuth Festival">Bayreuth Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festival_Orchestra" title="Bayreuth Festival Orchestra">Bayreuth Festival Orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth_Festspielhaus" title="Bayreuth Festspielhaus">Bayreuth Festspielhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">Jahrhundertring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Foundation" title="Richard Wagner Foundation">Richard Wagner Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wagner_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Wagner family tree">Wagner family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isolde_Beidler" title="Isolde Beidler">Isolde Beidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Chamberlain" title="Eva Chamberlain">Eva Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Geyer" title="Ludwig Geyer">Ludwig Geyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosima_Wagner" title="Cosima Wagner">Cosima Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharina_Wagner" title="Katharina Wagner">Katharina Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minna_Planer" title="Minna Planer">Minna Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nike_Wagner" title="Nike Wagner">Nike Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Wagner" title="Siegfried Wagner">Siegfried Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wieland_Wagner" title="Wieland Wagner">Wieland Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winifred_Wagner" title="Winifred Wagner">Winifred Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wagner" title="Wolfgang Wagner">Wolfgang Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Wagner-Pasquier" title="Eva Wagner-Pasquier">Eva Wagner-Pasquier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Dream" title="Wagner Dream">Wagner Dream</a> (opera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_(film)" title="Wagner (film)">Wagner</a> (1983 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner%27s_Dream" title="Wagner's Dream">Wagner's Dream</a> (2012 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahnfried_(film)" title="Wahnfried (film)">Wahnfried (1986 film)</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks vcard navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Film_adaptations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_(1904_film)" title="Parsifal (1904 film)">Parsifal (1904 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_(1982_film)" title="Parsifal (1982 film)">Parsifal (1982 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Named for Wagner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Monument" title="Richard Wagner Monument">Richard Wagner Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Memorial" title="Richard Wagner Memorial">Richard Wagner Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_(crater)" title="Wagner (crater)">Wagner (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Ice_Piedmont" title="Wagner Ice Piedmont">Wagner Ice Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3992_Wagner" class="mw-redirect" title="3992 Wagner">3992 Wagner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_Wagner" title="The Case of Wagner">The Case of Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Wagner_Societies" title="International Association of Wagner Societies">International Association of Wagner Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leitmotif" title="Leitmotif">Leitmotif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_using_the_music_of_Richard_Wagner" title="List of films using the music of Richard Wagner">List of films using the music of Richard Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musikdrama" title="Musikdrama">Musikdrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nietzsche_contra_Wagner" title="Nietzsche contra Wagner">Nietzsche contra Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_bell" title="Parsifal bell">Parsifal bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Wagnerite" title="The Perfect Wagnerite">The Perfect Wagnerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinemaidens" title="Rhinemaidens">Rhinemaidens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_in_Minden" title="Der Ring in Minden">Der Ring in Minden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_chord" title="Tristan chord">Tristan chord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_surrounding_Richard_Wagner" title="Controversies surrounding Richard Wagner">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis" title="Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis">Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%27_Vendramin_Calergi" title="Ca' Vendramin Calergi">Museo Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_Museum,_Lucerne" title="Richard Wagner Museum, Lucerne">Richard Wagner Museum, Lucerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahnfried" title="Wahnfried">Wahnfried</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Richard_Wagner" title="Category:Richard Wagner">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Loudspeaker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="sound icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/16px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/24px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/32px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audio_files_of_music_by_Richard_Wagner" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Audio files of music by Richard Wagner">Audio</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Richard_Wagner" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Richard Wagner">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Richard_Wagner&#039;s_Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Template:Der Ring des Nibelungen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Template talk:Der Ring des Nibelungen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Der Ring des Nibelungen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Richard_Wagner&#039;s_Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Richard Wagner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen">Der Ring des Nibelungen</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhinemaidens" title="Rhinemaidens">Rhinemaidens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Composition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen:_composition_of_the_music" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen: composition of the music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen:_composition_of_the_text" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen: composition of the text">Text</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsunga_saga" title="Völsunga saga">Völsunga saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thidreks_saga" class="mw-redirect" title="Thidreks saga">Thidreks saga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cycles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold" title="Das Rheingold">Das Rheingold</a> (1869)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_Rheingold_discography" title="Das Rheingold discography">discography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre" title="Die Walküre">Die Walküre</a> (1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre_discography" title="Die Walküre discography">discography</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ride_of_the_Valkyries" title="Ride of the Valkyries">Ride of the Valkyries</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_(opera)" title="Siegfried (opera)">Siegfried</a> (1876)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_discography" title="Siegfried discography">discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Idyll" title="Siegfried Idyll">Siegfried Idyll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung" title="Götterdämmerung">Götterdämmerung</a> (1876)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tterd%C3%A4mmerung_discography" title="Götterdämmerung discography">discography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sequels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_gerettete_Alberich" title="Der gerettete Alberich">Der gerettete Alberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expecting_Someone_Taller" title="Expecting Someone Taller">Expecting Someone Taller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen_(Georg_Solti_recording)" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen (Georg Solti recording)">Der Ring des Nibelungen (Georg Solti recording)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahrhundertring" title="Jahrhundertring">Jahrhundertring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_in_Minden" title="Der Ring in Minden">Der Ring in Minden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What%27s_Opera,_Doc%3F" title="What's Opera, Doc?">What's Opera, Doc?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(video_game)" title="Ring (video game)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Perfect_Wagnerite" title="The Perfect Wagnerite">The Perfect Wagnerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_ain%27t_over_till_the_fat_lady_sings" title="It ain't over till the fat lady sings">It ain't over till the fat lady sings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_of_War_(Manowar_album)" title="Gods of War (Manowar album)">Gods of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen_discography" title="Der Ring des Nibelungen discography">Der Ring des Nibelungen discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarnhelm" title="Tarnhelm">Tarnhelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler:_A_Film_from_Germany" title="Hitler: A Film from Germany">Hitler: A Film from Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlock_Saga" title="Harlock Saga">Harlock Saga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romantic_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romantic_music" title="Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romantic_music" title="Template talk:Romantic music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romantic music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romantic_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_composers" title="List of Romantic composers">List of Romantic composers</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composers and musicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Atterberg" title="Kurt Atterberg">Atterberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Bazzini" title="Antonio Bazzini">Bazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Beach" title="Amy Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Auguste_de_B%C3%A9riot" title="Charles Auguste de Bériot">Bériot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bertin" title="Louise Bertin">Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bizet" title="Georges Bizet">Bizet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield_Chadwick" title="George Whitefield Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cile_Chaminade" title="Cécile Chaminade">Chaminade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Chausson" title="Ernest Chausson">Chausson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Crusell" title="Bernhard Crusell">Crusell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_David" title="Félicien David">Félicien David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_David_(musician)" title="Ferdinand David (musician)">Ferdinand David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Delibes" title="Léo Delibes">Delibes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Denza" title="Luigi Denza">Denza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_d%27Indy" title="Vincent d'Indy">d'Indy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Farrenc" title="Louise Farrenc">Farrenc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Foote" title="Arthur Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Franz" title="Robert Franz">Franz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Giuliani" title="Mauro Giuliani">Giuliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Glazunov" title="Alexander Glazunov">Glazunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Gomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Melchor_Gomis" title="José Melchor Gomis">J. Gomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Gounod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gretchaninov" title="Alexander Gretchaninov">Gretchaninov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Herbert" title="Victor Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_H%C3%A9rold" title="Ferdinand Hérold">Hérold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Holst" title="Gustav Holst">Holst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Joplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Kalivoda" title="Jan Kalivoda">Kalivoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kreisler" title="Fritz Kreisler">Kreisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kuhlau" title="Friedrich Kuhlau">Kuhlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toivo_Kuula" title="Toivo Kuula">Kuula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Lachner" title="Franz Lachner">Lachner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Lalo" title="Édouard Lalo">Lalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruggero_Leoncavallo" title="Ruggero Leoncavallo">Leoncavallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Lumbye" title="Hans Christian Lumbye">Lumbye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lysenko" title="Mykola Lysenko">Lysenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leevi_Madetoja" title="Leevi Madetoja">Madetoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Masarnau_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Santiago Masarnau Fernández">Masarnau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Massenet" title="Jules Massenet">Massenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saverio_Mercadante" title="Saverio Mercadante">Mercadante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_M%C3%A9reaux" title="Amédée Méreaux">Méreaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Niedermeyer" title="Louis Niedermeyer">Niedermeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nielsen" title="Carl Nielsen">Nielsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Offenbach" title="Jacques Offenbach">Offenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles_Paine" title="John Knowles Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Popper" title="David Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Prudent" title="Émile Prudent">Prudent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Raff" title="Joachim Raff">Raff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Reinecke" title="Carl Reinecke">Reinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottorino_Respighi" title="Ottorino Respighi">Respighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Ries" title="Ferdinand Ries">Ries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Rode" title="Pierre Rode">Rode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_de_Sarasate" title="Pablo de Sarasate">Sarasate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_I" title="Johann Strauss I">J. Strauss I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II" title="Johann Strauss II">J. Strauss II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">R. Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Taneyev" title="Sergei Taneyev">Taneyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_T%C3%A1rrega" title="Francisco Tárrega">Tárrega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Tobias" title="Rudolf Tobias">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vieuxtemps" title="Henri Vieuxtemps">Vieuxtemps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams" title="Ralph Vaughan Williams">Vaughan Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Ysa%C3%BFe" title="Eugène Ysaÿe">Ysaÿe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Instrumentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_guitar" title="Romantic guitar">Romantic guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestra#Early_Romantic_orchestra" title="Orchestra">Romantic orchestra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballade_(classical_music)" title="Ballade (classical music)">Ballade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_piece" title="Character piece">Character piece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chorale_prelude" title="Chorale prelude">Chorale prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermezzo" title="Intermezzo">Intermezzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lied" title="Lied">Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazurka" title="Mazurka">Mazurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestral_song" title="Orchestral song">Orchestral song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantische_Oper" title="Romantische Oper">Romantic opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonic_poem" title="Symphonic poem">Symphonic poem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">Symphony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indianist_movement" title="Indianist movement">Indianist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Zeitschrift_f%C3%BCr_Musik" title="Neue Zeitschrift für Musik">Neue Zeitschrift für Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_German_School" title="New German School">New German School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_the_Belyayev_circle" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle">Tchaikovsky and the Belyayev circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky_and_The_Five" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five">Tchaikovsky and The Five</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Romantics" title="War of the Romantics">War of the Romantics</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="float: left;"> ← <a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_period_(music)" title="Template:Classical period (music)">Classical music</a></div><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism_(music)" title="Template:Modernism (music)">Modernist music</a> → </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romantic_music" title="Category:Romantic music">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Romanticism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Romanticism" title="Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Romanticism" title="Template talk:Romanticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Romanticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Romanticism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">England (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France" title="Romanticism in France">France</a> <a href="/wiki/19th-century_French_literature#Romanticism" title="19th-century French literature">(literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_romantic_nationalism" title="Norwegian romantic nationalism">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Russian_Poetry" title="Golden Age of Russian Poetry">Russia (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Scotland" title="Romanticism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Spanish_literature" title="Romanticism in Spanish literature">Spain (literature)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Romantic_literature" title="Swedish Romantic literature">Sweden (literature)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancients_(art_group)" title="Ancients (art group)">Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coppet_group" title="Coppet group">Coppet group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Romanticism" title="Dark Romanticism">Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf_School_of_painting" title="Düsseldorf School of painting">Düsseldorf School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jena_Romanticism" title="Jena Romanticism">Jena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Poets" title="Lake Poets">Lake Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Nationalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_movement" title="Nazarene movement">Nazarene movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-romanticism" title="Neo-romanticism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preromanticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Preromanticism">Pre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purismo" title="Purismo">Purismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_school" title="Ukrainian school">Ukrainian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-Romanticism" title="Ultra-Romanticism">Ultra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Wallenrod" title="Konrad Wallenrod">Wallenrodism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_flower" title="Blue flower">Blue flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Marine_Art_(Romantic_Era)" title="British Marine Art (Romantic Era)">British Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesamtkunstwerk" title="Gesamtkunstwerk">Gesamtkunstwerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Hero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byronic_hero" title="Byronic hero">Byronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_hero" title="Romantic hero">Romantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_du_si%C3%A8cle" title="Mal du siècle">Mal du siècle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble savage">Noble savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia#Romanticism" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossian" title="Ossian">Ossian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_romanticism" title="Rhine romanticism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_(literature)#Romanticism_and_genius" title="Genius (literature)">Romantic genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderlust" title="Wanderlust">Wanderlust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weltschmerz" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountain_art" title="White Mountain art">White Mountain art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Literature" title="Romanticism">Writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Brazil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_de_Abreu" title="Casimiro de Abreu">Abreu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">Alencar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ant%C3%B4nio_de_Almeida" title="Manuel Antônio de Almeida">Manuel Antônio de Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Alves" title="Castro Alves">Alves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Assis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvares_de_Azevedo" title="Álvares de Azevedo">Azevedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Barreto" title="Tobias Barreto">Barreto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Dias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Bernardo Guimarães">Guimarães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Macedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia" title="Gonçalves de Magalhães, Viscount of Araguaia">Magalhães</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Firmina_dos_Reis" title="Maria Firmina dos Reis">Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_d%27Escragnolle_Taunay,_Viscount_of_Taunay" title="Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay">Taunay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagundes_Varela" title="Fagundes Varela">Varela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_France#Literature" title="Romanticism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Baudelaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Bertrand" title="Aloysius Bertrand">Bertrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e" title="Prosper Mérimée">Mérimée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Musset" title="Alfred de Musset">Musset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Nerval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Nodier" title="Charles Nodier">Nodier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Vigny" title="Alfred de Vigny">Vigny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">A. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">B. v. Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Beer_(poet)" title="Michael Beer (poet)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_de_la_Motte_Fouqu%C3%A9" title="Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué">Fouqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoline_von_G%C3%BCnderrode" title="Karoline von Günderrode">Günderrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gutzkow" title="Karl Gutzkow">Gutzkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hauff" title="Wilhelm Hauff">Hauff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Schwab" title="Gustav Schwab">Schwab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_literature_in_English" title="Romantic literature in English">Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Laetitia_Barbauld" title="Anna Laetitia Barbauld">Barbauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">C. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">E. Brontë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clare" title="John Clare">Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_De_Quincey" title="Thomas De Quincey">de Quincey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Edgeworth" title="Maria Edgeworth">Maria Edgeworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Keats" title="John Keats">Keats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Radcliffe" title="Ann Radcliffe">Radcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinson_(poet)" title="Mary Robinson (poet)">Mary Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seward" title="Anna Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">M. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">P. B. Shelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Southey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">Wordsworth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_Poland#Notable_Polish_Romantic_writers_and_poets" title="Romanticism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro" title="Aleksander Fredro">Fredro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski" title="Zygmunt Krasiński">Krasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski" title="Józef Ignacy Kraszewski">Józef Ignacy Kraszewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski" title="Antoni Malczewski">Malczewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Mickiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Norwid" title="Cyprian Norwid">Norwid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Potocki" title="Jan Potocki">Potocki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wincenty_Pol" title="Wincenty Pol">Wincenty Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Słowacki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camilo_Castelo_Branco" title="Camilo Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Feliciano_de_Castilho" title="António Feliciano de Castilho">Castilho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_de_Nogueira_Ramos" title="João de Deus de Nogueira Ramos">João de Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Dinis" title="Júlio Dinis">Dinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almeida_Garrett" title="Almeida Garrett">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano" title="Alexandre Herculano">Herculano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_Soares_de_Passos" title="António Augusto Soares de Passos">Soares dos Passos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Baratynsky" title="Yevgeny Baratynsky">Baratynsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Batyushkov" title="Konstantin Batyushkov">Batyushkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_K%C3%BCchelbecker" title="Wilhelm Küchelbecker">Küchelbecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lermontov" title="Mikhail Lermontov">Lermontov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Pushkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Tyutchev" title="Fyodor Tyutchev">Tyutchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Vyazemsky" title="Pyotr Vyazemsky">Vyazemsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Zhukovsky" title="Vasily Zhukovsky">Zhukovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Jakšić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laza_Kosti%C4%87" title="Laza Kostić">Kostić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Radi%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Branko Radičević">Radičević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milica_Stojadinovi%C4%87-Srpkinja" title="Milica Stojadinović-Srpkinja">Stojadinović-Srpkinja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Zmaj" title="Jovan Jovanović Zmaj">Zmaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Adolfo_B%C3%A9cquer" title="Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer">Bécquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosal%C3%ADa_de_Castro" title="Rosalía de Castro">Rosalía de Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Espronceda" title="José de Espronceda">Espronceda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Garc%C3%ADa_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Antonio García Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Saavedra,_3rd_Duke_of_Rivas" title="Ángel de Saavedra, 3rd Duke of Rivas">Saavedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Zorrilla" title="José Zorrilla">Zorrilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gilbert_Holland" title="Josiah Gilbert Holland">Josiah Gilbert Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Poe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Abovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Alfieri" title="Vittorio Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen" title="Hans Christian Andersen">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikoloz_Baratashvili" title="Nikoloz Baratashvili">Baratashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Botev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Chavchavadze" title="Alexander Chavchavadze">Chavchavadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu" title="Mihai Eminescu">Eminescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Foscolo" title="Ugo Foscolo">Foscolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">Grundtvig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Heliade_R%C4%83dulescu" title="Ion Heliade Rădulescu">Heliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Isaacs" title="Jorge Isaacs">Isaacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Hynek_M%C3%A1cha" title="Karel Hynek Mácha">Mácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Manzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maturin" title="Charles Maturin">Maturin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" title="Adam Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigol_Orbeliani" title="Grigol Orbeliani">Orbeliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Pre%C5%A1eren" title="France Prešeren">Prešeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Ludvig_Runeberg" title="Johan Ludvig Runeberg">Runeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko" title="Taras Shevchenko">Shevchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachris_Topelius" title="Zachris Topelius">Topelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_V%C3%B6r%C3%B6smarty" title="Mihály Vörösmarty">Vörösmarty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland" title="Henrik Wergeland">Wergeland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Musicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Bruckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Czerny" title="Carl Czerny">Czerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nepomuk_Hummel" title="Johann Nepomuk Hummel">Hummel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Mahler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismond_Thalberg" title="Sigismond Thalberg">Thalberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Wolf" title="Hugo Wolf">Wolf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Czechia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Dvo%C5%99%C3%A1k" title="Antonín Dvořák">Dvořák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Moscheles" title="Ignaz Moscheles">Moscheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Reicha" title="Anton Reicha">Reicha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed%C5%99ich_Smetana" title="Bedřich Smetana">Smetana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_V%C3%A1clav_Vo%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" title="Jan Václav Voříšek">Voříšek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Adam" title="Adolphe Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Valentin_Alkan" title="Charles-Valentin Alkan">Alkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Auber" title="Daniel Auber">Auber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Berlioz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9" title="Gabriel Fauré">Fauré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fromental_Hal%C3%A9vy" title="Fromental Halévy">Halévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_M%C3%A9hul" title="Étienne Méhul">Méhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Onslow_(composer)" title="George Onslow (composer)">Onslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Saint-Sa%C3%ABns" title="Camille Saint-Saëns">Saint-Saëns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Brahms" title="Johannes Brahms">Brahms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Bruch" title="Max Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kalkbrenner" title="Friedrich Kalkbrenner">Kalkbrenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Loewe" title="Carl Loewe">Loewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Marschner" title="Heinrich Marschner">Marschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Mendelssohn" title="Fanny Mendelssohn">Fanny Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Meyerbeer" title="Giacomo Meyerbeer">Meyerbeer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Moszkowski" title="Moritz Moszkowski">Moszkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Schumann" title="Clara Schumann">C. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Schumann" title="Robert Schumann">R. Schumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Spohr" title="Louis Spohr">Spohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Strauss" title="Richard Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Maria_von_Weber" title="Carl Maria von Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hungary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Erkel" title="Ferenc Erkel">Erkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Goldmark" title="Karl Goldmark">Goldmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Heller" title="Stephen Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Hubay" title="Jenő Hubay">Hubay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Joachim" title="Joseph Joachim">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Busoni" title="Ferruccio Busoni">Busoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Cherubini" title="Luigi Cherubini">Cherubini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Donizetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Spontini" title="Gaspare Spontini">Spontini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Bortkiewicz" title="Sergei Bortkiewicz">Bortkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Lipi%C5%84ski" title="Karol Lipiński">Lipiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko" title="Stanisław Moniuszko">Moniuszko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Jan_Paderewski" title="Ignacy Jan Paderewski">Paderewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Stolpe" title="Antoni Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Tausig" title="Karl Tausig">Tausig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski" title="Henryk Wieniawski">Wieniawski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Arensky" title="Anton Arensky">Arensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mily_Balakirev" title="Mily Balakirev">Balakirev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Borodin" title="Alexander Borodin">Borodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Cui" title="César Cui">Cui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Glinka" title="Mikhail Glinka">Glinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Lyapunov" title="Sergei Lyapunov">Lyapunov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Medtner" title="Nikolai Medtner">Medtner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modest_Mussorgsky" title="Modest Mussorgsky">Mussorgsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov" title="Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov">Rimsky-Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Rubinstein" title="Anton Rubinstein">Rubinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Scriabin" title="Alexander Scriabin">Scriabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Hristi%C4%87" title="Stevan Hristić">Hristić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Konjović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Mokranjac" title="Stevan Mokranjac">Mokranjac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornelije_Stankovi%C4%87" title="Kornelije Stanković">Stanković</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Sterndale_Bennett" title="William Sterndale Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Berwald" title="Franz Berwald">Berwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Elgar" title="Edward Elgar">Elgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Field_(composer)" title="John Field (composer)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Franck" title="César Franck">Franck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Grieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sibelius" title="Jean Sibelius">Sibelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Sor" title="Fernando Sor">Sor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_philosophy" title="Romanticism in philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vissarion_Belinsky" title="Vissarion Belinsky">Belinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Berchet" title="Giovanni Berchet">Berchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Chaadayev" title="Pyotr Chaadayev">Chaadayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hazlitt" title="William Hazlitt">Hazlitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Khomyakov" title="Aleksey Khomyakov">Khomyakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">Lamennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Jos%C3%A9_de_Larra" title="Mariano José de Larra">Larra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Quinet" title="Edgar Quinet">Quinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">A. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">F. Schlegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pivert_de_Senancour" title="Étienne Pivert de Senancour">Senancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Vilhelm_Snellman" title="Johan Vilhelm Snellman">Snellman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Romanticism#Visual_arts" title="Romanticism">Visual artists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Aivazovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Bierstadt" title="Albert Bierstadt">Bierstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parkes_Bonington" title="Richard Parkes Bonington">Bonington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bryullov" title="Karl Bryullov">Bryullov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Chass%C3%A9riau" title="Théodore Chassériau">Chassériau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Edwin_Church" title="Frederic Edwin Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Constable" title="John Constable">Constable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Camille_Corot" title="Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot">Corot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Christian_Dahl" title="Johan Christian Dahl">Dahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_d%27Angers" title="David d'Angers">David d'Angers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix" title="Eugène Delacroix">Delacroix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Edelfelt" title="Albert Edelfelt">Edelfelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_David_Friedrich" title="Caspar David Friedrich">Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Fuseli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akseli_Gallen-Kallela" title="Akseli Gallen-Kallela">Gallen-Kallela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_G%C3%A9ricault" title="Théodore Géricault">Géricault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-Louis_Girodet_de_Roussy-Trioson" title="Anne-Louis Girodet de Roussy-Trioson">Girodet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki" title="Jan Nepomucen Głowacki">Głowacki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Goya" title="Francisco Goya">Goya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Gude" title="Hans Gude">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Hayez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Janmot" title="Louis Janmot">Janmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jones_(artist)" title="Thomas Jones (artist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orest_Kiprensky" title="Orest Kiprensky">Kiprensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Anton_Koch" title="Joseph Anton Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Ksawery_Lampi" title="Franciszek Ksawery Lampi">Lampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Leutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski" title="Piotr Michałowski">Michałowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Palmer" title="Samuel Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo" title="Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre, Baron of Santo Ângelo">Porto-Alegre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Augustin_Pr%C3%A9ault" title="Antoine-Augustin Préault">Préault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_R%C3%A9voil" title="Pierre Révoil">Révoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleury_Fran%C3%A7ois_Richard" title="Fleury François Richard">Richard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rude" title="François Rude">Rude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Otto_Runge" title="Philipp Otto Runge">Runge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raden_Saleh" title="Raden Saleh">Saleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ary_Scheffer" title="Ary Scheffer">Scheffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Stattler" title="Wojciech Stattler">Stattler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stroy" title="Michael Stroy">Stroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolph_Tidemand" title="Adolph Tidemand">Tidemand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Tropinin" title="Vasily Tropinin">Tropinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ward_(English_artist)" title="James Ward (English artist)">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Wiertz" title="Antoine Wiertz">Wiertz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scholars" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholars">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Abraham" title="Gerald Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._H._Abrams" title="M. H. Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Barzun" title="Jacques Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Beiser" title="Frederick C. Beiser">Beiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Blume" title="Friedrich Blume">Blume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Dahlhaus" title="Carl Dahlhaus">Dahlhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ferber" title="Michael Ferber">Ferber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_Frye" title="Northrop Frye">Frye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Janion" title="Maria Janion">Janion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Lacoue-Labarthe" title="Philippe Lacoue-Labarthe">Lacoue-Labarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Oncken_Lovejoy" title="Arthur Oncken Lovejoy">Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ricks" title="Christopher Ricks">Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rosen" title="Charles Rosen">Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Wellek" title="René Wellek">Wellek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coleridge%27s_theory_of_life" title="Coleridge's theory of life">Coleridge's theory of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romantics" title="List of romantics">List of romantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic_poets" title="List of Romantic poets">List of Romantic poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ages in history">Middle Ages in history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_and_Romanticism" title="Opium and Romanticism">Opium and Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_ballet" title="Romantic ballet">Romantic ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_epistemology" title="Romantic epistemology">Romantic epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_medicine" title="Romantic medicine">Romantic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_poetry" title="Romantic poetry">Romantic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_psychology" title="Romantic psychology">Romantic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_economics" title="Romanticism and economics">Romanticism and economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_the_French_Revolution" title="Romanticism and the French Revolution">Romanticism and the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_science" title="Romanticism in science">Romanticism in science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_and_Bacon" title="Romanticism and Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism_in_evolution_theory" title="Romanticism in evolution theory">Evolution theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_above_the_Sea_of_Fog" title="Wanderer above the Sea of Fog">Wanderer above the Sea of Fog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div style="position:relative;"> <div style="position:absolute;">← <a href="/wiki/Template:Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Template:Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div> <div style="position:absolute;right:0;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modernism" title="Template:Modernism">Modernism</a> →</div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Romanticism" title="Category:Romanticism">Category</a> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/21px-Audio_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/32px-Audio_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Audio_a.svg/42px-Audio_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Classical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Classical music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/42px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/7px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/14px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Operalogo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/21px-Operalogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/32px-Operalogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Operalogo.svg/42px-Operalogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Opera" title="Portal:Opera">Opera</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Richard Wagner at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" class="extiw" title="c:Richard Wagner">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner" class="extiw" title="q:Richard Wagner">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Richard_Wagner" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Richard Wagner">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1511#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122779084">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29732107">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/40723/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvMCYbW9m9kmHKrwph4MP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118594117">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79089831">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14029873q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513143106706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00937941?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500223295">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/eefd7c1e-abcf-4ccc-ba60-0fd435c9061f">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118594117">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027191451">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011644">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tls.theaterwissenschaft.ch/wiki/Richard_Wagner">Theaterlexikon</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6f769wx">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/111172">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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