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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/LA-plaza-1876.jpg/350px-LA-plaza-1876.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/LA-plaza-1876.jpg/525px-LA-plaza-1876.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/LA-plaza-1876.jpg/700px-LA-plaza-1876.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>A portion of Sonoratown is in the forefront of this 1876 photo, with the <a href="/wiki/Pico_House" title="Pico House">Pico House</a> in the center, the old Mexican <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Plaza" title="Los Angeles Plaza">Plaza</a> on the left and the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_River" title="Los Angeles River">Los Angeles River</a> to the east in the distance.</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UFW_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mexican America"><img alt="Mexican America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/UFW_Flag.svg/120px-UFW_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/UFW_Flag.svg/180px-UFW_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/UFW_Flag.svg/240px-UFW_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Identity</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholo_(subculture)" title="Cholo (subculture)">Chola/o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Raza" title="La Raza">La Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachucas" title="Pachucas">Pachuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachuco" title="Pachuco">Pachuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinto_(subculture)" title="Pinto (subculture)">Pinta/o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xicanx" title="Xicanx">Xicanx</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Anti-Mexican sentiment</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans" title="History of Mexican Americans">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Early-American Period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josefa_Segovia" title="Josefa Segovia">Josefa Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Gorras_Blancas" title="Las Gorras Blancas">Las Gorras Blancas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualista" title="Mutualista">Mutualista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Elizario_Salt_War" title="San Elizario Salt War">San Elizario Salt War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sonoratown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Pre-Chicano Movement</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Bath_riots" title="1917 Bath riots">1917 Bath riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisbee_Deportation" title="Bisbee Deportation">Bisbee Deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Christmas_(1951)" title="Bloody Christmas (1951)">Bloody Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracero_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Bracero program">Bracero program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_agricultural_strikes_of_1933" title="California agricultural strikes of 1933">California agricultural strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantaloupe_strike_of_1928" title="Cantaloupe strike of 1928">Cantaloupe strike of 1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_Strike_of_1936" title="Citrus Strike of 1936">Citrus Strike of 1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza_(1910%E2%80%931920)" title="La Matanza (1910–1920)">La Matanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Repatriation" title="Mexican Repatriation">Mexican Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wetback" title="Operation Wetback">Operation Wetback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_San_Diego" title="Plan of San Diego">Plan de San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porvenir_massacre_(1918)" title="Porvenir massacre (1918)">Porvenir Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Lagoon_murder" title="Sleepy Lagoon murder">Sleepy Lagoon trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoot_Suit_Riots" title="Zoot Suit Riots">Zoot Suit Riots</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Chicano_Movement" title="Chicano Movement">Chicano Movement</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Aztlán">Aztlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-brown_unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Black-brown unity">Black-brown unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Berets" title="Brown Berets">Brown Berets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%B3licos_por_La_Raza" title="Católicos por La Raza">Católicos por La Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centro_Cultural_de_la_Raza" title="Centro Cultural de la Raza">Centro Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicanismo" title="Chicanismo">Chicanismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Moratorium" title="Chicano Moratorium">Chicano Moratorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegio_Cesar_Chavez" title="Colegio Cesar Chavez">Colegio César Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Femenil_Mexicana_Nacional" title="Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional">CFMN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conferencia_de_Mujeres_por_la_Raza" title="Conferencia de Mujeres por la Raza">Conferencia de Mujeres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_Rights_Project" title="Chicana Rights Project">CRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_L.A._walkouts" title="East L.A. walkouts">East L.A. walkouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijas_de_Cuauht%C3%A9moc" title="Hijas de Cuauhtémoc">Hijas de Cuauhtémoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huelga_schools_(Houston)" title="Huelga schools (Houston)">Huelga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alianza_Federal_de_Mercedes" title="Alianza Federal de Mercedes">Land grant struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Adelitas_de_Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Las Adelitas de Aztlán">Las Adelitas de Aztlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Siete_de_la_Raza" title="Los Siete de la Raza">Los Siete de la Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Seis_de_Boulder" title="Los Seis de Boulder">Los Seis de Boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MANA,_A_National_Latina_Organization" title="MANA, A National Latina Organization">MANA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_American_Youth_Organization" title="Mexican American Youth Organization">MAYO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEChA" title="MEChA">MEChA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Catalina_Island" title="Occupation of Catalina Island">Occupation of Catalina Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCUN" title="PCUN">PCUN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Espiritual_de_Aztl%C3%A1n" title="Plan Espiritual de Aztlán">Plan Espiritual de Aztlán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_de_Santa_B%C3%A1rbara" title="Plan de Santa Bárbara">Plan de Santa Bárbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinto_Sol" title="Quinto Sol">Quinto Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Farm_Workers" title="United Farm Workers">United Farm Workers</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Post-Chicano Period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1985%E2%80%931987_Watsonville_Cannery_strike" title="1985–1987 Watsonville Cannery strike">1985–1987 cannery strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_California_drywall_strike" title="Southern California drywall strike">1992 Drywall Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_El_Paso_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 El Paso shooting">2019 El Paso shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolish_ICE" title="Abolish ICE">Abolish ICE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_SB_1070" title="Arizona SB 1070">Arizona SB 1070</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Castro_2020_presidential_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Castro 2020 presidential campaign">Castro 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Art:_Resistance_and_Affirmation" title="Chicano Art: Resistance and Affirmation">Chicano Art Exhibit</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deferred_Action_for_Childhood_Arrivals" title="Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals">DACA</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_American_Boycott" title="Great American Boycott">Great American Boycott</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Reform_and_Control_Act_of_1986" title="Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986">IRCA</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farah_strike" title="Farah strike">Farah strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_for_Janitors" title="Justice for Janitors">Justice for Janitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Selena" title="Murder of Selena">Murder of Selena</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/1994_California_Proposition_187" title="1994 California Proposition 187">Proposition 187</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_Farm" title="South Central Farm">South Central Farm</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Language</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrazos,_no_balazos" title="Abrazos, no balazos">Abrazos, no balazos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%B3_(Chicano)" title="Caló (Chicano)">Caló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_names" title="Chicano names">Chicano names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93rale" title="Órale">Órale</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Food</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_cuisine" title="Mexican-American cuisine">Mexican-American cuisine</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Music</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rap" title="Chicano rap">Chicano rap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rock" title="Chicano rock">Chicano rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-eyed_soul" title="Brown-eyed soul">Chicano soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano music</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cal-Style_VW" title="Cal-Style VW">Cal-Style VW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homies_(toy)" title="Homies (toy)">Homies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider" title="Lowrider">Lowrider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider_bicycle" title="Lowrider bicycle">Lowrider bicycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican-American_folklore" title="Mexican-American folklore">Mexican-American folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Claus" title="Pancho Claus">Pancho Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoot_suit" title="Zoot suit">Zoot suit</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_literature" title="Chicana literature">Chicana literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_literature" title="Chicano literature">Chicano literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_poetry" title="Chicano poetry">Chicano poetry</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Autobiographical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Always_Running" title="Always Running">Always Running</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Living_Up_the_Street" title="Living Up the Street">Living Up the Street</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Who_Would_Have_Thought_It%3F" title="Who Would Have Thought It?">Who Would Have Thought It?</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Novels</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bless_Me,_Ultima" title="Bless Me, Ultima">Bless Me, Ultima</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caballero:_A_Historical_Novel" title="Caballero: A Historical Novel">Caballero</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Desert_Blood" title="Desert Blood">Desert Blood</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/From_This_Wicked_Patch_of_Dust" title="From This Wicked Patch of Dust">From This Wicked Patch of Dust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mexican_WhiteBoy" title="Mexican WhiteBoy">Mexican WhiteBoy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dirty_Girls_Social_Club" title="The Dirty Girls Social Club">The Dirty Girls Social Club</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_on_Mango_Street" title="The House on Mango Street">The House on Mango Street</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rain_God" title="The Rain God">The Rain God</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Cockroach_People" title="The Revolt of the Cockroach People">The Revolt of the Cockroach People</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/So_Far_from_God" title="So Far from God">So Far from God</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Feet_of_Jesus_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Under the Feet of Jesus (novel)">Under the Feet of Jesus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/...y_no_se_lo_trag%C3%B3_la_tierra" title="...y no se lo tragó la tierra">...y no se lo tragó la tierra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Poetry and Short Stories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Emplumada" title="Emplumada">Emplumada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Am_Joaquin" title="I Am Joaquin">I Am Joaquin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moment_of_Silence_(poem)" title="Moment of Silence (poem)">Moment of Silence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pensamiento_Serpentino" title="Pensamiento Serpentino">Pensamiento Serpentino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moths_(short_story)" title="The Moths (short story)">The Moths</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chicano_studies" title="Chicano studies">Chicano studies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Fields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicanafuturism" title="Chicanafuturism">Chicanafuturism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_American_Studies_Department_Programs,_Tucson_Unified_School_District" title="Mexican American Studies Department Programs, Tucson Unified School District">MAS Programs, Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Chicana_and_Chicano_Studies" title="National Association of Chicana and Chicano Studies">NACCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCLA_Chicano_Studies_Research_Center" title="UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center">UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Borderlands/La_Frontera:_The_New_Mestiza" title="Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza">Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown,_Not_White" title="Brown, Not White">Brown, Not White</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Church_in_the_Barrio" title="The Church in the Barrio">The Church in the Barrio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Bridge_Called_My_Back" title="This Bridge Called My Back">This Bridge Called My Back</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrioization" title="Barrioization">Barrioization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyolxauhqui_imperative" title="Coyolxauhqui imperative">Coyolxauhqui imperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gringo_justice" title="Gringo justice">Gringo justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahui_Ollin" title="Nahui Ollin">Nahui Ollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepantla" title="Nepantla">Nepantla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_tribalism" title="New tribalism">New tribalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasquachismo" title="Rasquachismo">Rasquachismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_activism" title="Spiritual activism">Spiritual activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verg%C3%BCenza_(social_concept)" title="Vergüenza (social concept)">Vergüenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_control_complex" title="Youth control complex">Youth control complex</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Visual art</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Visual Art</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_art" title="Chicana art">Chicana art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_art_movement" title="Chicano art movement">Chicano art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_cinema" title="Chicano cinema">Chicano cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%B1o" title="Paño">Paño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortilla_art" title="Tortilla art">Tortilla art</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Art Collectives</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asco_(art_collective)" title="Asco (art collective)">Asco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_Clash_(performance_troupe)" title="Culture Clash (performance troupe)">Culture Clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Los_Streetscapers" title="East Los Streetscapers">East Los Streetscapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Four" title="Los Four">Los Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujeres_Muralistas" title="Mujeres Muralistas">Mujeres Muralistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teatro_Campesino" class="mw-redirect" title="Teatro Campesino">Teatro Campesino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Chicano_Air_Force" title="Royal Chicano Air Force">Royal Chicano Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Art organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centro_de_Arte_P%C3%BAblico" title="Centro de Arte Público">Centro de Arte Público</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galer%C3%ADa_de_la_Raza" title="Galería de la Raza">Galería de la Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Cultural_Center_for_Latino_Arts" title="Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts">Mission Cultural Center for Latino Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precita_Eyes" title="Precita Eyes">Precita Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self_Help_Graphics_%26_Art" title="Self Help Graphics & Art">Self Help Graphics & Art</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Locations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balmy_Alley" title="Balmy Alley">Balmy Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Park" title="Chicano Park">Chicano Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrada_Courts" title="Estrada Courts">Estrada Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Los_Angeles" title="Great Wall of Los Angeles">Great Wall of Los Angeles</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Law</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court cases</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Botiller_v._Dominguez" title="Botiller v. Dominguez">Botiller v. Dominguez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Independent_School_District_v._Rodriguez" title="San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez">San Antonio I.S.D. v. Rodriguez</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espinoza_v._Farah_Manufacturing_Co." title="Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.">Espinoza v. Farah Manufacturing Co.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Brignoni-Ponce" title="United States v. Brignoni-Ponce">U.S. v. Brignoni-Ponce</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plyler_v._Doe" title="Plyler v. Doe">Plyler v. Doe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Medell%C3%ADn_v._Texas" title="Medellín v. Texas">Medellín v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flores-Figueroa_v._United_States" title="Flores-Figueroa v. United States">Flores-Figueroa v. U.S.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leal_Garcia_v._Texas" title="Leal Garcia v. Texas">Leal Garcia v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mendez_v._Westminster" title="Mendez v. Westminster">Mendez v. Westminster</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bernal_v._Fainter" title="Bernal v. Fainter">Bernal v. Fainter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perez_v._Brownell" title="Perez v. Brownell">Perez v. Brownell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Homeland_Security_v._Regents_of_the_University_of_California" title="Department of Homeland Security v. Regents of the University of California">DHS v. Regents of the Univ. of Cal.</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Federal Court cases</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_v._Quilligan" title="Madrigal v. Quilligan">Madrigal v. Quilligan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Population</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Population by City</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Arizona (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Tucson" title="History of Mexican Americans in Tucson">Tucson</a>)</li> <li>California (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of Mexican Americans in Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>)</li> <li>Illinois (<a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Chicago" title="Mexicans in Chicago">Chicago</a>)</li> <li>Michigan (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Metro_Detroit" title="History of Mexican Americans in Metro Detroit">Detroit</a>)</li> <li>Nebraska (<a href="/wiki/Mexicans_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Mexicans in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Texas" title="History of Mexican Americans in Texas">Texas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth" title="History of Mexican Americans in Dallas–Fort Worth">Dallas–Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexican_Americans_in_Houston" title="History of Mexican Americans in Houston">Houston</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Multiethnic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californio" class="mw-redirect" title="Californio">Californios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Nuevomexicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano" class="mw-redirect" title="Tejano">Tejanos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_films" title="List of Chicano films">Chicano films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_poets" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chicano poets">Chicano poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chicano_rappers" title="List of Chicano rappers">Chicano rappers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_Americans" title="List of Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican-American_writers" title="List of Mexican-American writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_American_bibliography" title="Mexican American bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border-top:none;font-size:97%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mexican_diaspora_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Mexican diaspora in the United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_Mexican_Americans" title="Index of articles related to Mexican Americans">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chicano_and_Mexican_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template:Chicano and Mexican American topics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chicano_and_Mexican_American_topics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Chicano and Mexican American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chicano_and_Mexican_American_topics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chicano and Mexican American topics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Sonoratown was home to many migrants from the northern Mexican state of <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a> in the mid 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-Masters_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ball_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ball-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many settled there after having made their way to northern California during the <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">gold rush</a>. The neighborhood became a <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slum</a> as more and more settlers arrived. In 1914 occurred one of the first <a href="/wiki/Marijuana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marijuana">marijuana</a> drug raids in Sonoratown, in which police raided two "dream gardens" and confiscated a wagonload of the product.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However it was also recognized as a historic site; a 1914 guidebook to Los Angeles told tourists, “Some of the [Sonoratown] homes are old adobe houses that have stood there since the town was young. Sometimes an old adobe is back in a yard, almost out of sight, sometimes it has been so freshened by paint or whitewash as to be hardly recognized, but a sharp eye will find them.”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1900s the Mexican community began to disappear as that part of <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles" title="Downtown Los Angeles">Downtown Los Angeles</a> became a desirable industrial center, with many <a href="/wiki/Rail_yards" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail yards">rail yards</a>. Later it was replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Los_Angeles" title="Chinatown, Los Angeles">New Chinatown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were significant populations of French and especially Italian heritage, which were almost entirely dispersed in the course of postwar suburbanization.<sup id="cite_ref-Masters_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The settlement which became Sonoratown was established in 1732 on the <a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Kizh" title="Kizh">Kizh</a>) village of <a href="/wiki/Yaanga" title="Yaanga">Yaanga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryThe_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryThe-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, the Sonoratown neighborhood encompassed the area which later became <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Los_Angeles" title="Chinatown, Los Angeles">Chinatown</a> and included the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Plaza" title="Los Angeles Plaza">Plaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles" title="Downtown Los Angeles">Downtown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Masters_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CelebrationOf_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CelebrationOf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was centered on First and Aliso streets (Aliso ran approximately along the route of today's <a href="/wiki/101_Freeway" class="mw-redirect" title="101 Freeway">101 Freeway</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-BackwaterIn_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BackwaterIn-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NathanMasters_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NathanMasters-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1914 description placed it “north of the old Plaza and Church of Our Lady of the Angeles [a short distance from] the ancient cemetery where many of the early Spanish settlers are buried,”<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaza_Church_Cemetery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaza Church Cemetery (page does not exist)">Plaza Church Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1924 description said that Sonoratown ran "along <a href="/wiki/Main_Street_(Los_Angeles)" title="Main Street (Los Angeles)">North Main Street</a> from Temple Street to the Old Plaza, where it meets Chinatown on the northeast and <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Los_Angeles#Little_Italy" title="Chinatown, Los Angeles">Little Italy</a> on the northwest."<sup id="cite_ref-MostInteresting_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MostInteresting-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1888, writer Lola Gitt reported in the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Evening_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Evening Express">Los Angeles Evening Express</a></i> that "Sonoratown, the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Neighborhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Neighborhood">quarter</a>, contains a good sprinkling of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> as well."<sup id="cite_ref-OurBeautiful_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OurBeautiful-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sonoratown precinct, as enumerated by the <a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="1910 United States Census">1910 federal census</a>, held 3,036 people, the greatest population of all the precincts in Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, it was "the center of a great Mexican population."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community_development">Community development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Community development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_scene_drawing_with_Hidalgo_theater_(cinema)_and_crowd_in_Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles,_1923.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/Street_scene_drawing_with_Hidalgo_theater_%28cinema%29_and_crowd_in_Sonoratown%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1923.jpg/220px-Street_scene_drawing_with_Hidalgo_theater_%28cinema%29_and_crowd_in_Sonoratown%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1923.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/Street_scene_drawing_with_Hidalgo_theater_%28cinema%29_and_crowd_in_Sonoratown%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1923.jpg/330px-Street_scene_drawing_with_Hidalgo_theater_%28cinema%29_and_crowd_in_Sonoratown%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1923.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3e/Street_scene_drawing_with_Hidalgo_theater_%28cinema%29_and_crowd_in_Sonoratown%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1923.jpg/440px-Street_scene_drawing_with_Hidalgo_theater_%28cinema%29_and_crowd_in_Sonoratown%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1923.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>The Hidalgo Theater in Sonoratown <i>(Los Angeles Times</i> sketch, 1923)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children_and_education">Children and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Children and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_and_leaders_who_raised_money_for_playground_with_show_in_Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles,_CA,_1905.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Children_and_leaders_who_raised_money_for_playground_with_show_in_Sonoratown%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_CA%2C_1905.jpg/220px-Children_and_leaders_who_raised_money_for_playground_with_show_in_Sonoratown%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_CA%2C_1905.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Children_and_leaders_who_raised_money_for_playground_with_show_in_Sonoratown%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_CA%2C_1905.jpg/330px-Children_and_leaders_who_raised_money_for_playground_with_show_in_Sonoratown%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_CA%2C_1905.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/49/Children_and_leaders_who_raised_money_for_playground_with_show_in_Sonoratown%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_CA%2C_1905.jpg/440px-Children_and_leaders_who_raised_money_for_playground_with_show_in_Sonoratown%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_CA%2C_1905.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1007" /></a><figcaption>Children and leaders who raised funds to build a playground in Sonoratown with an operetta called "A Trip to Europe," July 1905</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>An orphans home, or <a href="/wiki/Orphanage" title="Orphanage">orphanage</a>, was planned for "the Binford property" in Sonoratown in 1882 when the owner, G.E. Long, sold it to a group of women for $2,100.<sup id="cite_ref-TheOrphans_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheOrphans-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Los Angeles Daily Times</i> commented:</li></ul> <blockquote><p>On investigation the ladies find that they will have to make considerable additions to the building to accommodate the little ones, and Mrs. <a href="/wiki/William_H._Perry_(Los_Angeles)" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Perry (Los Angeles)">Mamie Perry</a> has very generously offered to assist the ladies in raising the necessary amount by giving a concert in this behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-TheOrphans_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheOrphans-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>On June 25, 1882, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Common_Council" title="Los Angeles Common Council">Los Angeles Common Council</a> appropriated $7,337 to build a schoolhouse in Sonoratown.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, and in 1895 a charity <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">kindergarten</a> was established by the Los Angeles Free Kindergarten Association.<sup id="cite_ref-ForThe_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ForThe-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Anyone interested in the scientific method of teaching children "through doing" can visit the school . . . . There will be found a number of very little people, whose dark skin, black eyes and hair in many cases attest to their foreign birth or parentage. The American language is to many of them a sealed book, for they are Spanish, Mexican, Italian, Arabian and French . . . .<sup id="cite_ref-ForThe_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ForThe-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <ul><li>The Dobinson School of Expression and Dramatic Art<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presented a children's operetta in July 1905 under the auspices of the Castelar Street and Solano Avenue Child Study circles to raise funds for a playground in Sonoratown.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Hospital,_Los_Angeles,_California,_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/French_Hospital%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1909.jpg/220px-French_Hospital%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/French_Hospital%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1909.jpg/330px-French_Hospital%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/French_Hospital%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1909.jpg/440px-French_Hospital%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_California%2C_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>French Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Sonoratown" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonoratown">Sonoratown</a> was built in 1869 and by 1909 it was outmoded and up for sale.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In 1909, a citizens' committee was reported to favor the purchase of the "old French Hospital" in Sonoratown and renovate it as "a detention home for children," but <a href="/w/index.php?title=R.W._Pridham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R.W. Pridham (page does not exist)">R.W. Pridham</a>, chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors" title="Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors">Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors</a> thought the price of $41,000 to be excessive because of its "location in the heart of crowded Sonoratown." The hospital was forty years old at the time, "with twenty-six small rooms, poorly ventilated and lighted by one small window each. There is no plumbing, and the building is in a state of decay."<sup id="cite_ref-ProtestsFollow_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProtestsFollow-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul><p> Committee member and lawyer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philaletha_Michelsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philaletha Michelsen (page does not exist)">Philaletha Michelsen</a> said: </p><blockquote><p>The location is anything but desirable. . . . In this place there is absolutely no incentive to a higher or better sphere of life. I would be as particular in selecting a home for these unfortunate children as for my own. I should not care to have my children brought up in the slums of a great city.<sup id="cite_ref-ProtestsFollow_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ProtestsFollow-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_service_work">Social service work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Social service work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Settlement_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement house">settlement house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Castelar" title="Casa de Castelar">Casa de Castelar</a>, was established in February 1894 on Buena Vista Street (today's <a href="/wiki/Broadway,_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadway, Los Angeles">North Broadway</a>) by women from the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles College">Los Angeles College</a> alumnae organization.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LocalClubs_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LocalClubs-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sonora <a href="/wiki/Union_Rescue_Mission" title="Union Rescue Mission">Union Rescue Mission</a> opened a building at 608 North Main Street on August 1, 1907, "for the attendance of the Spanish and Mexican population of Los Angeles." The work was "visiting families, those in sickness or sorrow, holding nightly meetings and making the mission a center of family gatherings [and] Sunday school."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louise_Harvey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louise Harvey (page does not exist)">Louise Harvey</a> was appointed sanitary inspector by the city on May 15, 1895, without pay, to assist the settlement association. The city's Board of Health at the same meeting asked the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Common_Council" title="Los Angeles Common Council">City Council</a> to print circulars in Spanish "giving the sanitary rules."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three years later, nurse Emelie Lutz was living at the center at $50 a month, with two other workers, Mary Waugh and Maude Foster. Some two hundred problems involving sanitary conditions were investigated each month by the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Health">Board of Health</a>. There were also <a href="/wiki/Public_baths" class="mw-redirect" title="Public baths">public baths</a> available.<sup id="cite_ref-TheCasa_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheCasa-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mexican_independence_celebrations">Mexican independence celebrations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mexican independence celebrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican-American_entertainers,_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Mexican-American_entertainers%2C_1921.jpg/220px-Mexican-American_entertainers%2C_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Mexican-American_entertainers%2C_1921.jpg/330px-Mexican-American_entertainers%2C_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Mexican-American_entertainers%2C_1921.jpg/440px-Mexican-American_entertainers%2C_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption>"Among the folks who will dance during the week of entertainment are (left to right) Soledad Jiminez, Rafael Valverde and Jovita Garcia." <i>Los Angeles Times</i> caption, August 24, 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Residents and visitors celebrated <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Independence Day">Mexican Independence Day</a> in Sonoratown every year. In 1880 the speakers at the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Plaza" title="Los Angeles Plaza">Plaza</a> included Joaquin Villalobos, <a href="/wiki/Eulogio_F._de_Celis" title="Eulogio F. de Celis">Eulogio F. de Celis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_F._Coronel" title="Antonio F. Coronel">Antonio F. Coronel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_T._Hazard" title="Henry T. Hazard">Henry T. Hazard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CelebrationOf_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CelebrationOf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next year the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Herald" title="Los Angeles Herald">Los Angeles Herald</a></i> reported:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>At an early hour in the morning people from the country began to pour into the city on foot and on horseback, in carriages, wagons and by every conceivable vehicle; and, by noon, the space in the neighborhood of the Buena Vista Street Plaza . . . was literally packed and presented a gala appearance.</p></blockquote> <blockquote><p>The procession was very large and fully equalled in numbers and enthusiasm those of previous years, and in the splendor of the decorations was never approached. The triumphal cars were models of good taste and elicited universal admiration. . . . Our lack of knowledge of the Spanish language . . . precludes our giving any report of the orations of Messrs. Del Valle and Oblanda, the orators of the day. The day's festivities were concluded by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_ball&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand ball (page does not exist)">grand ball</a> at <a href="/wiki/Round_House_(Los_Angeles)" title="Round House (Los Angeles)">Turnverein Hall</a> and a number of private <a href="/wiki/Social_dance" title="Social dance">balles</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">[sic]</a></i> in Sonoratown.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1888 the festivities began on a Sunday at the <a href="/wiki/Arroyo_Seco_(Los_Angeles_County)" title="Arroyo Seco (Los Angeles County)">Arroyo Seco</a>, followed on Monday with a <a href="/wiki/Parade" title="Parade">street procession</a> which was finished with "literary exercises" from a stand built by the side of <a href="/wiki/Pico_House" title="Pico House">Pico House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1901, according to the <i>Los Angeles Daily Times,</i> the neighborhood had "almost fallen into its last sleep with the crumbling of age," but it "shook itself wide awake" that year to celebrate with "gay music, pretty señoritas, enthusiastic speeches and stirring gunpowder salutes" during a two-day celebration which included a dance, a concert and "literary exercises."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prostitution">Prostitution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Prostitution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Los_Angeles_in_the_19th_century" title="Prostitution in Los Angeles in the 19th century">Prostitution in Los Angeles in the 19th century</a></div> <p>In October 1882 the City Council received two "numerously signed petitions" from "residents living up near the depot, for the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Brothel" title="Brothel">houses of ill fame</a> which have been opened in Sonoratown."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890, a Los Angeles city <a href="/wiki/Child_Protective_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Protective Services">humane officer</a> named Wright told the <i>Los Angeles Times</i> that Sonoratown was "noted for its <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">fast youth</a>, but since the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Taxi_dancer" title="Taxi dancer">dance houses</a> in that section, it is no longer the general rendezvous for youth on the downward grade of <a href="/wiki/Immorality" title="Immorality">immorality</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1895, City Council members and police commissioners met in secret session to discuss what should be done about prostitution being carried out on <a href="/wiki/Alameda_Street" title="Alameda Street">Alameda Street</a>, and a suggestion was made that the women "be removed" and settled in "Sonoratown and the district east of the present quarters."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Why choose Sonoratown or any other congested district of our city?" a letter signed M.F. asked on September 4. "The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Council,_1889%E2%80%931909#2nd_Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles City Council, 1889–1909">Second Ward of Los Angeles</a>, of which Sonoratown forms a portion, is a neglected district . . . . Most of the houses are tenements, often a family of eight living, eating, sleeping and trying to be very decent in two, sometimes three, very small rooms. . . . Why even suggest that Sonoratown is to be the future abode of this evil?"<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deterioration_and_redevelopment">Deterioration and redevelopment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Deterioration and redevelopment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adobe_house_in_the_Sonora_Town_neighborhood_of_Los_Angeles,_ca._1920s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Adobe_house_in_the_Sonora_Town_neighborhood_of_Los_Angeles%2C_ca._1920s.jpg/220px-Adobe_house_in_the_Sonora_Town_neighborhood_of_Los_Angeles%2C_ca._1920s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Adobe_house_in_the_Sonora_Town_neighborhood_of_Los_Angeles%2C_ca._1920s.jpg/330px-Adobe_house_in_the_Sonora_Town_neighborhood_of_Los_Angeles%2C_ca._1920s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Adobe_house_in_the_Sonora_Town_neighborhood_of_Los_Angeles%2C_ca._1920s.jpg/440px-Adobe_house_in_the_Sonora_Town_neighborhood_of_Los_Angeles%2C_ca._1920s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4836" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Deteriorating adobe homes in Sonoratown, 1920s. </figcaption></figure> <p>Sonoratown was noted in the 1880s and 1890s as an "eyesore"<sup id="cite_ref-MunicipalWants_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MunicipalWants-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with "tumble-down adobes"<sup id="cite_ref-GoodbyeSonoratown_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoodbyeSonoratown-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "crumbling walls."<sup id="cite_ref-Saunterer_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saunterer-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had "unmistakable signs of decay"<sup id="cite_ref-TheSeamy_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheSeamy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more than once was denominated as "the seamy side" of Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-TheSeamy_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheSeamy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SeamySide_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeamySide-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the problems in the city's enforcement of <a href="/wiki/Building_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="Building standards">building standards</a> was the lack of adequate <a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title records</a> for all properties.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The Mexican laws of <a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">inheritance</a> are very complicated; and of the heirs of an estate, some might be in <a href="/wiki/Sonora,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonora, Mexico">Sonora</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chihuahua_City" title="Chihuahua City">Chihuahua</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sinaloa" title="Sinaloa">Sinaloa</a>. After acquiring what was supposed to be a good title[,] there was no telling when some wandering boy, who had not been included in the deal, might turn up and ask his share.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As early as 1883, some of the existing adobe houses were "pulled down . . . to be replaced by fine brick stores. . . . It is to be hoped that the early future will see all the adobes along upper <a href="/wiki/Main_Street_(Los_Angeles)" title="Main Street (Los Angeles)">Main Street</a> replaced by handsome brick edifices."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1887, "nearly all" the property titles had been <a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">perfected</a>, the Plaza had been improved and Main Street had been opened, so, according to <i>The Times,</i> "Sonoratown, that has been dead so long, is coming to life in good earnest this spring. . . . Many of the largest property-owners have been working in a quiet way for the destruction of the old <a href="/wiki/Adobe" title="Adobe">adobe</a> buildings, and the erection in their stead of good, substantial <a href="/wiki/Brickwork" title="Brickwork">brick blocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SonoratownRedivivus_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SonoratownRedivivus-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i>Times</i> editorial said the plans </p> <blockquote><p>will virtually obliterate the old-time Spanish characteristics of the quarter, and Sonoratown will have to seek a new name. It is one of the most eligibly situated, most central and most accessible sections of the city for business purposes, and if the tumble-down adobes and questioned titles had not cursed it, it would long ago have been occupied fully by modern buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-GoodbyeSonoratown_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoodbyeSonoratown-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1895, a <i>Times</i> reporter wrote of Sonoratown: </p> <blockquote><p>the wickedness and sin are . . . vicious, there is little restraining or uplifting influence there, and the whole thing is packed so closely together that it is impossible for girl or boy, young man or maiden, or for even the little tots hardly able to navigate themselves, to escape seeing, hearing, almost breathing the horrors that blight their lives, warp their understanding, stunt their physical development and make of them the kind of material with which penitentiaries, reform schools, and jails are fed.<sup id="cite_ref-TheSeamy_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheSeamy-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1908, efforts were being made to "do away with the wretched so-called <a href="/wiki/Bungalow_court" title="Bungalow court">'courts'</a> [multi-family housing] . . . near Buena Vista Street medical college and to abolish the word 'slum' from the history of Los Angeles." Mayor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cyprian_Harper" title="Arthur Cyprian Harper">Arthur Harper</a> appointed a committee "to investigate the so-called 'slums' of Los Angeles and check these growing evils. They are striving to make 'the model city' a reality."<sup id="cite_ref-ToAbolish_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToAbolish-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Disease lurks at the threshold of these miserable hovels called "homes." Fifteen people are crowded into some of these shacks, where children manage to drag through their sad little lives, despite their uncared for condition and the stifling and fetid air they are compelled to breathe.<sup id="cite_ref-ToAbolish_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToAbolish-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1910, City Council President <a href="/wiki/John_D._Works" title="John D. Works">John D. Works</a> told a special meeting called by civic leader <a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Mathewson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen Mathewson (page does not exist)">Helen Mathewson</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>Although it is not generally known that Los Angeles has a slum district, there are in that part of the city known as Sonoratown hundreds of unfortunates who live in squalor in the insanitary and poorly ventilated courts erected by greedy property owners.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_unrest">Civil unrest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Civil unrest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1913 and 1919, Sonoratown was faced with civil unrest and police activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment">Unemployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Unemployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amando_M._Ojeda_and_Alfred_Koenigheim_with_fanciful_sketches,_Los_Angeles,_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Amando_M._Ojeda_and_Alfred_Koenigheim_with_fanciful_sketches%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1913.jpg/220px-Amando_M._Ojeda_and_Alfred_Koenigheim_with_fanciful_sketches%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="555" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Amando_M._Ojeda_and_Alfred_Koenigheim_with_fanciful_sketches%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1913.jpg/330px-Amando_M._Ojeda_and_Alfred_Koenigheim_with_fanciful_sketches%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Amando_M._Ojeda_and_Alfred_Koenigheim_with_fanciful_sketches%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1913.jpg/440px-Amando_M._Ojeda_and_Alfred_Koenigheim_with_fanciful_sketches%2C_Los_Angeles%2C_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>Radical Amando M. Ojeda, top, and policeman Alfred Koenigheim, with fanciful sketches from the <i>Los Angeles Times</i> of Christmas Day agitation in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Plaza" title="Los Angeles Plaza">Los Angeles Plaza</a>, 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 25, 1913, (Christmas Day) unemployed people held a rally in the Plaza, which was broken up by police force. One person was killed.<sup id="cite_ref-GoryRiot_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoryRiot-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="United Press">United Press</a> reported: "Policeman Koengherm says that he saw a Mexican named Rafael Adams press a pistol against the back of Policeman Brown, and Koengherm shot Adams dead before the latter could pull the trigger."<sup id="cite_ref-GoryRiot_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoryRiot-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names were given in the <i>Los Angeles Times</i> as Rafael Adames and Alfred Koenigheim.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The police closed nearby saloons "and posted guards wherever other street meetings might be likely." They then raided the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Workers_of_the_World" title="Industrial Workers of the World">Industrial Workers of the World</a> and "found the dead body of Adams . . . and several injured rioters."<sup id="cite_ref-GoryRiot_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoryRiot-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>During the fighting a dozen arrests were made, and later Police Chief <a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Sebastian" title="Charles E. Sebastian">Charles E. Sebastian</a> ordered the arrest of every armed person in the vicinity of the Plaza. . . . The Plaza is heavily guarded today, and pedestrians are kept moving. No further meetings will be allowed, according to orders.<sup id="cite_ref-GoryRiot_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoryRiot-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Thousands lined the streets on January 2, 1913, to watch a funeral procession for Adams, and <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_song" title="Revolutionary song">revolutionary songs</a> were sung at his grave.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexican_Revolution">Mexican Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mexican Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> heated up in 1914, </p> <blockquote><p>To minimize the possibilities of an uprising of Mexican residents of Sonoratown, Chief Sebastian has issued an order to pawnbrokers and other dealers in firearms in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Main_Street,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Main Street, Los Angeles (page does not exist)">North Main</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_Street,_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring Street, Los Angeles">Spring Street</a> districts asking that they refrain from displaying revolvers, pistols, knives and other weapons in their show windows. In addition to this, the chief has asked the dealers not to sell or trade firearms to Mexicans.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A new police chief, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_E._Snively" title="Clarence E. Snively">Clarence E. Snively</a>, in March 1916 organized a special police force to watch the situation in Sonoratown. The <i>Los Angeles Times</i> said that police agents "have attended every meeting and a complete record of the incendiary utterances [on behalf of revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa" title="Pancho Villa">Pancho Villa</a>] are in the files of the department. . . . No Mexicans were arrested yesterday. The embargo against the purchase of guns by them is complete, and the saloons . . . have discouraged the Mexican trade and refuse to sell any Mexican more than one drink at a time."<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_1">World War 1</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: World War 1"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unemployed_men_rounded_up_in_Los_Angeles_Plaza_August_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/Unemployed_men_rounded_up_in_Los_Angeles_Plaza_August_1918.jpg/220px-Unemployed_men_rounded_up_in_Los_Angeles_Plaza_August_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/Unemployed_men_rounded_up_in_Los_Angeles_Plaza_August_1918.jpg/330px-Unemployed_men_rounded_up_in_Los_Angeles_Plaza_August_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/86/Unemployed_men_rounded_up_in_Los_Angeles_Plaza_August_1918.jpg/440px-Unemployed_men_rounded_up_in_Los_Angeles_Plaza_August_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1577" /></a><figcaption>Unemployed or idle men were rounded up in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Plaza" title="Los Angeles Plaza">Los Angeles Plaza</a> in August 1918 by government agents seeking workers for the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-RoundUp_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoundUp-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>More than two hundred men were arrested in a U.S. and city government "work or jail" swoop on the Plaza on August 29, 1918. ("Most of the men taken were Mexicans.") They were offered employment picking beets or working in the <a href="/wiki/Shipyards" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipyards">shipyards</a> as part of the war effort during the <a href="/wiki/Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great War">Great War</a>. "Wives besieged the jail seeking to have their husbands released."<sup id="cite_ref-RoundUp_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoundUp-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repatriation">Repatriation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Repatriation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early <a href="/wiki/1930s_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="1930s in the United States">1930s</a>, with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, thousands of Mexican nationals returned or were sent back to their native country. Some of the cost was borne by <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles County">Los Angeles County</a>, which spent $77,000 to send six thousand "destitute public charges" to Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-TheRepatriados_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheRepatriados-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Merchants doing business with Mexicans, especially those in Sonoratown, as Los Angeles' picturesque Mexican section is sometimes called, suffered considerable loss in business as a result of the wholesale departures. In regrettable instances, far too numerous, human vultures preyed upon the simple Mexican folk and got from them for the proverbial "song" their equities in properties, both real and personal. Many Mexicans left behind all of their worldly possessions in liberal payment for rent and other bills they had unavoidably incurred because of unemployment.<sup id="cite_ref-TheRepatriados_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheRepatriados-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Joe_Rivers" title="Mexican Joe Rivers">Mexican Joe Rivers</a> (born Jose Ybarra), boxer<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Masters-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Masters_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masters_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Masters_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMasters" class="citation web cs1">Masters, Nathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcet.org/updaily/socal_focus/history/la-as-subject/sonoratown.html">"Sonoratown: Downtown L.A.'s Forgotten Neighborhood"</a>. <i>KCET</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KCET&rft.atitle=Sonoratown%3A+Downtown+L.A.%27s+Forgotten+Neighborhood&rft.aulast=Masters&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcet.org%2Fupdaily%2Fsocal_focus%2Fhistory%2Fla-as-subject%2Fsonoratown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonoratown%2C+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ball-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ball_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2002" class="citation book cs1">Ball, Jean Bruce Poole, Tevvy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wiEVdunKD6wC&pg=PA54"><i>El pueblo : the historic heart of Los Angeles</i></a>. Los Angeles (Calif.): Getty conservation institute and the J. Paul Getty museum. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780892366620" title="Special:BookSources/9780892366620"><bdi>9780892366620</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+pueblo+%3A+the+historic+heart+of+Los+Angeles&rft.place=Los+Angeles+%28Calif.%29&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Getty+conservation+institute+and+the+J.+Paul+Getty+museum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780892366620&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Jean+Bruce+Poole%2C+Tevvy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwiEVdunKD6wC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonoratown%2C+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudley2014" class="citation web cs1">Dudley, Elyssa (September 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scpr.org/programs/offramp/2014/09/19/39399/the-nation-s-first-marijuana-raid-likely-happened/">"The nation's first marijuana raid likely happened in LA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/KPCC_(radio_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="KPCC (radio station)">Southern California Public Radio</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Southern+California+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=The+nation%27s+first+marijuana+raid+likely+happened+in+LA&rft.date=2014-09-19&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.aufirst=Elyssa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scpr.org%2Fprograms%2Fofframp%2F2014%2F09%2F19%2F39399%2Fthe-nation-s-first-marijuana-raid-likely-happened%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonoratown%2C+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ltZCAAAAIAAJ"><i>Standard Guide to Los Angeles, San Diego, and the Panama-California Exposition</i></a>. Press Association. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Standard+Guide+to+Los+Angeles%2C+San+Diego%2C+and+the+Panama-California+Exposition&rft.pub=Press+Association&rft.date=1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DltZCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonoratown%2C+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/a-brief-history-of-sonoratown-l-a-s-lost-barrio">Nathan Masters, "A Brief History of Sonoratown, L.A.'s Lost Barrio," KCET.org, January 18, 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HistoryThe-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HistoryThe_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/607602626/?terms=sonoratown">"History; The Principal Events in Los Angeles," <i>Los Angeles Evening Express,</i> image 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CelebrationOf-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CelebrationOf_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CelebrationOf_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/607588194/?terms=sonoratown">"Celebration of Mexican Independence," <i>The Evening Express,</i> Los Angeles, September 14, 1880, image 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BackwaterIn-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BackwaterIn_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/380446747/?terms=sonoratown">Myrtle Gebhart, "Backwater in City Current," <i>Los Angeles Sunday Times,</i> September 9, 1923, image 41</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NathanMasters-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NathanMasters_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/photos-aliso-street-before-it-became-the-101-freeway">Nathan Masters, "History & Society: Photos: Aliso Street, Before It Became the 101 Freeway," <i>Lost LA,</i> KCET</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Hackel, Steven W. (March 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.ucpress.edu/scq/article/94/1/1/87560/Digging-up-the-Remains-of-Early-Los-Angeles-The">"Digging up the Remains of Early Los Angeles: The Plaza Church Cemetery"</a>. <i>Southern California Quarterly</i>. <b>94</b> (1): 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fscq.2012.94.1.5">10.1525/scq.2012.94.1.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-3929">0038-3929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+California+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Digging+up+the+Remains+of+Early+Los+Angeles%3A+The+Plaza+Church+Cemetery&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2012-03-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fscq.2012.94.1.5&rft.issn=0038-3929&rft.aulast=Hackel&rft.aufirst=Steven+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.ucpress.edu%2Fscq%2Farticle%2F94%2F1%2F1%2F87560%2FDigging-up-the-Remains-of-Early-Los-Angeles-The&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASonoratown%2C+Los+Angeles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MostInteresting-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MostInteresting_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/380400069/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">Timothy G. Turner, "Most Interesting Place in Los Angeles," <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> February 24, 1924, image 55</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OurBeautiful-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OurBeautiful_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/607594459/?terms=sonoratown">"Our Beautiful City," <i>Los Angeles Evening Express,</i> June 23, 1888, image 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/380223786/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">R.H. Titus, "Los Angeles Population Center at Seventh and Main Streets," <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> May 21, 1911, image 89</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chapin Hall, "Downtown Travel Rambles," <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> May 13, 1934, image 105]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheOrphans-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheOrphans_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheOrphans_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "The Orphans' Home, <i>Los Angeles Daily Times,</i> March 4, 1882, image 3]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/378298822/?terms=sonoratown">"Municipal Matters,' <i>Los Angeles Daily Times,</i> June 25, 1882, image 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ForThe-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ForThe_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ForThe_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/380142525/?terms=sonoratown">"For the Little Ones," <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> June 27, 1896, image 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/380221188/?terms=Dobson%2BSchool%2Bof%2BExpression%2Band%2BDramatic%2BArt">Classified advertisement, <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> June 3, 1909, image 24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/76676481/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">"Group of Children Who Took Part in Entertainment to Raise Money for a Playground in Sonoratown," <i>Los Angeles Herald,</i> July 12, 1905, image 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ProtestsFollow-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ProtestsFollow_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ProtestsFollow_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/46508672/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">"Protests Follow Proposal to Buy French Hospital for Detention Home for Juvenile Court Children," <i>Los Angeles Herald,</i> May 27, 1909, image 10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/457442325/?terms=Philaletha%2BMichelsen">"Modern Portia Seeks Supreme Court Fight With Unwilling Lawyer," <i>The San Francisco Examiner,</i> December 27, 1907, image 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/607596732/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">"The College Settlement," <i>Los Angeles Express,</i> November 7, 1894, image 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LocalClubs-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LocalClubs_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/80578652/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">"Local Clubs; College Settlements," <i>Los Angeles Herald,</i> April 25, 1897, image 25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/466030312/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">"Will Open New Rescue Mission in Sonoratown," <i>Los Angeles Herald,</i> August 1, 1907, image 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/380078826/?terms=sonoratown">"The Public Service," <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> May 16, 1895, image 12</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/80573996/?terms=Louise%2BHarvey">"Some More Oil Well Talk," <i>Los Angeles Herald,</i> May 16, 1895, image 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheCasa-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheCasa_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/607760549/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">"The Casa de Castelar," <i>The Evening Express,</i> August 19, 1895, image 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/608147066/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">"Los Angeles Mexicans to Celebrate Their Independence," <i>Los Angeles Express,</i> August 24, 1921, image 17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/46394891/?terms=sonoratown">"El Dia Glorioso," <i>Los Angeles Herald,</i> September 17, 1881, image 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/41096022/?terms=sonoratown">"Local News; The Celebration of Mexican Independence," <i>LLos Angeles Daily Herald,</i> September 14, 1888, image 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/380069564/?terms=sonoratown">"Sonoratown All Gayety," September 28, 1901, image 14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/378315291/?terms=sonoratown">"The City," <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> October 1, 1882, image 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/378362248/?terms=sonoratown">"Youthful Depravity," April 21, 1890, image 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/378332687/">"At the City Hall: A Secret Session," <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> August 31, 1895, image 6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/378334528/?terms=sonoratown">"The Tough Problem" <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> September 4, 1895, image 6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MunicipalWants-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MunicipalWants_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/46333706/?terms=sonoratown">"Municipal Wants," <i>Los Angeles Herald,</i> April 13, 1882, image 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoodbyeSonoratown-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GoodbyeSonoratown_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoodbyeSonoratown_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/378349821/?terms=sonoratown">"Good-bye, 'Sonoratown,'" <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> June 5, 1887, image 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saunterer-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Saunterer_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/378360866/?terms=sonoratown">"Saunterer," <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> April 6, 1890, image 12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheSeamy-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheSeamy_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheSeamy_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheSeamy_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/80583882/?terms=sonoratown">Marian de Crequy, "The Seamy Side of Los Angeles," <i>The Herald,</i> July 25, 1895, image 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeamySide-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SeamySide_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/80584415/?terms=sonoratown">"Seamy Side of the City," <i>The Herald,</i> July 30, 1895, image 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/46333706/?terms=sonoratown">"Municipal Wants," <i>Los Angeles Herald,</i> April 13, 1882, image 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/76673157/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">Joseph D. Lynch, "Spanish Pueblo to Great Metropolis," <i>Los Angeles Herald,</i> May 14, 1905, image 26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/607902266/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">"25 Years Ago Today," <i>Los Angeles Express,</i> May 18, 1908, image 10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SonoratownRedivivus-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SonoratownRedivivus_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/378349772/">"Sonoratown Redivivus," <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> June 5 1887, image 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ToAbolish-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ToAbolish_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ToAbolish_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/64116709/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">"To Abolish Courts in Old Sonoratown," <i>Los Angeles Herald,</i> February 3, 1908, image 6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/78626315/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">"Pledge 3 Houses to Replace Hovels, <i>Los Angeles Herald,</i> March 5, 1910, image 16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoryRiot-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GoryRiot_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoryRiot_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoryRiot_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GoryRiot_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/217792627/?terms=Rafael%2BAdams">United Press, "Gory Riot in Los Angeles," <i>The Petaluma (California) Argus,</i> December 26, 1913, image 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/621649483/?terms=Rafael%2BAdams">"Serious Riot in Los Angeles," <i>Monterey (California) American,</i> December 26, 1913, image 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/91771231/?terms=Rafael%2BAdams">Associated Press, "Christmas Rioting in Los Angeles," <i>Lead (South Dakota) Daily Call,</i> December 26, 1913, image 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/380233654/?terms=Sonoratown">"Figures in Yesterday's Riot at Plaza" and "The Dead and Injured in Yesterday's Riots," image 9, December 26, 1913</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/607416841/?terms=Rafael%2BAdams">"Parade to Grave," <i>The Sacramento Star,</i> January 2, 1914</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/607912676/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">"Police Issue Warning to Dealers in Firearms," <i>Los Angeles Express,</i> April 24, 1914, image 8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/380525468/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">"Organizes for City Safety," March 15, 1916, image 14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RoundUp-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RoundUp_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoundUp_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/380394126/?terms=Sonoratown">"Round Up Two Hundred in Work-or-Jail Raid," <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> August 30, 1918, image 13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/608014727/?terms=sonoratown">"Most of 300 Jailed in Raid Decide to Work," <i>Evening Express,</i> Los Angeles, August 30, 1918, image 10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheRepatriados-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheRepatriados_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheRepatriados_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/380429330">Joseph M. Park, "The Repatriados," <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> April 24, 1932, images 91 and 92</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/380255283/?terms=sonoratown&match=1">Harry Carr, "Ambition of Joe Rivers to See the 'Cossacks,'" <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> November 30, 1911, image 32</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcet.org/shows/lost-la/photos-aliso-street-before-it-became-the-101-freeway">Nathan Masters, "History & Society: Photos: Aliso Street, Before It Became the 101 Freeway," <i>Lost LA,</i> KCET</a> Photographs and history.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/155638785/?terms=sonoratown">"104 Years Old," <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> July 18, 1885</a> Interview with Ygnacio Francisco de la Cruz Garcia, age 104, who arrived in Sonoratown in 1825 when "there were but eleven houses, all adobe," in the city.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/378322768/?terms=sonoratown">"Kit Carson's Son; a 'Character' Now Living in a Sonoratown Adobe," <i>Los Angeles Sunday Times,</i> July 19, 1885</a> Interview with Sonoratown old-timer Samuel Christopher Carlson, who said he was a son of outlaw <a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/380101504/?terms=sonoratown">"No More Carousing in 'Toughest Dive,'" <i>Los Angeles Times,</i> June 17, 1903</a> After a lengthy hearing and many witnesses, the Board of Police Commissioners revokes the <a href="/wiki/Liquor_license" title="Liquor license">liquor license</a> of the "notorious Adobe saloon," the "storm center for rowdyism in Sonoratown."</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_settlements_of_Los_Angeles_County,_California" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_settlements_of_Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Template:Former settlements of Los Angeles County, California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Former_settlements_of_Los_Angeles_County,_California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Former settlements of Los Angeles County, California (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_settlements_of_Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former settlements of Los Angeles County, California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_settlements_of_Los_Angeles_County,_California" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former settlements of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles County, California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><small>Post-colonial placenames; for settlements of indigenous peoples, see <a href="/wiki/Template:Tongva_villages" title="Template:Tongva villages">Tongva villages</a></small></i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Old placenames:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annandale,_California" title="Annandale, California">Annandale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Sereno,_Los_Angeles" title="El Sereno, Los Angeles">Bairdstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_G._Barnes_Circus#Winter_quarters_and_Barnes_City_Zoo" title="Al G. Barnes Circus">Barnes City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolo,_California" title="Bartolo, California">Bartolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colegrove,_Los_Angeles" title="Colegrove, Los Angeles">Colegrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edendale,_Los_Angeles" title="Edendale, Los Angeles">Edendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldoradoville,_California" title="Eldoradoville, California">Eldoradoville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_Springs,_California" title="Falling Springs, California">Falling Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Hills,_Los_Angeles#History" title="Woodland Hills, Los Angeles">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holland_Summit,_California" title="Holland Summit, California">Holland Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Lake,_Los_Angeles" title="Silver Lake, Los Angeles">Ivanhoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankershim,_Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Lankershim, Los Angeles County, California">Lankershim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Tunas,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Tunas, California">Las Tunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Lake,_Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Little Lake, Los Angeles County, California">Little Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malibu_Mar_Vista,_California" title="Malibu Mar Vista, California">Malibu Mar Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentryville,_California" title="Mentryville, California">Mentryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Acres,_California" title="Mission Acres, California">Mission Acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moneta,_California" title="Moneta, California">Moneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_Spring_(Antelope_Valley)" title="Mud Spring (Antelope Valley)">Mud Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinatown,_Los_Angeles" title="Old Chinatown, Los Angeles">Old Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owensmouth" title="Owensmouth">Owensmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palisades_del_Rey,_California" title="Palisades del Rey, California">Palisades Del Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah,_California" title="Savannah, California">Savannah</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sonoratown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropico,_California" title="Tropico, California">Tropico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_Downtown_Los_Angeles" title="Victorian Downtown Los Angeles">Victorian Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgenes,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgenes, California">Virgenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahoo,_California" title="Wahoo, California">Wahoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walteria,_Torrance" title="Walteria, Torrance">Walteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmar,_California" title="Wilmar, California">Wilmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilsona,_California" title="Wilsona, California">Wilsona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaferia,_Long_Beach" title="Zaferia, Long Beach">Zaferia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Rail stops:</b> <li><a href="/wiki/Alla,_California" title="Alla, California">Alla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Grove,_California" title="Cypress Grove, California">Cypress Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holton,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Holton, California">Holton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion,_California" title="Hyperion, California">Hyperion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machado,_California" title="Machado, California">Machado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motordrome,_California" title="Motordrome, California">Motordrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Ballona,_California" title="Port Ballona, California">Port Ballona</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Stagecoach stops:</b> <a href="/wiki/Neenach,_California#Cow_Springs_and_French_John's_Station" title="Neenach, California">Cow Springs</a> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Station" title="King's Station">King's Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Station_Stagecoach_Stop" title="Lyons Station Stagecoach Stop">Lyons Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widow_Smith%27s_Station" title="Widow Smith's Station">Widow Smith's Station</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Townships:</b> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Township,_California" title="Los Angeles Township, California">Los Angeles Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Township,_Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="San Jose Township, Los Angeles County, California">San Jose Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soledad_Township,_Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Soledad Township, Los Angeles County, California">Soledad Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejon_Township,_Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Tejon Township, Los Angeles County, California">Tejon Township</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&oldid=1205384762">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonoratown,_Los_Angeles&oldid=1205384762</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Downtown_Los_Angeles" title="Category:Districts of Downtown Los Angeles">Districts of Downtown Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Central_Los_Angeles" title="Category:Central Los Angeles">Central Los Angeles</a></li><li><a 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