CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Sigismund III Vasa - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0a1f22b3-8f8b-4611-8bf5-2daa7552de4c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Sigismund_III_Vasa","wgTitle":"Sigismund III Vasa","wgCurRevisionId":1260177616,"wgRevisionId":1260177616,"wgArticleId":52608,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing Polish-language text","Articles containing Lithuanian-language text","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Good articles","Use dmy dates from November 2024","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1: long volume value","CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)","Commons category link is on Wikidata", "Articles with Internet Archive links","1566 births","1632 deaths","Dethroned monarchs","16th-century Polish monarchs","17th-century Polish monarchs","16th-century Swedish monarchs","People from Strängnäs Municipality","Polish Roman Catholics","Kings of Poland","Grand dukes of Lithuania","House of Vasa","Knights of the Golden Fleece","Polish people of the Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)","Burials at Wawel Cathedral","People of the War against Sigismund","Sons of kings"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Sigismund_III_Vasa","wgRelevantArticleId":52608,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en", "pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q52940","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soutman_Sigismund_III_Vasa_in_coronation_robes.jpg/1200px-Soutman_Sigismund_III_Vasa_in_coronation_robes.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2039"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soutman_Sigismund_III_Vasa_in_coronation_robes.jpg/800px-Soutman_Sigismund_III_Vasa_in_coronation_robes.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1359"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soutman_Sigismund_III_Vasa_in_coronation_robes.jpg/640px-Soutman_Sigismund_III_Vasa_in_coronation_robes.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1088"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Sigismund III Vasa - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Sigismund_III_Vasa rootpage-Sigismund_III_Vasa skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sigismund+III+Vasa" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sigismund+III+Vasa" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Sigismund+III+Vasa" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Sigismund+III+Vasa" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Accession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Opposition </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Opposition subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peace_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Peace settlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 War in Sweden </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_in_Sweden-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle War in Sweden subsection </button> <ul id="toc-War_in_Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Tensions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_deposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_deposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Aftermath and deposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_and_deposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Polish affairs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Polish_affairs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Polish affairs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Polish_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clash_with_England_(1597)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clash_with_England_(1597)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Clash with England (1597) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clash_with_England_(1597)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zebrzydowski_rebellion_(1606)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zebrzydowski_rebellion_(1606)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Zebrzydowski rebellion (1606) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zebrzydowski_rebellion_(1606)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sigismund's_invasion_of_Russia_(1609–1618)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sigismund's_invasion_of_Russia_(1609–1618)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Sigismund's invasion of Russia (1609–1618) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sigismund's_invasion_of_Russia_(1609–1618)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Campaign </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thirty_Years'_War_(1618–1648)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thirty_Years'_War_(1618–1648)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thirty_Years'_War_(1618–1648)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish–Ottoman_War_(1620–1621)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish–Ottoman_War_(1620–1621)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish–Ottoman_War_(1620–1621)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish–Swedish_War_(1626–1629)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish–Swedish_War_(1626–1629)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish–Swedish_War_(1626–1629)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Assassination attempt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriages_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Marriages and children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urszula_Meyerin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urszula_Meyerin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Urszula Meyerin </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urszula_Meyerin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Gallery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Ancestry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inline_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inline_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.1 Inline citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inline_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Sigismund III Vasa</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" > 65 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Wasa" title="Sigismund III Wasa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sigismund III Wasa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="سييسموند فاسا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سييسموند فاسا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sechismundo_III_de_Polonia" title="Sechismundo III de Polonia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sechismundo III de Polonia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexismundu_III_Vasa" title="Sexismundu III Vasa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sexismundu III Vasa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_Sigizmund" title="III Sigizmund – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="III Sigizmund" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%86%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="اۆچونجو زیقیسموند واسا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اۆچونجو زیقیسموند واسا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_3-s%C3%A8" title="Zygmunt 3-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Zygmunt 3-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Жыгімонт Ваза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жыгімонт Ваза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Жыгімонт Ваза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жыгімонт Ваза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_III_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Сигизмунд III Васа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сигизмунд III Васа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III,_kralj_Poljske" title="Sigismund III, kralj Poljske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sigismund III, kralj Poljske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sigismund III Vasa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segimon_III_Vasa" title="Segimon III Vasa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segimon III Vasa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zikmund_III._Vasa" title="Zikmund III. Vasa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zikmund III. Vasa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_3._Vasa_af_Polen" title="Sigismund 3. Vasa af Polen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sigismund 3. Vasa af Polen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III._Wasa" title="Sigismund III. Wasa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sigismund III. Wasa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_III_Waza" title="Zygmunt III Waza – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Zygmunt III Waza" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Σιγισμούνδος Γ΄ της Πολωνίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σιγισμούνδος Γ΄ της Πολωνίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segismundo_III_Vasa" title="Segismundo III Vasa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segismundo III Vasa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismondo_la_3-a_Vasa" title="Sigismondo la 3-a Vasa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sigismondo la 3-a Vasa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismundo_III.a_Vasa" title="Sigismundo III.a Vasa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sigismundo III.a Vasa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="زیگیسموند سوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیگیسموند سوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismond_Vasa" title="Sigismond Vasa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sigismond Vasa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexismundo_III_de_Polonia" title="Sexismundo III de Polonia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sexismundo III de Polonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B7%B8%EB%AC%B8%ED%8A%B8_3%EC%84%B8_%EB%B0%94%EC%82%AC" title="지그문트 3세 바사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지그문트 3세 바사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4_III_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1" title="Սիգիզմունդ III Վազա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիգիզմունդ III Վազա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III._Vasa" title="Sigismund III. Vasa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sigismund III. Vasa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_la_3ma_Vasa" title="Sigismund la 3ma Vasa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sigismund la 3ma Vasa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sigismund III Vasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sigismund III Vasa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmundur_3." title="Sigmundur 3. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sigmundur 3." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismondo_III_di_Polonia" title="Sigismondo III di Polonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sigismondo III di Polonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94" title="זיגמונט השלישי, מלך פולין ושוודיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זיגמונט השלישי, מלך פולין ושוודיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_III_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="სიგიზმუნდ III ვაზა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სიგიზმუნდ III ვაზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismundus_(rex_Sueciae)" title="Sigismundus (rex Sueciae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sigismundus (rex Sueciae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismunds_III_V%C4%81sa" title="Sigismunds III Vāsa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sigismunds III Vāsa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigmantas_Vaza" title="Zigmantas Vaza – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zigmantas Vaza" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Zsigmond_lengyel_kir%C3%A1ly" title="III. Zsigmond lengyel király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="III. Zsigmond lengyel király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sigismund III Vasa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="سييسموند فاسا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سييسموند فاسا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sigismund III Vasa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_van_Polen" title="Sigismund III van Polen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sigismund III van Polen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A0%E3%83%B3%E3%83%883%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="ジグムント3世 (ポーランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジグムント3世 (ポーランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_av_Polen" title="Sigismund III av Polen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sigismund III av Polen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismond_III_Vasa" title="Sigismond III Vasa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sigismond III Vasa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_III_Waza" title="Zygmunt III Waza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zygmunt III Waza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismundo_III_Vasa_da_Pol%C3%B4nia" title="Sigismundo III Vasa da Polônia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sigismundo III Vasa da Polônia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_al_III-lea_Vasa" title="Sigismund al III-lea Vasa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sigismund al III-lea Vasa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_III" title="Сигизмунд III – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сигизмунд III" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III._Wasa" title="Sigismund III. Wasa – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sigismund III. Wasa" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III._Poljski" title="Sigismund III. Poljski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sigismund III. Poljski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_III_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Сигисмунд III Васа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сигисмунд III Васа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="Sigismund III Vasa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sigismund III Vasa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund" title="Sigismund – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sigismund" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigismund" title="Sigismund – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sigismund" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_III" title="Сигизмунд III – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сигизмунд III" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_3_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="พระเจ้าซิกมุนด์ที่ 3 วาซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าซิกมุนด์ที่ 3 วาซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/III._Zygmunt_Waza" title="III. Zygmunt Waza – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="III. Zygmunt Waza" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigizmund_III" title="Sigizmund III – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sigizmund III" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4_III_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Сигізмунд III Ваза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сигізмунд III Ваза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85" title="سیگیسموند سوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیگیسموند سوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_III_Waza" title="Zygmunt III Waza – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Zygmunt III Waza" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="齐格蒙特三世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="齐格蒙特三世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BD%8A%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%96%A9" title="齊格蒙特三世·瓦薩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="齊格蒙特三世·瓦薩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BD%90%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%99%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%90%A8" title="齐格蒙特三世·瓦萨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="齐格蒙特三世·瓦萨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q52940#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Sigismund_III_Vasa" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Sigismund_III_Vasa" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Sigismund_III_Vasa" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&oldid=1260177616" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Sigismund_III_Vasa&id=1260177616&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSigismund_III_Vasa">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSigismund_III_Vasa">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sigismund_III_Vasa" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q52940" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ruler of Poland-Lithuania (r. 1587–1632) and of Sweden and Finland (r. 1592–99)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sigismund III" redirects here. For the Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, see <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_III,_Prince_of_Anhalt-Dessau" title="Sigismund III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau">Sigismund III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Sigismund III</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Soutman_Sigismund_III_Vasa_in_coronation_robes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sigismund III in robes. Painting by Pieter Soutman from around 1624." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soutman_Sigismund_III_Vasa_in_coronation_robes.jpg/220px-Soutman_Sigismund_III_Vasa_in_coronation_robes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soutman_Sigismund_III_Vasa_in_coronation_robes.jpg/330px-Soutman_Sigismund_III_Vasa_in_coronation_robes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Soutman_Sigismund_III_Vasa_in_coronation_robes.jpg/440px-Soutman_Sigismund_III_Vasa_in_coronation_robes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="4024" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Soutman" title="Pieter Soutman">Pieter Soutman</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1624</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">19 August 1587 – 30 April 1632</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 December 1587</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna Jagiellon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław IV">Władysław IV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">King of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Finland" title="Grand Duke of Finland">Grand Duke of Finland</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">17 November 1592<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> – 24 July 1599</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coronation</th><td class="infobox-data">19 February 1594</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">20 June 1566 <a href="/wiki/Gripsholm_Castle" title="Gripsholm Castle">Gripsholm</a>, Mariefred, Sweden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 April 1632(1632-04-30) (aged 65) <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">4 February 1633 <div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a>, Kraków</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland" title="Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland">Anne of Austria</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1592; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1598)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Austria" title="Constance of Austria">Constance of Austria</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1605; died <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319">1631)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="#Marriages_and_children">among others...</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Vasa" title="John Albert Vasa">John Albert, Bishop of Warmia and Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Ferdynand_Vasa" title="Karol Ferdynand Vasa">Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Catherine_Constance_Vasa" title="Anna Catherine Constance Vasa">Anna Catherine Constance, Hereditary Countess Palatine of Neuburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">Vasa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III of Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Jagiellon" title="Catherine Jagiellon">Catherine Jagiellon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigismund_III_Vasa_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sigismund III's signature"><img alt="Sigismund III's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sigismund_III_Vasa_Signature.svg/125px-Sigismund_III_Vasa_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sigismund_III_Vasa_Signature.svg/188px-Sigismund_III_Vasa_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Sigismund_III_Vasa_Signature.svg/250px-Sigismund_III_Vasa_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="938" data-file-height="454" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Sigismund III Vasa<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> (20 June 1566 – 30 April 1632 <a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_the_Gregorian_calendar" title="Adoption of the Gregorian calendar">N.S.</a>) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a> from 1587 to 1632 and, as Sigismund, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">King of Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Finland" title="Grand Duke of Finland">Grand Duke of Finland</a> from 1592 to 1599. He was the first Polish sovereign from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a>. Religiously zealous, he imposed <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> across the vast realm, and his crusades against neighbouring states marked Poland's largest territorial expansion. As an enlightened despot, he presided over an era of <a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">prosperity</a> and achievement, further distinguished by the transfer of the country's capital from <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> to <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>. Sigismund was the son of King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III of Sweden</a> and his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Jagiellon" title="Catherine Jagiellon">Catherine Jagiellon</a>, daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund I of Poland">Sigismund I of Poland</a>. Elected monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1587, he sought to unify Poland and Sweden under one Catholic kingdom, and when he succeeded his deceased father in 1592 the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_union" title="Polish–Swedish union">Polish–Swedish union</a> was created. Opposition in <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> Sweden caused a <a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">war against Sigismund</a> headed by Sigismund's uncle <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX</a>, who deposed him in 1599. Sigismund attempted to hold <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute power</a> in all his dominions and frequently undermined parliament. He suppressed internal opposition, strengthened Catholic influence and granted privileges to the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, whom he employed as advisors and spies during the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>. He actively interfered in the affairs of neighbouring countries; his successful <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_(1609%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)">invasion of Russia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a> resulted in the seizure of <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> and occupation of Moscow, resulting in Poland's historical greatest territorial extent. Sigismund's army also defeated the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> forces in southeastern Europe, which hastened the downfall of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Osman_II" title="Osman II">Osman II</a>. However, the Polish–Swedish conflict had a less favourable outcome. After a series of skirmishes ending in a truce, King <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a> of Sweden launched a campaign against the Commonwealth and annexed parts of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Polish Livonia</a>. Sigismund remains a controversial figure in Poland. He is one of the country's most recognisable <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">monarchs</a>. His long reign partially coincided with the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Golden_Age" title="Polish Golden Age">Polish Golden Age</a>, the apex in the prestige, power and economic influence of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. On the other hand, it was also during his rule that the seeds of decline surfaced. Considerable contributions to the arts and architecture as well as military victories were tarnished by intrigues and religious persecutions. He was commemorated in Warsaw by <a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Column" title="Sigismund's Column">Sigismund's Column</a>, one of the city's chief landmarks and the first secular monument in the form of a column in <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">modern history</a>. It was commissioned after Sigismund's death by his son and successor, <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simmler_Catherine_Jagiellon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="John III, Catherine and young Sigismund in prison" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Simmler_Catherine_Jagiellon.jpg/220px-Simmler_Catherine_Jagiellon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Simmler_Catherine_Jagiellon.jpg/330px-Simmler_Catherine_Jagiellon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Simmler_Catherine_Jagiellon.jpg/440px-Simmler_Catherine_Jagiellon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III</a>, his wife <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Jagiellon" title="Catherine Jagiellon">Catherine Jagiellon</a> and young Sigismund imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Gripsholm" class="mw-redirect" title="Gripsholm">Gripsholm</a>. An 1859 painting by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Simmler" title="Józef Simmler">Józef Simmler</a>.</figcaption></figure> Born on 20 June 1566 at <a href="/wiki/Gripsholm_Castle" title="Gripsholm Castle">Gripsholm Castle</a>, Sigismund was the second child and only son of <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Jagiellon" title="Catherine Jagiellon">Catherine Jagiellon</a> and Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John of Finland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Fabisz_1864_188-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rastawiecki_1857_95-4">[3]</a> who was a son of King <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I of Sweden</a>. The couple was being held prisoner at Gripsholm since 1563 when John staged a failed rebellion against his deranged brother <a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden" title="Eric XIV of Sweden">Eric XIV of Sweden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant Christians</a> were growing political wing in Poland at the time, Sigismund was raised as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fabisz_1864_188-3">[2]</a> His mother Catherine was the daughter of Polish king <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_the_Old" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund the Old">Sigismund the Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bona_Sforza" title="Bona Sforza">Bona Sforza</a> of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, all of whom where practicing Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-Fabisz_1864_188-3">[2]</a> Sigismund's older sister Isabella died aged two in 1566.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> His younger sister <a href="/wiki/Anna_Vasa_of_Sweden" title="Anna Vasa of Sweden">Anna</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, but the close relationship between the two siblings remained unchanged until her death in 1625.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> In October 1567, Sigismund and his parents were released from prison at the request of his uncle <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> In January 1569, Eric XIV was deposed and Sigismund's father ascended the throne of Sweden as John III.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> He maintained good relations with his father despite John's second marriage to <a href="/wiki/Gunilla_Bielke" title="Gunilla Bielke">Gunilla Bielke</a>, a Protestant noble lady of lower status and Catherine's former <a href="/wiki/Maid_of_honour" title="Maid of honour">maid of honour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyklopedia_powszechna_1868_875-11">[10]</a> In 1589, Sigismund's half-brother <a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="John, Duke of Östergötland">John</a>, the future Duke of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Östergötland">Östergötland</a>, was born.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> As a child, Sigismund was tutored in both Polish and Swedish, thus making him bilingual.<a href="#cite_note-Encyklopedia_powszechna_1868_875-11">[10]</a> He was also proficient in German, Italian, and <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Catherine ensured that her son was educated in the spirit of Catholicism and Polish patriotism; the young prince was made aware of his blood connection to the <a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian dynasty</a> which ruled Poland in its <a href="/wiki/Polish_Golden_Age" title="Polish Golden Age">finest period</a> for two hundred years.<a href="#cite_note-Encyklopedia_powszechna_1868_875-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Although Sigismund in his youth enjoyed reading and learning, observers did not acknowledge his intelligence.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> He was handsome, rather tall, and of slim build,<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> but timid and an introvert who became heavily influenced by the teachings of the church.<a href="#cite_note-Spórna_2003_515-18">[17]</a> Nevertheless, Sigismund was undoubtedly multitalented and artistically inclined.<a href="#cite_note-Spórna_2003_515-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accession">Accession</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Accession">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession_(1587%E2%80%931588)" title="War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)">War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%BDygimont_Vaza._%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_(1585).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of young Sigismund from 1585 by an unknown painter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%C5%BDygimont_Vaza._%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_%281585%29.jpg/140px-%C5%BDygimont_Vaza._%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_%281585%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%C5%BDygimont_Vaza._%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_%281585%29.jpg/210px-%C5%BDygimont_Vaza._%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_%281585%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/%C5%BDygimont_Vaza._%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_%281585%29.jpg/280px-%C5%BDygimont_Vaza._%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0_%281585%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Sigismund in his youth, 1585.</figcaption></figure> In 1587, Sigismund stood for election to the Polish throne after the death of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fabisz_1864_188-3">[2]</a> His candidacy was secured by <a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Queen Dowager Anna</a> and several elite magnates who considered him a native candidate as a descendant of the Jagiellons, though the election was openly questioned and opposed by the nobles politically associated with the <a href="/wiki/Zborowski_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Zborowski family">Zborowski family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fabisz_1864_189-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> With the blessing of primate <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Karnkowski" title="Stanisław Karnkowski">Stanisław Karnkowski</a> and strong support from other people of influence he was duly elected ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> on 19 August 1587.<a href="#cite_note-Fabisz_1864_188-3">[2]</a> His official name and title became "<a href="/wiki/By_the_grace_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="By the grace of God">by the grace of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">king of Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand duke of Lithuania">grand duke of Lithuania</a>, ruler of <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovia">Masovia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samogitia" title="Samogitia">Samogitia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> and also hereditary <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Swedes" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Swedes">king of the Swedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Goths" title="King of the Goths">Goths</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Wends" title="King of the Wends">Wends</a>"; the latter titles being a reference to the fact that he was already the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince">Crown Prince</a> of Sweden, and thus would lawfully succeed to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">throne of Sweden</a> upon the death of his father.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The outcome of the election was strongly contested by factions of the Polish nobility that backed the candidacy of Archduke <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_III,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria">Maximilian III of Austria</a>, who <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession_(1587%E2%80%9388)" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Polish Succession (1587–88)">launched a military expedition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> When the news reached Sigismund in Sweden, he crossed the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> and landed in Poland on 7 October, immediately agreeing to grant royal privileges to the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Sejm</a> (parliament) in the hope of calming the opposition and settling the disputed election.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> He was proclaimed king by Treasurer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Dulski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Dulski (page does not exist)">Jan Dulski</a> on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Opali%C5%84ski_(1540%E2%80%931593)" title="Andrzej Opaliński (1540–1593)">Crown Marshal Andrzej Opaliński</a>, and after arriving in the Royal Capital City of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> he was crowned on 27 December at <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_144-25">[24]</a> Sigismund's position was solidified when <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a> defeated Maximilian at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Byczyna" title="Battle of Byczyna">Battle of Byczyna</a> and took him prisoner.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> At the request of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a>, the Archduke was then released and in turn surrendered his claim to Poland in 1589.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> He was also successful in maintaining peace with his powerful southern neighbour by marrying Archduchess <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland" title="Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland">Anne of Habsburg</a> in 1592.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_155–157-28">[27]</a> Simultaneously, he secured an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Austrian_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian monarchy">Catholic Austria</a> against Protestant foes.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_155–157-28">[27]</a> When his father died, Sigismund was granted permission by the Polish Diet to claim the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Swedish crown</a>, which he had inherited from his father.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The Swedes, who previously declared John III a Catholic conspirator and traitor, became lenient when the new monarch pledged to respect <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a> as the country's new state religion.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Sigismund was crowned at <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_Cathedral" title="Uppsala Cathedral">Uppsala</a> on 19 February 1594,<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> but his promise to uphold the Protestant faith in Sweden began on shaky ground, as demonstrated by the presence of a papal <a href="/wiki/Nuncio" title="Nuncio">nuncio</a> in the royal procession.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Tensions grew following his coronation. Sigismund remained a devout Roman Catholic and left the country abruptly, which made the Swedes sceptical of their new ruler.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> After returning to Poland, he appointed his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Duke Charles</a>, to rule as his <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Sigismund's ultimate intention was to reinstate Catholicism in Sweden, by force if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a> often acted as agents refuting Protestantism and promoting Catholicism in the country.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition">Opposition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposition">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Zamoyski_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jan Zamoyski by Johann Franck, 1688" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jan_Zamoyski_2.jpg/180px-Jan_Zamoyski_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jan_Zamoyski_2.jpg/270px-Jan_Zamoyski_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jan_Zamoyski_2.jpg/360px-Jan_Zamoyski_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="688" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a> staunchly opposed the pro-<a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> alliance.</figcaption></figure> The hostility between Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a> and Sigismund began as soon as he arrived in Poland from Sweden to claim the crown.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_143-37">[36]</a> Zamoyski, a patriotic brawler, along with other magnates were critical of the young king's liking for the Habsburg culture, certain habits and impassive cold character.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_143-37">[36]</a> According to historian and writer <a href="/wiki/Julian_Ursyn_Niemcewicz" title="Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz">Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz</a>, Zamoyski was said to have exclaimed "what a mute have you brought to us" upon meeting the king in October 1587.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_143-37">[36]</a> The Chancellor was initially supportive of Sigismund's candidacy due to his maternal lineage.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_150-39">[38]</a> During the first parliament sitting, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Pacification_Sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacification Sejm">Pacification Sejm</a>, in March 1589, Zamoyski proposed extensive reforms of the electoral system; notably, he presented the idea that only a member of a local native dynasty should be eligible to the Polish throne in the future, entailing the permanent exclusion of any <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> candidates.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_150-39">[38]</a> Sigismund saw a potential ally in Austria; he sought to establish a Catholic league that would actively engage in the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_151-40">[39]</a> Zamoyski openly condemned Sigismund for associating with the Habsburgs, particularly <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ernest of Austria">Archduke Ernest</a>, and speculated that Ernest was to be the potential successor if Sigismund abdicated and returned to Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_151-40">[39]</a> The anti-Austrian sentiment was only explicable as a circuitous attempt to traverse the Habsburg hegemony and influence in Central Europe, which Zamoyski perceived as a major threat.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_150-39">[38]</a> However, the parliament immediately rejected the proposal and ruled in favour of Austria, thus also accepting a marriage between Sigismund and <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria" title="Anne of Austria">Anne of Habsburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_150-39">[38]</a> Furthermore, the reestablishment of peaceful relations with Austria was dictated by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bytom_and_B%C4%99dzin" title="Treaty of Bytom and Będzin">Treaty of Bytom and Będzin</a> from March 1589 which was negotiated by Ippolito Aldobrandini, future Pope <a href="/wiki/Clement_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement VIII">Clement VIII</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_archiduque_Diego_Ernesto_de_Austria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Archduke Ernest of Austria on an official portrait from 1580, by Alonso Sanchez Coello" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/El_archiduque_Diego_Ernesto_de_Austria.jpg/200px-El_archiduque_Diego_Ernesto_de_Austria.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/El_archiduque_Diego_Ernesto_de_Austria.jpg/300px-El_archiduque_Diego_Ernesto_de_Austria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/El_archiduque_Diego_Ernesto_de_Austria.jpg/400px-El_archiduque_Diego_Ernesto_de_Austria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2362" data-file-height="2543" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Ernest_of_Austria" title="Archduke Ernest of Austria">Archduke Ernest of Austria</a>, whose correspondence with Sigismund caused a political crisis.</figcaption></figure> At the subsequent Sejm session, assembled in March 1590, Zamoyski persuaded the gathered deputies and representatives to exclude Archduke Maximilian from future candidacy to the throne, describing the possibility of Austrian intrigues and the looming threat of the Turkish Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_154-42">[41]</a> His opponents, headed by Primate Karnkowski, formed an informal <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> immediately after the Sejm rose to protest the decrees.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_154-42">[41]</a> All of the decrees of the first Sejm were rescinded by a second Sejm which sat at the end of the same year: the <a href="/wiki/Hetmanship" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetmanship">Hetmanship</a> was suspended, the party of Maximilian was amnestied, the Zborowskis were rehabilitated, and Zamoyski's counterparts were removed from the royal court.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_155-43">[42]</a> Tensions grew further over the ownership of <a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Estonia</a> between Sweden and Poland following the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>;<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Zamoyski held Sigismund accountable for the dispute.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_144-25">[24]</a> Sigismund's leniency towards the Habsburgs also alienated some clerics; the Austrians wanted to prevent <a href="/wiki/Andrew_B%C3%A1thory" title="Andrew Báthory">Andrew Báthory</a> from seizing the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Kraków">bishopric of Kraków</a> and succeeded in doing so by diplomatic coaxing or coercion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2002139-45">[44]</a> The new papal nuncio, Annibale di Capua, a staunch Habsburg supporter, eventually convinced Sigismund to nominate <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_(1556%E2%80%931600)" title="Jerzy Radziwiłł (1556–1600)">Jerzy Radziwiłł</a> after <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Myszkowski_(bishop)" title="Piotr Myszkowski (bishop)">Piotr Myszkowski</a> died on 5 April 1591.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2002148,_150–151-46">[45]</a> Capua stressed that Andrew had not been an <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Catholic Church)">ordained priest</a> and was not legally capable to become bishop.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2002150–151-47">[46]</a> The decision strained the once friendly relations between Poland and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Transylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2002160-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_settlement">Peace settlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peace settlement">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigismund_III_of_Poland-Lithuania_and_Sweden_(Martin_Kober).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sigismund in royal pose by court painter Martin (Marcin) Kober" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sigismund_III_of_Poland-Lithuania_and_Sweden_%28Martin_Kober%29.jpg/180px-Sigismund_III_of_Poland-Lithuania_and_Sweden_%28Martin_Kober%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sigismund_III_of_Poland-Lithuania_and_Sweden_%28Martin_Kober%29.jpg/270px-Sigismund_III_of_Poland-Lithuania_and_Sweden_%28Martin_Kober%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Sigismund_III_of_Poland-Lithuania_and_Sweden_%28Martin_Kober%29.jpg/360px-Sigismund_III_of_Poland-Lithuania_and_Sweden_%28Martin_Kober%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1150" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>Sigismund early in his reign, by court painter <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kober" title="Martin Kober">Martin Kober</a>.</figcaption></figure> As outlined by <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Halecki" title="Oskar Halecki">Oskar Halecki</a>, the king's friends were largely recruited from the higher <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> and the Jesuits, who violated the 1573 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Confederation" title="Warsaw Confederation">Warsaw Confederation</a> guaranteeing religious freedoms in Poland and Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-Halecki_1950_456-49">[48]</a> As persecution loomed, political dissidents grouped and formed factions which called for adherence to the laws of the Confederation.<a href="#cite_note-Halecki_1950_456-49">[48]</a> Zamoyski joined the dissidents, and, when Sigismund failed to prevent mob violence directed against non-Catholics in <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> in 1591, he summoned several conventions that "demanded the guarantees of security".<a href="#cite_note-Halecki_1950_456-49">[48]</a> Sigismund yielded to their demands, however, he forbade any future conventions which could destabilize the state. The prohibition did not have a lasting effect, and gatherings of dissidents continued in the following year.<a href="#cite_note-Halecki_1950_456-49">[48]</a> The opposition hoped to thwart the match with Archduchess Anne of Habsburg, whose state entry into Kraków at the end of May was greatly celebrated.<a href="#cite_note-Halecki_1950_456-49">[48]</a> Sigismund disregarded any protest in regards to the marriage.<a href="#cite_note-Halecki_1950_456-49">[48]</a> Consequently, on 1 June 1592 Zamoyski formed another confederation at <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Jędrzejów">Jędrzejów</a> (Latin: Andreiow) attended by the most eminent and distinguished <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnates</a>, among them <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Zebrzydowski" title="Mikołaj Zebrzydowski">Mikołaj Zebrzydowski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski" title="Stanisław Żółkiewski">Stanisław Żółkiewski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_157-50">[49]</a> At Andreiow, he allegedly exposed proof concerning a plot that would place Archduke Ernest on the throne if Sigismund was to abdicate.<a href="#cite_note-Halecki_1950_456-49">[48]</a> Zamoyski's claim caused an uproar.<a href="#cite_note-Halecki_1950_456-49">[48]</a> On 7 September, Sigismund summoned the "Warsaw Inquisition Sejm" (sejm inkwizycyjny)<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_157-50">[49]</a> to inquire into the so-called "Austrian cabals". Zamoyski's strong argument against that of the monarch was so persuasive that elderly Karnkowski sided with the Chancellor and his supporters,<a href="#cite_note-Halecki_1950_456-49">[48]</a> who abstained from kissing the King's hand upon arrival as the custom required.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Alleged letters and private correspondence between Sigismund and Ernest with the royal signature was presented as evidence.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> The King rebuked these accusations; his aides attributed the falsified signature to the court <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribe</a>, who was subsequently imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Dzia%C5%82dowo" title="Działdowo">Działdowo</a> (Soldau), tortured, but pleaded not guilty.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The opposition extended their demands and asked for the immediate removal of all foreign dignitaries from the court, including <a href="/wiki/Mercenary" title="Mercenary">mercenaries</a>, which was not fully enforced.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The Sejm had no definite outcome; most of the gathered nobles and diplomats dispersed as further incrimination of the sovereign proved futile and detrimental to the stability of the state.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> There is little evidence or written works from the period concerning the terms under which the Sejm functioned or how it concluded.<a href="#cite_note-Niemcewicz_1860_132-57">[56]</a> Niemcewicz largely attributed the victory to Sigismund – the measures of the Counter-Reformation strengthened<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> and within a year many of the convention's attendees died; acquiescent nobles favourable to the king were appointed as their successors, thus making his position less vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-Niemcewicz_1860_132-57">[56]</a> The rivalry between Sigismund and Zamoyski continued until the latter's death in 1605.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_in_Sweden">War in Sweden</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: War in Sweden">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_against_Sigismund" title="War against Sigismund">War against Sigismund</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cudgel_War" title="Cudgel War">Cudgel War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St%C3%A5ngebro" title="Battle of Stångebro">Battle of Stångebro</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tensions">Tensions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tensions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karl_IX,_1550-1611,_duke_and_king_of_Sweden._Eskilstuna_stadsmuseum,_Eskilstuna,_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Full body painting of Karl IX (Charles IX), King of Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Karl_IX%2C_1550-1611%2C_duke_and_king_of_Sweden._Eskilstuna_stadsmuseum%2C_Eskilstuna%2C_Sweden.jpg/180px-Karl_IX%2C_1550-1611%2C_duke_and_king_of_Sweden._Eskilstuna_stadsmuseum%2C_Eskilstuna%2C_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Karl_IX%2C_1550-1611%2C_duke_and_king_of_Sweden._Eskilstuna_stadsmuseum%2C_Eskilstuna%2C_Sweden.jpg/270px-Karl_IX%2C_1550-1611%2C_duke_and_king_of_Sweden._Eskilstuna_stadsmuseum%2C_Eskilstuna%2C_Sweden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Karl_IX%2C_1550-1611%2C_duke_and_king_of_Sweden._Eskilstuna_stadsmuseum%2C_Eskilstuna%2C_Sweden.jpg/360px-Karl_IX%2C_1550-1611%2C_duke_and_king_of_Sweden._Eskilstuna_stadsmuseum%2C_Eskilstuna%2C_Sweden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="5578" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles of Sweden, Sigismund's uncle</a>, who waged war against Sigismund and Poland for the Swedish crown.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uppsala_Resolution_of_1594&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uppsala Resolution of 1594 (page does not exist)">Uppsala Resolution of 1594</a> dictated the rights and securities of Protestants in Sweden; it promised to uphold the Lutheran faith in the country, forbade non-Lutherans from being appointed to office or participating in the educational system and prevented Sigismund from freely raising taxes for war.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_102-61">[60]</a> However, the resolution was undermined whenever possible.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_102-61">[60]</a> With military backing, Sigismund installed his own commanders in Swedish castles and made them responsible directly to him.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_102-61">[60]</a> He established the office of regional governor (ståthållare) and appointed Charles' lifelong enemy, <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fleming" title="Klaus Fleming">Klaus Fleming</a>, as the overlord of <a href="/wiki/Finland_under_Swedish_rule" title="Finland under Swedish rule">Finland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_102-61">[60]</a> The governors served notice that they would abstain from persecuting Catholicism in their administered territories.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_102-61">[60]</a> <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Brahe_(1552-1614)" class="extiw" title="sv:Erik Brahe (1552-1614)">Erik Brahe</a>, a Roman Catholic, became the governor of Sweden's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, in defiance of the 1594 charter which sparked widespread anger.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_102-61">[60]</a> On 4 August 1594 Sigismund decreed that the Swedish parliament (<a href="/wiki/Riksdag_of_the_Estates" title="Riksdag of the Estates">Riksdag</a>) had no right to function without royal consent.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_103-62">[61]</a> Despite this, Charles summoned a parliament at <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6derk%C3%B6ping" title="Söderköping">Söderköping</a> in autumn of 1595,<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> at which he declared himself <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> and head of government, who would govern Sweden reciprocally with the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Sweden" title="Privy Council of Sweden">Privy Council</a> during the King's absence from the realm.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_103-62">[61]</a> The Finnish nobility led by Fleming rejected this resolution and so did Sigismund's emissary who ordered him, in the name of the king, to resign.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_104-64">[63]</a> Fleming sympathised with Sigismund and considered Charles a rebel.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_104-64">[63]</a> In response, Charles instigated a brief revolt against Fleming among the peasants under <a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Ilkka" title="Jaakko Ilkka">Jaakko Ilkka</a> in the province of <a href="/wiki/Ostrobothnia_(historical_province)" title="Ostrobothnia (historical province)">Ostrobothnia</a>, known today as the <a href="/wiki/Cudgel_War" title="Cudgel War">Cudgel War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_104-64">[63]</a> As outlined by historian Gary Dean Peterson, Fleming might have quelled the rebellion but it was Charles who took advantage of the brutality of Fleming's men and started a successful propaganda war.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_104-64">[63]</a> The prospects of Polish and Catholic domination over Sweden became uncertain when <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Fleming" title="Klaus Fleming">Klaus Fleming</a> died on 13 April 1597.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_104-64">[63]</a> He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Arvid_St%C3%A5larm_the_Younger" title="Arvid Stålarm the Younger">Arvid Stålarm the Younger</a>, who did not accede to Swedish demands and awaited Charles' intervention in Finland.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_104-64">[63]</a> Meanwhile, the nobility dispersed; <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Gustafsson_(Stenbock)" class="extiw" title="sv:Erik Gustafsson (Stenbock)">Erik Gustafsson Stenbock</a>, <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvid_Gustafsson_(Stenbock)" class="extiw" title="sv:Arvid Gustafsson (Stenbock)">Arvid Gustafsson Stenbock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Sparre" title="Erik Sparre">Erik Sparre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Brahe_(1552%E2%80%931614)" title="Erik Brahe (1552–1614)">Erik Brahe</a> and <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sten_Ban%C3%A9r" class="extiw" title="sv:Sten Banér">Sten Banér</a> fled to entreat Sigismund to return and counter Charles.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_104-64">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Civil war">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigismund_at_horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sigismund_at_horse.jpg/200px-Sigismund_at_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sigismund_at_horse.jpg/300px-Sigismund_at_horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Sigismund_at_horse.jpg/400px-Sigismund_at_horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Equestrian portrait of King Sigismund by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a></figcaption></figure> In 1597, a civil war erupted<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> and Duke Charles was able to assume control over a large share of the powerful castles in Sweden, and in this manner achieved control over almost all the realm.<a href="#cite_note-Geijer_1845_193-66">[65]</a> However, Finland remained loyal to Sigismund and resisted. In September 1597, he sailed for the Finnish coast and seized <a href="/wiki/Turku_Castle" title="Turku Castle">Åbo Castle</a> from Fleming's widow, <a href="/wiki/Ebba_Stenbock" title="Ebba Stenbock">Ebba Stenbock</a>, by the end of the month.<a href="#cite_note-Geijer_1845_193-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_104-64">[63]</a> Charles's troops were not prepared nor strong enough to conquer or hold Finland in its entirety – they sailed back to Stockholm in October and Stålarm retook Åbo the same year.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_104-64">[63]</a> As noted by envoys, several high-ranking noblemen fighting for Sigismund's cause were instantaneously sent to the <a href="/wiki/Scaffold_(execution_site)" title="Scaffold (execution site)">scaffold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Geijer_1845_193-66">[65]</a> Further tensions and escalation of violence as well as Charles's unpredictable stance persuaded Sigismund to intervene.<a href="#cite_note-Geijer_1845_193-66">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV of Denmark</a> agreed to cooperate but would not join the armed conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_105-67">[66]</a> The major seaports of <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> (Gdańsk), <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a> were pressured to sever trade with Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_105-67">[66]</a> Polish <a href="/wiki/Privateers" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateers">privateers</a> began to violently attack Swedish vessels in the Baltic.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_105-67">[66]</a> By February 1598 Sigismund assembled an army consisting of approximately 5,000 men.<a href="#cite_note-Geijer_1845_194-68">[67]</a> On 23 July 1598 the army left Danzig (Gdańsk) with eighty transports, several warships and exiled members of the Swedish parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_105-67">[66]</a> Eight days later they landed in <a href="/wiki/Kalmar" title="Kalmar">Kalmar</a>, which surrendered without a fight.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_105-67">[66]</a> After the fall of Kalmar, Charles found himself with major trouble on his hands; the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Military of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish Crown army</a> attracted Swedish followers, and Stockholm, lacking military defence, was easily taken with the help of the nobility and officers of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6taland" title="Götaland">Götaland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_105-67">[66]</a> The cavalry of <a href="/wiki/Uppland" title="Uppland">Uppland</a> soon joined the royalists, and new forces were mobilised in Finland and Estonia.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_105-67">[66]</a> Charles' troops were greater in numbers, but mostly comprised poorly-trained militias and peasants from the friendly provinces.<a href="#cite_note-Geijer_1845_193-66">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Link%C3%B6pings_slott_-_KMB_-_16001000025408.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Courtyard of Linköping Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Link%C3%B6pings_slott_-_KMB_-_16001000025408.jpg/180px-Link%C3%B6pings_slott_-_KMB_-_16001000025408.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Link%C3%B6pings_slott_-_KMB_-_16001000025408.jpg/270px-Link%C3%B6pings_slott_-_KMB_-_16001000025408.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Link%C3%B6pings_slott_-_KMB_-_16001000025408.jpg/360px-Link%C3%B6pings_slott_-_KMB_-_16001000025408.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping_Castle" title="Linköping Castle">Linköping Castle</a> where Sigismund met with Charles to discuss the future of the Swedish monarchy.</figcaption></figure> Sigismund advanced his troops towards Stångebro in <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a> where his sister <a href="/wiki/Anna_Vasa_of_Sweden" title="Anna Vasa of Sweden">Anna Vasa</a> resided.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_105-67">[66]</a> On 8 September Charles executed a premature attack on Stångebro which was quickly repelled; his force was surrounded in the night and massacred by the Poles.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_105-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Geijer_1845_194-68">[67]</a> Severed heads on lances and spikes startled Sigismund who ordered an end to the violence.<a href="#cite_note-Geijer_1845_194-68">[67]</a> The supposed truce did not come into effect, and, on the morning of 25 September, the armies clashed once more in a major engagement at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St%C3%A5ngebro" title="Battle of Stångebro">Battle of Stångebro</a>. The prevailing <a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">fog</a> was instrumental at hiding troop movement; the Swedish rebels used the opportunity to take the bridges on the river <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A5ng%C3%A5n" title="Stångån">Stångån</a> when Sigismund's men were falsely led into a truce and retreated to their camp.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_106-69">[68]</a> Their attempt to regroup and form a second defensive line proved futile and Charles emerged victorious as the Polish army was also cut off from supplies by superior <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Swedish_Empire#Navy" title="Military of the Swedish Empire">Swedish warships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_106-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath_and_deposition">Aftermath and deposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath and deposition">edit</a>]</div> The peace agreement was sealed with a dinner at <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping_Castle" title="Linköping Castle">Linköping Castle</a> on 28 September.<a href="#cite_note-Geijer_1845_195-70">[69]</a> Both sides agreed to lay down arms and send the troops back to their home provinces, except for the King's personal guard.<a href="#cite_note-Geijer_1845_195-70">[69]</a> Charles' appointments were to be recognized and a parliament was to be called to settle any disputes.<a href="#cite_note-Geijer_1845_195-70">[69]</a> The King, who was under pressure, fearing for his life without his army and having realised that he had lost the political battle, fled with his sister during the coming days to Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Geijer_1845_195-70">[69]</a> At the same time as the peace treaty was being signed in Linköping, conflicts were taking place in <a href="/wiki/Dalarna" title="Dalarna">Dalarna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts_1953_121-71">[70]</a> There, a pro-Sigismund bailiff, <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_N%C3%A4f" class="extiw" title="sv:Jacob Näf">Jacob Näf</a>, had tried to raise up the <a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalecarlian">Dalecarlians</a> against Duke Charles.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts_1953_121-71">[70]</a> Chaos ensued, Näf was executed, and the Dalecarlians set out on a campaign in 1598, burning and killing down to Brunnbäck ferry. In <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Carlsson_Gyllenhielm" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm">Carl Carlsson Gyllenhielm</a>, illegitimate son of Duke Charles, defeated the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts_1953_121-71">[70]</a> A number of Swedes who had sided with Sigismund, including his council supporters, were handed over to Charles as part of the peace settlement.<a href="#cite_note-Geijer_1845_195-70">[69]</a> They were later killed in the <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping_Bloodbath" title="Linköping Bloodbath">Linköping Bloodbath</a> of 1600.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_106-69">[68]</a> Sigismund was officially deposed from the throne of Sweden by a Riksdag held in Stockholm on 24 July 1599.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_107-72">[71]</a> He was given six<a href="#cite_note-Geijer_1845_195-70">[69]</a> (or twelve depending on source)<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_107-72">[71]</a> months to send his son, Prince <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Ladislaus (Władysław) Vasa</a>, to Sweden as his successor, under the condition that the boy would be brought up in the Protestant faith.<a href="#cite_note-Geijer_1845_195-70">[69]</a> In February 1600, Duke Charles summoned the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_Realm" class="mw-redirect" title="Estates of the Realm">Estates of the Realm</a> to <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_107-72">[71]</a> Since Sigismund had not provided a reply, the Estates elected Duke Charles as King apparent, however he would not become Charles IX until his coronation four years later.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_107-72">[71]</a> During the winter and spring of 1600, Charles also occupied the Swedish part of Estonia, as the castle commanders had shown sympathies towards Sigismund.<a href="#cite_note-Peterson_2014_107-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polish_affairs">Polish affairs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Polish affairs">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clash_with_England_(1597)">Clash with England (1597)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clash with England (1597)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A profile portrait of Sigismund by Polish painter Jan Szwankowski from around 1590" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Portret_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.jpg/180px-Portret_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Portret_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.jpg/270px-Portret_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Portret_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.jpg/360px-Portret_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Sigismund as a young adult by Jan Szwankowski, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1590.</figcaption></figure> In the 1590s, the interests of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">English</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a> coincided in opposing the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a>; on the other hand, Sigismund had clashed with the Turks in Poland's southeast.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> of northwestern Europe, Protestant forces sent by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> fought the Catholic armies of Spain's <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II Habsburg</a>, preventing Spain from capturing territory on the south side of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a>. England's naval power also prevented Spain from completely dominating the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>, to the benefit of the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> During this time, England purchased a great deal of grain and timber from Poland to supply its navy, necessitating good relations with Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Starźa_1851_129–130-75">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Barton_(diplomat)" title="Edward Barton (diplomat)">Edward Barton</a>, Elizabeth's ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, had warned them that England would have to respond if the Ottomans invaded Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Starźa_1851_129–130-75">[74]</a> In July 1597, the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Queen's Privy Council</a> instructed <a href="/wiki/Henry_Billingsley" title="Henry Billingsley">Henry Billingsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_London" title="Lord Mayor of London">Lord Mayor of London</a>, to arrange housing for a Polish diplomat and report back to the Council.<a href="#cite_note-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_23-76">[75]</a> On 23 July, <a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Dzia%C5%82y%C5%84ski" title="Paweł Działyński">Paweł Działyński</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[b]</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and was accommodated at the house of <a href="/wiki/John_Spencer_(Lord_Mayor_of_London)" title="John Spencer (Lord Mayor of London)">Sir John Spencer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_23-76">[75]</a> On 25 July, Działyński was granted an audience with Elizabeth and her court at the <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwich Palace">palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich" title="Greenwich">Greenwich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_24-78">[76]</a> As described by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury">Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury</a>, the ambassador out of Poland at first seemed to be "a gentleman of excellent fashion, wit, discourse, language, and person."<a href="#cite_note-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_24-78">[76]</a> He presented his credentials, kissed the Queen's hand, then walked to the centre of the chamber and, as outlined by Cecil, "began his oration aloud in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, with such a gallant countenance as in my life I never beheld."<a href="#cite_note-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_24-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Działyński informed Elizabeth that Sigismund was outraged that her vessels were capturing the ships of Polish and <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic</a> merchants trading with the Spanish, and indicated that Sigismund was prepared to commence hostilities over the matter unless Elizabeth immediately rescinded this policy and returned captured ships and cargo.<a href="#cite_note-Morawski_1877_172-80">[78]</a> Elizabeth rose "lionlike" and rebuked Działyński, comparing his speech to a declaration of war and manners to that of "a herald than an ambassador."<a href="#cite_note-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_24-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morawski_1877_172-80">[78]</a> She reminded him that England was instrumental in halting the Turkish advances and added "I can hardly believe that if the King [Sigismund] himself were present he would have used such language."<a href="#cite_note-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_24-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morawski_1877_172-80">[78]</a> Sigismund emerged successful in securing trade with the Spanish Crown and with England, though the relations between the two nations became strained.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> According to historians Kavita Mudan Finn and Valerie Schutte, <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a> might have used Elizabeth's political anger at the Polish ambassador as an inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Queen Margaret</a> who employs similar strategies in the play <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_(play)" title="Richard III (play)">Richard III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zebrzydowski_rebellion_(1606)">Zebrzydowski rebellion (1606)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Zebrzydowski rebellion (1606)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zebrzydowski_rebellion" title="Zebrzydowski rebellion">Zebrzydowski rebellion</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rokosz_sandomierski_1607.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Act by which Sigismund was to be dethroned, 1067" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rokosz_sandomierski_1607.PNG/160px-Rokosz_sandomierski_1607.PNG" decoding="async" width="160" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rokosz_sandomierski_1607.PNG/240px-Rokosz_sandomierski_1607.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rokosz_sandomierski_1607.PNG/320px-Rokosz_sandomierski_1607.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="2073" /></a><figcaption>Dethronisation act issued on 24 June 1607.</figcaption></figure> Sigismund's attempt to grasp unlimited authority resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Zebrzydowski_rebellion" title="Zebrzydowski rebellion">Zebrzydowski rebellion</a>, an armed insurrection formed in 1606 by <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">Hetman</a> <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Zebrzydowski" title="Mikołaj Zebrzydowski">Mikołaj Zebrzydowski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Szcz%C4%99sny_Herburt" title="Jan Szczęsny Herburt">Jan Szczęsny Herburt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Stadnicki" title="Stanisław Stadnicki">Stanisław Stadnicki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_J%C3%B3zef_Lisowski" title="Aleksander Józef Lisowski">Aleksander Józef Lisowski</a> and Prince <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82_(1579%E2%80%931620)" title="Janusz Radziwiłł (1579–1620)">Janusz Radziwiłł</a> in <a href="/wiki/St%C4%99%C5%BCyca,_Lublin_Voivodeship" title="Stężyca, Lublin Voivodeship">Stężyca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lublin" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lerski_1996_684-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> It was primarily caused by the growing dissatisfaction with the monarch among the Polish <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">szlachta</a> and wealthy <a href="/wiki/Magnates" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnates">magnates</a>. The rebels disapproved of Sigismund's efforts to weaken the diplomatic and political capabilities of the nobility and to introduce an absolute monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Lerski_1996_684-83">[81]</a> The participants of the rebellion formed a war council and outlined their demands in 67 articles.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> They demanded the dethronement of Sigismund for breaching the <a href="/wiki/Henrician_Articles" title="Henrician Articles">Henrician Articles</a> and stipulated the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> The Sejm was to be granted the authority of appointing state officials instead of the King, local officials were to be elected and the rights of Protestants expanded.<a href="#cite_note-Schmitt_1858_331-87">[85]</a> The 1607 Parliament rejected these conditions. Meanwhile, the nobles mobilised in the village of <a href="/wiki/Guz%C3%B3w,_Szyd%C5%82owiec_County" title="Guzów, Szydłowiec County">Guzów</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> In 1607 the Polish Royal Army, led by <a href="/wiki/Hetman" title="Hetman">Hetman</a> <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karol_Chodkiewicz" title="Jan Karol Chodkiewicz">Jan Karol Chodkiewicz</a>, was sent to pacify the rebels. A <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guz%C3%B3w" title="Battle of Guzów">full-scale battle ensued</a> on 5 July, with 200 casualties, which resulted in the victory of the Royalist forces.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> The rebellious nobles formally surrendered to the King at the 1609 meeting of the parliament, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Pacification_Sejm" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacification Sejm">Pacification Sejm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> In return for their surrender the rebels were granted leniency.<a href="#cite_note-Wisner_1989_75-92">[90]</a> Many royal supporters, including Hetman Chodkiewicz, had exacted amnesty for the rebels.<a href="#cite_note-Wisner_1989_75-92">[90]</a> Despite the failure to overthrow Sigismund, the rebellion firmly established the rights and privileges of nobles in the Polish political system, confirmed the inviolability of the royal elections and religious tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-Lerski_1996_684-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schmitt_1858_331-87">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sigismund's_invasion_of_Russia_(1609–1618)">Sigismund's invasion of Russia (1609–1618)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sigismund's invasion of Russia (1609–1618)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_(1609%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)">Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sigismund_of_Poland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sigismund depicted in a victorious pose in military attire and hose" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sigismund_of_Poland.JPG/175px-Sigismund_of_Poland.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sigismund_of_Poland.JPG/263px-Sigismund_of_Poland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Sigismund_of_Poland.JPG/350px-Sigismund_of_Poland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption>Sigismund as supreme commander of Poland–Lithuania, dressed in <a href="/wiki/Hose_(clothing)" title="Hose (clothing)">hose</a>.</figcaption></figure> Sigismund's major goals were achieving stability of government, combating Protestantism, and expanding Poland's territory.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> While the Russians were embroiled in a civil war known as the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a>, stoked by some Polish nobles through the <a href="/wiki/Dimitriads" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitriads">Dimitriads</a>, Sigismund saw an opportunity to invade Russia and take power. Sweden also became involved, but never made a firm alliance with any one side.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Background">Background</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> The death of <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I_of_Russia" title="Feodor I of Russia">Feodor I of Russia</a> in 1598 caused internal instability and a succession crisis upon the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Rurik_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurik dynasty">Rurik dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Further setbacks that contributed to the escalation of violence was the <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1601%E2%80%9303" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian famine of 1601–03">famine of 1601–1603</a> which killed two million Russians, around a third of the population.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> The new <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris Godunov</a>, proved to be an ineffective ruler and died after suffering a brain haemorrhage in April 1605.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> He left one son, <a href="/wiki/Feodor_II_of_Russia" title="Feodor II of Russia">Feodor II</a>, who succeeded him and ruled for only a few months, until he and Godunov's widow were murdered under mysterious circumstances in June 1605, possibly on Sigismund's orders.<a href="#cite_note-Reading_2019_207–229-98">[96]</a> Simultaneously, various impostors and pretenders to the Russian throne appeared claiming to be <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_of_Uglich" title="Dmitry of Uglich">Dmitry Ivanovich</a>, the youngest son of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a> who in fact died in 1591.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> After the fall of Sigismund's candidates – <a href="/wiki/False_Dmitry_I" title="False Dmitry I">False Dmitry I</a> and his Polish wife <a href="/wiki/Marina_Mniszech" title="Marina Mniszech">Marina Mniszech</a> (nicknamed "Marinka the Witch" by the Russians) – <a href="/wiki/Vasili_IV_of_Russia" title="Vasili IV of Russia">Vasili Ivanovich</a> <a href="/wiki/Shuysky" title="Shuysky">Shuysky</a> was crowned as Vasili IV.<a href="#cite_note-Reading_2019_207–229-98">[96]</a> The death of False Dmitry and widespread chaos proved reason for Poland to prepare an invasion.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> Prior raids between 1605 and 1609 were conducted by Polish nobles or adventurers along with hired <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">cossacks</a> and foreign <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reading_2019_207–229-98">[96]</a> Sigismund's primary intention was to destroy the Russian state and impose <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholicism</a> with the use of force or terror if necessary.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lew_Sapieha" title="Lew Sapieha">Lew Sapieha</a>, Grand Chancellor of Lithuania, sought neutrality by proposing to <a href="/wiki/Boris_Godunov" title="Boris Godunov">Boris Godunov</a> an "eternal" peace treaty between Russia and Poland–Lithuania, but the idea did not gain support and was declined.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Campaign">Campaign</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Campaign">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%BDygimont_Vaza,_Smalensk._%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0,_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_(T._Dolabella,_1611).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sigismund at the gates of Smolensk by Italian painter Tommaso Dolabella, 1611" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%C5%BDygimont_Vaza%2C_Smalensk._%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%28T._Dolabella%2C_1611%29.jpg/260px-%C5%BDygimont_Vaza%2C_Smalensk._%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%28T._Dolabella%2C_1611%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%C5%BDygimont_Vaza%2C_Smalensk._%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%28T._Dolabella%2C_1611%29.jpg/390px-%C5%BDygimont_Vaza%2C_Smalensk._%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%28T._Dolabella%2C_1611%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/%C5%BDygimont_Vaza%2C_Smalensk._%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%28T._Dolabella%2C_1611%29.jpg/520px-%C5%BDygimont_Vaza%2C_Smalensk._%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%2C_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%28T._Dolabella%2C_1611%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Victorious Sigismund at <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, by Italian-born artist <a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Dolabella" title="Tommaso Dolabella">Tommaso Dolabella</a>, 1611.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth army</a> under the command of Hetman <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski" title="Stanisław Żółkiewski">Stanisław Żółkiewski</a> crossed the border and on 29 September 1609 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smolensk_(1609%E2%80%9311)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Smolensk (1609–11)">laid siege to Smolensk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> On 4 July 1610, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klushino" title="Battle of Klushino">Battle of Klushino</a>, the outnumbered Polish force achieved a decisive victory over the combined Russian and Swedish force, mostly due to the tactical competence of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_hussars" title="Polish hussars">Polish winged hussars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The battle was a major blow to the Russians; Tsar <a href="/wiki/Vasili_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili IV">Vasili IV</a> was subsequently ousted by the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Boyars" title="Seven Boyars">Seven Boyars</a> and Żółkiewski entered Moscow beginning the two-year tyrannical occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Kremlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> The Seven Boyars proclaimed Polish prince <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław IV">Ladislaus</a>, Sigismund's son, as the new Tsar of Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014_170–171-107">[105]</a> In June 1611 Smolensk fell to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Dabrowski_2014_170–171-107">[105]</a> the deposed Vasili Shuysky was transported in a caged wagon<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> to Warsaw, where he paid <a href="/wiki/Shuysky_Tribute" title="Shuysky Tribute">tribute</a> to Sigismund and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Poland" title="Senate of Poland">Senate</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a> on 29 October 1611. He eventually died in captivity at <a href="/wiki/Gostynin" title="Gostynin">Gostynin</a>; he was most likely poisoned as his brother died soon after.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> The Polish army also committed countless atrocities while stationing in Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> In 1611, <a href="/wiki/Kuzma_Minin" title="Kuzma Minin">Kuzma Minin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Pozharsky" title="Dmitry Pozharsky">Dmitry Pozharsky</a> formed a new army to launch an uprising against the Polish occupiers.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> The Poles eventually <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow_(1612)" title="Battle of Moscow (1612)">withdrew from Moscow</a> in September 1612 after pillaging and burning the city.<a href="#cite_note-Rotteck_1843_358–359-112">[110]</a> When news reached Sigismund he hurried with a relief force, but was unable to commence an attack.<a href="#cite_note-Rotteck_1843_358–359-112">[110]</a> The war continued with little military action until 1618 when the <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Deulino" title="Truce of Deulino">Truce of Deulino</a> was signed, which granted Poland new territories, including the city of Smolensk.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> The agreement marked the greatest geographical expansion of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the loss of Livonia in 1629.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> However, Russia was able to retain independence and <a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Russia" title="Michael of Russia">Michael Romanov</a> was crowned Tsar in 1613.<a href="#cite_note-Rotteck_1843_358–359-112">[110]</a> This established the <a href="/wiki/Romanov_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov dynasty">Romanov dynasty</a> which ruled Russia until the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> in 1917. Sigismund's personal ambition of ruling the vast lands in the east as well as converting its populace to Catholicism ended in a fiasco. According to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gillespie" title="Alexander Gillespie">Alexander Gillespie</a>, approximately five million Russians died between 1598 and 1613, the result of continuous conflict, civil war, instigated famine and Sigismund's politics.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thirty_Years'_War_(1618–1648)">Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Thirty Years' War (1618–1648)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></div> Sigismund sought to join the Catholic side of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, but was denied by the Polish parliament.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> British historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet_Bain" title="Robert Nisbet Bain">Robert Nisbet Bain</a> wrote that his plan was to invade and possibly occupy <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>, then an Ottoman ally and therefore considered dangerous to the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> and Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Bain_2013_156-117">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="Rákóczi">Rákóczis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen" title="Gabriel Bethlen">Gabriel Bethlen</a> were sympathetic with the Sultan and would counterattack if the opportunity arose.<a href="#cite_note-Bain_2013_156-117">[115]</a> Bain further highlighted that the chief pillars of military strength in Poland, including <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski" title="Stanisław Żółkiewski">Stanisław Żółkiewski</a>, warmly approved of the King's policy in this respect, but it proved to be impracticable.<a href="#cite_note-Bain_2013_156-117">[115]</a> The parliament's non-interventionist stance went so far that it refused to grant any subsidies for the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Swedish wars">Swedish Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bain_2013_156-117">[115]</a> The indecision and political opposition weakened the alliance between the Habsburg states and the Commonwealth. Polish mercenaries did, however, join the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in combat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humenn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Humenné">Battle of Humenné</a> against Transylvania.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish–Ottoman_War_(1620–1621)">Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)">Polish–Ottoman War (1620–1621)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apoteoza_Zygmunta_III.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sigismund on horseback striking Turks and Muslims with a lance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Apoteoza_Zygmunta_III.jpg/260px-Apoteoza_Zygmunta_III.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Apoteoza_Zygmunta_III.jpg/390px-Apoteoza_Zygmunta_III.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Apoteoza_Zygmunta_III.jpg/520px-Apoteoza_Zygmunta_III.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="745" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">Apotheosis</a> of Sigismund following his victory over the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a> from 1629. The King's spear striking a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turk</a> symbolizes the triumph of Catholicism and Christianity over <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a> was a Polish <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and Sigismund aimed at securing that despite the growing threat from the south. With the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> influence on the rise, the Sultan aimed at expanding the Ottoman Empire westward.<a href="#cite_note-Itzkowitz_2008_67–79-119">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a>, which lasted almost two centuries, were also a sign of the Sultan's desire to rule mainland Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Itzkowitz_2008_67–79-119">[117]</a> Voivode <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_Graziani" title="Gaspar Graziani">Gaspar Graziani</a>, ruler of Moldavia, decided to switch sides in favour of Poland and rebelled against the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-Kolodziejczyk_2011_128-120">[118]</a> In turn, Sigismund sent an army to aid Graziani, a move which sparked the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1620%E2%80%9321)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1620–21)">Polish–Ottoman War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> In 1620 the Polish forces were defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cecora_(1620)" title="Battle of Cecora (1620)">Cecora</a> and Hetman Żółkiewski perished during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-Kolodziejczyk_2011_128-120">[118]</a> In 1621 a strong army of Ottomans, led by <a href="/wiki/Osman_II" title="Osman II">Osman II</a>, advanced from <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> towards the Polish frontier.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Approximately 160,000<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> men besieged the <a href="/wiki/Khotyn_Fortress" title="Khotyn Fortress">Khotyn Fortress</a> in September 1621, but were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khotyn_(1621)" title="Battle of Khotyn (1621)">Battle of Khotyn</a> by a Polish garrison counting no more than 50,000 soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> During the siege Hetman <a href="/wiki/Jan_Karol_Chodkiewicz" title="Jan Karol Chodkiewicz">Jan Karol Chodkiewicz</a> died of exhaustion and illness in the camp.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Khotyn" title="Treaty of Khotyn">Treaty of Khotyn</a> was signed on 9 October 1621 which resulted in no territorial gain or loss, but Sigismund was to relinquish his claims on Moldavia and the Ottoman Empire was prevented from marching into Poland.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> Sultan Osman himself was not fully satisfied with the war's outcome and blamed the defiant <a href="/wiki/Janissary" title="Janissary">janissaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dyer_1861_504-127">[125]</a> His wish and plans to modernize the army, which was blamed for the defeat, were however opposed by the traditionalist janissary units.<a href="#cite_note-Dyer_1861_504-127">[125]</a> That opposition resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Janissary#Revolts_and_disbandment" title="Janissary">1622 rebellion</a> in which Osman II was deposed and <a href="/wiki/Strangling" title="Strangling">strangled</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dyer_1861_504-127">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish–Swedish_War_(1626–1629)">Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1626%E2%80%931629)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)">Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matthaeus_Merian_the_Elder_-_Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden_(1594-1632)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gustavus Adolphus in a red coat called delia, from 1631 or 1632" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Matthaeus_Merian_the_Elder_-_Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden_%281594-1632%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/180px-Matthaeus_Merian_the_Elder_-_Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden_%281594-1632%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Matthaeus_Merian_the_Elder_-_Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden_%281594-1632%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/270px-Matthaeus_Merian_the_Elder_-_Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden_%281594-1632%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Matthaeus_Merian_the_Elder_-_Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden_%281594-1632%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/360px-Matthaeus_Merian_the_Elder_-_Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden_%281594-1632%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2981" data-file-height="3740" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden</a> in a Polish costume, 1631–1632. A lifelong enemy of Sigismund, he attempted to take Ducal Prussia and Livonia.</figcaption></figure> Following a series of conflicts between Poland and Sweden in <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1600%E2%80%931611)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1600–1611)">1600–1611</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1617%E2%80%931618)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1617–1618)">1617–1618</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">1621–1625</a>, all of which ended in a <a href="/wiki/Stalemate" title="Stalemate">stalemate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus</a> invaded in 1626 to gain control over <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a> and relinquish Sigismund's claim to the Swedish crown.<a href="#cite_note-Korzon_1889_475-128">[126]</a> Sigismund, already in advanced age, continued his long-term ambition to seize Sweden, which gave Gustavus Adolphus a reasonable <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a> and justification for war.<a href="#cite_note-Korzon_1889_475-128">[126]</a> Though the Polish army achieved major victories in the previous battles against Sweden, particularly at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kircholm" title="Battle of Kircholm">Kircholm</a> in 1605, the very end proved to be catastrophic.<a href="#cite_note-Korzon_1889_475-128">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Podhorodecki_1985_142–144-129">[127]</a> The first skirmish took place in January 1626 near <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wallhof" title="Battle of Wallhof">Wallhof</a>, in present-day <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, where the Swedish army of 4,900 men ambushed a Polish force of 2,000 men commanded by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Stanis%C5%82aw_Sapieha" title="Jan Stanisław Sapieha">Jan Stanisław Sapieha</a>, son of Lew Sapieha.<a href="#cite_note-Podhorodecki_1985_142–144-129">[127]</a> Polish casualties were estimated at between 500 and 1,000 dead, wounded and captured. According to historians, the Polish-Lithuanian commander later suffered a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Nervous breakdown">nervous breakdown</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Podhorodecki_1985_142–144-129">[127]</a> In May 1626 the Swedes entered <a href="/wiki/Polish_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Prussia">Polish Ducal Prussia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> Escorted by a fleet, a second Swedish army disembarked in July near the town of <a href="/wiki/Pillau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pillau">Piława (Pillau)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Korytkowski_1889_698-131">[129]</a> The landings were a complete surprise to the Commonwealth's defences, and despite a relatively small Swedish force, Gustavus Adolphus quickly captured the coastal towns and cities, almost without a fight.<a href="#cite_note-Korytkowski_1889_698-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> Many of these were inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> who resisted the staunchly Catholic Sigismund and Polish domination of their lands; some towns opened their gates to the Protestant Swedish forces whom they portrayed as liberators.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> However, fortified <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> (Danzig), which maintained its own standing army and a sizeable fleet, refused to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-Korytkowski_1889_698-131">[129]</a> Simultaneously, Sigismund received little to no support from his vassal <a href="/wiki/George_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="George William, Elector of Brandenburg">George William of Brandenburg-Prussia</a>, who, as a <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a>, pledged neutrality in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C4%99drzej_Moraczewski" title="Jędrzej Moraczewski">Jędrzej Moraczewski</a> described George's neutral stance to salvage his dukedom as "comical".<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubens_Sigismund_III_Vasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rubens_Sigismund_III_Vasa.jpg/220px-Rubens_Sigismund_III_Vasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rubens_Sigismund_III_Vasa.jpg/330px-Rubens_Sigismund_III_Vasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Rubens_Sigismund_III_Vasa.jpg/440px-Rubens_Sigismund_III_Vasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7545" data-file-height="9672" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1620s</figcaption></figure> The Poles attempted to divert the Swedes from Gdańsk by deploying an army to fight at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gniew" title="Battle of Gniew">Gniew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Korytkowski_1889_698-131">[129]</a> The fighting continued for several days until 1 October, when Sigismund ordered the withdrawal of his troops, and called on reinforcements from around the country.<a href="#cite_note-Podhorodecki_1985_154–160-136">[134]</a> The battle, despite a tactical victory for Sweden, was a strategic blow to Gustavus, who was subsequently unable to besiege Gdańsk.<a href="#cite_note-Podhorodecki_1985_154–160-136">[134]</a> At <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dirschau" title="Battle of Dirschau">Dirschau</a>, in the summer of 1627, Gustavus Adolphus was seriously wounded and the Prussian campaign came to a halt.<a href="#cite_note-Podhorodecki_1978_222-137">[135]</a> The wound forced the king to stay in bed until autumn, and his right arm was weakened with some fingers partially paralyzed.<a href="#cite_note-Podhorodecki_1978_222-137">[135]</a> As the major trade ports on the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> were blocked by Swedish vessels, Sigismund sent a small squadron of ten ships under <a href="/wiki/Arend_Dickmann" title="Arend Dickmann">Arend Dickmann</a> to engage the Swedes at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oliva" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Oliva">Battle of Oliva</a>. It was the largest naval battle fought by the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth_Navy" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy">Polish royal navy</a>, which successfully defeated the enemy fleet and broke the Swedish blockade.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Although Poland emerged victorious in the final <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trzciana" title="Battle of Trzciana">battle at Trzciana</a>, Sigismund's exhausted camp accepted a peace offer.<a href="#cite_note-Podhorodecki_1985_193–200-139">[137]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Altmark" title="Truce of Altmark">Truce of Altmark</a> signed on 26 September 1629 (16 September O.S.) granted Sweden the control of <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>, though Prussia, <a href="/wiki/Latgale" title="Latgale">Latgale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dyneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyneburg">Dyneburg</a> remained under Polish governance.<a href="#cite_note-Podhorodecki_1985_193–200-139">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination_attempt">Assassination attempt</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Assassination attempt">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Piekarski" title="Michał Piekarski">Michał Piekarski</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zamach_na_Zygmunta_III.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An imaged depiction of the attempted assassination by Piekarski on Sigismund in Warsaw. Piekarski holds a war hammer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zamach_na_Zygmunta_III.JPG/220px-Zamach_na_Zygmunta_III.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zamach_na_Zygmunta_III.JPG/330px-Zamach_na_Zygmunta_III.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Zamach_na_Zygmunta_III.JPG/440px-Zamach_na_Zygmunta_III.JPG 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Assassination attempt on Sigismund by <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Piekarski" title="Michał Piekarski">Michał Piekarski</a> in 1620.</figcaption></figure> An unsuccessful attempt on the life of the King was made on 15 November 1620.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> It occurred on Sunday morning when the monarch and his entourage was to attend <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a> at <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Archcathedral_(Warsaw)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. John's Archcathedral (Warsaw)">St. John's Archcathedral</a> in Warsaw.<a href="#cite_note-Niemcewicz_1860_163-141">[139]</a> Sigismund was to arrive by crossing the alley or passage that linked the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a> with the temple. As the royal procession drew closer to the churchdoor, hidden in a nearby portal was petty nobleman <a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Piekarski" title="Michał Piekarski">Michał Piekarski</a>, armed with a <a href="/wiki/War_axe" class="mw-redirect" title="War axe">war axe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Niemcewicz_1860_163-141">[139]</a> When the monarch reached the final steps, Piekarski leaped out and threw himself on the King, stabbing him twice, firstly in the back and then in the cheek, and striking him in the arm.<a href="#cite_note-Niemcewicz_1860_163-141">[139]</a> However, he was not able to deliver a fatal blow due to the intervention of royal guardsmen as well as Court Marshal <a href="/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Opali%C5%84ski_(1581%E2%80%931654)" title="Łukasz Opaliński (1581–1654)">Łukasz Opaliński</a>, who shielded the King.<a href="#cite_note-Niemcewicz_1860_163-141">[139]</a> Concurrently, Prince Ladislaus wounded the assassin on the head with a <a href="/wiki/Sabre" title="Sabre">sabre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Niemcewicz_1860_163-141">[139]</a> Other accounts state that no guards were present; the <a href="/wiki/Cortege" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortege">cortege</a> had a casual character and the assassin was most likely overpowered by the attendees.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulica_Kanonia_w_Warszawie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Warsaw Old Town with St John's Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ulica_Kanonia_w_Warszawie.jpg/220px-Ulica_Kanonia_w_Warszawie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ulica_Kanonia_w_Warszawie.jpg/330px-Ulica_Kanonia_w_Warszawie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ulica_Kanonia_w_Warszawie.jpg/440px-Ulica_Kanonia_w_Warszawie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5994" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The gateway between the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Warsaw Castle</a> and St. John's Cathedral was constructed as a precaution after the assassination attempt.</figcaption></figure> Parishioners gathered around the pale and lifeless King, who collapsed to the ground after the incident.<a href="#cite_note-Niemcewicz_1860_163-141">[139]</a> The guards and other attendants, among them <a href="/wiki/Marcin_Szyszkowski" title="Marcin Szyszkowski">Marcin Szyszkowski</a>, were able to revive him and after a medical examination the wounds were found to be non-life-threatening.<a href="#cite_note-Niemcewicz_1860_163-141">[139]</a> Chaos erupted when false rumours spread that the King had been murdered as his clothes were stained in blood.<a href="#cite_note-Niemcewicz_1860_163-141">[139]</a> Initially, the townsfolk believed that the city was being attacked; the confusion arose when an Italian priest's cry traditore! (traitor) was misinterpreted as "<a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatar</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Niemcewicz_1860_163-141">[139]</a> The assassin was widely regarded as a mentally unstable <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">melancholic</a>, unrestrained in deeds.<a href="#cite_note-Niemcewicz_1860_163-141">[139]</a> Piekarski's most probable cause for the assassination was fame and recognition; the successful assassination of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (1610) by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ravaillac" title="François Ravaillac">François Ravaillac</a> served as motivation for his actions.<a href="#cite_note-Tretiak_1889_40-143">[141]</a> For the appropriate moment Piekarski waited patiently ten years.<a href="#cite_note-Tretiak_1889_40-143">[141]</a> At his trial, he did not deny the crime he committed and heavily insulted the monarch, whilst blaming himself for the failed <a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">regicide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kiliński_1872_117-144">[142]</a> Piekarski was executed in a similar manner as Ravaillac on 27 November 1620 in Warsaw;<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> he was publicly humiliated, tortured, and his body <a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">torn apart</a> by horses.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kiliński_1872_117-144">[142]</a> The dismembered remains were subsequently burned and their ashes scattered by a cannon.<a href="#cite_note-Kiliński_1872_117-144">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolabella_John_Albert_Vasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of young John Albert Vasa in a red cardinal mozzetta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dolabella_John_Albert_Vasa.jpg/180px-Dolabella_John_Albert_Vasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dolabella_John_Albert_Vasa.jpg/270px-Dolabella_John_Albert_Vasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Dolabella_John_Albert_Vasa.jpg/360px-Dolabella_John_Albert_Vasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1492" data-file-height="1896" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Vasa" title="John Albert Vasa">John Albert</a> was appointed bishop at the age of nine and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a> at the age of twenty thanks to his father's reputation.</figcaption></figure> The reign of Sigismund marked the beginning of religious persecution during the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> and the downfall of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> in Poland–Lithuania.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> His hate towards <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicals</a> coupled with the advice of Jesuit priests led to repressions and the eventual demise of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Brethren" title="Polish Brethren">Polish Brethren</a> decades later; their expulsion from Poland in 1658 contributed to the spread of <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a> across the globe.<a href="#cite_note-Dowley_2018_344-148">[146]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Reformed_Church" title="Polish Reformed Church">Polish Reformed Church</a>, once a thriving institution and community, began to fall.<a href="#cite_note-Dowley_2018_344-148">[146]</a> Akin actions were undertaken against other minorities in the country.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Sigismund's contempt for <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> was equally strong; it was his initiative that the native Ruthenian peoples inhabiting the eastern lands of the Commonwealth be forcibly converted to Catholicism, which laid the foundation for the modern <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> However, in Sweden the policies had an adverse effect; the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> in Northern Europe continued and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholic</a> sentiment strengthened.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> The discrimination further extended to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Poland">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a> (Tatars), whose rights were already restricted.<a href="#cite_note-Wójcicki_1848_121–123-152">[150]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Confederation" title="Warsaw Confederation">Warsaw Confederation</a> of 1573 granted religious freedoms unlike elsewhere in Europe, but the degree to which those freedoms were guaranteed often varied. In 1588, Sigismund decreed that the "Israelites" and Tatars are forbidden by law to hold public office or assume political roles.<a href="#cite_note-Wójcicki_1848_121–123-152">[150]</a> Daily contact with Christians was to be limited and any attempts made at converting Christians to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> or Islam was punishable by death.<a href="#cite_note-Wójcicki_1848_121–123-152">[150]</a> Insubordinates were <a href="/wiki/Death_by_burning" title="Death by burning">burned at the stake</a>, or, in the case of Muslim men who married Christian women, <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">beheaded</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wójcicki_1848_121–123-152">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a> of Christian children by Jews was made a <a href="/wiki/Capital_offence" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital offence">capital offence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wójcicki_1848_121–123-152">[150]</a> However, trade practices continued to thrive and Poland remained a safe haven for refugees fleeing oppression in other parts of the continent, chiefly during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wójcicki_1848_121–123-152">[150]</a> Religious <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> under Sigismund and in the years following his death was undoubtedly apparent – three of his sons, <a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John Casimir</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Vasa" title="John Albert Vasa">John Albert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karol_Ferdynand_Vasa" title="Karol Ferdynand Vasa">Charles Ferdinand</a>, were ordained as priests and held notable posts.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Charles was appointed the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Bishop of Wrocław">bishop of Wrocław</a> in 1625 and <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_P%C5%82ock" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Płock">bishop of Płock</a> in 1640. John Albert became <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Warmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Warmia">bishop of Warmia</a> at the age of nine in 1621 and <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">cardinal</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Kraków">bishop of Kraków</a> at the age of twenty in 1632.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> John Casimir, prior to his election to the throne, was made a cardinal at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_X" title="Pope Innocent X">Pope Innocent X</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Melich_Sigismund_III_Vasa_on_catafalque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sigismund's body placed on top of a funeral bier, surrounded by candelabra and royal regalia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Melich_Sigismund_III_Vasa_on_catafalque.jpg/220px-Melich_Sigismund_III_Vasa_on_catafalque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Melich_Sigismund_III_Vasa_on_catafalque.jpg/330px-Melich_Sigismund_III_Vasa_on_catafalque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Melich_Sigismund_III_Vasa_on_catafalque.jpg/440px-Melich_Sigismund_III_Vasa_on_catafalque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2429" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption>Sigismund III on <a href="/wiki/Catafalque" title="Catafalque">catafalque</a> following his death.</figcaption></figure> Towards the end of his reign, Sigismund withdrew altogether from politics and devoted himself exclusively to family matters and his interests in performing arts. Little is known about the King's wellbeing at the time suggesting that he was in good health. However, in his last days he became bedridden due to <a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">gout</a> and joint pain, an affliction which was likely inherited from his grandfather <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_the_Old" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund the Old">Sigismund the Old</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> His uncle, <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a>, also suffered from long-term <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> Shortly after the unexpected death of his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Austria" title="Constance of Austria">Constance</a>, Sigismund fell dangerously ill and experienced mental problems, notably he was struck with severe <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-158">[156]</a> In November 1631, bishop <a href="/wiki/Achacy_Grochowski" title="Achacy Grochowski">Achacy Grochowski</a> travelled to <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> and wrote "the monarch is of sound mind, his heart and stomach [abdomen] are healthy".<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_205-159">[157]</a> Already in advanced age for the period, on <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Day" title="Saint Catherine's Day">Saint Catherine's Day</a> (25 November) he appeared "cheerful, with a ruddy face, and in good spirit hoped to leave bed".<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_205-159">[157]</a> Nevertheless, the gouty arthritis progressed and medics applied red-hot iron to the painful swelling with no effect.<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_205-159">[157]</a> The king sensed that death was near and ordered an immediate assembly of nobles, which convened on 1 April.<a href="#cite_note-Zieliński_1878_94-160">[158]</a> The so-called 'extraordinary parliament' (<a href="/wiki/Sejm_ekstraordynaryjny" title="Sejm ekstraordynaryjny">sejm ekstraordynaryjny</a>) secured the candidacy and election of his son, Ladislaus, to the throne.<a href="#cite_note-Zieliński_1878_94-160">[158]</a> On <a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Sunday">Easter Sunday</a> he participated in final prayers, whilst being supported by his sons to prevent him from collapsing.<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_206-161">[159]</a> At eight in the morning on 25 April, <a href="/wiki/Kasper_Doenhoff" title="Kasper Doenhoff">Kasper Doenhoff</a>, a courtier in charge of opening curtains in the royal bedchamber and greeting the monarch, did not hear a response.<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_206-161">[159]</a> Unable to see at a distance he approached Sigismund whose face was paralyzed from a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_206-161">[159]</a> Hours later he briefly recovered his speech and murmured "there is no cure against the will [power] of death".<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_206-161">[159]</a> The paralysis worsened and on 27 April <a href="/wiki/Urszula_Meyerin" title="Urszula Meyerin">Urszula Meyerin</a> acted as spokeswoman, speaking on behalf of the mumbling king.<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_206-161">[159]</a> Prince Ladislaus arrived on the same day.<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_206-161">[159]</a> On 28 April, Sigismund's bed was surrounded by his courtiers and the Jesuit priests, who performed <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a>-like prayers.<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_206-161">[159]</a> It was his wish that the court be witness to his demise, as interpreted in the words "vanitas vanitatis", <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for 'all is vanity'.<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_206-161">[159]</a> After days of suffering, Sigismund passed away at Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Castle,_Warsaw" title="Royal Castle, Warsaw">Royal Castle</a> at approximately 2:45 am (02:45) on 30 April 1632.<a href="#cite_note-Rastawiecki_1857_95-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> His close aide <a href="/wiki/Albrycht_Stanis%C5%82aw_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" title="Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł">Albrycht S. Radziwill</a> wrote "the <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> on the same day in the afternoon determined that the king's internal organs were healthy. He could have lived another twenty years".<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_206-161">[159]</a> His embalmed body was placed in an elaborate <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> coffin decorated with soldiers, battle scenes and musical motifs, a masterpiece of 17th-century tin-making.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> The coffin was interred inside the royal crypt at <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> on 4 February 1633.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolumna_Zygmunta_III_Wazy_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sigismund's Column at castle Square in Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kolumna_Zygmunta_III_Wazy_2020.jpg/180px-Kolumna_Zygmunta_III_Wazy_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kolumna_Zygmunta_III_Wazy_2020.jpg/270px-Kolumna_Zygmunta_III_Wazy_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Kolumna_Zygmunta_III_Wazy_2020.jpg/360px-Kolumna_Zygmunta_III_Wazy_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3834" data-file-height="5869" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Column" title="Sigismund's Column">Sigismund's Column</a> (1644) in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> is a reminder of the King's decision to transfer the capital of Poland.</figcaption></figure> Sigismund's death came at a time of great divisions and constant quarrels. His rule of nearly 45 years is perceived by some as controversial – it was distinguished by considerable developments in <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Poland" title="Architecture of Poland">architecture</a>, the arts and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">culture</a> coupled with conspiracies, religious antipathy and the endless conflict with Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-Maternicki_2004_114-165">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Czwojdrak_2007-166">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Szymon_Starowolski" title="Szymon Starowolski">Szymon Starowolski</a> positioned Sigismund's legacy above that of his predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> Others were less flattering. The decision to appoint Jesuit priests as ministers on matters which did not necessarily concern religion caused ubiquitous disapproval.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Piasecki_1870_LXIII-170">[168]</a> Spiteful foes convinced of the damage he inflicted on the nation wrote with contempt "this man, whose knowledge exceeded in goldsmithing but not politics, lived far too long".<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> Members of opposing camps were relieved and enthusiastic to see his progressive son, Ladislaus, take the throne.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> Nonetheless, the nobility and <a href="/wiki/Magnates_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnates of Poland">magnates</a> from all political spheres obeyed tradition by wearing black outfits for the duration of the <a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">interregnum</a> as a sign of mourning.<a href="#cite_note-Siarczyński_1843_103-173">[171]</a> The strict compliance to the practice is said to have stunned foreign dignitaries.<a href="#cite_note-Siarczyński_1843_103-173">[171]</a> There is no doubt that Sigismund was one of Poland's most capable and recognisable sovereigns.<a href="#cite_note-Czwojdrak_2007-166">[164]</a> Sigismund's reign arguably marked an end to the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Golden_Age" title="Polish Golden Age">Polish Golden Age</a> and the dawn of the Silver Age.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> He presided over the transition from cultural <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, and witnessed the first stages of a nationwide literary reform.<a href="#cite_note-Podhorodecki_1985_215-175">[173]</a> Notably, it was under his rule that <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> began to supersede <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> in academic thought and artistic expression.<a href="#cite_note-Podhorodecki_1985_215-175">[173]</a> Some ground-breaking achievements were made, for example, the publication of <a href="/wiki/Jakub_Wujek" title="Jakub Wujek">Jakub Wujek</a>'s Polish translation of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Bible">Holy Bible</a> in 1599,<a href="#cite_note-Gajda_2001_381-176">[174]</a> which remained in use until the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Gajda_2001_381-176">[174]</a> The period also saw the rise of societal <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> and extensive political commentaries which reflected the country's faults in hope of improvement, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eight_sermons_before_the_Sejm" title="Eight sermons before the Sejm">Eight sermons before the Sejm</a> by <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Skarga" title="Piotr Skarga">Piotr Skarga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_282-177">[175]</a> However, these works were considered controversial and dangerous to publish, particularly after the failed <a href="/wiki/Zebrzydowski_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Zebrzydowski Rebellion">1606 rebellion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_282-177">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Szujski" title="Józef Szujski">Józef Szujski</a> notes that the literature became "infested with <a href="/wiki/Pleonasm" title="Pleonasm">pleonasms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasquinade" title="Pasquinade">pasquinades</a> and moral <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermon</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Szujski_1894_282-177">[175]</a> Consequently, regional councils imposed <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> and suppression of speech.<a href="#cite_note-Czarnowski_1895_56-178">[176]</a> Renowned academician <a href="/wiki/Joannes_Broscius" class="mw-redirect" title="Joannes Broscius">Joannes Broscius</a> (Jan Brożek) wrote a satirical <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">lampoon</a> Gratis directed against the Jesuit priests, which was confiscated and burnt publicly in 1625.<a href="#cite_note-Czarnowski_1895_56-178">[176]</a> Exposed printers and distributors were tied to a <a href="/wiki/Pillory" title="Pillory">pillory</a> and flogged or beaten mercilessly.<a href="#cite_note-Czarnowski_1895_56-178">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choir_balcony_with_arms_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa,_featuring_Polish_Eagle_and_Lithuanian_Vytis_(Waykimas),_in_the_St._John%27s_Archcathedral_in_Warsaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Choir_balcony_with_arms_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_featuring_Polish_Eagle_and_Lithuanian_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29%2C_in_the_St._John%27s_Archcathedral_in_Warsaw.jpg/220px-Choir_balcony_with_arms_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_featuring_Polish_Eagle_and_Lithuanian_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29%2C_in_the_St._John%27s_Archcathedral_in_Warsaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Choir_balcony_with_arms_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_featuring_Polish_Eagle_and_Lithuanian_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29%2C_in_the_St._John%27s_Archcathedral_in_Warsaw.jpg/330px-Choir_balcony_with_arms_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_featuring_Polish_Eagle_and_Lithuanian_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29%2C_in_the_St._John%27s_Archcathedral_in_Warsaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Choir_balcony_with_arms_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_featuring_Polish_Eagle_and_Lithuanian_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29%2C_in_the_St._John%27s_Archcathedral_in_Warsaw.jpg/440px-Choir_balcony_with_arms_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa%2C_featuring_Polish_Eagle_and_Lithuanian_Vytis_%28Waykimas%29%2C_in_the_St._John%27s_Archcathedral_in_Warsaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Elaborate <a href="/wiki/Choir_(architecture)" title="Choir (architecture)">choir stalls</a> at Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Archcathedral,_Warsaw" title="St. John's Archcathedral, Warsaw">St. John's Archcathedral</a>, with Sigismund's personal coat of arms.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Siarczy%C5%84ski" title="Franciszek Siarczyński">Franciszek Siarczyński</a> spoke of a cultural revolution that took place at the time and shaped Poland's society for the centuries to come.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> The simplicity and austerity of older Polish customs faded and were replaced in favour of those from Italy or Germany.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fabrics" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabrics">Fabrics</a> and garments diversified, thus becoming more striking; Siarczyński writes "clothing, once wool, adorned our sides, now <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Velvet" title="Velvet">velvet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moire_(fabric)" title="Moire (fabric)">moire</a>, gold and silver lining. Even a commoner frowns on sheepskin coats. Our <a href="/wiki/Coach_(carriage)" title="Coach (carriage)">coaches</a> and carriages turned ostentatious. We no more venture to our neighbours and camp without the splendour".<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> Jerzy Maternicki outlined that Sigismund was instrumental in developing <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.<a href="#cite_note-Maternicki_2004_114-165">[163]</a> The memory of Sigismund III is still vivid in Warsaw, which he expanded and made the capital of Poland in 1596.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a> ordered the construction of a monument dedicated to his father in the heart of the city as a reminder of the 'Sigismundian' legacy.<a href="#cite_note-Ochmann-Staniszewska_2006_302-183">[181]</a> The engineers drew inspiration from the memorials of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/Column_of_Phocas" title="Column of Phocas">Column of Phocas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ochmann-Staniszewska_2006_302-183">[181]</a> The new 22-meter <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Corinthian column">Corinthian column</a> was crowned with a bronze statue of the king wearing armour, holding a cross and a sword.<a href="#cite_note-Ochmann-Staniszewska_2006_302-183">[181]</a> Władysław personally unveiled <a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Column" title="Sigismund's Column">Sigismund's Column</a> on 24 November 1644 as the first <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secular</a> column in Europe's modern history.<a href="#cite_note-Ochmann-Staniszewska_2006_302-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Sigismund and his sons left a collection of tangible memorabilia, including commemorative coins (<a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatics</a>), <a href="/wiki/Reliquaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliquaries">reliquaries</a>, silverware, <a href="/wiki/Tableware" title="Tableware">tableware</a>, jewellery and precious personal belongings marked with royal <a href="/wiki/Monogram" title="Monogram">monograms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Crest_(heraldry)" title="Crest (heraldry)">crests</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schorer_Reliquary_of_St._Stanislaus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A silver coffin with the remains of Saint Stanislaus at Wawel Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Schorer_Reliquary_of_St._Stanislaus.jpg/200px-Schorer_Reliquary_of_St._Stanislaus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Schorer_Reliquary_of_St._Stanislaus.jpg/300px-Schorer_Reliquary_of_St._Stanislaus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Schorer_Reliquary_of_St._Stanislaus.jpg/400px-Schorer_Reliquary_of_St._Stanislaus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_of_Szczepan%C3%B3w" title="Stanislaus of Szczepanów">Saint Stanislaus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wawel_Cathedral" title="Wawel Cathedral">Wawel Cathedral</a> is one of several exquisite items commissioned by Sigismund III.<a href="#cite_note-artinpl-185">[183]</a></figcaption></figure> Scholars frequently noted Sigismund's extreme piety, with some calling him a fanatic even during his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-Piasecki_1870_LXIII-170">[168]</a> Adherents, however, subtly described it as absolute devotion to religion and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> observance, which especially drew praise from <a href="/wiki/Papal_legates" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal legates">papal legates</a> and foreign clerics who visited the court.<a href="#cite_note-Fabisz_1864_189-19">[18]</a> According to Giovanni Paolo Mucante and cardinal <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caetani" title="Enrico Caetani">Enrico Caetani</a> who were sent by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VIII" title="Pope Clement VIII">Pope Clement VIII</a>, "Sigismund's behaviour was comparable to that of a priest. He fervently attends mass daily, then hears <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choral music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">sermons</a> and orations. He <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasts</a>, and practices <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">sexual abstinence</a> on Wednesdays and Fridays, two days before and after <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a>. This large kingdom would have no schismatics, <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> if it depended on him".<a href="#cite_note-Fabisz_1864_189-19">[18]</a> Historian Paweł Fabisz writes that when <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James of England and Scotland</a> sent a book with <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-papal</a> connotations, Sigismund deemed the gift "vile" and threw it into the fireplace.<a href="#cite_note-Fabisz_1864_189-19">[18]</a> Throughout the entire reign Sigismund maintained high etiquette and courtliness.<a href="#cite_note-Fabisz_1864_189-19">[18]</a> Mucante emphasized his <a href="/wiki/Frugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Frugal">frugality</a> and calm nature.<a href="#cite_note-Fabisz_1864_189-19">[18]</a> Nevertheless, he hosted balls and held <a href="/wiki/Masquerade_ball" title="Masquerade ball">masquerades</a> during which he would entertain guests and play the <a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">harpsichord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> The king was a skilled dancer and performed <a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_dances" title="Polish folk dances">Polish folk dances</a> as well as Italian dances like the <a href="/wiki/Saltarello" title="Saltarello">saltarello</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passamezzo" title="Passamezzo">passamezzo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> Upon the marriage to his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland" title="Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland">Anne of Austria</a>, on 25 November 1592 he ordered a themed masquerade on Kraków's <a href="/wiki/Main_Market_Square,_Krak%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Main Market Square, Kraków">Main Market Square</a> and, to the disbelief of his subjects, danced for the public.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Sigismund was also known to be physically active in his youth<a href="#cite_note-Piasecki_1870_LXIV-189">[187]</a> and enjoyed occasional hunting, ice skating and frequently played <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>; he is widely credited for introducing and popularising the sport in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-Piasecki_1870_LXIV-189">[187]</a> Members of the royal court disapproved of such activities which were perceived as improper and not worthy of a monarch, particularly the sports.<a href="#cite_note-Piasecki_1870_LXIV-189">[187]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alchemik_Sedziwoj_Matejko.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Jan Matejko's representation of Sendivogius and Sigismund practicing alchemy near a fireplace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Alchemik_Sedziwoj_Matejko.JPG/280px-Alchemik_Sedziwoj_Matejko.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Alchemik_Sedziwoj_Matejko.JPG/420px-Alchemik_Sedziwoj_Matejko.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Alchemik_Sedziwoj_Matejko.JPG/560px-Alchemik_Sedziwoj_Matejko.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5554" data-file-height="3095" /></a><figcaption>Alchemist <a href="/wiki/Sendivogius" class="mw-redirect" title="Sendivogius">Sendivogius</a> and Sigismund III, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matejko" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a>.</figcaption></figure> Sigismund's personal approach to internal affairs was unpredictable; he was said to have been somewhat temperamental and impetuous at times.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Lelewel" title="Joachim Lelewel">Joachim Lelewel</a> compared his character to that of the despotic <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, but unlike Philip who overtly ordered persecution of non-Catholics, Sigismund was more discreet.<a href="#cite_note-Lelewel_1845_16-191">[189]</a> A determined and stubborn<a href="#cite_note-Lelewel_1845_16-191">[189]</a> man who sought to strengthen his authority, he was reluctant to participate in pointless conferences. As recalled by his close aide <a href="/wiki/Albrycht_Stanis%C5%82aw_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82" title="Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł">Albrycht Radziwiłł</a>, at one meeting the king decided to sketch an owl in his notepad rather than note important advice.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Sigismund held high regard for the arts and early <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a>; he willingly sponsored foreign masters and engineers who came to Poland at his invitation.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> He actively took part in the designing of <a href="/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façades</a> and structural elements as well as Eucharistic objects<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Chalice" title="Chalice">chalices</a>, crucifixes, <a href="/wiki/Candelabra" title="Candelabra">candelabra</a> and even book covers.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> During a visit to the <a href="/wiki/Bernardine_Church,_Lviv" title="Bernardine Church, Lviv">Lwów Bernardine Church</a> in 1621 he reprimanded the chief planners for making the temple seem disproportionate.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Sigismund was a gifted painter and craftsman; only a few of his works survive,<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> among them parts of <a href="/wiki/St._Adalbert_of_Prague" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Adalbert of Prague">Saint Adalbert's</a> silver reliquary at the <a href="/wiki/Gniezno_Cathedral" title="Gniezno Cathedral">Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gniezno" title="Gniezno">Gniezno</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> He was also fascinated by <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> and ancient methods of turning metals into <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>; it is said he experimented with the alchemist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sendivogius" title="Michael Sendivogius">Michael Sendivogius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages_and_children">Marriages and children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Marriages and children">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kober,_Martin_-_Portrait_of_Anna_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Anne of Austria in royal attire and Spanish dress" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kober%2C_Martin_-_Portrait_of_Anna_of_Austria%2C_Queen_of_Poland.JPG/170px-Kober%2C_Martin_-_Portrait_of_Anna_of_Austria%2C_Queen_of_Poland.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kober%2C_Martin_-_Portrait_of_Anna_of_Austria%2C_Queen_of_Poland.JPG/255px-Kober%2C_Martin_-_Portrait_of_Anna_of_Austria%2C_Queen_of_Poland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Kober%2C_Martin_-_Portrait_of_Anna_of_Austria%2C_Queen_of_Poland.JPG/340px-Kober%2C_Martin_-_Portrait_of_Anna_of_Austria%2C_Queen_of_Poland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1495" data-file-height="1806" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Austria,_Queen_of_Poland" title="Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland">Anne of Habsburg</a> was Sigismund's first consort. An introvert, she was known for her hostile attitude towards Sweden and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 31 May 1592 Sigismund married his first wife <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Austria_(1573%E2%80%931598)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna of Austria (1573–1598)">Anne of Austria</a> (1573–1598), daughter of Archduke <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles II of Austria">Charles II of Austria</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Bavaria_(1551%E2%80%931608)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608)">Maria Anna of Bavaria</a>. She was well received in Poland, despite being a Habsburg. Certain leading magnates were initially opposed to the marriage,<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> however the opinion shifted in her favour due to personal characteristics; she was known to be attentive, sharp-minded, humble, pious and kind, though of poor health.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> The couple led a happy but introverted life. Anne was particularly hostile towards the Swedes; her attitude was shaped by an unsuccessful visit to Sweden in 1593 where she was said to have been mistreated.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> She complained of the cold and general misery in Sweden, and fell ill there in October 1593.<a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> The continuous stress arising from the unpredictable behaviour of <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles Vasa</a> (future King Charles IX and adversary of Sigismund) also contributed to her distaste. According to an account, she gave birth in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> to a baby girl named Catherine who died soon after and was secretly buried upon their return to Poland.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> Her health rapidly deteriorated with successive pregnancies over the next four years. She died from a <a href="/wiki/Puerperal_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerperal fever">puerperal fever</a> at childbirth along with the baby boy on 10 February 1598 in Warsaw.<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_160-205">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> Following her death, Sigismund was in deep mourning; he expressed sorrow in private letters to his mother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Maria_Anna_of_Bavaria_(1551%E2%80%931608)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Anna of Bavaria (1551–1608)">Maria Anna of Bavaria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_160-205">[203]</a> and isolated himself from subjects.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> Anne and Sigismund had five<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> known children during their marriage: <ol><li>Anne Marie (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Anna Maria; 23 May 1593 – 9 February 1600)</li> <li>Catherine (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Katarzyna; May 1594 – June 1594)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Ladislaus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Władysław; 9 June 1595 – 20 May 1648), reigned 1632–1648 as Władysław IV</li> <li>Catherine (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Katarzyna; 27 September 1596 – June 1597)</li> <li>Christopher (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Krzysztof; 10 February 1598)</li></ol> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_Konstancji_Austriaczki_(fragment).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Constance of Austria in a ruff, wearing an ornate diadem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Portret_Konstancji_Austriaczki_%28fragment%29.jpg/170px-Portret_Konstancji_Austriaczki_%28fragment%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Portret_Konstancji_Austriaczki_%28fragment%29.jpg/255px-Portret_Konstancji_Austriaczki_%28fragment%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Portret_Konstancji_Austriaczki_%28fragment%29.jpg/340px-Portret_Konstancji_Austriaczki_%28fragment%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Austria" title="Constance of Austria">Constance of Habsburg</a>, Anne's sister and Sigismund's second consort. A devout Catholic, she supported Sigismund in political endeavours.</figcaption></figure> Sigismund was expected to marry <a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Tyrol" title="Anna of Tyrol">Anna of Tyrol</a> in 1603, however <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Rudolf II</a> did not give his consent.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> Instead, on 11 December 1605 he wedded <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_Austria" title="Constance of Austria">Constance of Austria</a> (1588–1631), Anne's younger sister.<a href="#cite_note-210">[208]</a> The match was condemned by nobles and clerics who previously opposed Anne and the Habsburg alliance; the match was savagely described as "<a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incestuous</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_171-211">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> The death of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Zamoyski" title="Jan Zamoyski">Jan Zamoyski</a>, leader of the opposition, in June 1605 allowed for the marriage to take place without incidents.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> Some threatened to abandon the royal court, notably <a href="/wiki/Piotr_Skarga" title="Piotr Skarga">Piotr Skarga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Besala_2009_171-211">[209]</a> The marriage further fuelled the anger of Sigismund's most vocal adversaries, <a href="/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_Zebrzydowski" title="Mikołaj Zebrzydowski">Nicholas Zebrzydowski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> The wedding ceremony and Constance's entrance into Kraków was so ostentatious it was recorded in the form of a large <a href="/wiki/Gouache" title="Gouache">gouache</a> roll painting known as rolka sztokholmska, now housed in Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> Like her sister, Constance was well-educated and religious; she attended mass two to four times a day.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> She was also a good mother, who particularly cared for her stepson, Ladislaus, even in his twenties.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> On the other hand, Constance approved of her husband's struggle for absolute power; she maintained considerable influence over Sigismund and the senators. To the general public she appeared cold, strait-laced, intolerant and even <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a>; in 1626, she forbade the Jews to settle in the town of <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBywiec" title="Żywiec">Żywiec</a> which she privately owned and administered.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> Under her patronage, Austro-German culture as well as Spanish fashion flourished at the court.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> Constance died on 10 July 1631 from a <a href="/wiki/Heat_stroke" title="Heat stroke">heat stroke</a> she suffered after attending mass on the <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Corpus_Christi" title="Feast of Corpus Christi">Feast of Corpus Christi</a> weeks earlier.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> They had seven<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> children: <ol><li>John Casimir (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Jan Kazimierz; 25 December 1607 – 14 January 1608)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John Casimir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Jan Kazimierz; 22 March 1609 – 16 December 1672), reigned 1648–1668 as John II Casimir</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Vasa" title="John Albert Vasa">John Albert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Jan Albert/Olbracht; 25 May 1612 – 22 December 1634)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Ferdynand_Vasa" title="Karol Ferdynand Vasa">Charles Ferdinand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Karol Ferdynand; 13 October 1613 – 9 May 1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Charles_Vasa" title="Alexander Charles Vasa">Alexander Charles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Aleksander Karol; 4 November 1614 – 19 November 1634)</li> <li>Anna Constance (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Anna Konstancja; 26 January 1616 – 24 May 1616)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Catherine_Constance_Vasa" title="Anna Catherine Constance Vasa">Anna Catherine Constance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Anna Katarzyna Konstancja; 7 August 1619 – 8 October 1651), the first wife of <a href="/wiki/Philip_William,_Elector_Palatine" title="Philip William, Elector Palatine">Philip William, Elector Palatine</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urszula_Meyerin">Urszula Meyerin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Urszula Meyerin">edit</a>]</div> The nature of the relationship between Sigismund and one of his trusted courtiers, <a href="/wiki/Urszula_Meyerin" title="Urszula Meyerin">Urszula Meyerin</a>, has been continually questioned by Polish historians. Born in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> as Ursula Gienger,<a href="#cite_note-Rudzki_1987-222">[220]</a> she came to Poland with the cortège of future queen Anne in 1592.<a href="#cite_note-Lileyko_1984_169-223">[221]</a> The king was said to have been infatuated with Urszula, who was known to be attractive and pious.<a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> Upon her arrival, she became involved in the affairs of state and was appointed <a href="/wiki/Chamberlain_(office)" title="Chamberlain (office)">chamberlain</a> (ochmistrzyni in Polish) at the Queen's court.<a href="#cite_note-Lileyko_1984_169-223">[221]</a> To emphasize her political role and importance, she adopted the Old German equivalent to the title of chamberlain, "Meyerin", as her <a href="/wiki/Sobriquet" title="Sobriquet">sobriquet</a> and official name.<a href="#cite_note-Lileyko_1984_169-223">[221]</a> She devotedly assisted in raising the children and, with time, acted as their tutor.<a href="#cite_note-Lileyko_1984_169-223">[221]</a> Meyerin's position as <a href="/wiki/Grey_eminence" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey eminence">grey eminence</a><a href="#cite_note-Lileyko_1984_169-223">[221]</a> and influence on the royal couple made her immensely unpopular among the nobility. Consequently, she was compared to the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Francisco_G%C3%B3mez_de_Sandoval,_1st_Duke_of_Lerma" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Gómez de Sandoval, 1st Duke of Lerma">Duke of Lerma</a>, who ruled in the king's stead, and contemptuously described as "the king's mistress", "ravenous gold-digger", "minister in a skirt" or "Jesuit's bigotry".<a href="#cite_note-Rudzki_1987-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> Sigismund's secretary <a href="/wiki/Jan_Szcz%C4%99sny_Herburt" title="Jan Szczęsny Herburt">Jan Szczęsny Herburt</a> in his memoirs called her "an obscene <a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">favourite</a>".<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> However, it is unknown whether the relations between the two were physical.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Gallery">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Newrew_-_False_Dimitry_I_swearing_Sigismund_III_introduction_of_catholicism_in_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="False Dmitriy I takes an oath of allegiance to Sigismund III, by Nikolai Nevrev (1874)"><img alt="False Dmitriy I takes an oath of allegiance to Sigismund III, by Nikolai Nevrev (1874)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Newrew_-_False_Dimitry_I_swearing_Sigismund_III_introduction_of_catholicism_in_Russia.jpg/94px-Newrew_-_False_Dimitry_I_swearing_Sigismund_III_introduction_of_catholicism_in_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Newrew_-_False_Dimitry_I_swearing_Sigismund_III_introduction_of_catholicism_in_Russia.jpg/141px-Newrew_-_False_Dimitry_I_swearing_Sigismund_III_introduction_of_catholicism_in_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Newrew_-_False_Dimitry_I_swearing_Sigismund_III_introduction_of_catholicism_in_Russia.jpg/188px-Newrew_-_False_Dimitry_I_swearing_Sigismund_III_introduction_of_catholicism_in_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="2771" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/False_Dmitriy_I" class="mw-redirect" title="False Dmitriy I">False Dmitriy I</a> takes an oath of allegiance to Sigismund III, by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Nevrev" title="Nikolai Nevrev">Nikolai Nevrev</a> (1874)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolumna_Zygmunta_(zbli%C5%BCenie)_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of King Sigismund III on top of Sigismund's Column in Warsaw"><img alt="Statue of King Sigismund III on top of Sigismund's Column in Warsaw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kolumna_Zygmunta_%28zbli%C5%BCenie%29_02.JPG/90px-Kolumna_Zygmunta_%28zbli%C5%BCenie%29_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kolumna_Zygmunta_%28zbli%C5%BCenie%29_02.JPG/135px-Kolumna_Zygmunta_%28zbli%C5%BCenie%29_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kolumna_Zygmunta_%28zbli%C5%BCenie%29_02.JPG/180px-Kolumna_Zygmunta_%28zbli%C5%BCenie%29_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2616" data-file-height="3488" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of King Sigismund III on top of <a href="/wiki/Sigismund%27s_Column" title="Sigismund's Column">Sigismund's Column</a> in Warsaw</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:40_ducats_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa_from_1621.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="A 40-ducat coin depicting King Sigismund III Vasa, 1621"><img alt="A 40-ducat coin depicting King Sigismund III Vasa, 1621" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/40_ducats_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa_from_1621.PNG/120px-40_ducats_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa_from_1621.PNG" decoding="async" width="120" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/40_ducats_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa_from_1621.PNG/180px-40_ducats_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa_from_1621.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/40_ducats_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa_from_1621.PNG/240px-40_ducats_of_Sigismund_III_Vasa_from_1621.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="2532" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 40-ducat coin depicting King Sigismund III Vasa, 1621</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MAJNERT_jednostronna_cynowa_odbitka_Talara_rewalskiego_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="One of King Sigismund's coins"><img alt="One of King Sigismund's coins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MAJNERT_jednostronna_cynowa_odbitka_Talara_rewalskiego_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.jpg/120px-MAJNERT_jednostronna_cynowa_odbitka_Talara_rewalskiego_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MAJNERT_jednostronna_cynowa_odbitka_Talara_rewalskiego_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.jpg/180px-MAJNERT_jednostronna_cynowa_odbitka_Talara_rewalskiego_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/MAJNERT_jednostronna_cynowa_odbitka_Talara_rewalskiego_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.jpg/240px-MAJNERT_jednostronna_cynowa_odbitka_Talara_rewalskiego_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="2208" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">One of King Sigismund's coins</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Monogramma_R.,_sigismondo_III_di_polonia_e_anna,_oro,_1598.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Gold coin featuring King Sigismund and Queen Anne, 1598"><img alt="Gold coin featuring King Sigismund and Queen Anne, 1598" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Monogramma_R.%2C_sigismondo_III_di_polonia_e_anna%2C_oro%2C_1598.JPG/120px-Monogramma_R.%2C_sigismondo_III_di_polonia_e_anna%2C_oro%2C_1598.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Monogramma_R.%2C_sigismondo_III_di_polonia_e_anna%2C_oro%2C_1598.JPG/180px-Monogramma_R.%2C_sigismondo_III_di_polonia_e_anna%2C_oro%2C_1598.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Monogramma_R.%2C_sigismondo_III_di_polonia_e_anna%2C_oro%2C_1598.JPG/240px-Monogramma_R.%2C_sigismondo_III_di_polonia_e_anna%2C_oro%2C_1598.JPG 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="495" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gold coin featuring King Sigismund and Queen Anne, 1598</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mater_Dolorosa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mater Dolorosa painted by Sigismund in the 1620s, based on works by Gortzius Geldorp"><img alt="Mater Dolorosa painted by Sigismund in the 1620s, based on works by Gortzius Geldorp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mater_Dolorosa.JPG/94px-Mater_Dolorosa.JPG" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mater_Dolorosa.JPG/142px-Mater_Dolorosa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Mater_Dolorosa.JPG/189px-Mater_Dolorosa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="735" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Our Lady of Sorrows">Mater Dolorosa</a> painted by Sigismund in the 1620s, based on works by <a href="/wiki/Gortzius_Geldorp" title="Gortzius Geldorp">Gortzius Geldorp</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gdansk_tourist_pictures_2009_0077.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Facade relief on the Golden House in Gdańsk"><img alt="Facade relief on the Golden House in Gdańsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gdansk_tourist_pictures_2009_0077.JPG/80px-Gdansk_tourist_pictures_2009_0077.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gdansk_tourist_pictures_2009_0077.JPG/120px-Gdansk_tourist_pictures_2009_0077.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Gdansk_tourist_pictures_2009_0077.JPG/160px-Gdansk_tourist_pictures_2009_0077.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4272" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Facade relief on the <a href="/wiki/Long_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Market">Golden House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Banner used during Sigismund III Vasa's reign"><img alt="Banner used during Sigismund III Vasa's reign" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/120px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/180px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg/240px-Chor%C4%85giew_kr%C3%B3lewska_kr%C3%B3la_Zygmunta_III_Wazy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Banner used during Sigismund III Vasa's reign</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ancestry">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Sigismund III Vasa<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Erik_Johansson_Vasa" title="Erik Johansson Vasa">Erik Johansson Vasa</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I of Sweden</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Cecilia_M%C3%A5nsdotter" title="Cecilia Månsdotter">Cecilia Månsdotter</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III of Sweden</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. Erik Abrahamsson Leijonhufvud</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Leijonhufvud" title="Margaret Leijonhufvud">Margaret Leijonhufvud</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Ebba_Eriksdotter_Vasa" title="Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa">Ebba Eriksdotter Vasa</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. Sigismund III Vasa </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV of Poland</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I of Poland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Austria_(d._1505)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of Austria (d. 1505)">Elisabeth of Austria</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Jagiellon" title="Catherine Jagiellon">Catherine of Poland</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Sforza" title="Gian Galeazzo Sforza">Gian Galeazzo Sforza</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Bona_Sforza" title="Bona Sforza">Bona Sforza</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella of Naples">Isabella of Naples</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Poland" title="Portal:Poland">Poland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/48px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/64px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Sweden portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/30px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/45px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/60px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1569%E2%80%931795)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Poland (1569–1795)">History of Poland (1569–1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(1523%E2%80%931611)" title="History of Sweden (1523–1611)">History of Sweden (1523–1611)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unions_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Unions of Sweden">Unions of Sweden</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Zygmunt III Waza, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: Žygimantas Vaza </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Recorded as Paul Dzialynski or Paul De Jaline in English <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a><a href="#cite_note-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_23-76">[75]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inline_citations">Inline citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Inline citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUZmAAAAMAAJ">Archeion</a> (in Polish). Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Zakład Naukowo-Badawczy Archiwistyki. 2003. p. 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archeion&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Naczelna+Dyrekcja+Archiw%C3%B3w+Pa%C5%84stwowych%2C+Zak%C5%82ad+Naukowo-Badawczy+Archiwistyki&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsUZmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fabisz_1864_188-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fabisz_1864_188_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabisz_1864_188_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabisz_1864_188_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabisz_1864_188_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabisz_1864_188_3-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFabisz1864">Fabisz 1864</a>, p. 188 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rastawiecki_1857_95-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rastawiecki_1857_95_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rastawiecki_1857_95_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRastawiecki1857">Rastawiecki 1857</a>, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTyszkiewicz1846">Tyszkiewicz 1846</a>, pp. 85–86 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaar1995">Saar 1995</a>, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKurkowska1995">Kurkowska 1995</a>, p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTyszkiewicz1846">Tyszkiewicz 1846</a>, p. 87 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCynarski1988">Cynarski 1988</a>, p. 176 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndersson1979">Andersson 1979</a>, pp. 263, 265 </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyklopedia_powszechna_1868_875-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyklopedia_powszechna_1868_875_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyklopedia_powszechna_1868_875_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyklopedia_powszechna_1868_875_11-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEncyklopedia_powszechna1868">Encyklopedia powszechna 1868</a>, p. 875 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoudaMaclagan1991">Louda & Maclagan 1991</a>, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiemcewicz1860">Niemcewicz 1860</a>, p. 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOchmann-Staniszewska2006">Ochmann-Staniszewska 2006</a>, p. 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZarewicz1876">Zarewicz 1876</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPodhorodecki1985">Podhorodecki 1985</a>, pp. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-Spórna_2003_515-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spórna_2003_515_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spórna_2003_515_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpórnaWierzbickiWygonik2003">Spórna, Wierzbicki & Wygonik 2003</a>, p. 515 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fabisz_1864_189-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fabisz_1864_189_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabisz_1864_189_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabisz_1864_189_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabisz_1864_189_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabisz_1864_189_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabisz_1864_189_19-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFFabisz1864">Fabisz 1864</a>, p. 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaleckiReddawayPenson1950">Halecki, Reddaway & Penson 1950</a>, pp. 452–453 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twojahistoria.pl/2017/12/12/zygmunt-iii-waza-nie-mogl-liczyc-na-cieple-przyjecie-ze-strony-polskich-elit-podczas-koronacji-nazwano-go-niemota-i-diablem/">"Zygmunt III Waza nie mógł liczyć na ciepłe przyjęcie ze strony polskich elit. Podczas koronacji nazwano go niemotą i diabłem"</a>. TwojaHistoria.pl. 12 December 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TwojaHistoria.pl&rft.atitle=Zygmunt+III+Waza+nie+m%C3%B3g%C5%82+liczy%C4%87+na+ciep%C5%82e+przyj%C4%99cie+ze+strony+polskich+elit.+Podczas+koronacji+nazwano+go+niemot%C4%85+i+diab%C5%82em&rft.date=2017-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftwojahistoria.pl%2F2017%2F12%2F12%2Fzygmunt-iii-waza-nie-mogl-liczyc-na-cieple-przyjecie-ze-strony-polskich-elit-podczas-koronacji-nazwano-go-niemota-i-diablem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBulgarin1857">Bulgarin 1857</a>, p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, p. 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-Szujski_1894_144-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_144_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_144_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, p. 144 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFpisze2013" class="citation web cs1">pisze, Przemek (3 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historia.org.pl/2013/07/03/bitwa-pod-byczyna-zamoyski-upokarza-habsburgow-i-gwarantuje-tron-zygmuntowi-iii/">"Bitwa pod Byczyną. Zamoyski upokarza Habsburgów i gwarantuje tron Zygmuntowi III – HISTORIA.org.pl – historia, kultura, muzea, matura, rekonstrukcje i recenzje historyczne"</a>. Retrieved 16 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bitwa+pod+Byczyn%C4%85.+Zamoyski+upokarza+Habsburg%C3%B3w+i+gwarantuje+tron+Zygmuntowi+III+%E2%80%93+HISTORIA.org.pl+%E2%80%93+historia%2C+kultura%2C+muzea%2C+matura%2C+rekonstrukcje+i+recenzje+historyczne&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft.aulast=pisze&rft.aufirst=Przemek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoria.org.pl%2F2013%2F07%2F03%2Fbitwa-pod-byczyna-zamoyski-upokarza-habsburgow-i-gwarantuje-tron-zygmuntowi-iii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naszahistoria.pl/artykuly/a/bitwa-pod-byczyna-byla-wazniejsza-od-slynnej-bitwy-pod-wiedniem,9411953">"Bitwa pod Byczyną była ważniejsza od słynnej bitwy pod Wiedniem"</a>. 19 February 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bitwa+pod+Byczyn%C4%85+by%C5%82a+wa%C5%BCniejsza+od+s%C5%82ynnej+bitwy+pod+Wiedniem&rft.date=2016-02-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naszahistoria.pl%2Fartykuly%2Fa%2Fbitwa-pod-byczyna-byla-wazniejsza-od-slynnej-bitwy-pod-wiedniem%2C9411953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szujski_1894_155–157-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_155–157_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_155–157_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, pp. 155–157 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, pp. 162–163 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaniszewska-Mincer1984">Janiszewska-Mincer 1984</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, pp. 163 </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917032147/http://muzhp.pl/pl/e/174/koronacja-zygmunta-iii-wazy-na-krola-szwecji">"Koronacja Zygmunta III Wazy na króla Szwecji – Muzeum Historii Polski"</a>. Muzeum Historii Polski. Ministerstwo Kultury. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muzhp.pl/pl/e/174/koronacja-zygmunta-iii-wazy-na-krola-szwecji">the original</a> on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 16 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Muzeum+Historii+Polski&rft.atitle=Koronacja+Zygmunta+III+Wazy+na+kr%C3%B3la+Szwecji+%E2%80%93+Muzeum+Historii+Polski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuzhp.pl%2Fpl%2Fe%2F174%2Fkoronacja-zygmunta-iii-wazy-na-krola-szwecji&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuzeum_Narodowe_w_Szczecinie2004">Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie 2004</a>, p. 386 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzermiński1907">Czermiński 1907</a>, p. 218 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGórski2008">Górski 2008</a>, p. 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiwarski1961">Piwarski 1961</a>, p. 92 </li> <li id="cite_note-Szujski_1894_143-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_143_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_143_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_143_37-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiemcewiczTurowski1860">Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860</a>, p. 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-Szujski_1894_150-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_150_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_150_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_150_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_150_39-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, p. 150 </li> <li id="cite_note-Szujski_1894_151-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_151_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_151_40-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, pp. 146–149 </li> <li id="cite_note-Szujski_1894_154-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_154_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_154_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-Szujski_1894_155-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_155_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiemcewiczTurowski1860">Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860</a>, pp. 56–57 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2002139-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorn2002139_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorn2002">Horn 2002</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2002148,_150–151-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorn2002148,_150–151_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorn2002">Horn 2002</a>, pp. 148, 150–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2002150–151-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorn2002150–151_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorn2002">Horn 2002</a>, pp. 150–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHorn2002160-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHorn2002160_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorn2002">Horn 2002</a>, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-Halecki_1950_456-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Halecki_1950_456_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halecki_1950_456_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halecki_1950_456_49-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halecki_1950_456_49-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halecki_1950_456_49-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halecki_1950_456_49-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halecki_1950_456_49-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halecki_1950_456_49-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Halecki_1950_456_49-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaleckiReddawayPenson1950">Halecki, Reddaway & Penson 1950</a>, p. 456 </li> <li id="cite_note-Szujski_1894_157-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_157_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_157_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, p. 158 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, p. 159 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiemcewiczTurowski1860">Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860</a>, p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiemcewiczTurowski1860">Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860</a>, pp. 130–131 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiemcewiczTurowski1860">Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860</a>, p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiemcewiczTurowski1860">Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860</a>, pp. 131–132 </li> <li id="cite_note-Niemcewicz_1860_132-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niemcewicz_1860_132_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemcewicz_1860_132_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiemcewiczTurowski1860">Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860</a>, p. 132 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, p. 189 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiemcewiczTurowski1860">Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860</a>, pp. 267–268 </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson_2014_102-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_102_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_102_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_102_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_102_61-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_102_61-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_102_61-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson2014">Peterson 2014</a>, p. 102 </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson_2014_103-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_103_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_103_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson2014">Peterson 2014</a>, p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoskinen2016">Koskinen 2016</a>, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson_2014_104-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_104_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_104_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_104_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_104_64-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_104_64-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_104_64-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_104_64-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_104_64-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_104_64-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson2014">Peterson 2014</a>, p. 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarnedReiley1895">Larned & Reiley 1895</a>, p. 2821 </li> <li id="cite_note-Geijer_1845_193-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geijer_1845_193_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geijer_1845_193_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geijer_1845_193_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geijer_1845_193_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geijer_1845_193_66-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeijer1845">Geijer 1845</a>, p. 193 </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson_2014_105-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_105_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_105_67-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_105_67-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_105_67-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_105_67-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_105_67-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_105_67-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_105_67-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_105_67-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson2014">Peterson 2014</a>, p. 105 </li> <li id="cite_note-Geijer_1845_194-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geijer_1845_194_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geijer_1845_194_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geijer_1845_194_68-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeijer1845">Geijer 1845</a>, p. 194 </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson_2014_106-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_106_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_106_69-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_106_69-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson2014">Peterson 2014</a>, p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-Geijer_1845_195-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geijer_1845_195_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geijer_1845_195_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geijer_1845_195_70-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geijer_1845_195_70-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geijer_1845_195_70-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geijer_1845_195_70-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geijer_1845_195_70-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeijer1845">Geijer 1845</a>, p. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts_1953_121-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_1953_121_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_1953_121_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_1953_121_71-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoberts1953">Roberts 1953</a>, p. 121 </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson_2014_107-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_107_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_107_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_107_72-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_107_72-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peterson_2014_107_72-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeterson2014">Peterson 2014</a>, p. 107 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrgelbrand1861">Orgelbrand 1861</a>, p. 852 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPears1893">Pears 1893</a>, pp. 439–466 </li> <li id="cite_note-Starźa_1851_129–130-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Starźa_1851_129–130_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Starźa_1851_129–130_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStarźa1851">Starźa 1851</a>, pp. 129–130 </li> <li id="cite_note-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_23-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_23_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_23_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_23_76-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFolger_Shakespeare_Library2004">Folger Shakespeare Library 2004</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_24-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_24_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_24_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_24_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_24_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folger_Shakespeare_Library_2004_24_78-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFolger_Shakespeare_Library2004">Folger Shakespeare Library 2004</a>, p. 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinnSchutte2018">Finn & Schutte 2018</a>, pp. 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-Morawski_1877_172-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morawski_1877_172_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morawski_1877_172_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morawski_1877_172_80-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorawski1877">Morawski 1877</a>, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiemcewiczTurowski1860">Niemcewicz & Turowski 1860</a>, pp. 194–195 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinnSchutte2018">Finn & Schutte 2018</a>, pp. 187–192 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerski_1996_684-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lerski_1996_684_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lerski_1996_684_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lerski_1996_684_83-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLerski1996">Lerski 1996</a>, p. 684 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPawłowska-Kubik2019">Pawłowska-Kubik 2019</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPałucki1974">Pałucki 1974</a>, p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWisner1989">Wisner 1989</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schmitt_1858_331-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schmitt_1858_331_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schmitt_1858_331_87-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1858">Schmitt 1858</a>, p. 331 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaques2019">Jaques 2019</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWisner1989">Wisner 1989</a>, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJędruch1982">Jędruch 1982</a>, p. 89 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPawłowska-Kubik2019">Pawłowska-Kubik 2019</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wisner_1989_75-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wisner_1989_75_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wisner_1989_75_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWisner1989">Wisner 1989</a>, p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSokół1966">Sokół 1966</a>, p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2019">Stone 2019</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGillespie2017">Gillespie 2017</a>, pp. 194–195 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrzyzkowski2017">Krzyzkowski 2017</a>, chpt. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPushkin2018">Pushkin 2018</a>, p. 294 </li> <li id="cite_note-Reading_2019_207–229-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reading_2019_207–229_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reading_2019_207–229_98-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reading_2019_207–229_98-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFReading2019">Reading 2019</a>, pp. 207–229 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMillar2004">Millar 2004</a>, p. 1549 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKishlanskyGearyO'Brien2002">Kishlansky, Geary & O'Brien 2002</a>, p. 323 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunning2010">Dunning 2010</a>, pp. 135, 217–233 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNowak2019">Nowak 2019</a>, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2017">Allen 2017</a>, p. 517 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunning2010">Dunning 2010</a>, pp. 403–405 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDabrowski2014">Dabrowski 2014</a>, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDabrowski2014">Dabrowski 2014</a>, pp. 168–170 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dabrowski_2014_170–171-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_170–171_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dabrowski_2014_170–171_107-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDabrowski2014">Dabrowski 2014</a>, pp. 170–171 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShubin2009">Shubin 2009</a>, p. 201 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrusiewicz1999">Andrusiewicz 1999</a>, p. 345 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrusiewicz1999">Andrusiewicz 1999</a>, p. 329 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1973">Treadgold 1973</a>, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rotteck_1843_358–359-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rotteck_1843_358–359_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rotteck_1843_358–359_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rotteck_1843_358–359_112-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRotteck1843">Rotteck 1843</a>, pp. 358–359 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStebelski1867">Stebelski 1867</a>, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooper1979">Cooper 1979</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGillespie2017">Gillespie 2017</a>, p. 194 </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGillespie2017">Gillespie 2017</a>, p. 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bain_2013_156-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bain_2013_156_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bain_2013_156_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bain_2013_156_117-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bain_2013_156_117-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFBain2013">Bain 2013</a>, p. 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShowalter2013">Showalter 2013</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Itzkowitz_2008_67–79-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Itzkowitz_2008_67–79_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Itzkowitz_2008_67–79_119-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFItzkowitz2008">Itzkowitz 2008</a>, pp. 67–79 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolodziejczyk_2011_128-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kolodziejczyk_2011_128_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolodziejczyk_2011_128_120-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKolodziejczyk2011">Kolodziejczyk 2011</a>, p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJaques2007">Jaques 2007</a>, p. 487 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFA_́gostonMasters2010">A ́goston & Masters 2010</a>, p. 196 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPolska_Akademia_Umiejętności1923">Polska Akademia Umiejętności 1923</a>, p. 226 </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDzięgielewski1994">Dzięgielewski 1994</a>, p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKonopczyński1937">Konopczyński 1937</a>, p. 366 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTatomir1868">Tatomir 1868</a>, p. 140 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyer_1861_504-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_1861_504_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_1861_504_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_1861_504_127-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDyer1861">Dyer 1861</a>, p. 504 </li> <li id="cite_note-Korzon_1889_475-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Korzon_1889_475_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korzon_1889_475_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korzon_1889_475_128-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorzon1889">Korzon 1889</a>, p. 475 </li> <li id="cite_note-Podhorodecki_1985_142–144-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Podhorodecki_1985_142–144_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podhorodecki_1985_142–144_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podhorodecki_1985_142–144_129-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPodhorodecki1985">Podhorodecki 1985</a>, pp. 142–144 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClark2009">Clark 2009</a>, p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-Korytkowski_1889_698-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Korytkowski_1889_698_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korytkowski_1889_698_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korytkowski_1889_698_131-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korytkowski_1889_698_131-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorytkowski1889">Korytkowski 1889</a>, p. 698 </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorawski1877">Morawski 1877</a>, p. 324 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFProtheroWardLeathes1906">Prothero, Ward & Leathes 1906</a>, p. 186 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiwarski1947">Piwarski 1947</a>, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMoraczewski1865">Moraczewski 1865</a>, p. 392 </li> <li id="cite_note-Podhorodecki_1985_154–160-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Podhorodecki_1985_154–160_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podhorodecki_1985_154–160_136-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPodhorodecki1985">Podhorodecki 1985</a>, pp. 154–160 </li> <li id="cite_note-Podhorodecki_1978_222-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Podhorodecki_1978_222_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podhorodecki_1978_222_137-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPodhorodecki1978">Podhorodecki 1978</a>, pp. 222 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrost2000">Frost 2000</a>, p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-Podhorodecki_1985_193–200-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Podhorodecki_1985_193–200_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podhorodecki_1985_193–200_139-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPodhorodecki1985">Podhorodecki 1985</a>, pp. 193–200 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorawski1877">Morawski 1877</a>, p. 294 </li> <li id="cite_note-Niemcewicz_1860_163-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Niemcewicz_1860_163_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemcewicz_1860_163_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemcewicz_1860_163_141-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemcewicz_1860_163_141-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemcewicz_1860_163_141-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemcewicz_1860_163_141-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemcewicz_1860_163_141-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemcewicz_1860_163_141-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemcewicz_1860_163_141-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Niemcewicz_1860_163_141-9">j</a> <a href="#CITEREFNiemcewicz1860">Niemcewicz 1860</a>, p. 163 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430045114/https://kuriergalicyjski.com/historia/upamietnienia/1553-piekarski?showall=1">"Piekarski"</a>. kuriergalicyjski.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuriergalicyjski.com/historia/upamietnienia/1553-piekarski?showall=1">the original</a> on 30 April 2019. Retrieved 30 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kuriergalicyjski.com&rft.atitle=Piekarski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkuriergalicyjski.com%2Fhistoria%2Fupamietnienia%2F1553-piekarski%3Fshowall%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tretiak_1889_40-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tretiak_1889_40_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tretiak_1889_40_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTretiak1889">Tretiak 1889</a>, p. 40 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kiliński_1872_117-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kiliński_1872_117_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiliński_1872_117_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kiliński_1872_117_144-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKiliński1872">Kiliński 1872</a>, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPodhorodecki2008">Podhorodecki 2008</a>, p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaska2018">Haska 2018</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKoszarskiHaase1864">Koszarski & Haase 1864</a>, p. XI </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowley_2018_344-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dowley_2018_344_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowley_2018_344_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDowley2018">Dowley 2018</a>, p. 344 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranz2006">Franz 2006</a>, p. 216 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2011">Jacobsen 2011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConroy1917">Conroy 1917</a>, p. 123 </li> <li id="cite_note-Wójcicki_1848_121–123-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wójcicki_1848_121–123_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wójcicki_1848_121–123_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wójcicki_1848_121–123_152-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wójcicki_1848_121–123_152-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wójcicki_1848_121–123_152-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wójcicki_1848_121–123_152-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFWójcicki1848">Wójcicki 1848</a>, pp. 121–123 </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSitkowa1998">Sitkowa 1998</a>, p. 58 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFProkop1999">Prokop 1999</a>, p. 163 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFabisz1864">Fabisz 1864</a>, p. 255 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFInstytut_Historii2000">Instytut Historii 2000</a>, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBogucka1994">Bogucka 1994</a>, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-158"><a href="#cite_ref-auto3_158-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ciekawostkihistoryczne.pl/2018/11/03/zygmunt-iii-waza-najbardziej-schorowany-i-zniedoleznialy-krol-polski/">"Zygmunt III Waza. Najbardziej schorowany i zniedołężniały król Polski?"</a>. CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl. 3 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CiekawostkiHistoryczne.pl&rft.atitle=Zygmunt+III+Waza.+Najbardziej+schorowany+i+zniedo%C5%82%C4%99%C5%BCnia%C5%82y+kr%C3%B3l+Polski%3F&rft.date=2018-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciekawostkihistoryczne.pl%2F2018%2F11%2F03%2Fzygmunt-iii-waza-najbardziej-schorowany-i-zniedoleznialy-krol-polski%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Besala_2009_205-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_205_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_205_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_205_159-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, p. 205 </li> <li id="cite_note-Zieliński_1878_94-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zieliński_1878_94_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zieliński_1878_94_160-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFZieliński1878">Zieliński 1878</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-Besala_2009_206-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_206_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_206_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_206_161-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_206_161-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_206_161-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_206_161-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_206_161-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_206_161-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_206_161-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, p. 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOchmann-Staniszewska2006">Ochmann-Staniszewska 2006</a>, p. 214 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrabowski1868">Grabowski 1868</a>, p. 30 </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurek2000">Burek 2000</a>, p. 776 </li> <li id="cite_note-Maternicki_2004_114-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maternicki_2004_114_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maternicki_2004_114_165-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMaternicki2004">Maternicki 2004</a>, p. 114 </li> <li id="cite_note-Czwojdrak_2007-166">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Czwojdrak_2007_166-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Czwojdrak_2007_166-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzwojdrak2007">Czwojdrak 2007</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBojarska2004">Bojarska 2004</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzerenkiewicz2019">Czerenkiewicz 2019</a>, p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiasecki1870">Piasecki 1870</a>, p. LX </li> <li id="cite_note-Piasecki_1870_LXIII-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piasecki_1870_LXIII_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piasecki_1870_LXIII_170-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiasecki1870">Piasecki 1870</a>, p. LXIII </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWatra-Przewłocki1918">Watra-Przewłocki 1918</a>, p. 358 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKról1988">Król 1988</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-Siarczyński_1843_103-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siarczyński_1843_103_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siarczyński_1843_103_173-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiarczyński1843">Siarczyński 1843</a>, p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKizwalter1987">Kizwalter 1987</a>, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-Podhorodecki_1985_215-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Podhorodecki_1985_215_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Podhorodecki_1985_215_175-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPodhorodecki1985">Podhorodecki 1985</a>, p. 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gajda_2001_381-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gajda_2001_381_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gajda_2001_381_176-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGajda2001">Gajda 2001</a>, p. 381 </li> <li id="cite_note-Szujski_1894_282-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_282_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_282_177-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Szujski_1894_282_177-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSzujski1894">Szujski 1894</a>, p. 282 </li> <li id="cite_note-Czarnowski_1895_56-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Czarnowski_1895_56_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Czarnowski_1895_56_178-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Czarnowski_1895_56_178-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCzarnowski1895">Czarnowski 1895</a>, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiarczyński1843">Siarczyński 1843</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiarczyński1843">Siarczyński 1843</a>, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSiarczyński1843">Siarczyński 1843</a>, pp. 80–81 </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMykowskiKlat2001">Mykowski & Klat 2001</a>, p. 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ochmann-Staniszewska_2006_302-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ochmann-Staniszewska_2006_302_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ochmann-Staniszewska_2006_302_183-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ochmann-Staniszewska_2006_302_183-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ochmann-Staniszewska_2006_302_183-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFOchmann-Staniszewska2006">Ochmann-Staniszewska 2006</a>, p. 302 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCiechanowicz1994">Ciechanowicz 1994</a>, p. 309 </li> <li id="cite_note-artinpl-185"><a href="#cite_ref-artinpl_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcin_Latka" class="citation web cs1">Marcin Latka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/418905202840589754">"Design for the silver reliquary of Saint Stanislaus in the Wawel Cathedral"</a>. artinpl. Retrieved 3 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artinpl&rft.atitle=Design+for+the+silver+reliquary+of+Saint+Stanislaus+in+the+Wawel+Cathedral&rft.au=Marcin+Latka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinterest.co.uk%2Fpin%2F418905202840589754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorawska2014">Morawska 2014</a>, p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocznik_krakowski1987">Rocznik krakowski 1987</a>, p. 34 </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocznik_krakowski1987">Rocznik krakowski 1987</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-Piasecki_1870_LXIV-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piasecki_1870_LXIV_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piasecki_1870_LXIV_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piasecki_1870_LXIV_189-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiasecki1870">Piasecki 1870</a>, p. LXIV </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLechicki1932">Lechicki 1932</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lelewel_1845_16-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lelewel_1845_16_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lelewel_1845_16_191-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLelewel1845">Lelewel 1845</a>, p. 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRastawiecki1857">Rastawiecki 1857</a>, p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiłobędzki1980">Miłobędzki 1980</a>, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLechicki1932">Lechicki 1932</a>, p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKomasara1994">Komasara 1994</a>, p. 215 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarpowicz1994">Karpowicz 1994</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRastawiecki1857">Rastawiecki 1857</a>, p. 96 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTalbierska2011">Talbierska 2011</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarvounis2016">Varvounis 2016</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPodhorodecki1988">Podhorodecki 1988</a>, p. 306 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, pp. 145–146 </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, pp. 151–154 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, p. 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-Besala_2009_160-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_160_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_160_205-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOchmann-Staniszewska2006">Ochmann-Staniszewska 2006</a>, p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpórnaWierzbickiWygonik2003">Spórna, Wierzbicki & Wygonik 2003</a>, p. 519 </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, pp. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-Besala_2009_171-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_171_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besala_2009_171_211-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, p. 171 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPiasecki1870">Piasecki 1870</a>, p. LXV </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, pp. 171–172 </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, p. 174 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBuchen2020">Buchen 2020</a>, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, pp. 182–183 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBesala2009">Besala 2009</a>, p. 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWisner1984">Wisner 1984</a>, p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudzki_1987-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rudzki_1987_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rudzki_1987_222-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRudzki1987">Rudzki 1987</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lileyko_1984_169-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lileyko_1984_169_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lileyko_1984_169_223-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lileyko_1984_169_223-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lileyko_1984_169_223-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lileyko_1984_169_223-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFLileyko1984">Lileyko 1984</a>, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTańska-Hoffman1851">Tańska-Hoffman 1851</a>, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChmielowski1887">Chmielowski 1887</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJankowski1995">Jankowski 1995</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWisner2002">Wisner 2002</a>, p. 313 </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPodraza2006">Podraza 2006</a>, p. 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWdowiszewski2005">Wdowiszewski 2005</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_́gostonMasters2010" class="citation book cs1">A ́goston, Ga ́bor; Masters, Bruce Alan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&q=edirne+polish-ottoman+war&pg=PA196">Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438110257" title="Special:BookSources/9781438110257"><bdi>9781438110257</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781438110257&rft.aulast=A+%CC%81goston&rft.aufirst=Ga+%CC%81bor&rft.au=Masters%2C+Bruce+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26q%3Dedirne%2Bpolish-ottoman%2Bwar%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2017" class="citation book cs1">Allen, W. E. D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VDwrDwAAQBAJ&q=lew+Sapieha+boris+godunov&pg=PA517">Embassies to the Georgian Kings, 1589–1605: Volumes I and II</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317060406" title="Special:BookSources/9781317060406"><bdi>9781317060406</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embassies+to+the+Georgian+Kings%2C+1589%E2%80%931605%3A+Volumes+I+and+II&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781317060406&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=W.+E.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVDwrDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlew%2BSapieha%2Bboris%2Bgodunov%26pg%3DPA517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson1979" class="citation book cs1">Andersson, Ingvar (1979). Erik XIV. Wahlström & Widstrand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-46-13566-9" title="Special:BookSources/91-46-13566-9"><bdi>91-46-13566-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erik+XIV&rft.pub=Wahlstr%C3%B6m+%26+Widstrand&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=91-46-13566-9&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Ingvar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrusiewicz1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrusiewicz, Andrzej (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pdQiAQAAIAAJ&q=szujski%20gostynin%201612%20otruty">Dzieje wielkiej smuty</a> (in Polish). Śląsk. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788371640704" title="Special:BookSources/9788371640704"><bdi>9788371640704</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+wielkiej+smuty&rft.pub=%C5%9Al%C4%85sk&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788371640704&rft.aulast=Andrusiewicz&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpdQiAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dszujski%2520gostynin%25201612%2520otruty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet_Bain" title="Robert Nisbet Bain">Bain, Robert Nisbet</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sigismund_III.">"Sigismund III." </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 68–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sigismund+III.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=68-69&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=Robert+Nisbet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBain2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet_Bain" title="Robert Nisbet Bain">Bain, R. Nisbet</a> (2013) [1908]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xi3IFuapWOwC">Slavonic Europe</a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107636910" title="Special:BookSources/9781107636910"><bdi>9781107636910</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavonic+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107636910&rft.aulast=Bain&rft.aufirst=R.+Nisbet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxi3IFuapWOwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesala2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Besala, Jerzy (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jVxCFDj_XIIC">Najsłynniejsze miłości królów polskich</a> (in Polish). Bellona. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788311115996" title="Special:BookSources/9788311115996"><bdi>9788311115996</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Najs%C5%82ynniejsze+mi%C5%82o%C5%9Bci+kr%C3%B3l%C3%B3w+polskich&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788311115996&rft.aulast=Besala&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjVxCFDj_XIIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogucka1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bogucka, Maria (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlhpAAAAMAAJ&q=zygmunt%20august%20artretyzm">Anna Jagiellonka</a> (in Polish). Polska: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788304041165" title="Special:BookSources/9788304041165"><bdi>9788304041165</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anna+Jagiellonka&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788304041165&rft.aulast=Bogucka&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlhpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520august%2520artretyzm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBojarska2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bojarska, Anna (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aMEXAQAAIAAJ&q=zygmunt%20iii%20waza%20knu%C5%82">Zastrzelony jadłospis, czyli, Trochę o mitologii polskiej</a> (in Polish). Polska: Vis-á-vis/Etiuda. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788389640178" title="Special:BookSources/9788389640178"><bdi>9788389640178</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zastrzelony+jad%C5%82ospis%2C+czyli%2C+Troch%C4%99+o+mitologii+polskiej&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Vis-%C3%A1-vis%2FEtiuda&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788389640178&rft.aulast=Bojarska&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaMEXAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520iii%2520waza%2520knu%25C5%2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchen2020" class="citation book cs1">Buchen, Tim (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GRHxDwAAQBAJ">Antisemitism in Galicia</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789207712" title="Special:BookSources/9781789207712"><bdi>9781789207712</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism+in+Galicia&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2020-08&rft.isbn=9781789207712&rft.aulast=Buchen&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGRHxDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulgarin1857" class="citation book cs1">Bulgarin, Ḟaddej (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHxpAAAAcAAJ">Dymitr Samozwaniec. Obrazy historyczne z wieku XVII</a>. Vol. 1. Sanok: Pollak. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/830817270">830817270</a>. Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dymitr+Samozwaniec.+Obrazy+historyczne+z+wieku+XVII.&rft.place=Sanok&rft.pub=Pollak&rft.date=1857&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F830817270&rft.aulast=Bulgarin&rft.aufirst=%E1%B8%9Eaddej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQHxpAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurek2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Burek, Ryszard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0hMsAQAAMAAJ&q=zygmunt%20iii%20waza%20pogrzeb%20na%20wawelu%201633%20r">Encyklopedia Krakowa</a> (in Polish). Kraków: PWN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788301133252" title="Special:BookSources/9788301133252"><bdi>9788301133252</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+Krakowa&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=PWN&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788301133252&rft.aulast=Burek&rft.aufirst=Ryszard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0hMsAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520iii%2520waza%2520pogrzeb%2520na%2520wawelu%25201633%2520r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChmielowski1887" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chmielowski, Piotr (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RAcOAAAAIAAJ">Nasi powieściopisarze</a> (in Polish). Vol. 1. Kraków (Poland): Żupański i Heumann. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/558807324">558807324</a>. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nasi+powie%C5%9Bciopisarze&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w+%28Poland%29&rft.pub=%C5%BBupa%C5%84ski+i+Heumann&rft.date=1887&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F558807324&rft.aulast=Chmielowski&rft.aufirst=Piotr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRAcOAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCiechanowicz1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ciechanowicz, Jerzy (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2sXAQAAIAAJ&q=pierwszym%20nowo%C5%BCytnym%20pomnikiem%20w%20Europie%20%20kolumna%20zygmunta">Medea i czereśnie</a> (in Polish). Polska: Krąg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788385199236" title="Special:BookSources/9788385199236"><bdi>9788385199236</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medea+i+czere%C5%9Bnie&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Kr%C4%85g&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788385199236&rft.aulast=Ciechanowicz&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db2sXAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpierwszym%2520nowo%25C5%25BCytnym%2520pomnikiem%2520w%2520Europie%2520%2520kolumna%2520zygmunta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Clark, Christopher M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GbroskgMSIYC">Prusy. Powstanie i Upadek 1600-1947</a> (in Polish). Bellona. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788311116283" title="Special:BookSources/9788311116283"><bdi>9788311116283</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prusy.+Powstanie+i+Upadek+1600-1947&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788311116283&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGbroskgMSIYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConroy1917" class="citation book cs1">Conroy, Charles C. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5swAQAAMAAJ&q=sigismund%20reformation%20sweden%20continued">The reformation; a series of articles published in The Tidings</a>. Wayside Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14769918">14769918</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+reformation%3B+a+series+of+articles+published+in+The+Tidings&rft.pub=Wayside+Press&rft.date=1917&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14769918&rft.aulast=Conroy&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5swAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsigismund%2520reformation%2520sweden%2520continued&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1979" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, J. P. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gbU8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA595">The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 4, The Decline of Spain and the Thirty Years War, 1609-48/49</a>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521297134" title="Special:BookSources/9780521297134"><bdi>9780521297134</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History%3A+Volume+4%2C+The+Decline+of+Spain+and+the+Thirty+Years+War%2C+1609-48%2F49&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780521297134&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgbU8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCynarski1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cynarski, Stanisław (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qYUdAAAAMAAJ&q=zygmunt%201567%20gripsholm">Zygmunt August</a> (in Polish). Polska: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich (Ossolineum). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788304026704" title="Special:BookSources/9788304026704"><bdi>9788304026704</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zygmunt+August&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich+%28Ossolineum%29&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9788304026704&rft.aulast=Cynarski&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqYUdAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%25201567%2520gripsholm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzarnowski1895" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Czarnowski, Stanisław Jan (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKd4vIzA-gEC">Dziennikarstwo słowiańskie i polskie</a> (in Polish). Kraków: Gebethner i Spółka. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1021783451">1021783451</a>. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dziennikarstwo+s%C5%82owia%C5%84skie+i+polskie&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Gebethner+i+Sp%C3%B3%C5%82ka&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1021783451&rft.aulast=Czarnowski&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKd4vIzA-gEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzerenkiewicz2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Czerenkiewicz, Michał (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9n7PDwAAQBAJ">Polonia illustrata</a> (in Polish). Polska: Scholar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788365390493" title="Special:BookSources/9788365390493"><bdi>9788365390493</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polonia+illustrata&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Scholar&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9788365390493&rft.aulast=Czerenkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9n7PDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzermiński1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Czermiński, Marcin (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ms1MAQAAIAAJ&q=zygmunt%20III%20luteranizm">Na Lewantyńskich i Szwedzkich Wybrzeżach</a> (in Polish). Polska: Czas. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750614796">750614796</a>. Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Na+Lewanty%C5%84skich+i+Szwedzkich+Wybrze%C5%BCach&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Czas&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750614796&rft.aulast=Czermi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Marcin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dms1MAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520III%2520luteranizm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCzwojdrak2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Czwojdrak, Bożena (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTcXAQAAIAAJ&q=czwojdrak%20zygmunt%20iii%20waza%20kontrowersyjny">Bohaterowie historii Polski</a> (in Polish). Polska: Videograf II. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788371834103" title="Special:BookSources/9788371834103"><bdi>9788371834103</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bohaterowie+historii+Polski&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Videograf+II&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788371834103&rft.aulast=Czwojdrak&rft.aufirst=Bo%C5%BCena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTcXAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dczwojdrak%2520zygmunt%2520iii%2520waza%2520kontrowersyjny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabrowski2014" class="citation book cs1">Dabrowski, Patrice M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X__-DwAAQBAJ">Poland. The First Thousand Years</a>. US: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501757402" title="Special:BookSources/9781501757402"><bdi>9781501757402</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poland.+The+First+Thousand+Years&rft.place=US&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781501757402&rft.aulast=Dabrowski&rft.aufirst=Patrice+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX__-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowley2018" class="citation book cs1">Dowley, Tim (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n14-DwAAQBAJ">Introduction to the History of Christianity</a>. Vol. 3. Minneapolis: Fortress Press and 1517 Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781506446035" title="Special:BookSources/9781506446035"><bdi>9781506446035</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Fortress+Press+and+1517+Media&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781506446035&rft.aulast=Dowley&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn14-DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning2010" class="citation book cs1">Dunning, Chester S. L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NUYtSJaO8cC&q=sigismund+catholic+russia&pg=PA135">Russia's First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty</a>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780271043715" title="Special:BookSources/9780271043715"><bdi>9780271043715</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+First+Civil+War%3A+The+Time+of+Troubles+and+the+Founding+of+the+Romanov+Dynasty&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780271043715&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Chester+S.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NUYtSJaO8cC%26q%3Dsigismund%2Bcatholic%2Brussia%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyer1861" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dyer, Thomas Henry (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQZOAAAAcAAJ">The History of Modern Europe</a>. Vol. From the Fall of Constantinople, in 1453, to the War in the Crimea, in 1857. Volume 2. London: J. Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783337750299" title="Special:BookSources/9783337750299"><bdi>9783337750299</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Modern+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1861&rft.isbn=9783337750299&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQZOAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDzięgielewski1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dzięgielewski, Jan (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRAsAQAAMAAJ&q=Bitwa%20pod%20Chocimiem%2050%20tysi%C4%99cy%201621">Encyklopedia historii Polski: A-M</a> (in Polish). Polska: Morex. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788390252216" title="Special:BookSources/9788390252216"><bdi>9788390252216</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+historii+Polski%3A+A-M&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Morex&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788390252216&rft.aulast=Dzi%C4%99gielewski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRAsAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DBitwa%2520pod%2520Chocimiem%252050%2520tysi%25C4%2599cy%25201621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyklopedia_powszechna1868" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1B5KAAAAIAAJ">Encyklopedia powszechna</a> (in Polish). Vol. 28. Warszawa (Warsaw): S. Orgelbrand. 1868. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741865525">741865525</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+powszechna&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pub=S.+Orgelbrand&rft.date=1868&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741865525&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1B5KAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabisz1864" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fabisz, Paweł Władysław (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZoCAAAAcAAJ">Wiadomość o legatach i nuncyuszach apostolskich w dawnej Polsce (1075.-1863.)</a> (in Polish). Ostrów: Priebatsch. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1027034338">1027034338</a>. Retrieved 7 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wiadomo%C5%9B%C4%87+o+legatach+i+nuncyuszach+apostolskich+w+dawnej+Polsce+%281075.-1863.%29&rft.place=Ostr%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Priebatsch&rft.date=1864&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1027034338&rft.aulast=Fabisz&rft.aufirst=Pawe%C5%82+W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ZoCAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnSchutte2018" class="citation book cs1">Finn, Kavita Mudan; Schutte, Valerie (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ze1lDwAAQBAJ">The Palgrave Handbook of Shakespeare's Queens</a>. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan and Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319745183" title="Special:BookSources/9783319745183"><bdi>9783319745183</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Shakespeare%27s+Queens&rft.place=Cham%2C+Switzerland&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+and+Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9783319745183&rft.aulast=Finn&rft.aufirst=Kavita+Mudan&rft.au=Schutte%2C+Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dze1lDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFolger_Shakespeare_Library2004" class="citation web cs1">Folger Shakespeare Library (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folgerpedia.folger.edu/mediawiki/media/images_pedia_folgerpedia_mw/2/28/ECDbD_1597.pdf">"1597"</a> (PDF). Folgerpedia. pp. 23–24. Retrieved 3 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folgerpedia&rft.atitle=1597&rft.pages=23-24&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Folger+Shakespeare+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffolgerpedia.folger.edu%2Fmediawiki%2Fmedia%2Fimages_pedia_folgerpedia_mw%2F2%2F28%2FECDbD_1597.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranz2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Franz, Maciej (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tGwjAQAAIAAJ&q=zygmunt%20iii%20waza%20represje">Idea państwa kozackiego na ziemiach ukrainnych w XVI-XVII wieku</a> (in Polish). Polska: Adam Marszałek. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788374415460" title="Special:BookSources/9788374415460"><bdi>9788374415460</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Idea+pa%C5%84stwa+kozackiego+na+ziemiach+ukrainnych+w+XVI-XVII+wieku&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Adam+Marsza%C5%82ek&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788374415460&rft.aulast=Franz&rft.aufirst=Maciej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtGwjAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520iii%2520waza%2520represje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2000" class="citation book cs1">Frost, R. I. (2000). The Northern Wars, 1558–1721. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582064294" title="Special:BookSources/9780582064294"><bdi>9780582064294</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Wars%2C+1558%E2%80%931721&rft.place=Harlow&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Limited&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780582064294&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=R.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGajda2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gajda, Stanisław (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRMZAQAAIAAJ&q=wujka%20biblia%20w%201599%20do%201965">Język polski</a> (in Polish). Opole: Uniwersytet Opolski. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788386881314" title="Special:BookSources/9788386881314"><bdi>9788386881314</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C4%99zyk+polski&rft.place=Opole&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+Opolski&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788386881314&rft.aulast=Gajda&rft.aufirst=Stanis%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkRMZAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dwujka%2520biblia%2520w%25201599%2520do%25201965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeijer1845" class="citation book cs1">Geijer, Eric Gustave (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VulAAAAAcAAJ">The History of the Swedes</a>. London: Whittaker and Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/983127659">983127659</a>. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Swedes&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Whittaker+and+Company&rft.date=1845&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F983127659&rft.aulast=Geijer&rft.aufirst=Eric+Gustave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVulAAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gillespie" title="Alexander Gillespie">Gillespie, Alexander</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i3UpDwAAQBAJ">The Causes of War</a>. Vol. III: 1400 CE to 1650 CE. Portland: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781509917662" title="Special:BookSources/9781509917662"><bdi>9781509917662</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Causes+of+War&rft.place=Portland&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781509917662&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di3UpDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGórski2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Górski, Karol (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3RcsAQAAMAAJ&q=zygmunt%20III%20szwecje%20si%C5%82%C4%85%20na%20katolicyzm">Zarys dziejów katolicyzmu polskiego</a> (in Polish). Polska: Wydawn. Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788323123118" title="Special:BookSources/9788323123118"><bdi>9788323123118</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zarys+dziej%C3%B3w+katolicyzmu+polskiego&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Wydawn.+Naukowe+Uniwersytetu+Miko%C5%82aja+Kopernika&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788323123118&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3rski&rft.aufirst=Karol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3RcsAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520III%2520szwecje%2520si%25C5%2582%25C4%2585%2520na%2520katolicyzm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabowski1868" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grabowski, Ambroży (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GPZKAQAAIAAJ">Groby, trumny i pomniki królów polskich w podziemiach i wnętrzu Katedry krakowskiej na Wawelu</a> (in Polish). Kraków: Kirchmayer. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22609407">22609407</a>. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groby%2C+trumny+i+pomniki+kr%C3%B3l%C3%B3w+polskich+w+podziemiach+i+wn%C4%99trzu+Katedry+krakowskiej+na+Wawelu&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Kirchmayer&rft.date=1868&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22609407&rft.aulast=Grabowski&rft.aufirst=Ambro%C5%BCy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGPZKAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaleckiReddawayPenson1950" class="citation book cs1">Halecki, Oskar; Reddaway, W. F.; Penson, J. H. (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N883AAAAIAAJ">The Cambridge History of Poland</a>. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781001288024" title="Special:BookSources/9781001288024"><bdi>9781001288024</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Poland&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=9781001288024&rft.aulast=Halecki&rft.aufirst=Oskar&rft.au=Reddaway%2C+W.+F.&rft.au=Penson%2C+J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN883AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaska2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haska, Agnieszka (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4m1dDwAAQBAJ&dq=zygmunt+piekarski+zamach+rozszarpany&pg=PT32">Hańba! Opowieści o polskiej zdradzie</a> (in Polish). Polska: WAB. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788328055438" title="Special:BookSources/9788328055438"><bdi>9788328055438</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ha%C5%84ba%21+Opowie%C5%9Bci+o+polskiej+zdradzie&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=WAB&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9788328055438&rft.aulast=Haska&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4m1dDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dzygmunt%2Bpiekarski%2Bzamach%2Brozszarpany%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Horn, Ildikó (2002). Báthory András [Andrew Báthory] (in Hungarian). Új Mandátum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9336-51-3" title="Special:BookSources/963-9336-51-3"><bdi>963-9336-51-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=B%C3%A1thory+Andr%C3%A1s+%5BAndrew+B%C3%A1thory%5D&rft.pub=%C3%9Aj+Mand%C3%A1tum&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=963-9336-51-3&rft.aulast=Horn&rft.aufirst=Ildik%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstytut_Historii2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Instytut Historii (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=waVmAAAAMAAJ&q=Zygmunt%20Stary%20podagra">Studia źródłoznawcze</a> (in Polish). Vol. 37. Polska: Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1111851482">1111851482</a>. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studia+%C5%BAr%C3%B3d%C5%82oznawcze&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowe+Wydawn.+Naukowe&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1111851482&rft.au=Instytut+Historii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwaVmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DZygmunt%2520Stary%2520podagra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItzkowitz2008" class="citation book cs1">Itzkowitz, Norman (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aapbAAAAQBAJ">Ottoman Empire and Islamic Tradition</a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226098012" title="Special:BookSources/9780226098012"><bdi>9780226098012</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Empire+and+Islamic+Tradition&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780226098012&rft.aulast=Itzkowitz&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaapbAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Douglas (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6bivgXYZbuoC">The World's Christians</a>. United Kingdom: Wiley and Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444397291" title="Special:BookSources/9781444397291"><bdi>9781444397291</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Christians&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Wiley+and+Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781444397291&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6bivgXYZbuoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaniszewska-Mincer1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Janiszewska-Mincer, Barbara (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BpVFAAAAIAAJ&q=zygmunt%20III%20luteranizm">Rzeczpospolita Polska w latach 1600-1603; narastanie konfliktu między Zygmuntem III Wazą a stanami</a> (in Polish). Bydgoszcz: Wydawn. Uczelniane Wyższej Szkoły Pedagogicznej w Bydgoszczy. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/877321287">877321287</a>. Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rzeczpospolita+Polska+w+latach+1600-1603%3B+narastanie+konfliktu+mi%C4%99dzy+Zygmuntem+III+Waz%C4%85+a+stanami&rft.place=Bydgoszcz&rft.pub=Wydawn.+Uczelniane+Wy%C5%BCszej+Szko%C5%82y+Pedagogicznej+w+Bydgoszczy&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F877321287&rft.aulast=Janiszewska-Mincer&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBpVFAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520III%2520luteranizm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJankowski1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jankowski, Jerzy (1995). "Metresa z różańcem w dłoni (Mistress with a rosary in her hand)". Monarsze sekrety (Secrets of the Monarchs ) (in Polish). Toporzeł. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-85559-12-4" title="Special:BookSources/83-85559-12-4"><bdi>83-85559-12-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Metresa+z+r%C3%B3%C5%BCa%C5%84cem+w+d%C5%82oni+%28Mistress+with+a+rosary+in+her+hand%29&rft.btitle=Monarsze+sekrety+%28Secrets+of+the+Monarchs+%29&rft.pub=Toporze%C5%82&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=83-85559-12-4&rft.aulast=Jankowski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaques2007" class="citation book cs1">Jaques, Tony (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC">Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O</a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313335389" title="Special:BookSources/9780313335389"><bdi>9780313335389</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+F-O&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780313335389&rft.aulast=Jaques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDh6jydKXikoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaques2019" class="citation book cs1">Jaques, Tony (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3amnMPTPP5MC&q=zebrzydowski+rebellion+guz%C3%B3w&pg=PR36">Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A-E</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313335372" title="Special:BookSources/9780313335372"><bdi>9780313335372</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges%3A+A-E&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780313335372&rft.aulast=Jaques&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3amnMPTPP5MC%26q%3Dzebrzydowski%2Brebellion%2Bguz%25C3%25B3w%26pg%3DPR36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJędruch1982" class="citation book cs1">Jędruch, Jacek (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jl6OAAAAMAAJ&q=guz%C3%B3w%20200%20rokosz">Constitutions, Elections, and Legislatures of Poland, 1493-1977</a>. University Press of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819125095" title="Special:BookSources/9780819125095"><bdi>9780819125095</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutions%2C+Elections%2C+and+Legislatures+of+Poland%2C+1493-1977&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780819125095&rft.aulast=J%C4%99druch&rft.aufirst=Jacek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJl6OAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dguz%25C3%25B3w%2520200%2520rokosz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarpowicz1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karpowicz, Mariusz (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=do0wAQAAIAAJ&q=Dysharmonia%20stylistyczna%20i%20niesp%C3%B3jno%C5%9B%C4%87%20form%20fasady%20sta%C5%82y%20si%C4%99%20jak%20wiadomo%20obiektem%20krytyki%20ze%20strony%20samego%20artysty%20w%20koronie%20%E2%80%93%20Zygmunta%20III%20w%20czasie%20jego%20bytno%C5%9Bci%20we%20Lwowie%20w%201621%20roku">Matteo Castello, architekt wczesnego baroku</a> (in Polish). Polska: Neriton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788390240701" title="Special:BookSources/9788390240701"><bdi>9788390240701</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matteo+Castello%2C+architekt+wczesnego+baroku&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Neriton&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788390240701&rft.aulast=Karpowicz&rft.aufirst=Mariusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddo0wAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DDysharmonia%2520stylistyczna%2520i%2520niesp%25C3%25B3jno%25C5%259B%25C4%2587%2520form%2520fasady%2520sta%25C5%2582y%2520si%25C4%2599%2520jak%2520wiadomo%2520obiektem%2520krytyki%2520ze%2520strony%2520samego%2520artysty%2520w%2520koronie%2520%25E2%2580%2593%2520Zygmunta%2520III%2520w%2520czasie%2520jego%2520bytno%25C5%259Bci%2520we%2520Lwowie%2520w%25201621%2520roku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiliński1872" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kiliński, Teodor (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T-RbAAAAcAAJ">Dzieje narodu polskiego z tablicą chronologiczną aż do naszych czasów dla użytku młodżiezy z dodatkiem jeografii i mapy dawnéj Polski</a> (in Polish). Poznań: Kamieński. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/749148106">749148106</a>. Retrieved 21 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+narodu+polskiego+z+tablic%C4%85+chronologiczn%C4%85+a%C5%BC+do+naszych+czas%C3%B3w+dla+u%C5%BCytku+m%C5%82od%C5%BCiezy+z+dodatkiem+jeografii+i+mapy+dawn%C3%A9j+Polski&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pub=Kamie%C5%84ski&rft.date=1872&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F749148106&rft.aulast=Kili%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Teodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT-RbAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKishlanskyGearyO'Brien2002" class="citation book cs1">Kishlansky, Mark A.; Geary, Patrick J.; O'Brien, Patricia (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JiHrAwAbjVwC&q=Sigismund%20invaded%20death%20of%20false%20dmitry">A Brief History of Western Civilization</a>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780321097002" title="Special:BookSources/9780321097002"><bdi>9780321097002</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Western+Civilization&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780321097002&rft.aulast=Kishlansky&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.au=Geary%2C+Patrick+J.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJiHrAwAbjVwC%26q%3DSigismund%2520invaded%2520death%2520of%2520false%2520dmitry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKizwalter1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kizwalter, Tomasz (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p7JFAAAAIAAJ&q=srebrn%20wiek%20%20z%C5%82oty%20waz%C3%B3w">Kryzys Oświecenia a początki konserwatyzmu polskiego</a> (in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Uniwersytet Warszawski. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23942204">23942204</a>. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kryzys+O%C5%9Bwiecenia+a+pocz%C4%85tki+konserwatyzmu+polskiego&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+Warszawski&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23942204&rft.aulast=Kizwalter&rft.aufirst=Tomasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp7JFAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsrebrn%2520wiek%2520%2520z%25C5%2582oty%2520waz%25C3%25B3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolodziejczyk2011" class="citation book cs1">Kolodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FHrTxHmegRYC">The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004191907" title="Special:BookSources/9789004191907"><bdi>9789004191907</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimean+Khanate+and+Poland-Lithuania&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004191907&rft.aulast=Kolodziejczyk&rft.aufirst=Dariusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFHrTxHmegRYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKomasara1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Komasara, Irena (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_5oAAAAMAAJ&q=zygmunt%20III%20sam%20projektowa%C5%82">Książka na dworach Wazów w Polsce</a> (in Polish). Polska: Ossolineum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788304041844" title="Special:BookSources/9788304041844"><bdi>9788304041844</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka+na+dworach+Waz%C3%B3w+w+Polsce&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Ossolineum&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9788304041844&rft.aulast=Komasara&rft.aufirst=Irena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr_5oAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520III%2520sam%2520projektowa%25C5%2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonopczyński1937" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Konopczyński, Władysław (1937). "Jan Karol Chodkiewicz". Polski Słownik Biograficzny, T. 3: Brożek Jan – Chwalczewski Franciszek (in Polish). Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności – Skład Główny w Księgarniach Gebethnera i Wolffa. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/780836057">780836057</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jan+Karol+Chodkiewicz&rft.btitle=Polski+S%C5%82ownik+Biograficzny%2C+T.+3%3A+Bro%C5%BCek+Jan+%E2%80%93+Chwalczewski+Franciszek&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Polska+Akademia+Umiej%C4%99tno%C5%9Bci+%E2%80%93+Sk%C5%82ad+G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+w+Ksi%C4%99garniach+Gebethnera+i+Wolffa&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F780836057&rft.aulast=Konopczy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorytkowski1889" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Korytkowski, Jan (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F075DMxbKAsC">Arcybiskupi gnieźnieńscy prymasowie i metropolici polscy</a> (in Polish). Vol. 3. Poznań: Kuryer Poznański. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/866606642">866606642</a>. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arcybiskupi+gnie%C5%BAnie%C5%84scy+prymasowie+i+metropolici+polscy&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pub=Kuryer+Pozna%C5%84ski&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F866606642&rft.aulast=Korytkowski&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF075DMxbKAsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorzon1889" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Korzon, Tadeusz (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_lOZCLbNMkC">Historyja nowożytna: do 1648 roku</a> (in Polish). Vol. 1. Kraków: G. Gebethner. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/705855545">705855545</a>. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historyja+nowo%C5%BCytna%3A+do+1648+roku.&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=G.+Gebethner&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F705855545&rft.aulast=Korzon&rft.aufirst=Tadeusz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_lOZCLbNMkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoskinen2016" class="citation book cs1">Koskinen, Ulla (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jk_ODQAAQBAJ">Aggressive and Violent Peasant Elites in the Nordic Countries, C. 1500–1700</a>. Springer International Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319406886" title="Special:BookSources/9783319406886"><bdi>9783319406886</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aggressive+and+Violent+Peasant+Elites+in+the+Nordic+Countries%2C+C.+1500%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783319406886&rft.aulast=Koskinen&rft.aufirst=Ulla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djk_ODQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoszarskiHaase1864" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Koszarski, Grzegorz; Haase, Theodor (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r4zfNk1YA-EC">Postyla, albo wykłady ewanielij niedzielnych i świąt uroczystych</a> (in Polish). Cieszyn: Prochaska. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/561165924">561165924</a>. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postyla%2C+albo+wyk%C5%82ady+ewanielij+niedzielnych+i+%C5%9Bwi%C4%85t+uroczystych&rft.place=Cieszyn&rft.pub=Prochaska&rft.date=1864&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F561165924&rft.aulast=Koszarski&rft.aufirst=Grzegorz&rft.au=Haase%2C+Theodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr4zfNk1YA-EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKról1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Król, Stefan (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zk5JAAAAIAAJ&q=bardziej%20post%C4%99powy%20w%C5%82adys%C5%82aw%20tolerancyjny">101 kobiet polskich</a> (in Polish). Polska: Książka i Wiedza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788305114301" title="Special:BookSources/9788305114301"><bdi>9788305114301</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/578258698">578258698</a>. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=101+kobiet+polskich&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka+i+Wiedza&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F578258698&rft.isbn=9788305114301&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%B3l&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzk5JAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dbardziej%2520post%25C4%2599powy%2520w%25C5%2582adys%25C5%2582aw%2520tolerancyjny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrzyzkowski2017" class="citation book cs1">Krzyzkowski, Dan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NAJADwAAQBAJ">Critical Mass</a>. Bloomington: iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781532033520" title="Special:BookSources/9781532033520"><bdi>9781532033520</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Mass&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781532033520&rft.aulast=Krzyzkowski&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNAJADwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurkowska1995" class="citation book cs1">Kurkowska, Grażyna (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ChG8AAAAIAAJ&q=anna%20vasa%201625%20brodnica">Anna Wazówna</a>. Toruń: Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788385196068" title="Special:BookSources/9788385196068"><bdi>9788385196068</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anna+Waz%C3%B3wna&rft.place=Toru%C5%84&rft.pub=Towarzystwo+Naukowe+w+Toruniu&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788385196068&rft.aulast=Kurkowska&rft.aufirst=Gra%C5%BCyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DChG8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Danna%2520vasa%25201625%2520brodnica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarnedReiley1895" class="citation book cs1">Larned, Josephus Nelson; Reiley, Allan Campbell (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrk4AQAAMAAJ">History for Ready Reference, from the Best Historians, Biographers, and Specialists: Nicæa-Tunis</a>. United States: C. A. Nichols Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/679498381">679498381</a>. Retrieved 23 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+for+Ready+Reference%2C+from+the+Best+Historians%2C+Biographers%2C+and+Specialists%3A+Nic%C3%A6a-Tunis&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=C.+A.+Nichols+Company&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F679498381&rft.aulast=Larned&rft.aufirst=Josephus+Nelson&rft.au=Reiley%2C+Allan+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhrk4AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLechicki1932" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lechicki, Czesław (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ISoaAAAAIAAJ&q=zygmunt%20III%20waza%20kapry%C5%9Bny">Mecenat Zygmunta III i życie umysłowe na jego dworze</a> (in Polish). Polska: Kasa im. Mianowskiego. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/721799057">721799057</a>. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mecenat+Zygmunta+III+i+%C5%BCycie+umys%C5%82owe+na+jego+dworze&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Kasa+im.+Mianowskiego&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F721799057&rft.aulast=Lechicki&rft.aufirst=Czes%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DISoaAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520III%2520waza%2520kapry%25C5%259Bny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLelewel1845" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lelewel, Joachim (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nqdbAAAAcAAJ">Historiczna parallela Hispanii z Polską w wieku XVI., XVII., XVIII. Wydanie drugie</a> (in Polish). Poznań: Stefański. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/561695535">561695535</a>. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historiczna+parallela+Hispanii+z+Polsk%C4%85+w+wieku+XVI.%2C+XVII.%2C+XVIII.+Wydanie+drugie&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pub=Stefa%C5%84ski&rft.date=1845&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F561695535&rft.aulast=Lelewel&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnqdbAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerski1996" class="citation book cs1">Lerski, Halina (19 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=luRry4Y5NIYC">Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966–1945</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313034565" title="Special:BookSources/9780313034565"><bdi>9780313034565</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Poland%2C+966%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1996-01-19&rft.isbn=9780313034565&rft.aulast=Lerski&rft.aufirst=Halina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DluRry4Y5NIYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLileyko1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lileyko, Jerzy (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w5cYAAAAMAAJ&q=urszual%20meyerin%20ochmistrzyni">Życie codzienne w Warszawie za Wazów</a> (in Polish). Polska (Poland): Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788306010213" title="Special:BookSources/9788306010213"><bdi>9788306010213</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%BBycie+codzienne+w+Warszawie+za+Waz%C3%B3w&rft.place=Polska+%28Poland%29&rft.pub=Pa%C5%84stwowy+Instytut+Wydawniczy&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9788306010213&rft.aulast=Lileyko&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw5cYAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Durszual%2520meyerin%2520ochmistrzyni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoudaMaclagan1991" class="citation book cs1">Louda, Jiří; Maclagan, Michael (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kGdmAAAAMAAJ&q=john%20of%20%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland%201589%20john">Lines of Succession. Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe</a>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028972558" title="Special:BookSources/9780028972558"><bdi>9780028972558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lines+of+Succession.+Heraldry+of+the+Royal+Families+of+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780028972558&rft.aulast=Louda&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=Maclagan%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkGdmAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Djohn%2520of%2520%25C3%2596sterg%25C3%25B6tland%25201589%2520john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaternicki2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maternicki, Jerzy (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zf1GAAAAMAAJ&q=zygmunt%20iii%20waza%20architektura%20sztuka">Wielokulturowe środowisko historyczne Lwowa w XIX i XX w</a> (in Polish). Vol. 3. Rzeszów: Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788373382411" title="Special:BookSources/9788373382411"><bdi>9788373382411</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wielokulturowe+%C5%9Brodowisko+historyczne+Lwowa+w+XIX+i+XX+w&rft.place=Rzesz%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+Rzeszowski&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788373382411&rft.aulast=Maternicki&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzf1GAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520iii%2520waza%2520architektura%2520sztuka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar2004" class="citation book cs1">Millar, James R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cI0YAAAAIAAJ&q=pretenders%20Dmitry%20of%20Uglich%201591">Encyclopedia of Russian History</a>. Vol. 4. Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028656977" title="Special:BookSources/9780028656977"><bdi>9780028656977</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Russian+History&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780028656977&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcI0YAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpretenders%2520Dmitry%2520of%2520Uglich%25201591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiłobędzki1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Miłobędzki, Adam (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zh8qAQAAIAAJ&q=zygmunt%20III%20architekutra">Dzieje sztuki polskiej: Architektura polska XVII wieku</a> (in Polish). Polska: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788301013639" title="Special:BookSources/9788301013639"><bdi>9788301013639</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+sztuki+polskiej%3A+Architektura+polska+XVII+wieku&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Panstwowe+Wydawnictwo+Naukowe&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9788301013639&rft.aulast=Mi%C5%82ob%C4%99dzki&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZh8qAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520III%2520architekutra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoraczewski1865" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Moraczewski, Jędrzej (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yEohAQAAMAAJ">Dzieje Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, przez Jędrzejn Moraczewskiego</a> (in Polish). Vol. 7–8. N. Kamieński. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12992612">12992612</a>. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej%2C+przez+J%C4%99drzejn+Moraczewskiego&rft.pub=N.+Kamie%C5%84ski&rft.date=1865&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12992612&rft.aulast=Moraczewski&rft.aufirst=J%C4%99drzej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyEohAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorawska2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Morawska, Katarzyna (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6toXAQAAIAAJ&q=Zygmunt%20III%20maskarady%20krak%C3%B3w">Renesans</a> (in Polish). Sutkowski Edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788390079028" title="Special:BookSources/9788390079028"><bdi>9788390079028</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renesans&rft.pub=Sutkowski+Edition&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788390079028&rft.aulast=Morawska&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6toXAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DZygmunt%2520III%2520maskarady%2520krak%25C3%25B3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorawski1877" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Morawski, Teodor (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ey9YLfv1RkC">Dzieje Narodu Polskiego W Krótkości Zebrane; Królowie Obieralni</a> (in Polish). Vol. 3. Poznań: Żupański. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68637965">68637965</a>. Retrieved 2 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+Narodu+Polskiego+W+Kr%C3%B3tko%C5%9Bci+Zebrane%3B+Kr%C3%B3lowie+Obieralni&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pub=%C5%BBupa%C5%84ski&rft.date=1877&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68637965&rft.aulast=Morawski&rft.aufirst=Teodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Ey9YLfv1RkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuzeum_Narodowe_w_Szczecinie2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie (2004) [1986]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HZYTAQAAMAAJ&q=zygmunt%20III%20luteranizm%20szwedzi%20podejrzliwi">Materiały zachodniopomorskie</a> (in Polish). Vol. 32. Szczecin: Muzeum Narodowe. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1250072913">1250072913</a>. Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materia%C5%82y+zachodniopomorskie&rft.place=Szczecin&rft.pub=Muzeum+Narodowe&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1250072913&rft.au=Muzeum+Narodowe+w+Szczecinie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHZYTAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520III%2520luteranizm%2520szwedzi%2520podejrzliwi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMykowskiKlat2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mykowski, Jarosław; Klat, Marek (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GXFEAQAAIAAJ&q=stolica%20krakow%20warszawa%201596">Treasury of Poland</a> (in Polish). Gdańsk: Oficyna Pomorska. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788386527410" title="Special:BookSources/9788386527410"><bdi>9788386527410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasury+of+Poland&rft.place=Gda%C5%84sk&rft.pub=Oficyna+Pomorska&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9788386527410&rft.aulast=Mykowski&rft.aufirst=Jaros%C5%82aw&rft.au=Klat%2C+Marek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGXFEAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dstolica%2520krakow%2520warszawa%25201596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiemcewiczTurowski1860" class="citation book cs1">Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn; Turowski, Kazimierz Józef (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rIBKAAAAcAAJ">Dzieje panowania Zygmunta III</a>. Vol. 1. Kraków: Czas. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29776263">29776263</a>. Retrieved 10 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+panowania+Zygmunta+III&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Czas&rft.date=1860&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29776263&rft.aulast=Niemcewicz&rft.aufirst=Julian+Ursyn&rft.au=Turowski%2C+Kazimierz+J%C3%B3zef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrIBKAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiemcewicz1860" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Niemcewicz, Julian Ursyn (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=odVbAAAAcAAJ">Dzieje panowania Zygmunta III</a> (in Polish). Vol. 3. Kraków: Biblioteka Polska. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29776263">29776263</a>. Retrieved 21 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+panowania+Zygmunta+III&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Biblioteka+Polska&rft.date=1860&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29776263&rft.aulast=Niemcewicz&rft.aufirst=Julian+Ursyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DodVbAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowak2019" class="citation book cs1">Nowak, Andrzej (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_Tf3DIdguAC&q=lew+Sapieha+boris+godunov&pg=PA55">History and Geopolitics: A Contest for Eastern Europe</a>. PISM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788389607287" title="Special:BookSources/9788389607287"><bdi>9788389607287</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Geopolitics%3A+A+Contest+for+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=PISM&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9788389607287&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ_Tf3DIdguAC%26q%3Dlew%2BSapieha%2Bboris%2Bgodunov%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchmann-Staniszewska2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ochmann-Staniszewska, Stefania (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TAJpAAAAMAAJ&q=anna%20habsbur%C5%BCanka%20krolowa%201598%2010%20lutego">Dynastia Wazów w Polsce</a> (in Polish). Poland: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788301145842" title="Special:BookSources/9788301145842"><bdi>9788301145842</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynastia+Waz%C3%B3w+w+Polsce&rft.place=Poland&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788301145842&rft.aulast=Ochmann-Staniszewska&rft.aufirst=Stefania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTAJpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Danna%2520habsbur%25C5%25BCanka%2520krolowa%25201598%252010%2520lutego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrgelbrand1861" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Orgelbrand" title="Samuel Orgelbrand">Orgelbrand, Samuel</a> (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H8lLAQAAIAAJ">Encyklopedia Powszechna</a> (in Polish). Vol. 7. Warszawa: Orgelbrand. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4945657">4945657</a>. Retrieved 2 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedia+Powszechna&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Orgelbrand&rft.date=1861&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4945657&rft.aulast=Orgelbrand&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH8lLAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPałucki1974" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pałucki, Władysław (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CobAAAAMAAJ&q=rokosz%20zebrzydowskiego%2067%20artyku%C5%82%C3%B3w">Drogi i bezdroża skarbowości polskiej XVI i pierwszej połowy XVII wieku</a> (in Polish). Polska: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich (Ossoliński Institute). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/462970365">462970365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drogi+i+bezdro%C5%BCa+skarbowo%C5%9Bci+polskiej+XVI+i+pierwszej+po%C5%82owy+XVII+wieku&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich+%28Ossoli%C5%84ski+Institute%29&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F462970365&rft.aulast=Pa%C5%82ucki&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CobAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Drokosz%2520zebrzydowskiego%252067%2520artyku%25C5%2582%25C3%25B3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawłowska-Kubik2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pawłowska-Kubik, Agnieszka (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mDUDwAAQBAJ">Rokosz sandomierski 1606–1609. Rzeczpospolita na politycznym rozdrożu</a> (in Polish). Poland: Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788323142850" title="Special:BookSources/9788323142850"><bdi>9788323142850</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rokosz+sandomierski+1606%E2%80%931609.+Rzeczpospolita+na+politycznym+rozdro%C5%BCu&rft.place=Poland&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+Uniwersytetu+Miko%C5%82aja+Kopernika&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9788323142850&rft.aulast=Paw%C5%82owska-Kubik&rft.aufirst=Agnieszka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mDUDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPears1893" class="citation journal cs1">Pears, Edwin (1893). "Pears The Spanish Armada and the Ottoman Porte". The English Historical Review. English Historical Review. Volume 8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Pears+The+Spanish+Armada+and+the+Ottoman+Porte&rft.date=1893&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft.aulast=Pears&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2014" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Gary Dean (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FtFDthqmB2wC">Warrior Kings of Sweden. The Rise of an Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</a>. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476604114" title="Special:BookSources/9781476604114"><bdi>9781476604114</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warrior+Kings+of+Sweden.+The+Rise+of+an+Empire+in+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.pub=McFarland%2C+Incorporated%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781476604114&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Gary+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFtFDthqmB2wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiasecki1870" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Piasecki, Paweł (1870). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f6tbAAAAcAAJ">Kronika P. Piaseckiego Biskupa Przemyślskiego</a> (in Polish). Kraków: Uniwersytet Jagielloński (Jagiellonian University). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503878438">503878438</a>. Retrieved 7 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kronika+P.+Piaseckiego+Biskupa+Przemy%C5%9Blskiego&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+Jagiello%C5%84ski+%28Jagiellonian+University%29&rft.date=1870&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F503878438&rft.aulast=Piasecki&rft.aufirst=Pawe%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df6tbAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiwarski1947" class="citation book cs1">Piwarski, Kazimierz (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2F-gAAAAMAAJ&q=gustaw%20adolf%20jerzy%20wilhelm%20prusy">Prusy Wschodnie w dziejach Polski</a>. Stefan Kamiński. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/234328807">234328807</a>. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prusy+Wschodnie+w+dziejach+Polski&rft.pub=Stefan+Kami%C5%84ski&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F234328807&rft.aulast=Piwarski&rft.aufirst=Kazimierz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2F-gAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgustaw%2520adolf%2520jerzy%2520wilhelm%2520prusy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiwarski1961" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Piwarski, Kazimierz (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ynSAAAAMAAJ&q=zygmunt%20III%20jezuici%20szwecji%20rzymu">Szkice z dziejów papiestwa</a> (in Polish). Polska: Książka i Wiedza. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/249739095">249739095</a>. Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Szkice+z+dziej%C3%B3w+papiestwa&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka+i+Wiedza&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F249739095&rft.aulast=Piwarski&rft.aufirst=Kazimierz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ynSAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520III%2520jezuici%2520szwecji%2520rzymu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodhorodecki1978" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Podhorodecki, Leszek (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B69FAAAAIAAJ">Stanisław Koniecpolski ok. 1592–1646</a> (in Polish). Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750901261">750901261</a>. Retrieved 9 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanis%C5%82aw+Koniecpolski+ok.+1592%E2%80%931646&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Ministerstwa+Obrony+Narodowej&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750901261&rft.aulast=Podhorodecki&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB69FAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodhorodecki1985" class="citation book cs1">Podhorodecki, Leszek (1985). Rapier i koncerz: z dziejów wojen polsko-szwedzkich. Warsaw: Książka i Wiedza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-05-11452-X" title="Special:BookSources/83-05-11452-X"><bdi>83-05-11452-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rapier+i+koncerz%3A+z+dziej%C3%B3w+wojen+polsko-szwedzkich&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka+i+Wiedza&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=83-05-11452-X&rft.aulast=Podhorodecki&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodhorodecki1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Podhorodecki, Leszek (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=620dAAAAMAAJ&q=anna+austriaczka+1598">Stanisław Żółkiewski</a> (in Polish). University of Michigan & Ludowa Spółdzielnia Wydawnicza. p. 306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788320540826" title="Special:BookSources/9788320540826"><bdi>9788320540826</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanis%C5%82aw+%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+%26+Ludowa+Sp%C3%B3%C5%82dzielnia+Wydawnicza&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9788320540826&rft.aulast=Podhorodecki&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D620dAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Danna%2Baustriaczka%2B1598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodhorodecki2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Podhorodecki, Leszek (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=14M2_3RfmW4C">Chocim 1621</a> (in Polish). Polska: Bellona. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788311112643" title="Special:BookSources/9788311112643"><bdi>9788311112643</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chocim+1621&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Bellona&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788311112643&rft.aulast=Podhorodecki&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D14M2_3RfmW4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPodraza2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Podraza, Antoni (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SsNnAAAAMAAJ&q=zygmunt%20iii%20waza%20urszula%20meierin%20stosunki">Europa, Galicja, regiony</a> (in Polish). Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788371888434" title="Special:BookSources/9788371888434"><bdi>9788371888434</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europa%2C+Galicja%2C+regiony&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%99garnia+Akademicka&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9788371888434&rft.aulast=Podraza&rft.aufirst=Antoni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSsNnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520iii%2520waza%2520urszula%2520meierin%2520stosunki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolska_Akademia_Umiejętności1923" class="citation web cs1">Polska Akademia Umiejętności (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KDrwwl5LbhYC&q=bitwa+pod+chocimiem+160,000">"Encyklopedya polska"</a>. Gebethner i Wolff. Retrieved 11 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyklopedya+polska&rft.pub=Gebethner+i+Wolff&rft.date=1923&rft.au=Polska+Akademia+Umiej%C4%99tno%C5%9Bci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKDrwwl5LbhYC%26q%3Dbitwa%2Bpod%2Bchocimiem%2B160%2C000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkop1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prokop, Krzysztof Rafał (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gkAmAQAAIAAJ&q=Prokop%201999%20jan%20albert%20waza">Poczet biskupów krakowskich</a> (in Polish). Polska, Kraków: Wydawn. Św. Stanisława BM Archidiecezji Krakowskiej. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788387960384" title="Special:BookSources/9788387960384"><bdi>9788387960384</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poczet+biskup%C3%B3w+krakowskich&rft.place=Polska%2C+Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Wydawn.+%C5%9Aw.+Stanis%C5%82awa+BM+Archidiecezji+Krakowskiej&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788387960384&rft.aulast=Prokop&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof+Rafa%C5%82&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgkAmAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DProkop%25201999%2520jan%2520albert%2520waza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProtheroWardLeathes1906" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, George Walter; Ward, Adolphus William; Leathes, Stanley Mordaunt (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5PtAAAAMAAJ&q=gustavus%20adolphus%20prussia%201626%20opened%20gates">The Cambridge Modern History</a>. Vol. 4. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874478915">874478915</a>. Retrieved 19 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874478915&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=George+Walter&rft.au=Ward%2C+Adolphus+William&rft.au=Leathes%2C+Stanley+Mordaunt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5PtAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dgustavus%2520adolphus%2520prussia%25201626%2520opened%2520gates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPushkin2018" class="citation book cs1">Pushkin, Alexander (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XX5jDwAAQBAJ">Boris Godunov and Little Tragedies</a>. Richmond, Surrey: Alma Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780714545912" title="Special:BookSources/9780714545912"><bdi>9780714545912</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boris+Godunov+and+Little+Tragedies&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Alma+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780714545912&rft.aulast=Pushkin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXX5jDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRastawiecki1857" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rastawiecki, Edward (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r9JWAAAAcAAJ">Słownik malarzów polskich, tudzież obcych w Polsce osiadłych, lub czasowo w niej przebywających</a> (in Polish). Warszawa: Orgelbrand. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1171984765">1171984765</a>. Retrieved 7 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C5%82ownik+malarz%C3%B3w+polskich%2C+tudzie%C5%BC+obcych+w+Polsce+osiad%C5%82ych%2C+lub+czasowo+w+niej+przebywaj%C4%85cych&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Orgelbrand&rft.date=1857&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1171984765&rft.aulast=Rastawiecki&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr9JWAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReading2019" class="citation book cs1">Reading, Mario (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzvcTC3ck8YC&q=feodor+ii+murdered&pg=PA229">The Complete Prophecies of Nostradamus</a>. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906787394" title="Special:BookSources/9781906787394"><bdi>9781906787394</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Prophecies+of+Nostradamus&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781906787394&rft.aulast=Reading&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzvcTC3ck8YC%26q%3Dfeodor%2Bii%2Bmurdered%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1953" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Michael (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3g8AAAAIAAJ&q=dalarna%201598%20Jacob">Gustavus Adolphus: a history of Sweden, 1611-1632</a>. Longmans. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/504254730">504254730</a>. Retrieved 24 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustavus+Adolphus%3A+a+history+of+Sweden%2C+1611-1632&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F504254730&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do3g8AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Ddalarna%25201598%2520Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocznik_krakowski1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uf3TAAAAMAAJ&q=Zygmunt%20III%20ta%C5%84czy%C5%82%20maszkara">Rocznik krakowski</a> (in Polish). Vol. 51. Kraków: Wydawn. Tow. Miłośników Historii i Zabytków Krakowa. 1987. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788301074524" title="Special:BookSources/9788301074524"><bdi>9788301074524</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rocznik+krakowski&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Wydawn.+Tow.+Mi%C5%82o%C5%9Bnik%C3%B3w+Historii+i+Zabytk%C3%B3w+Krakowa&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9788301074524&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUf3TAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DZygmunt%2520III%2520ta%25C5%2584czy%25C5%2582%2520maszkara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotteck1843" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rotteck, Carl (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YtxbAAAAcAAJ">Obraz historyi powszechnej od najdawniejszych do najnowszych czasów</a> (in Polish). Vol. 2. August Emmanuel Glückeberg. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/982630397">982630397</a>. Retrieved 18 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obraz+historyi+powszechnej+od+najdawniejszych+do+najnowszych+czas%C3%B3w&rft.pub=August+Emmanuel+Gl%C3%BCckeberg&rft.date=1843&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F982630397&rft.aulast=Rotteck&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYtxbAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudzki1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rudzki, Edward (1987). Polskie królowe. Żony królów elekcyjnych, Tom II (Polish Queens. Wives of the elective kings, Volume II) (in Polish). Wydawnictwo Literackie. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1170487741">1170487741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polskie+kr%C3%B3lowe.+%C5%BBony+kr%C3%B3l%C3%B3w+elekcyjnych%2C+Tom+II+%28Polish+Queens.+Wives+of+the+elective+kings%2C+Volume+II%29&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Literackie&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1170487741&rft.aulast=Rudzki&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaar1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saar, Alicja (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CqsjAQAAIAAJ&q=izabella%20waza%201566%20zygmunt">Infantka Szwecji i Polski Anna Wazówna</a> (in Polish). Toruń: Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788385196143" title="Special:BookSources/9788385196143"><bdi>9788385196143</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infantka+Szwecji+i+Polski+Anna+Waz%C3%B3wna&rft.place=Toru%C5%84&rft.pub=Uniwersytet+Miko%C5%82aja+Kopernika&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788385196143&rft.aulast=Saar&rft.aufirst=Alicja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCqsjAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dizabella%2520waza%25201566%2520zygmunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1858" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmitt, Henryk (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bNhbAAAAcAAJ">Rokosz Zebrzydowskiego</a> (in Polish). Lwów: Ossoliński. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31723561">31723561</a>. Retrieved 10 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rokosz+Zebrzydowskiego&rft.place=Lw%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Ossoli%C5%84ski&rft.date=1858&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31723561&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Henryk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbNhbAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowalter2013" class="citation book cs1">Showalter, Dennis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k_GxAgAAQBAJ">Early Modern Wars 1500–1775</a>. Amber Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782741213" title="Special:BookSources/9781782741213"><bdi>9781782741213</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Modern+Wars+1500%E2%80%931775&rft.pub=Amber+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781782741213&rft.aulast=Showalter&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk_GxAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShubin2009" class="citation book cs1">Shubin, Daniel H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wq1NBAAAQBAJ">Tsars and Imposters. Russia's Time of Troubles</a>. New York: Algora. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780875866871" title="Special:BookSources/9780875866871"><bdi>9780875866871</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tsars+and+Imposters.+Russia%27s+Time+of+Troubles&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Algora&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780875866871&rft.aulast=Shubin&rft.aufirst=Daniel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwq1NBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiarczyński1843" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Siarczyński, Franciszek (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_YpKAAAAcAAJ">Obraz wieku panowania Zygmunta III. Króla Polskiego i Szwedzkiego: zawieraiący opis osób żyiących pod jego panowaniem, znamienitych przez swe czyny pokoiu i woyny, cnoty lub występki dzieła piśmienne, zasługi użyteczne i cele sztuki</a> (in Polish). Poznań: Nowa Księgarnia. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643150186">643150186</a>. Retrieved 16 November 2016 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obraz+wieku+panowania+Zygmunta+III.+Kr%C3%B3la+Polskiego+i+Szwedzkiego%3A+zawierai%C4%85cy+opis+os%C3%B3b+%C5%BCyi%C4%85cych+pod+jego+panowaniem%2C+znamienitych+przez+swe+czyny+pokoiu+i+woyny%2C+cnoty+lub+wyst%C4%99pki+dzie%C5%82a+pi%C5%9Bmienne%2C+zas%C5%82ugi+u%C5%BCyteczne+i+cele+sztuki&rft.place=Pozna%C5%84&rft.pub=Nowa+Ksi%C4%99garnia&rft.date=1843&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643150186&rft.aulast=Siarczy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Franciszek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_YpKAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSitkowa1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sitkowa, Anna (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ct0ZAQAAIAAJ&q=zygmunt%20iii%20waza%20nepotyzm">Na połów dusz ludzkich</a> (in Polish). Polska: Energeia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788385118947" title="Special:BookSources/9788385118947"><bdi>9788385118947</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Na+po%C5%82%C3%B3w+dusz+ludzkich&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Energeia&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9788385118947&rft.aulast=Sitkowa&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCt0ZAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520iii%2520waza%2520nepotyzm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpórnaWierzbickiWygonik2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Spórna, Marcin; Wierzbicki, Piotr; Wygonik, Edyta (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P70jAQAAIAAJ&q=zygmunt+iii+waza+dzieci+krzysztof+1598">Słownik władców Polski i pretendentów do tronu polskiego</a> (in Polish). Polska: Zielona Sowa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788372205605" title="Special:BookSources/9788372205605"><bdi>9788372205605</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C5%82ownik+w%C5%82adc%C3%B3w+Polski+i+pretendent%C3%B3w+do+tronu+polskiego&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Zielona+Sowa&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788372205605&rft.aulast=Sp%C3%B3rna&rft.aufirst=Marcin&rft.au=Wierzbicki%2C+Piotr&rft.au=Wygonik%2C+Edyta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP70jAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2Biii%2Bwaza%2Bdzieci%2Bkrzysztof%2B1598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSokół1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sokół, Krystyna (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UllpAAAAMAAJ&q=zygmunt%20iii%20ekspansja%20na%20wsch%C3%B3d">Dzieje Polski a współczesność</a> (in Polish). Polska: Książka i Wiedza. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1090948544">1090948544</a>. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzieje+Polski+a+wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czesno%C5%9B%C4%87&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka+i+Wiedza&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1090948544&rft.aulast=Sok%C3%B3%C5%82&rft.aufirst=Krystyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUllpAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520iii%2520ekspansja%2520na%2520wsch%25C3%25B3d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarźa1851" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Starźa, Józef Aleksander (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d9ZbAAAAcAAJ">Stanisław Żółkiewski; obraz historyczny z czasów Stefana i Zygmunta III</a> (in Polish). Vol. 1. Berlin: Behr. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/995364246">995364246</a>. Retrieved 3 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanis%C5%82aw+%C5%BB%C3%B3%C5%82kiewski%3B+obraz+historyczny+z+czas%C3%B3w+Stefana+i+Zygmunta+III&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Behr&rft.date=1851&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F995364246&rft.aulast=Star%C5%BAa&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef+Aleksander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd9ZbAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStebelski1867" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stebelski, Ignacy (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLuhV8Cir9UC">Chronologia</a> (in Polish). Vol. 2. Lwów: Zelman Igel. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/749155509">749155509</a>. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronologia&rft.place=Lw%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Zelman+Igel&rft.date=1867&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F749155509&rft.aulast=Stebelski&rft.aufirst=Ignacy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLuhV8Cir9UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Stone" title="David R. Stone">Stone, David R.</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ok7iVsgiNmAC&q=time+of+troubles+sweden&pg=PA19">A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275985028" title="Special:BookSources/9780275985028"><bdi>9780275985028</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Russia%3A+From+Ivan+the+Terrible+to+the+War+in+Chechnya&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780275985028&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dok7iVsgiNmAC%26q%3Dtime%2Bof%2Btroubles%2Bsweden%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzujski1894" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Szujski, Józef (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JlAFSS-12xwC">Dzieła Józefa Szujskiego. Dzieje Polski</a> (in Polish). Vol. 3. Kraków: Szujski-Kluczycki. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/717123162">717123162</a>. Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dzie%C5%82a+J%C3%B3zefa+Szujskiego.+Dzieje+Polski&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Szujski-Kluczycki&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F717123162&rft.aulast=Szujski&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJlAFSS-12xwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbierska2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Talbierska, Jolanta (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8LBuLwEACAAJ">Grafika XVII wieku w Polsce. Funkcje, ośrodki, artyści, dzieła</a> (in Polish). Warszawa: Neriton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788375431964" title="Special:BookSources/9788375431964"><bdi>9788375431964</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grafika+XVII+wieku+w+Polsce.+Funkcje%2C+o%C5%9Brodki%2C+arty%C5%9Bci%2C+dzie%C5%82a&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Neriton&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788375431964&rft.aulast=Talbierska&rft.aufirst=Jolanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8LBuLwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTańska-Hoffman1851" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tańska-Hoffman, Klementyna (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wrII9vK5FeQC">Encyklopedya doręczna</a> (in Polish). Warszawa (Warsaw): Orgelbrand. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/297528908">297528908</a>. Retrieved 17 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyklopedya+dor%C4%99czna&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pub=Orgelbrand&rft.date=1851&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F297528908&rft.aulast=Ta%C5%84ska-Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Klementyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwrII9vK5FeQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatomir1868" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tatomir, Lucjan (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LnBcAAAAcAAJ">Geografia ogólna i statystyka ziem dawnej Polski</a> (in Polish). Kraków: "Czas", Kirchmayer. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/869416558">869416558</a>. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geografia+og%C3%B3lna+i+statystyka+ziem+dawnej+Polski&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pub=%22Czas%22%2C+Kirchmayer&rft.date=1868&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F869416558&rft.aulast=Tatomir&rft.aufirst=Lucjan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLnBcAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1973" class="citation book cs1">Treadgold, Donald W. (1973). Russia, 1472–1917. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813302553" title="Special:BookSources/9780813302553"><bdi>9780813302553</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+1472%E2%80%931917&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=9780813302553&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTretiak1889" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tretiak, Józef (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VjYjAQAAMAAJ">Historya wojny chocimskiej, 1621 r</a> (in Polish). Lwów: Seyfarth i Czajkowski. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/80314989">80314989</a>. Retrieved 21 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historya+wojny+chocimskiej%2C+1621+r&rft.place=Lw%C3%B3w&rft.pub=Seyfarth+i+Czajkowski&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F80314989&rft.aulast=Tretiak&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVjYjAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyszkiewicz1846" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tyszkiewicz, Count Eustachy (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=skRkAxCF1-IC">Listy o Szwecji pisał E. Tyszkiewicz</a> (in Polish). Vol. 1. Vilnius (Wilno): Zawadzki. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/504798558">504798558</a>. Retrieved 9 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Listy+o+Szwecji+pisa%C5%82+E.+Tyszkiewicz&rft.place=Vilnius+%28Wilno%29&rft.pub=Zawadzki&rft.date=1846&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F504798558&rft.aulast=Tyszkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Count+Eustachy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DskRkAxCF1-IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarvounis2016" class="citation book cs1">Varvounis, Miltiades (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0DjDDQAAQBAJ&dq=zygmunt+III+s%C4%99dziw%C3%B3j&pg=PT59">Made in Poland: The Women and Men Who Changed the World</a>. UK: Xilibris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781524596644" title="Special:BookSources/9781524596644"><bdi>9781524596644</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Made+in+Poland%3A+The+Women+and+Men+Who+Changed+the+World&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Xilibris&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781524596644&rft.aulast=Varvounis&rft.aufirst=Miltiades&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0DjDDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dzygmunt%2BIII%2Bs%25C4%2599dziw%25C3%25B3j%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatra-Przewłocki1918" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Watra-Przewłocki, J. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BCRJAQAAIAAJ&q=zygmunt%20iii%20waza%20za%20d%C5%82ugo%20%C5%BCy%C5%82">Historya Polski ilustrowana</a> (in Polish). Polska: Worzałła Publishing. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/728066803">728066803</a>. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historya+Polski+ilustrowana&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Worza%C5%82%C5%82a+Publishing&rft.date=1918&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F728066803&rft.aulast=Watra-Przew%C5%82ocki&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBCRJAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dzygmunt%2520iii%2520waza%2520za%2520d%25C5%2582ugo%2520%25C5%25BCy%25C5%2582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWdowiszewski2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wdowiszewski, Zygmunt (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ir8WAQAAIAAJ&q=drzew%20genealogiczne%20waz%C3%B3w">Genealogia Jagiellonów i Domu Wazów w Polsce</a> (in Polish). Avalon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788391849729" title="Special:BookSources/9788391849729"><bdi>9788391849729</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genealogia+Jagiellon%C3%B3w+i+Domu+Waz%C3%B3w+w+Polsce&rft.pub=Avalon&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788391849729&rft.aulast=Wdowiszewski&rft.aufirst=Zygmunt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dir8WAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Ddrzew%2520genealogiczne%2520waz%25C3%25B3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisner1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wisner, Henryk (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VpRFAAAAIAAJ&q=konstancja+zygmunt+waza+siedmioro+dzieci">Zygmunt III Waza</a> (in Polish). Polska: Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788302020896" title="Special:BookSources/9788302020896"><bdi>9788302020896</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zygmunt+III+Waza&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Wydawnictwa+Szkolne+i+Pedagogiczne&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9788302020896&rft.aulast=Wisner&rft.aufirst=Henryk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVpRFAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkonstancja%2Bzygmunt%2Bwaza%2Bsiedmioro%2Bdzieci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisner1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wisner, Henryk (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nTPUAAAAMAAJ&q=rokosz%20zebrzydowskiego%20jezui*%20wisner">Rokosz Zebrzydowskiego</a> (in Polish). Polska: Krajowa Agencja Wydawnicza. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788303026163" title="Special:BookSources/9788303026163"><bdi>9788303026163</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rokosz+Zebrzydowskiego&rft.place=Polska&rft.pub=Krajowa+Agencja+Wydawnicza&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9788303026163&rft.aulast=Wisner&rft.aufirst=Henryk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnTPUAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Drokosz%2520zebrzydowskiego%2520jezui%2A%2520wisner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisner2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wisner, Henryk (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PAEWAQAAMAAJ&q=urszula%20meierin%20stosunki%20niewadomo">Rzeczpospolita Wazów: Czasy Zygmunta III i Władysława IV</a> (in Polish). Vol. 1. Warsaw (Warszawa): Neriton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788388973352" title="Special:BookSources/9788388973352"><bdi>9788388973352</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rzeczpospolita+Waz%C3%B3w%3A+Czasy+Zygmunta+III+i+W%C5%82adys%C5%82awa+IV&rft.place=Warsaw+%28Warszawa%29&rft.pub=Neriton&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788388973352&rft.aulast=Wisner&rft.aufirst=Henryk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPAEWAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Durszula%2520meierin%2520stosunki%2520niewadomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWójcicki1848" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wójcicki, Kazimierz Władysław (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1AuaT2J42sgC">Album; literackie pismo zbiorowe poświęcone dziejom i literaturze krajowej</a> (in Polish). Vol. 1–2. Warszawa (Warsaw): W. Druk. Rządowej przy Kommissyi Rządowej Sprawiedliwości. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/830495467">830495467</a>. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Album%3B+literackie+pismo+zbiorowe+po%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cone+dziejom+i+literaturze+krajowej&rft.place=Warszawa+%28Warsaw%29&rft.pub=W.+Druk.+Rz%C4%85dowej+przy+Kommissyi+Rz%C4%85dowej+Sprawiedliwo%C5%9Bci&rft.date=1848&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F830495467&rft.aulast=W%C3%B3jcicki&rft.aufirst=Kazimierz+W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1AuaT2J42sgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarewicz1876" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zarewicz, Ludwik (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R18xAQAAMAAJ">Przegląd lwowski</a> (in Polish). Vol. 6, Issues 13–18. Lwów: X. E. Podolski. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/837240117">837240117</a>. Retrieved 25 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Przegl%C4%85d+lwowski&rft.place=Lw%C3%B3w&rft.pub=X.+E.+Podolski&rft.date=1876&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F837240117&rft.aulast=Zarewicz&rft.aufirst=Ludwik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR18xAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZieliński1878" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zieliński, Władysław Kornel (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MhJ5K5z3DgAC">Monografia Lublina</a> (in Polish). Vol. 1. Lublin: J. Herszenhorn & M. Sznajdermesser. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1014590007">1014590007</a>. Retrieved 28 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monografia+Lublina&rft.place=Lublin&rft.pub=J.+Herszenhorn+%26+M.+Sznajdermesser&rft.date=1878&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1014590007&rft.aulast=Zieli%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw+Kornel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMhJ5K5z3DgAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASigismund+III+Vasa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Daniel Stone, The Polish Lithuanian State, 1386–1795 (University of Washington 2001).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_Tazbir" title="Janusz Tazbir">Janusz Tazbir</a>: Historia kościoła katolickiego w Polsce 1460–1795. Warsaw: 1966, p. 91.</li> <li>Stanisław Rosik, Przemysław Wiszewski: Poczet polskich królów i książąt. p. 927.</li> <li>Stanisław Rosik, Przemysław Wiszewski, Poczet polskich królów i książąt, p. 929.</li> <li>Stanisław Rosik, Przemysław Wiszewski, Wielki Poczet polskich królów i książąt, Wrocław 2006, p. 923.</li> <li>Warszawa w latach 1526–1795, Warsaw 1984 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-01-03323-1" title="Special:BookSources/83-01-03323-1">83-01-03323-1</a>, p. 13.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sigismund_III_of_Poland" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sigismund III of Poland">Sigismund III of Poland</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=Zygmunt+III">Works by or about Sigismund III Vasa</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Sigismund III Vasa </div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a></div>Born: 20 June 1566 Died: 30 April 1632 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna</a> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a> 1587–1632 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Władysław IV">Władysław IV</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">King of Sweden</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Finland" title="Grand Duke of Finland">Grand Duke of Finland</a> 1592–1599 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #79DBFF;"><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Titles in pretence</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Loss of title <div style="font-size:90%">Deposed by Charles IX</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">— TITULAR — <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">King of Sweden</a> 1599–1632 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Swedish_princes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Swedish_princes" title="Template:Swedish princes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Swedish_princes" title="Template talk:Swedish princes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Swedish_princes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Swedish princes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">Gustav I</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a>, and continues through the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">Houses of Palatinate-Zweibrücken</a>, <a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp_(Swedish_line)" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)">Holstein-Gottorp</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte" title="House of Bernadotte">Bernadotte</a>, the adoptive heirs of the House of Holstein-Gottorp, who were adoptive heirs of the Palatinate-Zweibrückens.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden" title="Eric XIV of Sweden">King Eric XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">King John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Magnus, Duke of Östergötland">Prince Magnus, Duke of Östergötland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">King Charles IX</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">King Sigismund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_of_Sweden_(1568%E2%80%931607)" title="Gustav of Sweden (1568–1607)">Gustav, Prince of Uglich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="John, Duke of Östergötland">Prince John, Duke of Östergötland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">King Gustav II Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Philip,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Charles Philip, Duke of Södermanland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">King Władysław IV of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania</a><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">King John II Casimir of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania</a><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Charles_Vasa" title="Alexander Charles Vasa">Prince Alexander Charles</a><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albert_Vasa" title="John Albert Vasa">John Albert, Prince-Bishop of Warmia and Kraków</a><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_Ferdynand_Vasa" title="Karol Ferdynand Vasa">Prince Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Opole</a><a href="#endnote_2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">King Charles XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">King Charles XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">King Frederick I</a><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden" title="Adolf Frederick of Sweden">King Adolf Frederick</a><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_III" title="Gustav III">King Gustav III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">King Charles XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_Adolf,_Duke_of_%C3%96sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland">Prince Frederick Adolf, Duke of Östergötland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">King Gustav IV Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Gustav,_Duke_of_Sm%C3%A5land" title="Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland">Prince Carl Gustav, Duke of Småland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_August,_Crown_Prince_of_Sweden" title="Charles August, Crown Prince of Sweden">Crown Prince Charles August</a><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">King Charles XIV John</a><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav,_Prince_of_Vasa" title="Gustav, Prince of Vasa">Crown Prince Gustav, Prince of Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">King Oscar I</a><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XV" title="Charles XV">King Charles XV</a><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf,_Duke_of_Uppland" title="Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland">Prince Gustaf, Duke of Uppland</a><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_II" title="Oscar II">King Oscar II</a><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August,_Duke_of_Dalarna" title="Prince August, Duke of Dalarna">Prince August, Duke of Dalarna</a><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Oscar,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Carl Oscar, Duke of Södermanland</a><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_V" title="Gustaf V">King Gustaf V</a><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Bernadotte" title="Oscar Bernadotte">Prince Oscar, Duke of Gotland</a><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland">Prince Carl, Duke of Västergötland</a><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Eugen,_Duke_of_N%C3%A4rke" title="Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke">Prince Eugen, Duke of Närke</a><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_VI_Adolf" title="Gustaf VI Adolf">King Gustaf VI Adolf</a><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Wilhelm,_Duke_of_S%C3%B6dermanland" title="Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland">Prince Wilhelm, Duke of Södermanland</a><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Erik,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4stmanland" title="Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland">Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland</a><a href="#endnote_1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Bernadotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Carl Bernadotte">Prince Carl, Duke of Östergötland</a><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterbotten" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten">Prince Gustaf Adolf, Duke of Västerbotten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigvard_Bernadotte" title="Sigvard Bernadotte">Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland</a><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Bertil,_Duke_of_Halland" title="Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland">Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Johan_Bernadotte" title="Carl Johan Bernadotte">Prince Carl Johan, Duke of Dalarna</a><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennart_Bernadotte" title="Lennart Bernadotte">Prince Lennart, Duke of Småland</a><a href="#endnote_3">[3]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">King Carl XVI Gustaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Carl_Philip,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4rmland" title="Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland">Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Daniel,_Duke_of_V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland">Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland</a><a href="#endnote_4">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Oscar,_Duke_of_Sk%C3%A5ne" title="Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne">Prince Oscar, Duke of Skåne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Also prince of Norway 2 Also prince of Poland and Lithuania 3 Lost his title due to an unequal marriage 4 Not Swedish prince by birth, but created prince of Sweden</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Template:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">Monarchs of Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Legendary_rulers" title="List of Polish monarchs">Legendary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech,_Czech,_and_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Lech, Czech, and Rus'">Lech I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krakus" title="Krakus">Krakus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krakus_II" title="Krakus II">Krakus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_II" title="Lech II">Lech II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Wanda" title="Princess Wanda">Wanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszko_I" title="Leszko I">Leszko I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszko_II" title="Leszko II">Leszko II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszko_III" title="Leszko III">Leszko III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popiel_I" title="Popiel I">Popiel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popiel" title="Popiel">Popiel II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cho%C5%9Bcisko" title="Chościsko">Chościsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piast_the_Wheelwright" title="Piast the Wheelwright">Piast the Wheelwright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs#Semi-legendary_dukes_of_the_Polans_in_Greater_Poland" title="List of Polish monarchs">Proto-historic</a> (before 966)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siemowit" title="Siemowit">Siemowit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lestek" title="Lestek">Lestek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siemomys%C5%82" title="Siemomysł">Siemomysł</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (966–1138)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_I" title="Mieszko I">Mieszko I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_I_the_Brave" title="Bolesław I the Brave">Bolesław I the Brave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezprym" title="Bezprym">Bezprym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_II_Lambert" title="Mieszko II Lambert">Mieszko II Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_the_Forgotten" title="Bolesław the Forgotten">Bolesław the Forgotten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_I_the_Restorer" title="Casimir I the Restorer">Casimir I the Restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Bold" title="Bolesław II the Bold">Bolesław II the Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_Herman" title="Władysław I Herman">Władysław I Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_of_Poland" title="Zbigniew of Poland">Zbigniew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_III_Wrymouth" title="Bolesław III Wrymouth">Bolesław III Wrymouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_during_the_Piast_dynasty#Fragmentation_of_the_realm_(1138–1320)" title="History of Poland during the Piast dynasty">Fragmentation period</a> (1138–1320)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Seniorate_Province" title="Seniorate Province">Senior or Supreme Princes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_the_Exile" title="Władysław II the Exile">Władysław II the Exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_IV_the_Curly" title="Bolesław IV the Curly">Bolesław IV the Curly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_III_of_Poland" title="Mieszko III of Poland">Mieszko III the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_II_the_Just" title="Casimir II the Just">Casimir II the Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_the_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Leszek the White">Leszek the White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_Spindleshanks" title="Władysław III Spindleshanks">Władysław III Spindleshanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Odonic" title="Władysław Odonic">Władysław Odonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieszko_IV_Tanglefoot" title="Mieszko IV Tanglefoot">Mieszko IV Tanglefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_I_of_Masovia" title="Konrad I of Masovia">Konrad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Bearded" title="Henry the Bearded">Henry the Bearded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_the_Pious" title="Henry II the Pious">Henry II the Pious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_II_the_Horned" title="Bolesław II the Horned">Bolesław the Horned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_V_the_Chaste" title="Bolesław V the Chaste">Bolesław V the Chaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_II_the_Black" title="Leszek II the Black">Leszek II the Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_IV_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Henryk IV Probus">Henryk IV Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_II" title="Przemysł II">Przemysł II</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Silesia" title="Duke of Silesia">Dukes of Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland#Dukes_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Dukes of Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_sandomierscy" class="extiw" title="pl:Książęta sandomierscy">Dukes of Little Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Masovia" title="Duke of Masovia">Dukes of Masovia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adcy_Kujaw" class="extiw" title="pl:Władcy Kujaw">Dukes of Kuyavia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99ta_%C5%82%C4%99czyccy" class="extiw" title="pl:Książęta łęczyccy">Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerelia" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Dukes of Gdańsk Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pomeranian_duchies_and_dukes#Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="List of Pomeranian duchies and dukes">Dukes of Pomerania</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid_dynasty" title="Přemyslid dynasty">Přemyslid dynasty</a> (1296–1306)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_II_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus II of Bohemia">Wenceslaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_III_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus III of Bohemia">Wenceslaus III</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Restored <a href="/wiki/Piast_dynasty" title="Piast dynasty">Piast dynasty</a> (1320–1370)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_I_%C5%81okietek" title="Władysław I Łokietek">Władysław I Łokietek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_the_Great" title="Casimir III the Great">Casimir III the Great</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Capet-Anjou dynasty</a> (1370-1399)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis I the Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadwiga_of_Poland" title="Jadwiga of Poland">Jadwiga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_dynasty" title="Jagiellonian dynasty">Jagiellonian dynasty</a> (1386–1572)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Władysław III of Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Albert" title="John I Albert">John I Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">Elective monarchy</a> (1572–1795)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna Jagiellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sigismund III Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Władysław IV Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw" title="Duchy of Warsaw">Duchy of Warsaw</a> (1807–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanov_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanov dynasty">Romanov dynasty</a> (1815–1917)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.4em 0.2em 0.2em; line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li>Italics indicates monarch of questioned historicity</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Lithuania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="Template:Monarchs of Lithuania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Lithuania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Lithuania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Lithuania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Monarchs of Lithuania</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Lithuanian_dukes" title="List of early Lithuanian dukes">List of early Lithuanian dukes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_monarchs" title="List of Lithuanian monarchs">List of Lithuanian monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania" title="Kingdom of Lithuania">Kingdom of Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="House_of_Mindaugas_(1236–1263)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_monarchs#List_of_monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="List of Lithuanian monarchs">House of Mindaugas</a> (1236–1263)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindaugas" title="Mindaugas">Mindaugas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_monarchs#List_of_monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="List of Lithuanian monarchs">House of Mindaugas</a> (1263–1267)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treniota" title="Treniota">Treniota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%A1vilkas" title="Vaišvilkas">Vaišvilkas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomakhovichi" title="Monomakhovichi">House of Monomakh</a> (1267–1269)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shvarn" title="Shvarn">Shvarn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lithuanian_monarchs#List_of_monarchs_of_Lithuania" title="List of Lithuanian monarchs">House of Mindaugas</a> (1269–1285)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traidenis" title="Traidenis">Traidenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daumantas_of_Lithuania" title="Daumantas of Lithuania">Daumantas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gediminids" title="Gediminids">House of Gediminids</a> (1285–1440)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butigeidis" title="Butigeidis">Butigeidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butvydas" title="Butvydas">Butvydas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytenis" title="Vytenis">Vytenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gediminas" title="Gediminas">Gediminas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gediminas" title="Family of Gediminas">family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunutis" title="Jaunutis">Jaunutis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algirdas" title="Algirdas">Algirdas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_of_Algirdas" class="mw-redirect" title="Family of Algirdas">family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Jogaila</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_of_Jogaila" title="Family of Jogaila">family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%99stutis" title="Kęstutis">Kęstutis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_of_K%C4%99stutis" title="Family of Kęstutis">family</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirgaila" title="Skirgaila">Skirgaila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytautas" title="Vytautas">Vytautas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vitrigaila" title="Švitrigaila">Švitrigaila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_K%C4%99stutaitis" title="Sigismund Kęstutaitis">Sigismund Kęstutaitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Jagiellon" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Jagiellon">House of Jagiellon</a> (1440–1569)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir Jagellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_I_the_Old" title="Sigismund I the Old">Sigismund I the Old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_II_Augustus" title="Sigismund II Augustus">Sigismund II Augustus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Commonwealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Elected_(1569–1795)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">Elected</a> (1569–1795)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Jagiellon" title="Anna Jagiellon">Anna the Jagiellonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sigismund III Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_IV_Vasa" title="Władysław IV Vasa">Ladislaus IV Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir_Vasa" title="John II Casimir Vasa">John II Casimir Vasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki" title="Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_II_the_Strong" title="Augustus II the Strong">Augustus II the Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław Leszczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">August III the Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Kingdom of Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="House_of_Urach_(1918)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Urach" title="House of Urach">House of Urach</a> (1918)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Karl,_Duke_of_Urach" title="Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach">Mindaugas II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Titular_ruler" title="Titular ruler">Titular rulers</a> are in italics.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_Sweden" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Sweden" title="Template:Monarchs of Sweden"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_Sweden" title="Template talk:Monarchs of Sweden"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_Sweden" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of Sweden"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_Sweden" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_monarchs" title="List of Swedish monarchs">Monarchs of Sweden</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Muns%C3%B6" title="House of Munsö">Munsö</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="c._970_–_c._1060" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 970 – c. 1060</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_the_Victorious" title="Eric the Victorious">Eric "VII"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Sk%C3%B6tkonung" title="Olof Skötkonung">Olof Skötkonung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anund_Jacob" title="Anund Jacob">Anund Jacob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emund_the_Old" title="Emund the Old">Emund the Old</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stenkil" title="House of Stenkil">Stenkil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="c._1060_–_c._11301160–1161" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">c. 1060 – c. 1130 1160–1161</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenkil" title="Stenkil">Stenkil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_and_Eric" title="Eric and Eric">Eric and Eric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halsten_Stenkilsson" title="Halsten Stenkilsson">Halsten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anund_G%C3%A5rdske" class="mw-redirect" title="Anund Gårdske">Anund Gårdske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kan_the_Red" title="Håkan the Red">Håkan the Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halsten_Stenkilsson" title="Halsten Stenkilsson">Halsten</a> / <a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Elder" title="Inge the Elder">Inge the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blot-Sweyn" title="Blot-Sweyn">Blot-Sweyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Elder" title="Inge the Elder">Inge the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Sweden" title="Philip of Sweden">Philip</a> / <a href="/wiki/Inge_the_Younger" title="Inge the Younger">Inge the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnvald_Knaph%C3%B6vde" title="Ragnvald Knaphövde">Ragnvald Knaphövde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_the_Strong" title="Magnus the Strong">Magnus I</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Estridsen" title="House of Estridsen">House of Estridsen</a>, descendant of Inge the Elder)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sverker" title="House of Sverker">Sverker</a> · <a href="/wiki/House_of_Eric" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Eric">Eric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="c._1130_–_1250" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">c. 1130 – 1250</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sverker_the_Elder" title="Sverker the Elder">Sverker the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Erik" title="Saint Erik">Eric "IX" the Holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Henriksson" title="Magnus Henriksson">Magnus II</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Estridsen" title="House of Estridsen">House of Estridsen</a>, descendant of Inge the Elder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Sverkersson" title="Karl Sverkersson">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_of_Sweden" title="Kol of Sweden">Kol</a> / <a href="/wiki/Boleslaw_of_Sweden" title="Boleslaw of Sweden">Boleslaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Eriksson" title="Knut Eriksson">Knut Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sverker_the_Younger" title="Sverker the Younger">Sverker the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Knutsson" title="Erik Knutsson">Eric "X"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="John I of Sweden">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Eriksson" title="Erik Eriksson">Eric "XI"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_L%C3%A5nge" title="Knut Långe">Knut Långe</a> 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Eriksson" title="Erik Eriksson">Eric "XI"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bj%C3%A4lbo" title="House of Bjälbo">Bjälbo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1250–1364" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1250–1364</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valdemar,_King_of_Sweden" title="Valdemar, King of Sweden">Valdemar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Ladul%C3%A5s" title="Magnus Ladulås">Magnus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birger,_King_of_Sweden" title="Birger, King of Sweden">Birger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson" title="Magnus Eriksson">Magnus IV</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_XII_of_Sweden" title="Eric XII of Sweden">Eric "XII"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson" title="Magnus Eriksson">Magnus IV</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VI_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VI of Norway">Haakon</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Mecklenburg" title="House of Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1364–1389" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1364–1389</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert,_King_of_Sweden" title="Albert, King of Sweden">Albert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> <div style="padding-top:0.5em; line-height:1.1em; font-size:80%;">Italics indicate regents</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1389–1523" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1389–1523</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margaret</a>3 (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Estridsen" title="House of Estridsen">House of Estridsen</a>) / <a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric XIII</a>3 (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffins" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Griffins">House of Griffins</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric XIII</a>3 (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffins" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Griffins">House of Griffins</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles (VIII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric XIII</a>3 (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffins" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Griffins">House of Griffins</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles (VIII)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_of_Bavaria" title="Christopher of Bavaria">Christopher of Bavaria</a>3 (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">House of Wittelsbach</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengt_J%C3%B6nsson_(Oxenstierna)" title="Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna)">Bengt Jönsson (Oxenstierna)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nils_J%C3%B6nsson_(Oxenstierna)" title="Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna)">Nils Jönsson (Oxenstierna)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles VIII</a>2 (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonde" title="House of Bonde">House of Bonde</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Bengtsson_Oxenstierna" title="Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna">Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axelsson_Tott" title="Erik Axelsson Tott">Erik Axelsson Tott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_I_of_Denmark" title="Christian I of Denmark">Christian I</a>3 (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettil_Karlsson_(Vasa)" title="Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)">Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles VIII</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonde" title="House of Bonde">House of Bonde</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettil_Karlsson_(Vasa)" title="Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)">Kettil Karlsson (Vasa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Bengtsson_Oxenstierna" title="Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna">Jöns Bengtsson Oxenstierna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Axelsson_Tott" title="Erik Axelsson Tott">Erik Axelsson Tott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Knutsson" title="Karl Knutsson">Charles VIII</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonde" title="House of Bonde">House of Bonde</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Elder" title="Sten Sture the Elder">Sten Sture the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_Denmark" title="John, King of Denmark">John II</a>3 (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Elder" title="Sten Sture the Elder">Sten Sture the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svante_Nilsson_(regent_of_Sweden)" title="Svante Nilsson (regent of Sweden)">Svante Nilsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Trolle" title="Erik Trolle">Erik Trolle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sten_Sture_the_Younger" title="Sten Sture the Younger">Sten Sture the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_II_of_Denmark" title="Christian II of Denmark">Christian II</a>3 (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">House of Oldenburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav (I)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Vasa" title="House of Vasa">Vasa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1523–1654" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1523–1654</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_XIV_of_Sweden" title="Eric XIV of Sweden">Eric XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Sweden" title="John III of Sweden">John III</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sigismund</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_Sweden" title="Charles IX of Sweden">Charles IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustav II Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina,_Queen_of_Sweden" title="Christina, Queen of Sweden">Christina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Palatinate-Zweibr%C3%BCcken" title="House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken">Palatinate- Zweibrücken</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach" title="House of Wittelsbach">Wittelsbach)</a> <a href="/wiki/Landgraviate_of_Hesse-Kassel" title="Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel">Hesse-Kassel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1654–1751" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1654–1751</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav" title="Charles X Gustav">Charles X Gustav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XI_of_Sweden" title="Charles XI of Sweden">Charles XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrika_Eleonora_of_Sweden" title="Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden">Ulrika Eleonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Sweden" title="Frederick I of Sweden">Frederick I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Holstein-Gottorp_(Swedish_line)" title="House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)">Holstein-Gottorp</a> (<a href="/wiki/House_of_Oldenburg" title="House of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="1751–1818" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">1751–1818</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Frederick_of_Sweden" title="Adolf Frederick of Sweden">Adolf Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_III" title="Gustav III">Gustav III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIII" title="Charles XIII">Charles XIII</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bernadotte" title="House of Bernadotte">Bernadotte</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="since_1818" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em;font-weight:normal;">since 1818</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Charles XIV John</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_I_of_Sweden" title="Oscar I of Sweden">Oscar I</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XV" title="Charles XV">Charles XV</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_II" title="Oscar II">Oscar II</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_V" title="Gustaf V">Gustaf V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_VI_Adolf" title="Gustaf VI Adolf">Gustaf VI Adolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf" title="Carl XVI Gustaf">Carl XVI Gustaf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Lineage uncertain</li> <li>2 Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">Norwegian monarch</a></li> <li>3 Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_monarchs" title="List of Danish monarchs">Danish monarch</a></li> <li>4 Also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">king of Poland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52940#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52940#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52940#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000374414735">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/45110433">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/33324/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJth9yYfYQqY6bRPjJPG73">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119383845">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79036925">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12254683z">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12254683z">BnF data</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV163344">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2003192744&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p11992434X">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90057588">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000144337&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnp54s01znt54">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810546806905606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/58591">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007277145105171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000107018">Finland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500070779">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/459651">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/999e8d9f-2682-4355-b368-6506874f5c6d">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119383845.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119383845">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031306292">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sn14mm">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/68713">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/139584">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&oldid=1260177616">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&oldid=1260177616</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1566_births" title="Category:1566 births">1566 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1632_deaths" title="Category:1632 deaths">1632 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dethroned_monarchs" title="Category:Dethroned monarchs">Dethroned monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Polish_monarchs" title="Category:16th-century Polish monarchs">16th-century Polish monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_Polish_monarchs" title="Category:17th-century Polish monarchs">17th-century Polish monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_Swedish_monarchs" title="Category:16th-century Swedish monarchs">16th-century Swedish monarchs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Str%C3%A4ngn%C3%A4s_Municipality" title="Category:People from Strängnäs Municipality">People from Strängnäs Municipality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_Roman_Catholics" title="Category:Polish Roman Catholics">Polish Roman Catholics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kings_of_Poland" title="Category:Kings of Poland">Kings of Poland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grand_dukes_of_Lithuania" title="Category:Grand dukes of Lithuania">Grand dukes of Lithuania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Vasa" title="Category:House of Vasa">House of Vasa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Category:Knights of the Golden Fleece">Knights of the Golden Fleece</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polish_people_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_(1609%E2%80%931618)" title="Category:Polish people of the Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)">Polish people of the Polish–Russian War (1609–1618)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Wawel_Cathedral" title="Category:Burials at Wawel Cathedral">Burials at Wawel Cathedral</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_War_against_Sigismund" title="Category:People of the War against Sigismund">People of the War against Sigismund</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sons_of_kings" title="Category:Sons of kings">Sons of kings</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Polish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Polish-language text">Articles containing Polish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Lithuanian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Lithuanian-language text">Articles containing Lithuanian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2024">Use dmy dates from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Hungarian-language_sources_(hu)" title="Category:CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)">CS1 Hungarian-language sources (hu)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 November 2024, at 08:34 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigismund_III_Vasa&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-5tpvc","wgBackendResponseTime":199,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.208","walltime":"2.460","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20466,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":508415,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":16554,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":26,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":520957,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2020.749 1 -total"," 30.73% 620.878 128 Template:Cite_book"," 15.61% 315.412 2 Template:Reflist"," 9.34% 188.707 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 8.87% 179.307 18 Template:Navbox"," 8.62% 174.183 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.91% 139.625 215 Template:Harvnb"," 6.73% 135.948 14 Template:Langx"," 6.38% 129.019 2 Template:Efn"," 5.67% 114.488 4 Template:Plainlist"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.229","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22931210,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA_́gostonMasters2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndersson1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrusiewicz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBain1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBain2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBesala2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBogucka1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBojarska2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulgarin1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurek2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChmielowski1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiechanowicz1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConroy1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCynarski1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzarnowski1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzerenkiewicz2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzermiński1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCzwojdrak2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDabrowski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowley2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunning2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyer1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDzięgielewski1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEncyklopedia_powszechna1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabisz1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinnSchutte2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFolger_Shakespeare_Library2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGajda2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeijer1845\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillespie2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabowski1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGórski2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaleckiReddawayPenson1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaska2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorn2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInstytut_Historii2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFItzkowitz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobsen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaniszewska-Mincer1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJankowski1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaques2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaques2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJędruch1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarpowicz1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiliński1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKishlanskyGearyO\u0026#039;Brien2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKizwalter1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolodziejczyk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomasara1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonopczyński1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorytkowski1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorzon1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoskinen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoszarskiHaase1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrzyzkowski2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKról1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurkowska1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarnedReiley1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLechicki1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLelewel1845\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLerski1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLileyko1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoudaMaclagan1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarcin_Latka\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaternicki2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiłobędzki1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoraczewski1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorawska2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorawski1877\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuzeum_Narodowe_w_Szczecinie2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMykowskiKlat2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiemcewicz1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiemcewiczTurowski1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNowak2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOchmann-Staniszewska2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrgelbrand1861\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPawłowska-Kubik2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPałucki1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPears1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeterson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiasecki1870\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiwarski1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiwarski1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodhorodecki1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodhorodecki1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodhorodecki1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodhorodecki2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPodraza2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolska_Akademia_Umiejętności1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProkop1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProtheroWardLeathes1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPushkin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRastawiecki1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReading2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocznik_krakowski1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRotteck1843\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudzki1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaar1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShowalter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShubin2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiarczyński1843\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSitkowa1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSokół1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpórnaWierzbickiWygonik2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarźa1851\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStebelski1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStone2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzujski1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbierska2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatomir1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTańska-Hoffman1851\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreadgold1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTretiak1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyszkiewicz1846\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVarvounis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatra-Przewłocki1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWdowiszewski2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWisner1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWisner1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWisner2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWójcicki1848\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarewicz1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZieliński1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFpisze2013\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Ahnentafel\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 128,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Sigismund 3 Vasa\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 215,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox royalty\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 14,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"Monarchs of Lithuania\"] = 1,\n [\"Monarchs of Poland\"] = 1,\n [\"Monarchs of Sweden\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 4,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 2,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 2,\n [\"S-break\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hou\"] = 1,\n [\"S-new\"] = 1,\n [\"S-pre\"] = 1,\n [\"S-reg\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 2,\n [\"S-tul\"] = 1,\n [\"S-vac\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaced ndash\"] = 11,\n [\"Swedish princes\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","240","18.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","12.1"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","9.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","7.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","6.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","4.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","4.5"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.0"],["[others]","380","28.8"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-lzlq2","timestamp":"20241130113423","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Sigismund III Vasa","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sigismund_III_Vasa","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q52940","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q52940","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-30T23:35:09Z","dateModified":"2024-11-29T08:34:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f4\/Soutman_Sigismund_III_Vasa_in_coronation_robes.jpg","headline":"King of Poland, Grand Duke of Lithuania and king of the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1587 until 1632 and King of Sweden from 1592 until 1599"}</script> </body> </html>