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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Bush v. Gore</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Gore" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_contra_Gore" title="Bush contra Gore – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bush contra Gore" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bush v. Gore" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bush v. Gore" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_contro_Gore" title="Bush contro Gore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bush contro Gore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E5%AF%BE%E3%82%B4%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="ブッシュ対ゴア事件 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブッシュ対ゴア事件" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_mot_Gore" title="Bush mot Gore – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bush mot Gore" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bush v. Gore" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" title="Bush v. Gore – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bush v. Gore" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%88_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Буш против Гора – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Буш против Гора" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_ki%E1%BB%87n_Gore" title="Bush kiện Gore – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bush kiện Gore" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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For the presidential race with which the case was concerned, see <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 United States presidential election</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2000 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Bush v. Gore</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued December 11, 2000<br />Decided December 12, 2000</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>George W. Bush and Richard Cheney, Petitioners v. Albert Gore, Jr. and Joseph Lieberman, et al.</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docket no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docketfiles/00-949.htm">00-949</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">531 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/531/98/case.html">98</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_531" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 531">more</a></i>)<div>121 S. Ct. 525; 148 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 388; 2000 <a href="/wiki/U.S._LEXIS" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. LEXIS">U.S. LEXIS</a> 8430; 69 U.S.L.W. 4029; 2000 Cal. Daily Op. Service 9879; 2000 Colo. J. C.A.R. 6606; 14 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 25</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Argument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2000/2000_00_949/argument/">Oral argument</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decision</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/531/98/case.pdf">Opinion</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data">Judgment for defendant, <a href="/wiki/Florida_Circuit_Courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Circuit Courts">Fla. Cir. Ct.</a>; matter certified to Florida Supreme Court, <a href="/wiki/Florida_District_Courts_of_Appeal" title="Florida District Courts of Appeal">Fla. Ct. App.</a>; aff'd in part, rev'd in part, sub nom. <i>Palm Beach County Canvassing Bd. v. Harris</i>, 772 <a href="/wiki/Southern_Reporter" title="Southern Reporter">So. 2d</a> 1273 (2000); <i>cert.</i> granted, stay granted, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_531" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 531">531</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 1036 (2000).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">In the circumstances of this case, any manual recount of votes seeking to meet the December 12 "safe harbor" deadline would be unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Florida Supreme Court reversed and remanded.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John P. Stevens</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Per curiam</i></span></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concurrence</th><td class="infobox-data">Rehnquist, joined by Scalia, Thomas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Stevens, joined by Ginsburg, Breyer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Souter, joined by Breyer; Stevens, Ginsburg (all but Part III)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Ginsburg, joined by Stevens; Souter, Breyer (Part I)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Breyer, joined by Stevens, Ginsburg (except Part I–A–1); Souter (Part I)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Method_of_choosing_electors" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. art. 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Bush"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">George W. Bush</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Business and personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_George_W._Bush" title="List of things named after George W. Bush">Eponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of awards and honors received by George W. Bush">Honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Bibliography</a></li> <li>Non-profit organizaitons <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_Appeal" title="One America Appeal">One America Appeal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">46th Governor of Texas</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">43rd President of the United States</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Transition</a></li> <li>Inaugurations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">first</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Efforts to impeach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Tenure</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">Invasion of Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iraq and weapons of mass destruction">Iraq and weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War_troop_surge_of_2007" title="Iraq War troop surge of 2007">2007 Iraq surge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Stimulus_Act_of_2008" title="Economic Stimulus Act of 2008">Economic Stimulus Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style=""><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_George_W._Bush" title="Political positions of George W. Bush">Policies</a></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">international trips</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Climate change policy of the George W. Bush administration">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Appointments</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Federal judges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nominations">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Miers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Presidential campaigns</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">Florida recount</a> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush's signature"><img alt="George W. Bush's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg/150px-GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg/225px-GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg/300px-GeorgeWBush_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="220" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Seal of the President of the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/70px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/105px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/140px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></span></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush_series" title="Template:George W. Bush series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_W._Bush_series" title="Template talk:George W. Bush series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_W._Bush_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George W. Bush series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157919884"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Gore,_Vice_President_of_the_United_States,_official_portrait_1994_(a).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994_%28a%29.jpg/75px-Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994_%28a%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994_%28a%29.jpg/113px-Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994_%28a%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994_%28a%29.jpg/150px-Al_Gore%2C_Vice_President_of_the_United_States%2C_official_portrait_1994_%28a%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Al Gore</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">U.S. Senator from Tennessee</a></div> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Vice President of the United States</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Presidency_of_Al_Gore" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Presidency of Al Gore">Tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton administration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="First inauguration of Bill Clinton">1st inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Second inauguration of Bill Clinton">2nd inauguration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_and_information_technology" title="Al Gore and information technology">Information technology</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Presidential campaigns</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 1988 presidential campaign">1988</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">Florida recount</a> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Vice presidential campaigns</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign">1992</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1992 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1996 presidential campaign">1996</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_activism_of_Al_Gore" title="Environmental activism of Al Gore">Environmental activism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth" title="An Inconvenient Truth">An Inconvenient Truth</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_received_by_Al_Gore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of awards received by Al Gore">Awards</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="skin-invert-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore's signature"><img alt="Al Gore's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Al_Gore_Signature_3.svg/90px-Al_Gore_Signature_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Al_Gore_Signature_3.svg/135px-Al_Gore_Signature_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Al_Gore_Signature_3.svg/180px-Al_Gore_Signature_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="181" data-file-height="97" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg/40px-Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg/60px-Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_Vice_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2437" data-file-height="2437" /></a></span></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Al_Gore_series" title="Template:Al Gore series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Al_Gore_series" title="Template talk:Al Gore series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Al_Gore_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Al Gore series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Bush v. Gore</b></i>, 531 U.S. 98 (2000), was a <a href="/wiki/Landmark_decision" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmark decision">landmark decision</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> on December 12, 2000, that settled a recount dispute in <a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_2000_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida's 2000 presidential election">Florida's 2000 presidential election</a> between <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>. On December 8, the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Supreme Court">Florida Supreme Court</a> had ordered a statewide recount of all <a href="/wiki/Undervote" title="Undervote">undervotes</a>, over 61,000 ballots that the vote tabulation machines had missed. The Bush campaign immediately asked the U.S. Supreme Court to stay the decision and halt the recount. Justice <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, contending that all the manual recounts being performed in Florida's counties were illegitimate, urged his colleagues to grant the stay immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 9, the five conservative justices on the Court granted the stay, with Scalia citing "irreparable harm" that could befall Bush, as the recounts would cast "a needless and unjustified cloud" over Bush's legitimacy. In dissent, Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">John Paul Stevens</a> wrote that "counting every legally cast vote cannot constitute irreparable harm."<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oral arguments were scheduled for December 11. </p><p>In a 5–4 <a href="/wiki/Per_curiam_decision" title="Per curiam decision"><i>per curiam</i> decision</a>, the Court ruled, strictly on equal protection grounds, that the recount be stopped. Specifically, it held that the use of different standards of counting in different counties violated the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">U.S. Constitution</a>; the case had also been argued on <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Method_of_choosing_electors" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II</a> jurisdictional grounds, which found favor with only Justices <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a>. The Court then ruled as to a remedy, deciding against the one, proposed by Justices <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a>, of sending the case back to Florida to complete the recount using a uniform statewide standard before the scheduled December 18 meeting of Florida's electors in <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the majority held that no alternative method could be established within the discretionary December 12 "<a href="/wiki/Safe_harbor_(law)" title="Safe harbor (law)">safe harbor</a>" deadline set by <a href="/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 3 of the United States Code">Title 3 of the United States Code</a> (3 U.S.C.), <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_Code/Title_3/Chapter_1#§_5._Determination_of_controversy_as_to_appointment_of_electors" class="extiw" title="s:United States Code/Title 3/Chapter 1"><span class="nowrap">§ 5</span></a>, which the Florida Supreme Court had stated that the Florida Legislature intended to meet.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court, holding that not meeting the "safe harbor" deadline would violate the Florida Election Code, rejected an extension of the deadline to allow the Florida court to finish counting disputed ballots under uniform guidelines requested in a remedy proposed by Breyer and Souter. That deadline arrived two hours after the release of the Court's decision. </p><p>The Supreme Court's decision in <i>Bush v. Gore</i> was among the most controversial in U.S. history, as it allowed <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Florida" title="Secretary of State of Florida">Florida Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Harris" title="Katherine Harris">Katherine Harris</a>'s vote certification to stand, giving Bush Florida's 25 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral votes</a>. Florida's votes gave Bush, the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> nominee, 271 electoral votes, one more than the 270 required to win the Electoral College. This meant the defeat of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> candidate Al Gore, who received 266 electoral votes.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">Media organizations later analyzed the ballots</a> and found that, under specified criteria, the original, limited recount of undervotes of several large counties would have resulted in a Bush victory, though a statewide recount would have shown that Gore received the most votes, according to the <a href="/wiki/NORC_at_the_University_of_Chicago" title="NORC at the University of Chicago">Florida Ballot Project</a>. Florida later retired the punch-card <a href="/wiki/Voting_machine" title="Voting machine">voting machines</a> that produced the ballots disputed in the case.<sup id="cite_ref-FBP_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-battle_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-battle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NORCc_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORCc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 United States presidential election</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">United States Electoral College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential election</a></div> <p>In the United States, each state conducts its own popular vote election for president and vice president. The voters are actually voting for a slate of electors, each of whom pledges to vote for a particular candidate for each office in the Electoral College. <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Method_of_choosing_electors" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, § 1, cl. 2</a> of the U.S. Constitution provides that each state legislature decides how electors are chosen. Referring to an earlier Supreme Court case, <i><a href="/wiki/McPherson_v._Blacker" title="McPherson v. Blacker">McPherson v. Blacker</a></i>, the Court noted that early in U.S. history, most state legislatures <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)#Appointment_by_state_legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">directly appointed</a> their slates of electors.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, state legislatures have enacted laws to provide for the selection of electors by popular vote within each state. While these laws vary, most states, including Florida, award all electoral votes to the candidate for either office who receives a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_voting" title="Plurality voting">plurality</a> of the state's popular vote. Any candidate who receives an absolute majority of all electoral votes nationally (270 since 1963) wins the presidential or vice-presidential election.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Election2000news.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Election2000news.jpg/220px-Election2000news.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Election2000news.jpg/330px-Election2000news.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Election2000news.jpg/440px-Election2000news.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Close-up view of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_truck" title="Satellite truck">satellite trucks</a> parked by the <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Capitol" title="Florida State Capitol">Florida State Capitol</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 presidential election</a> vote dispute</figcaption></figure> <p>On November 8, 2000, the Florida Division of Elections reported that Bush won with 48.8% of the vote in Florida, a margin of victory of 1,784 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-fsc1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsc1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The margin of victory was less than 0.5% of the votes cast, so a statutorily mandated<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> automatic machine recount occurred. On November 10, with the machine recount apparently finished in all but one county, Bush's margin of victory had decreased to 327 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to legal analyst <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Toobin" title="Jeffrey Toobin">Jeffrey Toobin</a>, later analysis showed that 18 counties—accounting for a quarter of all votes cast in Florida—did not carry out the legally mandated machine recount, but "No one from the Gore campaign ever challenged this view" that the machine recount had been completed.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Florida's election laws<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allow a candidate to request a county to conduct a manual recount, and Gore requested manual recounts in four Florida counties—<a href="/wiki/Volusia_County,_Florida" title="Volusia County, Florida">Volusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County,_Florida" title="Palm Beach County, Florida">Palm Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broward_County,_Florida" title="Broward County, Florida">Broward</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade</a>—that generally vote Democratic and would be expected to find more votes for Gore. Gore did not request any recounts in counties that generally vote Republican. The four counties granted the request and began manual recounts. But Florida law also required all counties to certify their election returns to the Florida secretary of state within seven days of the election,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several of the counties conducting manual recounts did not believe they could meet this deadline.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On November 14, the statutory deadline, the <a href="/wiki/Circuit_court_(Florida)" title="Circuit court (Florida)">Florida Circuit Court</a> ruled that the seven-day deadline was mandatory but that the counties could amend their returns at a later date. The court also ruled that the secretary of state, after "considering all attendant facts and circumstances", had discretion to include any late amended returns in the statewide certification.<sup id="cite_ref-l1114_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l1114-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the 5 p.m. deadline on November 14, Volusia County completed its manual recount and certified its results. At 5 p.m. on November 14, Florida Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Harris" title="Katherine Harris">Katherine Harris</a> announced that she had received the certified returns from all 67 counties, while Palm Beach, Broward, and Miami-Dade Counties were still conducting manual recounts.<sup id="cite_ref-ap1114_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap1114-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harris issued a set of criteria<sup id="cite_ref-fsc1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsc1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by which she would determine whether to allow late filings, and she required any county seeking to make a late filing to submit to her, by 2 p.m. the following day, a written statement of the facts and circumstances justifying the late filing. Four counties, including the three that missed the deadline, submitted statements, and after reviewing the submissions, Harris determined that none justified an extension of the deadline. She further announced that after she received the certified returns of the overseas absentee ballots from each county, she would certify the results of the presidential election on November 18.<sup id="cite_ref-fsc1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsc1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But on November 17, the Florida Supreme Court enjoined Harris from certifying the election while it heard appeals from the various cases in progress.<sup id="cite_ref-fsc1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsc1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 21, it allowed continuation of the manual recounts and delayed certification until November 26.<sup id="cite_ref-fsc1_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsc1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stay_of_the_Florida_recount">Stay of the Florida recount</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stay of the Florida recount"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Florida#2000_presidential_election" title="Supreme Court of Florida">Supreme Court of Florida § 2000 presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FlaSupremeCrtBldgFeb08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FlaSupremeCrtBldgFeb08.JPG/220px-FlaSupremeCrtBldgFeb08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FlaSupremeCrtBldgFeb08.JPG/330px-FlaSupremeCrtBldgFeb08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/FlaSupremeCrtBldgFeb08.JPG/440px-FlaSupremeCrtBldgFeb08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2755" data-file-height="1528" /></a><figcaption>Florida Supreme Court</figcaption></figure> <p>By December 8, 2000, there had been multiple court decisions about the presidential election in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that date, the Florida Supreme Court, by a 4–3 vote, ordered a statewide manual recount of undervotes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 9, ruling in response to an emergency request from Bush, the U.S. Supreme Court <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_execution" title="Stay of execution">stayed</a> the recount. The Court also treated Bush's application for relief as a petition for a writ of <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bush_v._Gore/Certiorari/Order" class="extiw" title="s:Bush v. Gore/Certiorari/Order">granted that petition</a>, requested briefing from the parties by 4 p.m. on December 10, and scheduled oral argument for the morning of December 11.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although opinions are rarely issued in connection with grants of certiorari (a minimum of four of the nine justices must vote in favor of the grant), Scalia filed an opinion concurring in the Court's decision, writing that "a brief response is necessary to [Stevens's] dissent". According to Scalia, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It suffices to say that the issuance of the stay suggests that a majority of the Court, while not deciding the issues presented, believe that the petitioner has a substantial probability of success. The issue is not, as the dissent puts it, whether "counting every legally cast vote can constitute irreparable harm." One of the principal issues in the appeal we have accepted is precisely whether the votes that have been ordered to be counted are, under a reasonable interpretation of Florida law, "legally cast vote[s]." The counting of votes that are of questionable legality does in my view threaten irreparable harm to petitioner Bush, and to the country, by casting a cloud upon what he claims to be the legitimacy of his election. Count first, and rule upon legality afterwards, is not a recipe for producing election results that have the public acceptance democratic stability requires.<sup id="cite_ref-Dissent_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissent-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Stevens's dissenting opinion was joined by Justices Souter, Ginsburg, and Breyer. According to Stevens, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To stop the counting of legal votes, the majority today departs from three venerable rules of judicial restraint that have guided the Court throughout its history. On questions of state law, we have consistently respected the opinions of the highest courts of the States. On questions whose resolution is committed at least in large measure to another branch of the Federal Government, we have construed our own jurisdiction narrowly and exercised it cautiously. On federal constitutional questions that were not fairly presented to the court whose judgment is being reviewed, we have prudently declined to express an opinion. The majority has acted unwisely. … [A] stay should not be granted unless an applicant makes a substantial showing of a likelihood of irreparable harm. In this case, petitioners have failed to carry that heavy burden. Counting every legally cast vote cannot constitute irreparable harm. On the other hand, there is a danger that a stay may cause irreparable harm to respondents–and, more importantly, the public at large … . Preventing the recount from being completed will inevitably cast a cloud on the legitimacy of the election.<sup id="cite_ref-Dissent_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dissent-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A number<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (January 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> of legal scholars have agreed with the dissenters' argument that Bush failed to carry the "heavy burden" of demonstrating a "likelihood of irreparable harm".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rapid_developments">Rapid developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rapid developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Oral_argument" title="Oral argument">oral argument</a> in <i>Bush v. Gore</i> occurred on December 11.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Olson" title="Theodore Olson">Theodore Olson</a>, a Washington, D.C., lawyer, delivered Bush's oral argument. New York lawyer <a href="/wiki/David_Boies" title="David Boies">David Boies</a> argued for Gore. </p><p>During the brief period when the U.S. Supreme Court was deliberating on <i>Bush v. Gore</i>, the Florida Supreme Court provided clarifications of its November 21 decision in <i><a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County_Canvassing_Board_v._Harris_(Harris_I)" title="Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris (Harris I)">Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris (Harris I)</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-PvH_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PvH-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which the U.S. Supreme Court had requested on December 4 following arguments in the case of <i>Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-BushvPBCCB_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BushvPBCCB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of the extraordinary nature and argued urgency of the case, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its opinion in <i>Bush v. Gore</i> on December 12, a day after hearing oral argument. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relevant_law">Relevant law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relevant law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act" title="Electoral Count Act">Electoral Count Act</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> is the U.S. Constitutional provision on which the decision in <i>Bush v. Gore</i> was based.<sup id="cite_ref-BushVGore103_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BushVGore103-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Method_of_choosing_electors" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, § 1, cl. 2</a> of the Constitution specifies the number of electors per state, and, most relevant to this case,<sup id="cite_ref-BushVGore103_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BushVGore103-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> specifies the manner in which those electors are selected, stipulating that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</p></blockquote> <p>This clause arguably gives power to only one branch of Florida's state government: the state legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act" title="Electoral Count Act">Electoral Count Act</a>, now codified in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_Code/Title_3/Chapter_1#§_5._Determination_of_controversy_as_to_appointment_of_electors" class="extiw" title="s:United States Code/Title 3/Chapter 1">3 U.S.C. § 5</a>, regulates the "determination of controversy as to appointment of electors"<sup id="cite_ref-usc3-5title_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usc3-5title-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in presidential elections. Of particular relevance<sup id="cite_ref-BushVGore103_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BushVGore103-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to this case was the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Safe_harbor_(law)" title="Safe harbor (law)">safe harbor</a>" provision, which assures Congress's deference to states in their appointments of electors if done by a specified deadline: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If any State shall have provided [...] for its final determination of [...] the appointment of all or any of the electors of such State [...] at least six days before the time fixed for the meeting of the electors, such determination [...] shall be conclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-usc3-5_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usc3-5-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Since the electors were set to meet December 18, the discretional "safe harbor" deadline was December 12, just one day after the Court heard oral arguments in this case. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1257">§ 1257</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had, may be reviewed by the Supreme Court by writ of <i><a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a></i> where the validity of a treaty or statute of the United States is drawn in question or where the validity of a statute of any State is drawn in question on the ground of its being repugnant to the Constitution, treaties, or laws of the United States<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_considered_by_the_Court">Issues considered by the Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Issues considered by the Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Olson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Theodore_Olson.jpg/170px-Theodore_Olson.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Theodore_Olson.jpg/255px-Theodore_Olson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Theodore_Olson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Olson" title="Theodore Olson">Theodore Olson</a> represented Bush</figcaption></figure><p> The Court had to resolve two different questions to fully resolve the case: </p><ul><li>Were the recounts, as they were being conducted, constitutional?</li> <li>If the recounts were unconstitutional, what was the appropriate remedy?</li></ul> <p>Three days earlier, the five-Justice majority had ordered the recount stopped,<sup id="cite_ref-ss_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ss-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Court had to decide whether to restart it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equal_Protection_Clause">Equal Protection Clause</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Equal Protection Clause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bush argued that recounts in Florida violated the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> because Florida did not have a statewide vote recount standard. Each county determined on its own whether a given ballot was valid. Two voters could have marked their ballots in an identical manner, but the ballot in one county would be counted while the ballot in a different county would be rejected, because of the conflicting manual recount standards.<sup id="cite_ref-bushbrief1_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bushbrief1-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Gore argued that there was indeed a statewide standard, the "intent of the voter" standard, and that this standard was sufficient under the Equal Protection Clause.<sup id="cite_ref-gorebrief1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorebrief1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, he argued that the consequence of ruling the Florida recount unconstitutional simply because it treated different voters differently would effectively render <i>every</i> state election unconstitutional<sup id="cite_ref-gorebrief1b_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorebrief1b-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that each voting mechanism has a different rate of error in counting votes. Voters in a "punch-card" county have a greater chance of having their votes undercounted than voters in an "optical scanner" county. If Bush prevails, Gore argued, every state would have to have one statewide method of recording votes to be constitutional.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Boies_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/David_Boies_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/170px-David_Boies_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/David_Boies_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/255px-David_Boies_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/David_Boies_by_David_Shankbone.jpg/340px-David_Boies_by_David_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1763" data-file-height="2283" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Boies" title="David Boies">David Boies</a> represented Gore</figcaption></figure> <p>This was the most closely decided issue in the case. The arguments presented by counsel did not extensively address what the Court should do if the Court were to find an equal protection violation. But Gore did argue briefly that the appropriate remedy would not be to cancel all recounts, but rather to order a proper recount.<sup id="cite_ref-gorebrief3_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorebrief3-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_II">Article II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Article II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bush also argued that the Florida Supreme Court's ruling violated <a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Method_of_choosing_electors" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Article II, § 1, cl. 2</a> of the U.S. Constitution. Essentially, Bush argued that the Florida Supreme Court's interpretation of Florida law was so erroneous that its ruling had the effect of making new law. Since this "new law" had not been enacted by the Florida legislature, it violated Article II. Bush argued that Article II gives the federal judiciary the power to interpret state election law in presidential elections to ensure that the intent of the state legislature is followed.<sup id="cite_ref-bushbrief2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bushbrief2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gore argued that Article II presupposes judicial review and interpretation of state statutes, and that the Florida Supreme Court did nothing more than exercise the routine principles of statutory construction to reach its decision.<sup id="cite_ref-gorebrief2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorebrief2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decision">Decision</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In brief, the breakdown of the decision was: </p> <ul><li>Five justices agreed that there was an Equal Protection Clause violation in using differing standards of determining a valid vote in different counties, causing an "unequal evaluation of ballots in various respects".<sup id="cite_ref-oyez2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oyez2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>per curiam</i> opinion (representing the views of Justices Kennedy, O'Connor, Rehnquist, Scalia, and Thomas) specifically cited that: <ul><li>Palm Beach County changed standards for counting dimpled chads several times during the counting process;</li> <li>Broward County used less restrictive standards than Palm Beach County;</li> <li>Miami-Dade County's recount of rejected ballots <a href="/wiki/Brooks_Brothers_riot" title="Brooks Brothers riot">did not include all precincts</a>;</li> <li>The Florida Supreme Court did not specify who would recount the ballots.</li></ul></li> <li>The <i>per curiam</i> opinion also identified an inconsistency with the fact that the Florida statewide recount of rejected ballots was limited to undervotes. The opinion implied that a constitutionally valid recount would include Florida's overvotes, not just its undervotes. The opinion expressed concern that the limited scope of Florida's recount would mean that, unlike some undervotes found to be reclaimable, valid votes among the overvotes would not be reclaimed.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, if a machine had incorrectly read an overvote as a valid vote for one of two marked candidates instead of rejecting it, Florida would wrongly count what should be an invalid vote.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Breyer and Souter disagreed with the majority, pointing out that Bush presented no evidence in any court of uncounted legal overvotes and did not see any problem in Florida's decision to limit its recount to undervotes.<sup id="cite_ref-breyer_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breyer-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-souter_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-souter-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-opinion_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinion-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dissents of Breyer and Souter were full dissents. Unlike the five-justice majority, each identified an equal protection concern that did not rise to the level of a constitutional violation, and proposed a remedy different from the majority's remedy. A <a href="/wiki/Dissenting_opinion" title="Dissenting opinion">dissenting opinion</a> does not create precedent nor does it become a part of case law. Under the American legal system, dissenting court opinions are not considered valid holdings and are not included in the court's ruling. Nothing in Breyer's or Souter's dissents can be construed as part of any decision by the Court.</li> <li>In dissenting, Ginsburg wrote that, for better or worse, disparities were a part of all elections and that if an equal-protection argument applied in any way, it surely applied more to black voters.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Five justices agreed that December 12 (the date of the decision) was the deadline Florida had established for recounts in keeping with 3 U.S.C. §5 (Rehnquist,<sup id="cite_ref-rehn_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rehn-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a>, Scalia, Kennedy, and Thomas in support; Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg, and Breyer opposed). Souter, joined by Breyer, Ginsburg and Stevens, wrote, "But no State is required to conform to §5 if it cannot do that (for whatever reason); the sanction for failing to satisfy the conditions of §5 is simply loss of what has been called its 'safe harbor.' And even that determination is to be made, if made anywhere, in the Congress."<sup id="cite_ref-souter_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-souter-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Souter and Breyer would have remanded the case to the Florida Supreme Court to permit that court to establish uniform standards of what constituted a legal vote for a manual recount of all rejected ballots using those standards.<sup id="cite_ref-breyer_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breyer-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-souter_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-souter-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Three justices (Rehnquist, Scalia, and Thomas) argued that the Florida Supreme Court had acted contrary to the intent of the Florida legislature. Four (Stevens, Souter, Ginsburg, and Breyer) specifically disputed this in their dissenting opinions, and the remaining two (O'Connor and Kennedy) declined to join Rehnquist's concurrence on the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-rehn_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rehn-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gore won 267 electoral votes but received 266, as a "<a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">faithless elector</a>" from the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a> abstained from voting.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unknown at the time, but observed in the later media recounts, there was a significant number of such valid overvotes found among the rejected ballots in optical scan counties, which largely favored Gore.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The opinion does not suggest a practical method for searching for and manually identifying such ballots among the thousands of legally cast and counted ballots with which they would be mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-Lund_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lund-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equal_Protection_Clause_2">Equal Protection Clause</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Equal Protection Clause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its <i>per curiam</i> opinion, the Supreme Court ruled that the Florida Supreme Court decision calling for a statewide recount violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Kennedy has since been identified as the opinion's primary author. In addition to writing the opinion, he included Souter, Breyer and Stevens as agreeing that there were equal protection "problems" without consulting them. Stevens demanded his name be removed from the draft opinion, which Kennedy agreed to only after Stevens pulled his name from Breyer's dissent. Breyer also objected in private. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> reported that Kennedy's opinion "later caused some confusion by its reference to 'seven justices of the court' who 'agree that there are constitutional problems with the recount.' That was true, but it was also beside the point."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later interviews by <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i> indicated that Breyer and Souter were trying to appeal to Kennedy to join them on the remedy, rather than agreeing that an equal protection violation had occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jack Balkin, writing in <i>Yale Law Journal</i>, considered this a cheap trick to construct the illusion of a larger majority, likening it to "saying that two doctors agree that a patient is sick, but one wants to use leeches, and the other wants to prescribe antibiotics".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Court held that the Equal Protection Clause guarantees to individuals that their ballots cannot be devalued by "later arbitrary and disparate treatment". Even if the recount was fair in theory, it was unfair in practice. The record, as weighed by the Florida Supreme Court, suggested that different standards were seemingly applied to the recount from ballot to ballot, precinct to precinct, and county to county, even when identical types of ballots and machines were used.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Court, the statewide standard (that a "legal vote" is "one in which there is a 'clear indication of the intent of the voter'"<sup id="cite_ref-zpc_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zpc-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) could not guarantee that each county would count the votes in a constitutionally permissible fashion. The Court stated that the <i>per curiam</i> opinion's applicability was "limited to the present circumstances, for the problem of equal protection in election processes generally presents many complexities." But the Court did not identify those complexities, nor did it explain (or apparently consider) why the absence of a constitutionally acceptable standard for counting votes, which was the basis for the Court's ruling, would not have invalidated the entire presidential election in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Critics later pointed out that the court had denied <i>certiorari</i> on equal protection grounds when Bush first sought Supreme Court review.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Law clerks who worked for Kennedy and O'Connor at the time later said they believed the justices settled on equal protection as grounds for their decision, rather than Article II, because they thought it would seem fairer.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remedy">Remedy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Remedy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Court ruled 5–4 that no constitutionally valid recount could be completed by a December 12 "safe harbor" deadline. The Court asserted that "the Supreme Court of Florida has said that the legislature intended the State's electors to 'participat[e] fully in the federal electoral process,' as provided in <a href="/wiki/Title_3_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 3 of the United States Code">3 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/5">§ 5</a>." The Court therefore effectively ended the proposed recount, because "the Florida Legislature intended to obtain the safe-harbor benefits of 3 U.S.C. §5." Souter said bluntly, "The 3 U.S.C. §5 issue is not serious."<sup id="cite_ref-souter_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-souter-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breyer's dissent stated, "By halting the manual recount, and thus ensuring that uncounted legal votes will not be counted under any standard, this Court crafts a remedy out of proportion to the asserted harm. And that remedy harms the very fairness interests the Court is attempting to protect."<sup id="cite_ref-breyer_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breyer-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four justices (Stevens, Ginsburg, Souter and Breyer) had dissented from the Court's earlier (December 9) decision, by the same five-justice majority, to grant Bush's emergency request to stop the recount and grant <i>certiorari</i>. In their dissents from the Court's December 12 <i>per curiam</i> opinion, Breyer and Souter acknowledged that the counting up until December 9 had not conformed with equal protection requirements. But Souter and Breyer favored remanding the case to the Florida Supreme Court for the purpose of crafting specific guidelines for how to count disputed ballots, in contrast to the majority's decision to halt the recount altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual counting had ended with the December 9 ruling, issued three days before any deadline.<sup id="cite_ref-ss_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ss-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dissenting opinions strongly criticized the majority for involving the Court in state-level affairs. Stevens's dissent (joined by Breyer and Ginsburg) concluded as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-stevens_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stevens-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What must underlie petitioners' entire federal assault on the Florida election procedures is an unstated lack of confidence in the impartiality and capacity of the state judges who would make the critical decisions if the vote count were to proceed. Otherwise, their position is wholly without merit. The endorsement of that position by the majority of this Court can only lend credence to the most cynical appraisal of the work of judges throughout the land. It is confidence in the men and women who administer the judicial system that is the true backbone of the rule of law. Time will one day heal the wound to that confidence that will be inflicted by today's decision. One thing, however, is certain. Although we may never know with complete certainty the identity of the winner of this year's Presidential election, the identity of the loser is perfectly clear. It is the Nation's confidence in the judge as an impartial guardian of the rule of law.</p></blockquote> <p>The <i>per curiam</i> opinion did not technically dismiss the case and instead "remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion." Gore's attorneys therefore understood that they could fight on and could petition the Florida Supreme Court to repudiate the notion that December 12 was final under Florida law.<sup id="cite_ref-Post_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this, Gore dropped the case—and conceded the election to Bush shortly afterward—reportedly because he was not optimistic about how the Florida justices would react to further arguments and, as one of his advisers put it, "the best Gore could hope for was a slate of disputed electors".<sup id="cite_ref-Post_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Gore campaign chairman <a href="/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">Bill Daley</a> argued that fighting on was futile because even if the Florida Supreme Court defied the U.S. Supreme Court and ordered a new recount, "the GOP would take them straight back to Washington, where the [U.S.] Supreme Court would repeat: 'You ain't going to count, okay? So quit bothering us.'"<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On remand, the Florida Supreme Court issued an opinion on December 22 that did not dispute whether December 12 was the deadline for recounts under state law. This was disputed in a concurring opinion by Florida Supreme Court Justice Leander Shaw, who nevertheless expressed deference to the U.S. Supreme Court's view on this issue and also argued that, in any case, the Florida Supreme Court would (in his opinion) be unable to craft a remedy that would satisfy all the U.S. Supreme Court's equal protection, due process, and other concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Article_II_2">Article II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Article II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rehnquist's <a href="/wiki/Concurring_opinion" title="Concurring opinion">concurring opinion</a>, joined by Scalia and Thomas, began by emphasizing that this was an unusual case in which the Constitution requires federal courts to assess whether a state supreme court has properly interpreted the will of the state legislature. Usually, federal courts do not make that type of assessment, and indeed the <i>per curiam</i> opinion in this case did not do so. After addressing this aspect of the case, Rehnquist examined and agreed with arguments that the dissenting justices of the Florida Supreme Court had made.<sup id="cite_ref-rehnquist_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rehnquist-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rehnquist also mentioned that he, Scalia, and Thomas joined the Supreme Court's <i>per curiam</i> opinion and agreed with the legal analysis presented there. </p><p>The ruling also states: "the state legislature's power to select the manner for appointing electors is plenary; it may, if it so chooses, select the electors itself, which indeed was the manner used by state legislatures in several States for many years after the framing of our Constitution. ... The State, of course, after granting the franchise in the special context of Article II, can take back the power to appoint electors." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_analyses">Scholarly analyses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scholarly analyses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Bush v. Gore</i> prompted many strong reactions from scholars, pundits and others, with a majority of publications in law reviews being critical. A <i><a href="/wiki/The_Georgetown_Law_Journal" title="The Georgetown Law Journal">Georgetown Law Journal</a></i> analysis found that 78 scholarly articles were published about the case between 2001 and 2004, with 35 criticizing the decision and 11 defending it.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_critical_remedial_issue">The critical remedial issue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The critical remedial issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most closely decided aspect of the case was the key question of what remedy the Court should order, in view of an Equal Protection Clause violation. Gore had argued for a new recount that would pass constitutional muster, but the Court instead chose to end the election. Citing two Florida Supreme Court opinions, <i>Gore v. Harris</i> (December 8, seemingly in error)<sup id="cite_ref-sunstein_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunstein-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris</i> (November 21, footnote 55),<sup id="cite_ref-fsc1_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fsc1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the U.S. Supreme Court asserted that "the Florida Supreme Court has said that the Florida Legislature intended to obtain the safe-harbor benefits of 3 U.S.C. § 5" and that "any recount seeking to meet the December 12 date will be unconstitutional". This assertion has proven very controversial. </p><p>Finding that reasoning unpersuasive, <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._McConnell" title="Michael W. McConnell">Michael W. McConnell</a> writes that the two Florida court opinions the Supreme Court cited supply no authoritative pronouncement of an absolute deadline.<sup id="cite_ref-sunstein_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sunstein-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As better support for December 12 as the deadline under state law, McConnell points to two footnotes in the Florida Supreme Court's December 11 response on remand in <i><a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County_Canvassing_Board_v._Harris_(Harris_I)" title="Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris (Harris I)">Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris (Harris I)</a></i>, which he says must not have come to the justices' attention. Footnotes 17 and 22 called the safe harbor date of December 12 an "outside deadline". Therefore, he writes, although these passages may not justify the U.S. Supreme Court's decision, since the Court did not rely on them, "the Court may have reached the right result for the wrong reason". These footnotes state:<sup id="cite_ref-PvH_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PvH-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[17] What is a reasonable time required for completion will, in part, depend on whether the election is for a statewide office, for a federal office or for presidential electors. In the case of the presidential election, the determination of reasonableness must be circumscribed by the provisions of 3 U.S.C. § 5, which sets December 12, 2000, as the date for final determination of any state's dispute concerning its electors for that determination to be given conclusive effect in Congress ... </p><p><br /> </p><p> [22] As always, it is necessary to read all provisions of the elections code in <i>pari materia</i>. In this case, that comprehensive reading required that there be time for an elections contest pursuant to section 102.168, which all parties had agreed was a necessary component of the statutory scheme and to accommodate the outside deadline set forth in 3 U.S.C. § 5 of December 12, 2000.</p></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Lund" title="Nelson Lund">Nelson Lund</a>, former law clerk to O'Connor and associate counsel to <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1989_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1989-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a dissenter might argue that the Florida Supreme Court on remand in <i>Harris I</i> was discussing the "protest provisions of the Florida Election Code, whereas the issues in <i>Bush v. Gore</i> arose under the contest provisions". In retort to himself, Lund writes that the Florida court's decision in the contest case did not mention any alternative possible deadlines.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Berkowitz" title="Peter Berkowitz">Peter Berkowitz</a> writes, "Perhaps it would have been more generous for the Court to have asked the Florida court on remand whether 'outside deadline' referred to contest-period as well as protest-period recounts."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abner Greene points to evidence that "the Florida Supreme Court thought all manual recounts—whether protest or contest—must be completed no later than December 12."<sup id="cite_ref-Greene_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Greene concludes "lack of clarity about the Florida Supreme Court's views on the safe-harbor provision should have resulted in a remand to that court for clarification",<sup id="cite_ref-Greene_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greene-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to the remand of December 4.<sup id="cite_ref-BushvPBCCB_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BushvPBCCB-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court in <i>Bush v. Gore</i> did remand the case instead of dismissing it, but the remand did not include another request for clarification. <a href="/wiki/Louise_Weinberg" title="Louise Weinberg">Louise Weinberg</a> argues that even giving the U.S. Supreme Court the benefit of the doubt that it acted appropriately in intervening in Florida state law, its actions should be deemed unconstitutional because its intervention was not coupled with any kind of remedy aimed at determining the election's actual outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arguably, the Florida Supreme Court, after having stated on December 11 that December 12 was an "outside deadline",<sup id="cite_ref-PvH_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PvH-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> could have clarified its views on the safe-harbor provision or reinterpreted Florida law to state that December 12 was not a final deadline under Florida law, which the U.S. Supreme Court did not forbid the Florida Supreme Court from doing.<sup id="cite_ref-rightness_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rightness-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lund states that, as a practical matter, the Florida Supreme Court was unlikely to have actually been capable of conducting and completing a new constitutionally valid recount by the December 18 deadline for the meeting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto7_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michael Abramowicz and Maxwell Stearns argue that if the Florida Supreme Court had clarified or reinterpreted Florida state law on remand, then the U.S. Supreme Court might have struck down the Florida Supreme Court's action as a violation of Article II of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abramowicz and Stearns point out that while Kennedy and O'Connor did not join Rehnquist's Article II concurrence, they did not explicitly oppose it either, and thus kept the door open to nullifying a future ruling of the Florida Supreme Court on Article II grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abramowicz and Stearns also argue that if the <i>Bush v. Gore</i> decision genuinely allowed the Florida Supreme Court to clarify or reinterpret Florida state law and thus to order a new manual recount, then Souter and Breyer likely would have joined the opinion—which they did not.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Tribe" title="Laurence Tribe">Laurence Tribe</a> has a similar view on this issue, arguing that "[e]ven assuming the leeway [in regard to the remedy] the Court theoretically left open was real, the window it had failed to slam shut was hardly the sort of opening through which anyone would dare to crawl."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitation_"to_present_circumstances""><span id="Limitation_.22to_present_circumstances.22"></span>Limitation "to present circumstances"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Limitation "to present circumstances""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some critics of the decision argue that the majority seemed to seek refuge from their own logic<sup id="cite_ref-re1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-re1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zelden_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zelden-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the following sentence in the majority opinion: "Our consideration is limited to the present circumstances, for the problem of equal protection in election processes generally presents many complexities."<sup id="cite_ref-zpc6_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zpc6-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court's defenders argued that this was a reasonable precaution against the possibility that the decision might be read too broadly,<sup id="cite_ref-rightness2_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rightness2-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arguing that in the short time available it would be inappropriate to attempt to craft language spelling out in greater detail how to apply the holding to other cases. But critics interpreted the sentence as stating that the case did not set precedent in any way and could not be used to justify any future court decision, and some suggested that this was evidence the majority realized its holding was untenable.<sup id="cite_ref-ucla_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucla-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of whether the majority intended the decision to be precedential, several federal courts have cited it in election cases,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did a lawyer for a Republican congressional candidate during legal arguments coincident with the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_Presidential_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 United States Presidential Election">2020 United States presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusation_of_partisanship_or_conflict_of_interest">Accusation of partisanship or conflict of interest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Accusation of partisanship or conflict of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to legal analyst <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Toobin" title="Jeffrey Toobin">Jeffrey Toobin</a>, "<i>Bush v. Gore</i> broke David Souter's heart. <i>The day the music died</i>, he called it. It was so political, so <i>transparently</i> political, that it scarred Souter's belief in the Supreme Court as an institution" (italics in original).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various authors have claimed that conservative Republican-appointed justices ruled against Gore in this case for partisan reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Dersh_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dersh-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> law professor <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a> writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]he decision in the Florida election case may be ranked as the single most corrupt decision in Supreme Court history, because it is the only one that I know of where the majority justices decided as they did because of the personal identity and political affiliation of the litigants. This was cheating, and a violation of the judicial oath.<sup id="cite_ref-Dersh_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dersh-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Chapman_University_School_of_Law" title="Chapman University School of Law">Chapman University School of Law</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Rotunda" title="Ronald Rotunda">Ronald Rotunda</a> responded that Democratic-appointed justices of the Florida Supreme Court also ruled against Gore: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[T]hat claim ... is inconsistent with the position of three of the Florida justices who dissented. No Justice on the Florida Supreme Court was a Republican appointee, but three of them concluded that the recount that Vice President Gore wanted was unconstitutional. Three of the seven Florida Supreme Court justices also found an Equal Protection violation when the manual ballot-counters used different procedures to examine identical ballots and count them differently.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>There has also been analysis of whether several justices had a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a> that should have forced them to <a href="/wiki/Judicial_disqualification" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial disqualification">recuse</a> themselves from the decision. On several occasions, Rehnquist had expressed interest in retiring under a Republican administration; one study found that press reports "are equivocal on whether facts existed that would have created a conflict of interest" for him. At an election night party, O'Connor became upset when it was reported that Gore had won Florida, her husband explaining that they would have to wait another four years before retiring to Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-Neumann_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Neumann-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both justices remained on the Court until Bush's second term, with Rehnquist dying in 2005 and O'Connor retiring in 2006. According to Steven Foster of the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Grammar_School" title="Manchester Grammar School">Manchester Grammar School</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Clarence Thomas's wife was so intimately involved in the Bush campaign that she was helping to draw up a list of Bush appointees more or less at the same time as her husband was adjudicating on whether the same man would become the next President. Finally, Antonin Scalia's son was working for the firm appointed by Bush to argue his case before the Supreme Court, the head of which was subsequently appointed as Solicitor-General.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The day after Thanksgiving, when the conservative justices agreed to hear Bush's appeal in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Palm_Beach_County_Canvassing_Board" title="Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board">Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board</a></i> (excluding Bush's equal protection claim), the opposing justices were convinced that the majority intended to reverse the Florida Supreme Court and shut down the recount. They began drafting a dissent before this case was argued before them, a dissent that was temporarily shelved upon the Court's unanimous remand to the Florida court.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The liberal law clerks noted that Scalia later had begun campaigning for the stay of the Florida court's December 8 recount order before the Court had received Gore's response to Bush's request, and was so incensed at Stevens's dissent in the matter of the stay and grant of <i>certiorari</i> that he requested the release of opinions be delayed so that he could amend his opinion to include a response to Stevens. Kennedy is also reported to have sent out a memo accusing the dissenters of "trashing the court". Later, court personnel, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ron_Klain" title="Ron Klain">Ron Klain</a>, speculated that there was an unspoken understanding that the judges on the winning side would not retire until after the next election, as a way of preserving some sense of fairness. No justices retired during President Bush's first term.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been argued that none of the justices voted in a way that was consistent with their prior jurisprudence,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though George Mason University law professor Nelson Lund has challenged this conclusion, arguing that, unlike in <a href="/wiki/Suspect_classification" title="Suspect classification">suspect classification</a> cases, the U.S. Supreme Court has never actually required a showing of <a href="/wiki/Intentional_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Intentional discrimination">intentional discrimination</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_rights" title="Fundamental rights">fundamental rights</a> cases, such as <i>Bush v. Gore</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto7_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto7-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five conservative justices decided to involve the federal judiciary in a matter that could have been left to the states, while also expanding previous U.S. Supreme Court interpretations of the Equal Protection Clause. Meanwhile, the liberal justices all supported leaving the matter in the hands of a state and also sometimes advocated in favor of a narrower reading of existing Equal Protection Clause precedents. This bolstered the perception that the justices used their desired result to drive their reasoning. David Cole of Georgetown Law argued that, as a way of trying to rehabilitate the court's image after <i>Bush v. Gore</i>, the Court became more likely to reach a liberal decision in the four years after <i>Bush v. Gore</i> than it had been before the case, and that the conservative justices were more likely to join the liberals rather than the other way around.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recount_by_media_organizations">Recount by media organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Recount by media organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/National_Opinion_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Opinion Research Center">National Opinion Research Center</a> (NORC) at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, sponsored by a consortium of major United States news organizations, conducted the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida#NORC-sponsored_Florida_Ballot_Project_recount" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">Florida Ballot Project</a>, a comprehensive review of 175,010 ballots that vote-counting machines had rejected from the entire state, not just the counties that conducted manual recounts.<sup id="cite_ref-FBP_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FBP-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project's goal was to determine the reliability and accuracy of the systems used in the voting process, including how different systems correlated with voter mistakes. The study was conducted over a period of 10 months. Based on the review, the media group concluded that if the disputes over the validity of all the ballots in question had been consistently resolved and any uniform standard applied, the electoral result would have been reversed and Gore would have won by 60 to 171 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-battle_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-battle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, under scenarios involving review of limited sets of ballots uncounted by machines, Bush would have kept his lead. In one such scenario—Gore's request for recounts in four predominantly Democratic counties—Bush would have won by 225 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another scenario (if the remaining 64 Florida counties had carried out the hand recount of disputed ballots the Florida Supreme Court ordered on December 8, applying the various standards that county election officials said they would have used), Bush would have emerged the victor by 493 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scenarios involving limited sets of ballots included the completed uncertified recount by Palm Beach County, which nevertheless had excluded a set-aside cache of dimpled ballots with clear indications of intent, an uncounted net gain of 682 votes for Gore.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NORCc_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NORCc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the scenarios involving all uncounted ballots statewide considered all votes from Palm Beach County, subjected to various standards of inclusion. <i>The Washington Post</i> qualified the tallies conducted by the NORC consortium with the statement: "But no study of this type can accurately recreate Election Day 2000 or predict what might have emerged from individual battles over more than 6 million votes in Florida's 67 counties."<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further analysis revealed that black-majority precincts had three times as many rejected ballots as white precincts. "For minorities, the ballot survey found, a recount would not have redressed the inequities because most ballots were beyond retrieving. But a recount could have restored the votes of thousands of older voters whose dimpled and double-voted ballots were indecipherable to machines but would have been clear in a ballot-by-ballot review."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specifically, Gore's request for recounts in four counties: applies the "prevailing standard" (at least one corner of chad detached on punch card undervotes; any affirmative mark on optical scan ballots, but with no overvotes) to remaining uncounted ballots in Miami-Dade; accepts uncertified hand counts from Palm Beach and 139 precincts in Miami-Dade and certified counts from other 65 counties.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Specifically, Florida Supreme Court order as being implemented: accepts completed recounts in eight counties and certified counts from four counties that refused to recount; applies the "county custom standard" (what each individual county canvassing board considered a vote, in regard to both undervotes and overvotes) to remaining Miami-Dade and other 55 counties.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Of these 4,842 excluded ballots, 4,513 had been set aside by the canvassing board for later inspection by a court (which never happened). All were among 10,310 undervotes in the county. The "set aside" ballots were dimpled ballots that were challenged by the two parties. A January 2001 review by the Palm Beach Post of those "set-aside" ballots determined that 4,318 were "unambiguous" valid votes.<sup id="cite_ref-battle_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-battle-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critiques">Critiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Critiques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#Criticism_and_controversies" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States § Criticism and controversies</a></div> <p>Several articles have characterized the decision as damaging the reputation of the court, increasing the view of judges as partisan, and decreasing Americans' trust in the integrity of elections, an outcome Stevens predicted in his dissent.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto4_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto6_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-how_bad_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-how_bad-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the reason recounts could not be completed was the various stoppages ordered by the various branches and levels of the judiciary, most notably the Supreme Court.<sup id="cite_ref-scotus-stay1_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotus-stay1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents argued that it was improper for the Court (by the same five justices who joined the <i>per curiam</i> opinion) to grant a stay that preliminarily stopped the recounts based on Bush's likelihood of success on the <a href="/wiki/Merit_(law)" title="Merit (law)">merits</a> and possible <a href="/wiki/Irreparable_injury" title="Irreparable injury">irreparable injury</a> to Bush.<sup id="cite_ref-bandits_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandits-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although stay orders normally do not include justification, Scalia concurred to express some brief reasoning to justify it, saying that one potential irreparable harm was that an invalid recount might undermine the legitimacy of Bush's election (presumably if, for example, it were to find that Gore should have won).<sup id="cite_ref-scotus-stay1_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotus-stay1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of the stay, such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fried" title="Charles Fried">Charles Fried</a>, contend that the stay's validity was vindicated by the ultimate decision on the merits and that the only thing the stay prevented was a recount "done in an unconstitutional way".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some critics argued that the Court's decision was a perversion of the Equal Protection Clause<sup id="cite_ref-bandits_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bandits-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contrary to the <a href="/wiki/Political_question" title="Political question">political question</a> doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scott Lemieux of University of Washington points out that if recounting votes without a uniform statewide standard were truly a violation of the Equal Protection Clause, this should have meant that the initial count, which also lacked a uniform standard, was itself unconstitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-how_bad_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-how_bad-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_R._Stone" title="Geoffrey R. Stone">Geoffrey R. Stone</a> has expressed sympathy with the Court's equal protection reasoning, even though Stone was dismayed by what he saw as the sudden and suspect conversion of Rehnquist, Scalia and Thomas to that equal protection principle. According to Stone: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No one familiar with the jurisprudence of Justices Rehnquist, Scalia, and Thomas could possibly have imagined that they would vote to invalidate the Florida recount process on the basis of their own well-developed and oft-invoked approach to the Equal Protection Clause.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Stevens's criticism of the Court in his dissent for questioning the impartiality of Florida's judiciary was itself criticized by Lund, a former law clerk for O'Connor.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt1989_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt1989-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rightness_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rightness-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor Charles Zelden faults the <i>per curiam</i> opinion in the case for, among other things, not declaring that the nation's electoral system required significant reform, and for not condemning administration of elections by part-time boards of elections dominated by partisan and unprofessional officials. Zelden concludes that the Court's failure to spotlight this critical flaw in American electoral democracy made a replay of <i>Bush v. Gore</i> more likely, not less likely, either in Florida or elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Zelden_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zelden-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, O'Connor, who had voted with the majority, said that the case "gave the court a less-than-perfect reputation". She added, "Maybe the court should have said, 'We're not going to take it, goodbye.' ... And probably the Supreme Court added to the problem at the end of the day."<sup id="cite_ref-tribune_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribune-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i> article quotes several of the court's clerks at the time who were critical of the decision. They note that, despite the <i>per curiam</i> opinion's declaration that the case was taken "reluctantly", Kennedy had been rather enthusiastic about taking the case all along.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanity-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They felt at the time, as had many legal scholars, that the case was unlikely to go to the Supreme Court at all. In fact some of the justices were so certain that the case would never come before them that they had already left for vacations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_reaction">Public reaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Public reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Editorials in the country's leading newspapers were overwhelmingly critical of the decision. A review by <i>The Georgetown Law Journal</i> found that the nation's top newspapers, by circulation, had published 18 editorials criticizing the decision and six praising it. They similarly published 26 <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-eds</a> criticizing the decision and eight defending it.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polls showed a range of reactions, with 37–65% of respondents believing that personal politics influenced the justices' decisions, depending on the poll. A Princeton Survey poll recorded 46% of respondents saying that the decision made them more likely to suspect partisan bias in judges in general. An NBC News/<i>Wall Street Journal</i> poll showed that 53% of respondents believed that the decision to stop the recount was based mostly on politics.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2010 <i>Slate</i> article listed the case as the first in a series of events that eroded American trust in the results of elections, noting that the number of lawsuits brought over election issues has more than doubled since <i>Bush v. Gore</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin#Table_of_election_results" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission (United States)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Injustice" title="Supreme Injustice">Supreme Injustice</a></i>, a 2001 book by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Dershowitz" title="Alan Dershowitz">Alan Dershowitz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unprecedented:_The_2000_Presidential_Election" title="Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election">Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election</a></i>, a 2002 documentary</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Recount_(film)" title="Recount (film)">Recount</a></i>, a 2008 <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> movie about the 2000 presidential election and <i>Bush v. Gore</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-election_lawsuits_related_to_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election">Post-election lawsuits related to the 2020 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_popular_culture" title="Category:2000 United States presidential election in popular culture">2000 United States presidential election in popular culture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Vanity-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vanity_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanity_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanity_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanity_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanity_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanity_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanity_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanity_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanity_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanity_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMargolick2014" class="citation web cs1">Margolick, David (March 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240416120633/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2004/10/florida-election-2000">"Behind the aftermath of the 2000 U.S. election"</a>. <i>Vanity Fair</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2004/10/florida-election-2000">the original</a> on April 16, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=Behind+the+aftermath+of+the+2000+U.S.+election&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft.aulast=Margolick&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fnews%2F2004%2F10%2Fflorida-election-2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/Search.aspx?FileName=/docketfiles/00-949.htm">"Search – Supreme Court of the United States"</a>. <i>www.supremecourt.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.supremecourt.gov&rft.atitle=Search+%E2%80%93+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2FSearch.aspx%3FFileName%3D%2Fdocketfiles%2F00-949.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FBP-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FBP_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FBP_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724084023/http://www2.norc.org/fl">"Florida Ballots Project"</a>. <i>norc.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Opinion_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Opinion Research Center">National Opinion Research Center</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norc.uchicago.edu/fl/index.asp">the original</a> on July 24, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=norc.org&rft.atitle=Florida+Ballots+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norc.uchicago.edu%2Ffl%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-battle-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-battle_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-battle_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-battle_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeHaven-Smith2005" class="citation book cs1">deHaven-Smith, Lance, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battleforflorida0000unse/mode/2up"><i>The Battle for Florida: An Annotated Compendium of Materials from the 2000 Presidential Election</i></a>. Gainesville, Florida, United States: University Press of Florida. pp. 37–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Florida%3A+An+Annotated+Compendium+of+Materials+from+the+2000+Presidential+Election&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida%2C+United+States&rft.pages=37-42&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattleforflorida0000unse%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NORCc-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NORCc_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NORCc_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170509232004/http://www.electionstudies.org/florida2000/data/data_files.htm">"Data Files – NORC Files, Media Group Files"</a>. <i>2000 Florida Ballots Project</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_National_Election_Studies" title="American National Election Studies">American National Election Studies</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://electionstudies.org/florida2000/data/data_files.htm">the original</a> on May 9, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2000+Florida+Ballots+Project&rft.atitle=Data+Files+%E2%80%93+NORC+Files%2C+Media+Group+Files&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felectionstudies.org%2Fflorida2000%2Fdata%2Fdata_files.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240814001711/https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/146/1">"McPherson v Blacker"</a>. <i>McPherson et al v Blacker</i>. Cornell Law School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/146/1">the original</a> on August 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=McPherson+et+al+v+Blacker&rft.atitle=McPherson+v+Blacker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupremecourt%2Ftext%2F146%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240822171025/https://www.usa.gov/electoral-college">"Electoral College | USAGov"</a>. <i>www.usa.gov</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usa.gov/electoral-college">the original</a> on August 22, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.usa.gov&rft.atitle=Electoral+College+%7C+USAGov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usa.gov%2Felectoral-college&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fsc1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fsc1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fsc1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fsc1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fsc1_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fsc1_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fsc1_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Palm Beach County Canvassing Bd. v. Harris</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050418112319/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/docs/florida2000/11-21_fla_opinion.pdf">772 So.2d 1220</a> (November 21, 2000). Late-filing criteria are at note 5. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/florida2000.php">The American Presidency Project</a> for other documents related to the 2000 election dispute.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> Fla. Stat. § 102.141(4). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050401131503/http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0102%2FSEC141.HTM&Title=-%3E2000-%3ECh0102-%3ESection%20141">"The 2000 Florida Statutes, Title IX, Chapter 102, Section 141"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0102/SEC141.HTM&Title=-%3e2000-%3eCh0102-%3eSection+141">the original</a> on April 1, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+2000+Florida+Statutes%2C+Title+IX%2C+Chapter+102%2C+Section+141&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.fl.us%2Fstatutes%2Findex.cfm%3FApp_mode%3DDisplay_Statute%26Search_String%3D%26URL%3DCh0102%2FSEC141.HTM%26Title%3D-%253e2000-%253eCh0102-%253eSection%2B141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span> (This archived version of the Florida statute is dated July 2, 2001, and is from Archive.org.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-timeline_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111122071807/https://www.post-gazette.com/election/20001217pztimeline.asp">"Election 2000 Timeline"</a>. PG Publishing Co., Inc. December 17, 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/election/20001217pztimeline.asp">the original</a> on November 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Election+2000+Timeline&rft.date=2000-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Felection%2F20001217pztimeline.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToobin2002" class="citation book cs1">Toobin, Jeffrey (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tooclosetocallth0000toob_x7z5"><i>Too close to call : the thirty-six-day battle to decide the 2000 election</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York : Random House. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-76107-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-76107-2"><bdi>978-0-375-76107-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Too+close+to+call+%3A+the+thirty-six-day+battle+to+decide+the+2000+election&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Random+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-375-76107-2&rft.aulast=Toobin&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftooclosetocallth0000toob_x7z5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> Fla. Stat. § 102.166. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050401131530/http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0102%2FSEC166.HTM&Title=-%3E2000-%3ECh0102-%3ESection%20166">"The 2000 Florida Statutes, Title IX, Chapter 102, Section 166"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0102/SEC166.HTM&Title=-%3e2000-%3eCh0102-%3eSection+166">the original</a> on April 1, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+2000+Florida+Statutes%2C+Title+IX%2C+Chapter+102%2C+Section+166&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.fl.us%2Fstatutes%2Findex.cfm%3FApp_mode%3DDisplay_Statute%26Search_String%3D%26URL%3DCh0102%2FSEC166.HTM%26Title%3D-%253e2000-%253eCh0102-%253eSection%2B166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span> (This archived version of the Florida statute is dated July 2, 2001, and is from Archive.org.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>See</i> Fla. Stat. § 102.112. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010421220910/http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0102%2FSEC112.HTM&Title=-%3E2000-%3ECh0102-%3ESection+112">"The 2000 Florida Statutes, Title IX, Chapter 102, Section 112"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=&URL=Ch0102/SEC112.HTM&Title=-%3e2000-%3eCh0102-%3eSection+112">the original</a> on April 21, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+2000+Florida+Statutes%2C+Title+IX%2C+Chapter+102%2C+Section+112&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leg.state.fl.us%2Fstatutes%2Findex.cfm%3FApp_mode%3DDisplay_Statute%26Search_String%3D%26URL%3DCh0102%2FSEC112.HTM%26Title%3D-%253e2000-%253eCh0102-%253eSection%2B112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span> (This archived version of the Florida statute is dated April 21, 2001, and is from Archive.org.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l1114-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l1114_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318220916/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/docs/florida2000/11-14_leonruling.pdf">"Leon County Judge Rules on Certification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/docs/florida2000/11-14_leonruling.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leon+County+Judge+Rules+on+Certification&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocs%2Fflorida2000%2F11-14_leonruling.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap1114-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ap1114_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080119095447/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showflorida2000.php?fileid=harris11-14">"Text: Florida Recount Results"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/showflorida2000.php?fileid=harris11-14">the original</a> on January 19, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Text%3A+Florida+Recount+Results&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fshowflorida2000.php%3Ffileid%3Dharris11-14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, the <a href="/wiki/Concurring_opinion" title="Concurring opinion">concurring opinion</a> in <i>Bush v. Gore</i> cited the December 6, 2000, decision in <i>Touchston v. McDermott</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.precydent.com/citation/234/F.3d/1133">234 F.3d 1130</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209121021/http://www.precydent.com/citation/234/F.3d/1133">Archived</a> December 9, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (11th Cir. 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/fl-supreme-court/1489353.html">"Supreme Court of Florida No. SC00-2431 <i>Gore v. Harris</i> 772 S2d 1243"</a>. <i>Findlaw</i>. December 8, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230428193406/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/court/fl-supreme-court/1489353.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Findlaw&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+of+Florida+No.+SC00-2431+Gore+v.+Harris+772+S2d+1243&rft.date=2000-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcaselaw.findlaw.com%2Ffl-supreme-court%2F1489353.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dissent-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dissent_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dissent_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bush_v._Gore/Certiorari/Dissent" class="extiw" title="s:Bush v. Gore/Certiorari/Dissent"><i>Bush v. Gore</i> on Application for Stay</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalkin2001" class="citation journal cs1">Balkin, Jack M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190426220243/https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4557&context=ylj">"Bush v. Gore and the Boundary between Law and Politics"</a>. <i>The Yale Law Journal</i>. <b>110</b> (8): 1407–1458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F797581">10.2307/797581</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-0094">0044-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/797581">797581</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4557&context=ylj">the original</a> on April 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Bush+v.+Gore+and+the+Boundary+between+Law+and+Politics&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1407-1458&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0044-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F797581%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F797581&rft.aulast=Balkin&rft.aufirst=Jack+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.yale.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4557%26context%3Dylj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2000/00-949">"Bush v. Gore"</a>. <i>Oyez</i>. February 8, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190208170106/https://www.oyez.org/cases/2000/00-949">Archived</a> from the original on February 8, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oyez&rft.atitle=Bush+v.+Gore&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F2000%2F00-949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PvH-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PvH_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PvH_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PvH_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/decisions/pre2004/ops/sc00-2346.pdf">772 S2d 1273</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625062305/http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/decisions/pre2004/ops/sc00-2346.pdf">Archived</a> June 25, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Fla December 11, 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BushvPBCCB-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BushvPBCCB_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BushvPBCCB_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/531/70/">"Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Bd., 531 U.S. 70 (2000)"</a>. <i>Justia Law</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223032936/https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/531/70/">Archived</a> from the original on February 23, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=Bush+v.+Palm+Beach+County+Canvassing+Bd.%2C+531+U.S.+70+%282000%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupreme.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fus%2F531%2F70%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BushVGore103-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BushVGore103_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BushVGore103_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BushVGore103_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bush v. Gore</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_531" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 531">531</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/531/98/#103">98, 103</a> (2000) ("The petition presents the following questions: whether the Florida Supreme Court established new standards for resolving Presidential election contests, thereby violating Art. II, § 1, cl. 2, of the United States Constitution and failing to comply with 3 U. S. C. § 5, and whether the use of standardless manual recounts violates the Equal Protection and Due Process clauses.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillman2003" class="citation book cs1">Gillman, Howard (July 5, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16068201W/The_votes_that_counted?edition=key%3A/books/OL24965838M"><i>The Votes That Counted: How the Court Decided the 2000 Presidential Election</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226294087" title="Special:BookSources/9780226294087"><bdi>9780226294087</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2gUgRh_HTgC&pg=PA82">the original</a> on August 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Votes+That+Counted%3A+How+the+Court+Decided+the+2000+Presidential+Election&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2003-07-05&rft.isbn=9780226294087&rft.aulast=Gillman&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di2gUgRh_HTgC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usc3-5title-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usc3-5title_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/5">"3 U.S. Code § 5 - Certificate of ascertainment of appointment of electors"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=3+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+5+-+Certificate+of+ascertainment+of+appointment+of+electors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F3%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usc3-5-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usc3-5_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/5">"3 U.S. Code § 5 – Determination of controversy as to appointment of electors"</a>. <i>LII / Legal Information Institute</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LII+%2F+Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=3+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+5+%E2%80%93+Determination+of+controversy+as+to+appointment+of+electors&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F3%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ss-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ss_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ss_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090508074956/http://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/12/10/scalia.stevens/">"Scalia and Stevens clash over recount stay in Bush v. Gore"</a>. CNN. December 11, 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cnn.com/2000/LAW/12/10/scalia.stevens/">the original</a> on May 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Scalia+and+Stevens+clash+over+recount+stay+in+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.date=2000-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.cnn.com%2F2000%2FLAW%2F12%2F10%2Fscalia.stevens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bushbrief1-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bushbrief1_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061102103931/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/docs/florida2000/12-10_bushbrief.pdf">"Bush v. Gore, Brief for Petitioners"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/docs/florida2000/12-10_bushbrief.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 2, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bush+v.+Gore%2C+Brief+for+Petitioners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocs%2Fflorida2000%2F12-10_bushbrief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span> "The Equal Protection Clause prohibits government officials from implementing an electoral system that gives the votes of similarly situated voters different effect based on the happenstance of the county or district in which those voters live." Paragraph 2 in Argument, Part III-A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gorebrief1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gorebrief1_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061102103928/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/docs/florida2000/12-10_gorebrief.pdf">"Bush v. Gore, Brief of Respondent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/docs/florida2000/12-10_gorebrief.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 2, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bush+v.+Gore%2C+Brief+of+Respondent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocs%2Fflorida2000%2F12-10_gorebrief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span> "The court below was quite insistent that the counting of ballots must be governed by a single uniform standard: the intent of the voter must control." Paragraph 3 in Argument, Part III-A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gorebrief1b-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gorebrief1b_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Id. "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>if petitioners mean to say that all votes must be tabulated under a fixed and mechanical standard (e.g., the "two-corner chad rule"), their approach would render unconstitutional the laws of States that hinge the meaning of the ballot on the intent of the voter<span class="nowrap"> </span>..." Paragraph 3 in Argument, Part III-A.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gorebrief3-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gorebrief3_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061102103928/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/docs/florida2000/12-10_gorebrief.pdf">"Bush v. Gore, Brief of Respondent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/docs/florida2000/12-10_gorebrief.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 2, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bush+v.+Gore%2C+Brief+of+Respondent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocs%2Fflorida2000%2F12-10_gorebrief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span> "[T]he appropriate remedy for either an Equal Protection Clause or Due Process Clause violation would not be to cancel all recounts, but rather to order that the recounts be undertaken under a uniform standard." Footnote 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bushbrief2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bushbrief2_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061102103931/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/docs/florida2000/12-10_bushbrief.pdf">"Bush v. Gore, Brief for Petitioners"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/docs/florida2000/12-10_bushbrief.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 2, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bush+v.+Gore%2C+Brief+for+Petitioners&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocs%2Fflorida2000%2F12-10_bushbrief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span> "By rewriting that statutory scheme—thus arrogating to itself the power to decide the manner in which Florida's electors are chosen—the Florida Supreme Court substituted its judgment for that of the legislature in violation of Article II. Such a usurpation of constitutionally delegated power defies the Framers' plan." Paragraph 2 in Argument, Part I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gorebrief2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gorebrief2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061102103928/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/docs/florida2000/12-10_gorebrief.pdf">"Bush v. Gore, Brief of Respondent"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/docs/florida2000/12-10_gorebrief.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 2, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 30,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bush+v.+Gore%2C+Brief+of+Respondent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocs%2Fflorida2000%2F12-10_gorebrief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span> "Even apart from the absurd theory that McPherson requires everything relevant to a state's process for choosing electors to be packed into a specialized presidential electoral code, the very premise of petitioner's argument is fatally flawed because the Florida Legislature re-enacted the contest statute in 1999 against the settled background rule that decisions of circuit courts in contest actions are subject to appellate review." Paragraph 5 in Argument, Part I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oyez2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oyez2_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2000/00-949">"Bush v. Gore"</a>. <i>Oyez</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304151926/https://www.oyez.org/cases/2000/00-949">Archived</a> from the original on March 4, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2024</span>. <q>Noting that the Equal Protection clause guarantees individuals that their ballots cannot be devalued by 'later arbitrary and disparate treatment,' the per curiam opinion held that the Florida Supreme Court's scheme for recounting ballots was unconstitutional.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oyez&rft.atitle=Bush+v.+Gore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oyez.org%2Fcases%2F2000%2F00-949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lund-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lund_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLund2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lund, Nelson Robert (March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=267874">"The Unbearable Rightness of Bush v. Gore"</a>. <i>Cardozo Law Review</i>. <b>23</b> (4). George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 01-17: 1242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.267874">10.2139/ssrn.267874</a>. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=267874">267874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cardozo+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Unbearable+Rightness+of+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1242&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D267874%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.267874&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=Nelson+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D267874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson Lund in this 2002 article suggests that one type of ballot being referred to here could have "both a clean [machine readable] hole for one candidate and a dimpled or indented chad for another candidate[,]" which, according to Lund, were quite common. Lund cites the <i>Gore v. Harris</i> trial testimony of Judge Charles Burton (Palm Beach County elections official), who explained that for "one of the patterns that we saw quite frequently", a clear punch and a nearby dimple, the canvassing board "conclude[d] that the clear intent of the voter" was a vote for the candidate that "they actually punched out, ... a fully punched chad demonstrated that that was their intent."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Trial Transcript, <i>Gore v. Harris</i>, No. 00-2808 (Leon Cty. Jud. Cir. Dec. 2, 2000), at 262–264 (testimony of Judge Charles Burton) [transcript available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020118072636/http://election2000.stanford.edu/">https://web.archive.org/web/20020118072636/http://election2000.stanford.edu/</a>].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2001" class="citation journal cs1">Friedman, Richard D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1158&context=articles/">"Trying to Make Peace with Bush v. Gore (Symposium: Bush v. Gore Issue)"</a>. <i>Florida State University Law Review</i>. <b>29</b> (2): 825. <q>[T]here may have been some voters whose ballots were improperly counted because they punched two holes but the machine only read one, and those ballots would not be recounted. Well, perhaps, but there could not have been very many of these ballots, and to discover them would require reviewing every punch-card ballot in the state; neither candidate was complaining about these, and neither was asking for a full recount. The Florida Supreme Court should have been entitled to restrict the recount to categories of ballots that appeared most likely to present problems. (cite omitted)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+State+University+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Trying+to+Make+Peace+with+Bush+v.+Gore+%28Symposium%3A+Bush+v.+Gore+Issue%29&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=825&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1158%26context%3Darticles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-breyer-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-breyer_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-breyer_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-breyer_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZD1.html">"BUSH v. GORE"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BUSH+v.+GORE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F00-949.ZD1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-souter-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-souter_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-souter_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-souter_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-souter_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZD3.html">"BUSH v. GORE"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BUSH+v.+GORE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F00-949.ZD3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opinion-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-opinion_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZPC.html">"Bush v. Gore"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Legal_Information_Institute" title="Legal Information Institute">Legal Information Institute</a>. December 12, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bush+v.+Gore&rft.pub=Legal+Information+Institute&rft.date=2000-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F00-949.ZPC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rehn-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rehn_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rehn_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZC.html">"BUSH v. GORE"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BUSH+v.+GORE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F00-949.ZC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhouse2001" class="citation news cs1">Greenhouse, Linda (February 20, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/20/us/bush-v-gore-a-special-report-election-case-a-test-and-a-trauma-for-justices.html">"Bush v Gore: a special report"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. p. A1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240414025934/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/02/20/us/bush-v-gore-a-special-report-election-case-a-test-and-a-trauma-for-justices.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bush+v+Gore%3A+a+special+report&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=2001-02-20&rft.aulast=Greenhouse&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F02%2F20%2Fus%2Fbush-v-gore-a-special-report-election-case-a-test-and-a-trauma-for-justices.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Justices Breyer and Souter stated:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is true that the Equal Protection Clause does not forbid the use of a variety of voting mechanisms within a jurisdiction, even though different mechanisms will have different levels of effectiveness in recording voters' intentions; local variety can be justified by concerns about cost, the potential value of innovation, and so on. But evidence in the record here suggests that a different order of disparity obtains under rules for determining a voter's intent that have been applied (and could continue to be applied) to identical types of ballots used in identical brands of machines and exhibiting identical physical characteristics (such as "hanging" or "dimpled" chads).</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zpc-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zpc_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://straylight.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZPC.html">"Bush v. Gore, US Supreme Court Opinion"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bush+v.+Gore%2C+US+Supreme+Court+Opinion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstraylight.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F00-949.ZPC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span> Id. 5th paragraph in Part I.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGershman2016" class="citation web cs1">Gershman, Bennet L. (February 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/justice-scalias-faux-orig_b_9265726">"Justice Scalia's Faux Originalism"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220416065837/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/justice-scalias-faux-orig_b_9265726">Archived</a> from the original on April 16, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Justice+Scalia%27s+Faux+Originalism&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft.aulast=Gershman&rft.aufirst=Bennet+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fjustice-scalias-faux-orig_b_9265726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToobin2008" class="citation book cs1">Toobin, Jeffrey (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineinsidesecret0000toob_w8r7"><i>The nine : inside the secret world of the Supreme Court</i></a>. New York : Anchor Books. p. 184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-9679-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-9679-4"><bdi>978-1-4000-9679-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nine+%3A+inside+the+secret+world+of+the+Supreme+Court&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Anchor+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-9679-4&rft.aulast=Toobin&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnineinsidesecret0000toob_w8r7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stevens-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stevens_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZD.html">"BUSH v. GORE"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BUSH+v.+GORE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F00-949.ZD.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Post-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Post_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Post_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deadlockinsidest00wate"><i>Deadlock : the inside story of America's closest election</i></a>. Internet Archive. Waterville, Me. : G.K. Hall. 2001. pp. 230–234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7838-9515-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7838-9515-4"><bdi>978-0-7838-9515-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deadlock+%3A+the+inside+story+of+America%27s+closest+election&rft.pages=230-234&rft.pub=Waterville%2C+Me.+%3A+G.K.+Hall&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7838-9515-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeadlockinsidest00wate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVon_DrehleSlevinBalzGrimaldi2001" class="citation news cs1">Von Drehle, David; Slevin, Peter; Balz, Dan; Grimaldi, James V. (February 3, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/02/03/anxious-moments-in-the-final-stretch/b885749a-d869-4d3d-a44b-a01948e9180b/">"Anxious Moments In the Final Stretch"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518102119/https://www.washingtonpost.com/web/20170518102119/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/02/03/anxious-moments-in-the-final-stretch/b885749a-d869-4d3d-a44b-a01948e9180b/?utm_term=.08ea5e00e702">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Anxious+Moments+In+the+Final+Stretch&rft.date=2001-02-03&rft.aulast=Von+Drehle&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Slevin%2C+Peter&rft.au=Balz%2C+Dan&rft.au=Grimaldi%2C+James+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F2001%2F02%2F03%2Fanxious-moments-in-the-final-stretch%2Fb885749a-d869-4d3d-a44b-a01948e9180b%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Gore v. Harris</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/decisions/pre2004/ops/sc00-2431-remand.pdf">773 So. 2d 524</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625062307/http://www.floridasupremecourt.org/decisions/pre2004/ops/sc00-2431-remand.pdf">Archived</a> June 25, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (December 22, 2000). Only Florida Supreme Court Justice Leander Shaw, in a concurring opinion, disputed that December 12 was the deadline for recounts under state law. Justice Shaw had joined the dissenting opinion in <i>Gore v. Harris</i> before the ruling in <i>Bush v. Gore</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rehnquist-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rehnquist_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZC.html">"BUSH v. GORE concurrence"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BUSH+v.+GORE+concurrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F00-949.ZC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_56-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2006" class="citation web cs1">Cole, David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1417&context=facpub">"The Liberal Legacy of Bush v. Gore"</a>. Georgetown University Law Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308035830/https://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1417&context=facpub">Archived</a> from the original on March 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Liberal+Legacy+of+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Law+Center&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.georgetown.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1417%26context%3Dfacpub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sunstein-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sunstein_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sunstein_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunsteinEpstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Sunstein, Cass R.; Epstein, Richard A. (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/votebushgoresupr0000unse/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The Vote: Bush, Gore, and the Supreme Court</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 118–119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226213071" title="Special:BookSources/9780226213071"><bdi>9780226213071</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UMy-1YdP7jQC&pg=PA118">the original</a> on July 16, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vote%3A+Bush%2C+Gore%2C+and+the+Supreme+Court&rft.pages=118-119&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=9780226213071&rft.aulast=Sunstein&rft.aufirst=Cass+R.&rft.au=Epstein%2C+Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUMy-1YdP7jQC%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1989-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1989_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1989_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/23/us/bush-s-team-the-first-choices.html">"Bush's Team: The First Choices"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 23, 1989. p. A00020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611003459/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/23/us/bush-s-team-the-first-choices.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Bush%27s+Team%3A+The+First+Choices&rft.pages=A00020&rft.date=1989-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F01%2F23%2Fus%2Fbush-s-team-the-first-choices.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsonRosenfeld2002" class="citation book cs1">Jacobson, Arthur J.; Rosenfeld, Michel, eds. (2002). "The Unbearable Rightness of Bush v. Gore". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/longestnightpole0000unse/mode/2up"><i>The longest night : polemics and perspectives on election 2000</i></a>. Internet Archive. Berkeley: Berkeley : University of California Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92933-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92933-3"><bdi>978-0-520-92933-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Unbearable+Rightness+of+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.btitle=The+longest+night+%3A+polemics+and+perspectives+on+election+2000&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Berkeley+%3A+University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92933-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flongestnightpole0000unse%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berkowitz, Peter and Wittes, Benjamin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=555787">"The Lawfulness of the Election Decision: A Reply to Professor Tribe"</a>, <i>Villanova Law Review</i>, Vol. 49, No. 3, 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greene-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greene_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greene_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, Abner. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=651561">"Is There a First Amendment Defense for Bush v. Gore?"</a>, 80 <i>Notre Dame L. Rev.</i> 1643 (2005). Greene points to footnotes 21 and 22 in <i>Gore v. Harris</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/docs/florida2000/12-08_supreme_decision.pdf">772 S2d 1243</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616141238/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/docs/florida2000/12-08_supreme_decision.pdf">Archived</a> June 16, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (December 8, 2000), as evidence that the Florida Supreme Court thought all recounts had to be completed by December 12, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg, Louise. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.utexas.edu/law/faculty/lweinberg/bushvgore.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040917023928/http://www.utexas.edu/law/faculty/lweinberg/bushvgore.pdf">Archived</a> September 17, 2004, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in <i>When Courts Decide Elections: The Constitutionality of Bush v. Gore</i>, 82 Boston University Law Review 609 (2002), p. 33.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Bush v. Gore, on the contrary, the Court actively prevented the completion of a halted state recount, never having ruled on the merits either of the challenge or the election and never having adjudicated the validity of Bush's certification or Gore's request for a recount. Instead, the Court selected the next President of the United States in the absence of a completed election—the ultimate political act. A meaningful remand in Bush v. Gore, or completing the election under the Court's own supervision, would have preserved the Constitution from this assault.</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rightness-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rightness_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rightness_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLund2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lund, Nelson (April 26, 2001). "The Unbearable Rightness of <i>Bush v. Gore</i>". <i>Cardozo Law Review</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 1221. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=267874">267874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cardozo+Law+Review&rft.atitle=The+Unbearable+Rightness+of+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1221&rft.date=2001-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D267874%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto7-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto7_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLund" class="citation web cs1">Lund, Nelson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240914043850/https://www.law.gmu.edu/assets/files/publications/working_papers/1061VeryStreamlinedIntroduction.pdf">"A Very Streamlined Introduction to Bush v. Gore"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>George Mason University School of Law</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.gmu.edu/assets/files/publications/working_papers/1061VeryStreamlinedIntroduction.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 14, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Mason+University+School+of+Law&rft.atitle=A+Very+Streamlined+Introduction+to+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.gmu.edu%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Fpublications%2Fworking_papers%2F1061VeryStreamlinedIntroduction.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbramowiczStearns2001" class="citation web cs1">Abramowicz, Michael; Stearns, Maxwell L (October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1885&context=vlr">"Beyond Counting Votes: The Political Economy of Bush v. Gore"</a>. <i>Vanderbilt Law Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240603143720/https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1885&context=vlr">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vanderbilt+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Beyond+Counting+Votes%3A+The+Political+Economy+of+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.date=2001-10&rft.aulast=Abramowicz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Stearns%2C+Maxwell+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1885%26context%3Dvlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTribe2002" class="citation journal cs1">Tribe, Laurence H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/169401/19_03_Lost_At_The_Equal_Protection_Carnival_Tribe.pdf">"Lost at the Equal Protection Carnival: Nelson Lund's Carnival of Mirrors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Commentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Commentary">Constitutional Commentary</a></i>. <b>19</b>: 619. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299%2F169401">11299/169401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constitutional+Commentary&rft.atitle=Lost+at+the+Equal+Protection+Carnival%3A+Nelson+Lund%27s+Carnival+of+Mirrors&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=619&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11299%2F169401&rft.aulast=Tribe&rft.aufirst=Laurence+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconservancy.umn.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F11299%2F169401%2F19_03_Lost_At_The_Equal_Protection_Carnival_Tribe.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-re1-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-re1_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFliter" class="citation web cs1">Fliter, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060516084009/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/Schwartz204.htm">"Review of The Rehnquist Court: Judicial Activism on the Right"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/Schwartz204.htm">the original</a> on May 16, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+The+Rehnquist+Court%3A+Judicial+Activism+on+the+Right&rft.aulast=Fliter&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsos.umd.edu%2Fgvpt%2Flpbr%2Fsubpages%2Freviews%2FSchwartz204.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zelden-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zelden_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zelden_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZelden2008" class="citation book cs1">Zelden, Charles L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bushvgoreexposin00zeld"><i>Bush v. Gore: exposing the hidden crisis in American democracy</i></a>. Lawrence, Kan: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1593-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1593-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-1593-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/223369982">223369982</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/223369982">the original</a> on May 9, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bush+v.+Gore%3A+exposing+the+hidden+crisis+in+American+democracy&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kan&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F223369982&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1593-3&rft.aulast=Zelden&rft.aufirst=Charles+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F223369982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zpc6-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-zpc6_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://straylight.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZPC.html">"Bush v. Gore, US Supreme Court Opinion"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bush+v.+Gore%2C+US+Supreme+Court+Opinion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstraylight.law.cornell.edu%2Fsupct%2Fhtml%2F00-949.ZPC.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span> (6th paragraph from end of Part II-B).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rightness2-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rightness2_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLund" class="citation news cs1">Lund, Nelson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051017135805/http://www.cardozo.yu.edu/cardlrev/pdf/234lund.pdf">"The Unbearable Rightness of <i>Bush v. Gore</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cardozo.yu.edu/cardlrev/pdf/234lund.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 17, 2005. <q>... it's important to remember that overly broad holdings can be worse than those that are too narrow. Broad holdings may effectively decide future cases that are factually dissimilar in ways that should be legally distinguished.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Unbearable+Rightness+of+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cardozo.yu.edu%2Fcardlrev%2Fpdf%2F234lund.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ucla-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ucla_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpillenger" class="citation news cs1">Spillenger, Clyde. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201062742/http://www.today.ucla.edu/portal/ut/010117recount.aspx">"Supreme court fails to argue recount ruling"</a>. UCLA Today. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.today.ucla.edu/portal/ut/010117recount.aspx">the original</a> on December 1, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2006</span>. <q>This observation is the very antithesis of the rule of law.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Supreme+court+fails+to+argue+recount+ruling&rft.aulast=Spillenger&rft.aufirst=Clyde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.today.ucla.edu%2Fportal%2Fut%2F010117recount.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Lemons v. Bradbury</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=3340671940933055222">538 F.3d 1098</a> (<a href="/wiki/9th_Cir." class="mw-redirect" title="9th Cir.">9th Cir.</a> 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Stewart v. Blackwell</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=440787935669175226">444 F.3d 843</a> (<a href="/wiki/6th_Cir." class="mw-redirect" title="6th Cir.">6th Cir.</a> 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Bennett v. Mollis</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=9040230289595584296">590 F. Supp. 2d 273</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Rhode_Island" title="United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island">D.R.I.</a> 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>State ex rel. Skaggs v. Brunner</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=7299850824939928261">588 F. Supp. 2d 828</a> (<a href="/wiki/S.D._Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="S.D. Ohio">S.D. Ohio</a> 2008).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>ACLU v. Santillanes</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=8248505933435505568">506 F. Supp. 2d 598</a> (<a href="/wiki/D.N.M." class="mw-redirect" title="D.N.M.">D.N.M.</a> 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanderganGerstein2020" class="citation web cs1">Landergan, Katherine; Gerstein, Josh (November 4, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/news/2020/11/04/gop-pennsylvania-blocking-ballots-lawsuit-434045">"GOP effort to block 'cured' Pennsylvania ballots gets chilly reception from judge"</a>. <i>POLITICO</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240701174301/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/11/04/gop-pennsylvania-blocking-ballots-lawsuit-434045">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO&rft.atitle=GOP+effort+to+block+%27cured%27+Pennsylvania+ballots+gets+chilly+reception+from+judge&rft.date=2020-11-04&rft.aulast=Landergan&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft.au=Gerstein%2C+Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F11%2F04%2Fgop-pennsylvania-blocking-ballots-lawsuit-434045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToobin2012" class="citation book cs1">Toobin, Jeffrey (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oathobamawhiteho0000toob"><i>The Oath: The Obama White House and the Supreme Court</i></a>. Doubleday. p. 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oath%3A+The+Obama+White+House+and+the+Supreme+Court&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Toobin&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foathobamawhiteho0000toob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dersh-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dersh_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dersh_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDershowitz2001" class="citation book cs1">Dershowitz, Alan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremeinjustice00alan_0/page/174"><i>Supreme Injustice: How the High Court Hijacked Election 2000</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 174, 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+Injustice%3A+How+the+High+Court+Hijacked+Election+2000&rft.pages=174%2C+198&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Dershowitz&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupremeinjustice00alan_0%2Fpage%2F174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRotunda2003" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Rotunda" title="Ronald Rotunda">Rotunda, Ronald</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/70915/OSLJ_V64N1_0283.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Yet Another Article on Bush v. Gore"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ohio State Law Journal</i>. <b>64</b>: 283.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+State+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Yet+Another+Article+on+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=283&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Rotunda&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkb.osu.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1811%2F70915%2FOSLJ_V64N1_0283.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neumann-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Neumann_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumann2003" class="citation journal cs1">Neumann, Richard K. Jr. (Spring 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229163443/https://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1117&context=faculty_scholarship">"Conflicts of interest in Bush v. Gore: Did some justices vote illegally?"</a>. <i>Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics</i>. <b>16</b>: 375. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1117&context=faculty_scholarship">the original</a> on February 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgetown+Journal+of+Legal+Ethics&rft.atitle=Conflicts+of+interest+in+Bush+v.+Gore%3A+Did+some+justices+vote+illegally%3F&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=375&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=Richard+K.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarlycommons.law.hofstra.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1117%26context%3Dfaculty_scholarship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster2006" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Steven (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1c6qBgAAQBAJ"><i>The Judiciary, Civil Liberties and Human Rights</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-2262-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-2262-4"><bdi>0-7486-2262-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Judiciary%2C+Civil+Liberties+and+Human+Rights&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7486-2262-4&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1c6qBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLund2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lund, Nelson (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211003211205/http://www.floridalawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lund_BOOK.pdf">"Bush v. Gore at the Dawning of the Age of Obama"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Florida Law Review</i>. <b>61</b>: 1001–1010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floridalawreview.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/Lund_BOOK.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Bush+v.+Gore+at+the+Dawning+of+the+Age+of+Obama&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=1001-1010&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=Nelson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.floridalawreview.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F01%2FLund_BOOK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFessendenBroder2001" class="citation news cs1">Fessenden, Ford; Broder, John M. (November 12, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/12/us/examining-vote-overview-study-disputed-florida-ballots-finds-justices-did-not.html">"Examining the Vote: the Overview"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240411233255/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/12/us/examining-vote-overview-study-disputed-florida-ballots-finds-justices-did-not.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Examining+the+Vote%3A+the+Overview&rft.date=2001-11-12&rft.aulast=Fessenden&rft.aufirst=Ford&rft.au=Broder%2C+John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2001%2F11%2F12%2Fus%2Fexamining-vote-overview-study-disputed-florida-ballots-finds-justices-did-not.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngelhardtMcCabeStapleton2001" class="citation news cs1">Engelhardt, Joel; McCabe, Scott; Stapleton, Christine (January 27, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/133548766/">"Disputed Palm Beach ballots held potential gains for Gore"</a>. <i>Palm Beach Post</i>. West Palm Beach, Florida, United States. p. 1A.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palm+Beach+Post&rft.atitle=Disputed+Palm+Beach+ballots+held+potential+gains+for+Gore&rft.pages=1A&rft.date=2001-01-27&rft.aulast=Engelhardt&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.au=McCabe%2C+Scott&rft.au=Stapleton%2C+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F133548766%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost.com-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeatingBalz2001" class="citation news cs1">Keating, Dan; Balz, Dan (November 12, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201114213405/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/11/12/florida-recounts-would-have-favored-bush/964f109e-c871-4050-af25-f7978cc25dfa/">"Florida Recounts Would Have Favored Bush"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/2001/11/12/florida-recounts-would-have-favored-bush/964f109e-c871-4050-af25-f7978cc25dfa/">the original</a> on November 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Florida+Recounts+Would+Have+Favored+Bush&rft.date=2001-11-12&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Balz%2C+Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F2001%2F11%2F12%2Fflorida-recounts-would-have-favored-bush%2F964f109e-c871-4050-af25-f7978cc25dfa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fessenden, Ford. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/11/12/politics/recount/12NUMB.html">"Ballots Cast by Blacks and Older Voters Were Tossed in Far Greater Numbers"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (November 12, 2001).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto5_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauthammer2012" class="citation web cs1">Krauthammer, Charles (July 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/ct-xpm-2012-07-02-ct-oped-0702-krauthammer-20120702-17-story.html">"Why Roberts did it"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703052113/https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/ct-xpm-2012-07-02-ct-oped-0702-krauthammer-20120702-17-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 1,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Why+Roberts+did+it&rft.date=2012-07-02&rft.aulast=Krauthammer&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fopinion%2Fct-xpm-2012-07-02-ct-oped-0702-krauthammer-20120702-17-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto4_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalkin2001" class="citation journal cs1">Balkin, Jack M. (June 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/797581">"Bush v. Gore and the Boundary Between Law and Politics"</a>. <i>Yale Law Journal</i>. <b>110</b> (8): 1407–1458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F797581">10.2307/797581</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/797581">797581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Bush+v.+Gore+and+the+Boundary+Between+Law+and+Politics&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1407-1458&rft.date=2001-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F797581&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F797581%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Balkin&rft.aufirst=Jack+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F797581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto6_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasen2010" class="citation web cs1">Hasen, Richard L (December 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theweek.com/articles/488658/legacy-bush-v-gore">"The legacy of Bush v. Gore"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Week" title="The Week">The Week</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724133818/https://theweek.com/articles/488658/legacy-bush-v-gore">Archived</a> from the original on July 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week&rft.atitle=The+legacy+of+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.date=2010-12-09&rft.aulast=Hasen&rft.aufirst=Richard+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheweek.com%2Farticles%2F488658%2Flegacy-bush-v-gore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Hasen, Richard L. (December 3, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115174718/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2010/12/the-real-legacy-of-bush-v-gore.html">"The real legacy of Bush v. Gore"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2010/12/the-real-legacy-of-bush-v-gore.html">the original</a> on January 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+real+legacy+of+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.date=2010-12-03&rft.aulast=Hasen&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fnews-and-politics%2F2010%2F12%2Fthe-real-legacy-of-bush-v-gore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-how_bad-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-how_bad_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-how_bad_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElspeth2010" class="citation web cs1">Elspeth, Reeve (November 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/11/just-how-bad-was-bush-v-gore/343247/">"Just How Bad Was Bush v. Gore?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190613225116/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/11/just-how-bad-was-bush-v-gore/343247/">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Just+How+Bad+Was+Bush+v.+Gore%3F&rft.date=2010-11-29&rft.aulast=Elspeth&rft.aufirst=Reeve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2010%2F11%2Fjust-how-bad-was-bush-v-gore%2F343247%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scotus-stay1-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scotus-stay1_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scotus-stay1_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114002000/http://election2000.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/00-949x.pdf">"Bush v. Gore, On Application for Stay"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://election2000.law.stanford.edu/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/00-949x.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bush+v.+Gore%2C+On+Application+for+Stay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felection2000.law.stanford.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F09%2F00-949x.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bandits-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bandits_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bandits_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaskin2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Raskin, Jamin (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061019125616/http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2001/0103.raskin.html">"Bandits in Black Robes"</a>. <i>Washington Monthly</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/features/2001/0103.raskin.html">the original</a> on October 19, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2006</span>. <q>But in <i>Bush v. Gore</i>, the Rehnquist majority did not even ask, much less explain, how Bush was personally injured by the hypothetical possibility that anonymous third-party citizens might have their ballots counted differently in Florida's presidential election.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Monthly&rft.atitle=Bandits+in+Black+Robes&rft.date=2001-03&rft.aulast=Raskin&rft.aufirst=Jamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonmonthly.com%2Ffeatures%2F2001%2F0103.raskin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fried, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S3EM-hS9WB4C&pg=PA3&dq=%22Unreasonable+Reaction+to+a+Reasonable+Decision%22+fried">"An Unreasonable Reaction to a Reasonable Decision"</a> in <i>Bush V. Gore: The Question of Legitimacy</i>, page 12 (Yale University Press, Bruce Ackerman ed. 2002): "The outrage against the stay by 673 law professors is, to say the least, overwrought. If the decision on the merits was justified, the stay becomes irrelevant. Yes, it did shut down the counting three and a half days earlier, but by hypothesis that counting was being done in an unconstitutional way."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTribe2003" class="citation journal cs1">Tribe, Laurence H. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssrn.com/abstract=431080">"The Unbearable Wrongness of Bush v. Gore"</a>. <i>SSRN Electronic Journal</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2139%2Fssrn.431080">10.2139/ssrn.431080</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11299%2F169404">11299/169404</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1556-5068">1556-5068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SSRN+Electronic+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Unbearable+Wrongness+of+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11299%2F169404&rft.issn=1556-5068&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2139%2Fssrn.431080&rft.aulast=Tribe&rft.aufirst=Laurence+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssrn.com%2Fabstract%3D431080&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2001" class="citation web cs1">Stone, Geoffrey R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fathom.lib.uchicago.edu/1/777777122240/">"Equal Protection? The Supreme Court's Decision in Bush v. Gore"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equal+Protection%3F+The+Supreme+Court%27s+Decision+in+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffathom.lib.uchicago.edu%2F1%2F777777122240%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The dissent by Justice Stevens in Bush v. Gore stated, "What must underlie petitioners' entire federal assault on the Florida election procedures is an unstated lack of confidence in the impartiality and capacity of the state judges who would make the critical decisions if the vote count were to proceed. Otherwise, their position is wholly without merit. The endorsement of that position by the majority of this Court can only lend credence to the most cynical appraisal of the work of judges throughout the land. It is confidence in the men and women who administer the judicial system that is the true backbone of the rule of law. Time will one day heal the wound to that confidence that will be inflicted by today's decision. One thing, however, is certain. Although we may never know with complete certainty the identity of the winner of this year's Presidential election, the identity of the loser is perfectly clear. It is the Nation's confidence in the judge as an impartial guardian of the rule of law."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribune-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tribune_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlanton2013" class="citation news cs1">Glanton, Dahleen (April 27, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130504091947/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/ct-met-sandra-day-oconnor-edit-board-20130427,0,1201477.story">"O'Connor questions court's decision to take Bush v. Gore"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/ct-met-sandra-day-oconnor-edit-board-20130427,0,1201477.story">the original</a> on May 4, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=O%27Connor+questions+court%27s+decision+to+take+Bush+v.+Gore&rft.date=2013-04-27&rft.aulast=Glanton&rft.aufirst=Dahleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fct-met-sandra-day-oconnor-edit-board-20130427%2C0%2C1201477.story&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bush_v._Gore&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Works related to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bush_v._Gore" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bush v. Gore"><i>Bush v. Gore</i></a> at Wikisource</li> <li>Text of <i>Bush v. Gore</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_531" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 531">531</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 98 (2000) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/00-949.ZPC.html">Cornell</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=2298973060085224552">Google Scholar</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/531/98/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep531/usrep531098/usrep531098.pdf">Library of Congress</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2000/00-949">Oyez (oral argument audio)</a> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retroreport.org/video/after-bush-v-gore/">After <i>Bush v. Gore</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Retro_Report" title="Retro Report">Retro Report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124154506/http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/election/electiontime.htm">Tony Sutin: Presidential Election Law</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=555787">Peter Berkowitz & Benjamin Wittes: "The Lawfulness of the Election Decision"</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBugliosi2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bugliosi" title="Vincent Bugliosi">Bugliosi, Vincent</a> (January 18, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/article/none-dare-call-it-treason">"None Dare Call It Treason"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=None+Dare+Call+It+Treason&rft.date=2001-01-18&rft.aulast=Bugliosi&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fnone-dare-call-it-treason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABush+v.+Gore" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Cohen_(journalist)" title="Adam Cohen (journalist)">Adam Cohen</a>: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/15/opinion/15tues4.html">Has <i>Bush v. Gore</i> Become the Case That Must Not Be Named?</a>", Editorial Observer, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, August 15, 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/2000/00-949">Text and audio of U.S. Supreme Court oral arguments – <i>Bush v. Gore</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220031502/http://www.insidebushvgore.com/">Video highlight of Florida Supreme Court Chief Justice Wells opening <i>Gore v. Harris</i> argument on November 20, 2000</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130423044224/http://www.insidebushvgore.com/Media.html">Video highlights of November 20, 2000, and December 7, 2000, oral arguments in <i>Gore v. Harris</i> in front of Florida Supreme Court</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Supreme_Court_election-related_cases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USElectionCourt" title="Template:USElectionCourt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USElectionCourt" title="Template talk:USElectionCourt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USElectionCourt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USElectionCourt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Supreme_Court_election-related_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> election-related cases</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Presidential_election_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">Presidential election</a> cases</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/McPherson_v._Blacker" title="McPherson v. Blacker">McPherson v. Blacker</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_v._United_States" title="Burroughs v. United States">Burroughs v. United States</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ray_v._Blair" title="Ray v. Blair">Ray v. Blair</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anderson_v._Celebrezze" title="Anderson v. Celebrezze">Anderson v. Celebrezze</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Palm_Beach_County_Canvassing_Board" title="Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board">Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush v. Gore</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiafalo_v._Washington" title="Chiafalo v. Washington">Chiafalo v. Washington</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Voting_rights_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting rights</a> cases</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Mississippi" title="Williams v. Mississippi">Williams v. Mississippi</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giles_v._Harris" title="Giles v. Harris">Giles v. Harris</a></i> (1903)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guinn_v._United_States" title="Guinn v. United States">Guinn v. United States</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_v._Mitchell" title="Oregon v. Mitchell">Oregon v. Mitchell</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purcell_principle" title="Purcell principle">Purcell v. Gonzalez</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crawford_v._Marion_County_Election_Board" title="Crawford v. Marion County Election Board">Crawford v. Marion County Election Board</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County_v._Holder" title="Shelby County v. Holder">Shelby County v. Holder</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Husted_v._Randolph_Institute" title="Husted v. Randolph Institute">Husted v. Randolph Institute</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brnovich_v._Democratic_National_Committee" title="Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee">Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Electoral_fraud_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">Electoral fraud</a> cases</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taylor_v._Beckham" title="Taylor v. Beckham">Taylor v. Beckham</a></i> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_cases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other cases</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newberry_v._United_States" title="Newberry v. United States">Newberry v. United States</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Condon" title="Nixon v. Condon">Nixon v. Condon</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Classic" title="United States v. Classic">United States v. Classic</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Rhodes" title="Williams v. Rhodes">Williams v. Rhodes</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Munro_v._Socialist_Workers_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Munro v. Socialist Workers Party (page does not exist)">Munro v. Socialist Workers Party</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rucho_v._Common_Cause" title="Rucho v. Common Cause">Rucho v. Common Cause</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Fourteenth_Amendment_case_law" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US14thAmendment" title="Template:US14thAmendment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US14thAmendment" title="Template talk:US14thAmendment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US14thAmendment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US14thAmendment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_Fourteenth_Amendment_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">United States Fourteenth Amendment</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Citizenship_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_Clause" title="Citizenship Clause">Citizenship Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Slaughter-House_Cases" title="Slaughter-House Cases">Slaughter-House Cases</a></i> (1873)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minor_v._Happersett" title="Minor v. Happersett">Minor v. Happersett</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elk_v._Wilkins" title="Elk v. Wilkins">Elk v. Wilkins</a></i> (1884)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wong_Kim_Ark" title="United States v. Wong Kim Ark">United States v. Wong Kim Ark</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_v._Hare" title="Mackenzie v. Hare">Mackenzie v. Hare</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perez_v._Brownell" title="Perez v. Brownell">Perez v. Brownell</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afroyim_v._Rusk" title="Afroyim v. Rusk">Afroyim v. Rusk</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Bellei" title="Rogers v. Bellei">Rogers v. Bellei</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saenz_v._Roe" title="Saenz v. Roe">Saenz v. Roe</a></i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Due_Process_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lochner_era" title="Lochner era">Economic substantive<br />due process</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mugler_v._Kansas" title="Mugler v. Kansas">Mugler v. Kansas</a></i> (1887)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allgeyer_v._Louisiana" title="Allgeyer v. Louisiana">Allgeyer v. Louisiana</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holden_v._Hardy" title="Holden v. Hardy">Holden v. Hardy</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lochner_v._New_York" title="Lochner v. New York">Lochner v. New York</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muller_v._Oregon" title="Muller v. Oregon">Muller v. Oregon</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coppage_v._Kansas" title="Coppage v. Kansas">Coppage v. Kansas</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adams_v._Tanner" title="Adams v. Tanner">Adams v. Tanner</a></i> (1917)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Gorman_%26_Young,_Inc._v._Hartford_Fire_Insurance_Co." title="O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.">O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Hotel_Co._v._Parrish" title="West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish">West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish</a></i> (1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Privacy_laws_of_the_United_States" title="Privacy laws of the United States">Right to privacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Meyer_v._Nebraska" title="Meyer v. Nebraska">Meyer v. Nebraska</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pierce_v._Society_of_Sisters" title="Pierce v. Society of Sisters">Pierce v. Society of Sisters</a></i> (1925)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Griswold_v._Connecticut" title="Griswold v. Connecticut">Griswold v. Connecticut</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Bolton" title="Doe v. Bolton">Doe v. Bolton</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webster_v._Reproductive_Health_Services" title="Webster v. Reproductive Health Services">Webster v. Reproductive Health Services</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_v._Texas" title="Lawrence v. Texas">Lawrence v. Texas</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt" title="Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt">Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion jurisprudence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Vuitch" title="United States v. Vuitch">United States v. Vuitch</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roe_v._Wade" title="Roe v. Wade">Roe v. Wade</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doe_v._Bolton" title="Doe v. Bolton">Doe v. Bolton</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_of_Central_Missouri_v._Danforth" title="Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth">Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellotti_v._Baird_(1976)" title="Bellotti v. Baird (1976)">Bellotti v. Baird I</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colautti_v._Franklin" title="Colautti v. Franklin">Colautti v. Franklin</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bellotti_v._Baird_(1979)" title="Bellotti v. Baird (1979)">Bellotti v. Baird II</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H._L._v._Matheson" title="H. L. v. Matheson">H. L. v. Matheson</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Akron_v._Akron_Center_for_Reproductive_Health" title="City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health">City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thornburgh_v._American_College_of_Obstetricians_%26_Gynecologists" title="Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists">Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webster_v._Reproductive_Health_Services" title="Webster v. Reproductive Health Services">Webster v. Reproductive Health Services</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hodgson_v._Minnesota" title="Hodgson v. Minnesota">Hodgson v. Minnesota</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohio_v._Akron_Center_for_Reproductive_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health (page does not exist)">Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Planned_Parenthood_v._Casey" title="Planned Parenthood v. Casey">Planned Parenthood v. Casey</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leavitt_v._Jane_L.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leavitt v. Jane L. (page does not exist)">Leavitt v. Jane L.</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambert_v._Wicklund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambert v. Wicklund (page does not exist)">Lambert v. Wicklund</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mazurek_v._Armstrong" title="Mazurek v. Armstrong">Mazurek v. Armstrong</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stenberg_v._Carhart" title="Stenberg v. Carhart">Stenberg v. Carhart</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayotte_v._Planned_Parenthood_of_Northern_New_England" title="Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England">Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzales_v._Carhart" title="Gonzales v. Carhart">Gonzales v. Carhart</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Whole_Woman%27s_Health_v._Hellerstedt" title="Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt">Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Azar_v._Garza" title="Azar v. Garza">Azar v. Garza</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Box_v._Planned_Parenthood_of_Indiana_and_Kentucky,_Inc." title="Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.">Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/June_Medical_Services,_LLC_v._Russo" title="June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo">June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Litigation under<br /><a href="/wiki/Revised_Statutes_of_the_United_States" title="Revised Statutes of the United States">R.S. </a><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act_of_1871" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Enforcement Act of 1871">§ 1979 (42 U.S.C. 1983)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Monroe_v._Pape" title="Monroe v. Pape">Monroe v. Pape</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i>McNeese v. Board of Education</i> (1963)</li> <li><i>Pierson v. Ray</i> (1967)</li> <li><i>Jenkins v. McKeithen</i> (1969)</li> <li><i>Scheuer v. Rhodes</i> (1974)</li> <li><i>Wood v. Strickland</i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O%27Connor_v._Donaldson" title="O'Connor v. Donaldson">O'Connor v. Donaldson</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paul_v._Davis" title="Paul v. Davis">Paul v. Davis</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imbler_v._Pachtman" title="Imbler v. Pachtman">Imbler v. Pachtman</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monell_v._Department_of_Social_Services_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York">Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i>Procunier v. Navarette</i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Owen_v._City_of_Independence" title="Owen v. City of Independence">Owen v. City of Independence</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harlow_v._Fitzgerald" title="Harlow v. Fitzgerald">Harlow v. Fitzgerald</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Felder_v._Casey" title="Felder v. Casey">Felder v. Casey</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Will_v._Michigan_Department_of_State_Police" title="Will v. Michigan Department of State Police">Will v. Michigan Department of State Police</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gonzaga_University_v._Doe" title="Gonzaga University v. Doe">Gonzaga University v. Doe</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County_v._Paiute-Shoshone_Indians_of_the_Bishop_Community" title="Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community">Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Rancho_Palos_Verdes_v._Abrams" title="City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams">City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fitzgerald_v._Barnstable_School_Committee" title="Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee">Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ashcroft_v._Iqbal" title="Ashcroft v. Iqbal">Ashcroft v. Iqbal</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_v._Humphries" title="Los Angeles County v. Humphries">Los Angeles County v. Humphries</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Connick_v._Thompson" title="Connick v. Thompson">Connick v. Thompson</a></i> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacobson_v._Massachusetts" title="Jacobson v. Massachusetts">Jacobson v. Massachusetts</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zucht_v._King" title="Zucht v. King">Zucht v. King</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powell_v._Alabama" title="Powell v. Alabama">Powell v. Alabama</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mullane_v._Central_Hanover_Bank_%26_Trust_Co." title="Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.">Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Alabama" title="NAACP v. Alabama">NAACP v. Alabama</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoyt_v._Florida" title="Hoyt v. Florida">Hoyt v. Florida</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyler_v._Boles" title="Oyler v. Boles">Oyler v. Boles</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epperson_v._Arkansas" title="Epperson v. Arkansas">Epperson v. Arkansas</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Winship" title="In re Winship">In re Winship</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Board_of_Education_v._LaFleur" title="Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur">Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arnett_v._Kennedy" title="Arnett v. Kennedy">Arnett v. Kennedy</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taylor_v._Louisiana" title="Taylor v. Louisiana">Taylor v. Louisiana</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goss_v._Lopez" title="Goss v. Lopez">Goss v. Lopez</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathews_v._Eldridge" title="Mathews v. Eldridge">Mathews v. Eldridge</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moore_v._City_of_East_Cleveland" title="Moore v. City of East Cleveland">Moore v. City of East Cleveland</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Duren_v._Missouri" title="Duren v. Missouri">Duren v. Missouri</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parham_v._J.R." title="Parham v. J.R.">Parham v. J.R.</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parratt_v._Taylor" title="Parratt v. Taylor">Parratt v. Taylor</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Logan_v._Zimmerman_Brush_Co." title="Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.">Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kolender_v._Lawson" title="Kolender v. Lawson">Kolender v. Lawson</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudson_v._Palmer" title="Hudson v. Palmer">Hudson v. Palmer</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Board_of_Education_v._Loudermill" title="Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill">Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Aguillard" title="Edwards v. Aguillard">Edwards v. Aguillard</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turner_v._Safley" title="Turner v. Safley">Turner v. Safley</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DeShaney_v._Winnebago_County" title="DeShaney v. Winnebago County">DeShaney v. Winnebago County</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_H._v._Gerald_D." title="Michael H. v. Gerald D.">Michael H. v. Gerald D.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruzan_v._Director,_Missouri_Department_of_Health" title="Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health">Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_v._Glucksberg" title="Washington v. Glucksberg">Washington v. Glucksberg</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Troxel_v._Granville" title="Troxel v. Granville">Troxel v. Granville</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caperton_v._A.T._Massey_Coal_Co." title="Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.">Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Pennsylvania" title="Williams v. Pennsylvania">Williams v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Equal_Protection_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Race</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pace_v._Alabama" title="Pace v. Alabama">Pace v. Alabama</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yick_Wo_v._Hopkins" title="Yick Wo v. Hopkins">Yick Wo v. Hopkins</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cumming_v._Richmond_County_Board_of_Education" title="Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education">Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lum_v._Rice" title="Lum v. Rice">Lum v. Rice</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Smith_v._Texas_(1940)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smith v. Texas (1940) (page does not exist)">Smith v. Texas</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hirabayashi_v._United_States" title="Hirabayashi v. United States">Hirabayashi v. United States</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Korematsu_v._United_States" title="Korematsu v. United States">Korematsu v. United States</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sipuel_v._Board_of_Regents_of_the_University_of_Oklahoma" title="Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma">Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelley_v._Kraemer" title="Shelley v. Kraemer">Shelley v. Kraemer</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perez_v._Sharp" title="Perez v. Sharp">Perez v. Sharp</a></i> (Cal. 1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> (1954) <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucy_v._Adams" title="Lucy v. Adams">Lucy v. Adams</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i> (M.D. Ala. 1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anderson_v._Martin" title="Anderson v. Martin">Anderson v. Martin</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Griffin_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaughlin_v._Florida" title="McLaughlin v. Florida">McLaughlin v. Florida</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reitman_v._Mulkey" title="Reitman v. Mulkey">Reitman v. Mulkey</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lee_v._Washington" title="Lee v. Washington">Lee v. Washington</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunter_v._Erickson" title="Hunter v. Erickson">Hunter v. Erickson</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadnott_v._Amos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadnott v. Amos (page does not exist)">Hadnott v. Amos</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Montgomery_County_Board_of_Education" title="United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education">United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_v._Holmes_County_Board_of_Education" title="Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education">Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swann_v._Charlotte-Mecklenburg_Board_of_Education" title="Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education">Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDaniel_v._Barresi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McDaniel v. Barresi (page does not exist)">McDaniel v. Barresi</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palmer_v._Thompson" title="Palmer v. Thompson">Palmer v. Thompson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coit_v._Green" title="Coit v. Green">Coit v. Green</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guey_Heung_Lee_v._Johnson" title="Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson">Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jefferson_v._Hackney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jefferson v. Hackney (page does not exist)">Jefferson v. Hackney</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keyes_v._School_District_No._1,_Denver" title="Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver">Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norwood_v._Harrison" title="Norwood v. Harrison">Norwood v. Harrison</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milliken_v._Bradley" title="Milliken v. Bradley">Milliken v. Bradley</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Village_of_Arlington_Heights_v._Metropolitan_Housing_Development_Corp." title="Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.">Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dayton_Bd._of_Ed._v._Brinkman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman (page does not exist)">Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Regents_of_the_University_of_California_v._Bakke" title="Regents of the University of California v. Bakke">Regents of the University of California v. Bakke</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_v._Seattle_School_Dist._No._1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1 (page does not exist)">Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crawford_v._Los_Angeles_Board_of_Education&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education (page does not exist)">Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palmore_v._Sidoti" title="Palmore v. Sidoti">Palmore v. Sidoti</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hunter_v._Underwood" title="Hunter v. Underwood">Hunter v. Underwood</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wygant_v._Jackson_Board_of_Education" title="Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education">Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Richmond_v._J.A._Croson_Co." title="City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.">City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Education_of_Oklahoma_City_v._Dowell" title="Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell">Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Freeman_v._Pitts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Freeman v. Pitts (page does not exist)">Freeman v. Pitts</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Fordice" title="United States v. Fordice">United States v. Fordice</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northeastern_Fla._Chapter,_Associated_Gen._Contractors_of_America_v._Jacksonville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville (page does not exist)">Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of America v. Jacksonville</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Missouri_v._Jenkins" title="Missouri v. Jenkins">Missouri v. Jenkins</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Texas_v._Lesage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Texas v. Lesage (page does not exist)">Texas v. Lesage</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gratz_v._Bollinger" title="Gratz v. Bollinger">Gratz v. Bollinger</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grutter_v._Bollinger" title="Grutter v. Bollinger">Grutter v. Bollinger</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Johnson_v._California_(2005)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johnson v. California (2005) (page does not exist)">Johnson v. California</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parents_Involved_in_Community_Schools_v._Seattle_School_District_No._1" title="Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1">Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._University_of_Texas_(2013)" title="Fisher v. University of Texas (2013)">Fisher v. University of Texas I</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schuette_v._Coalition_to_Defend_Affirmative_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action">Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fisher_v._University_of_Texas_(2016)" title="Fisher v. University of Texas (2016)">Fisher v. University of Texas II</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Students_for_Fair_Admissions_v._President_and_Fellows_of_Harvard_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College">Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sex</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Breedlove_v._Suttles" title="Breedlove v. Suttles">Breedlove v. Suttles</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goesaert_v._Cleary" title="Goesaert v. Cleary">Goesaert v. Cleary</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reed_v._Reed" title="Reed v. Reed">Reed v. Reed</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moritz_v._Commissioner" title="Moritz v. Commissioner">Moritz v. Commissioner</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kahn_v._Shevin" title="Kahn v. Shevin">Kahn v. Shevin</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geduldig_v._Aiello" title="Geduldig v. Aiello">Geduldig v. Aiello</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanton_v._Stanton" title="Stanton v. Stanton">Stanton v. Stanton</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edwards_v._Healy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwards v. Healy">Edwards v. Healy</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Craig_v._Boren" title="Craig v. Boren">Craig v. Boren</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orr_v._Orr" title="Orr v. Orr">Orr v. Orr</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parham_v._Hughes" title="Parham v. Hughes">Parham v. Hughes</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caban_v._Mohammed" title="Caban v. Mohammed">Caban v. Mohammed</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Personnel_Administrator_of_Massachusetts_v._Feeney" title="Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney">Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wengler_v._Druggists_Mut._Ins._Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co. (page does not exist)">Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kirchberg_v._Feenstra" title="Kirchberg v. Feenstra">Kirchberg v. Feenstra</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_M._v._Superior_Court_of_Sonoma_County" title="Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County">Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_University_for_Women_v._Hogan" title="Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan">Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lehr_v._Robertson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lehr v. Robertson (page does not exist)">Lehr v. Robertson</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/J.E.B._v._Alabama_ex_rel._T.B." title="J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.">J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Virginia" title="United States v. Virginia">United States v. Virginia</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Skrmetti" title="United States v. Skrmetti">United States v. Skrmetti</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sexual orientation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowers_v._Hardwick" title="Bowers v. Hardwick">Bowers v. Hardwick</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Romer_v._Evans" title="Romer v. Evans">Romer v. Evans</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a></i> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alienage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Patsone_v._Pennsylvania" title="Patsone v. Pennsylvania">Patsone v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Truax_v._Raich" title="Truax v. Raich">Truax v. Raich</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heim_v._McCall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heim v. McCall (page does not exist)">Heim v. McCall</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_v._New_York&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crane v. New York (page does not exist)">Crane v. New York</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terrace_v._Thompson" title="Terrace v. Thompson">Terrace v. Thompson</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Porterfield_v._Webb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porterfield v. Webb (page does not exist)">Porterfield v. Webb</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Webb_v._O%27Brien" title="Webb v. O'Brien">Webb v. O'Brien</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frick_v._Webb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frick v. Webb (page does not exist)">Frick v. Webb</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ohio_ex_rel._Clark_v._Deckebach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach (page does not exist)">Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach</a></i> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takahashi_v._Fish_and_Game_Comm%27n" class="mw-redirect" title="Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n">Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Graham_v._Richardson" title="Graham v. Richardson">Graham v. Richardson</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sugarman_v._Dougall" title="Sugarman v. Dougall">Sugarman v. Dougall</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_re_Griffiths&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In re Griffiths (page does not exist)">In re Griffiths</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Examining_Board_v._Flores_de_Otero" title="Examining Board v. Flores de Otero">Examining Board v. Flores de Otero</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nyquist_v._Mauclet" title="Nyquist v. Mauclet">Nyquist v. Mauclet</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foley_v._Connelie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foley v. Connelie (page does not exist)">Foley v. Connelie</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ambach_v._Norwick" title="Ambach v. Norwick">Ambach v. Norwick</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cabell_v._Chavez-Salido" title="Cabell v. Chavez-Salido">Cabell v. Chavez-Salido</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plyler_v._Doe" title="Plyler v. Doe">Plyler v. Doe</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bernal_v._Fainter" title="Bernal v. Fainter">Bernal v. Fainter</a></i> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shapiro_v._Thompson" title="Shapiro v. Thompson">Shapiro v. Thompson</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County_Board_v._Richards" title="Arlington County Board v. Richards">Arlington County Board v. Richards</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Life_Insurance_Co._v._Ward" title="Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward">Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward</a></i> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Cruikshank" title="United States v. Cruikshank">United States v. Cruikshank</a></i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County_v._Southern_Pacific_Railroad_Co." title="Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.">Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quaker_City_Cab_Co._v._Commonwealth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth (page does not exist)">Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breedlove_v._Suttles" title="Breedlove v. Suttles">Breedlove v. Suttles</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Oklahoma" title="Skinner v. Oklahoma">Skinner v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyama_v._California" title="Oyama v. California">Oyama v. California</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oyler_v._Boles" title="Oyler v. Boles">Oyler v. Boles</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rinaldi_v._Yeager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rinaldi v. Yeager (page does not exist)">Rinaldi v. Yeager</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Levy_v._Louisiana" title="Levy v. Louisiana">Levy v. Louisiana</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v._Rhodes" title="Williams v. Rhodes">Williams v. Rhodes</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oregon_v._Mitchell" title="Oregon v. Mitchell">Oregon v. Mitchell</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boddie_v._Connecticut" title="Boddie v. Connecticut">Boddie v. Connecticut</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt_v._Baird" title="Eisenstadt v. Baird">Eisenstadt v. Baird</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lehnhausen_v._Lake_Shore_Auto_Parts_Co.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co. (page does not exist)">Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Independent_School_District_v._Rodriguez" title="San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez">San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richardson_v._Ramirez" title="Richardson v. Ramirez">Richardson v. Ramirez</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Village_of_Belle_Terre_v._Boraas" title="Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas">Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Board_of_Retirement_v._Murgia" title="Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia">Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trimble_v._Gordon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trimble v. Gordon (page does not exist)">Trimble v. Gordon</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zablocki_v._Redhail" title="Zablocki v. Redhail">Zablocki v. Redhail</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Transit_Authority_v._Beazer" title="New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer">New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mills_v._Habluetzel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mills v. Habluetzel (page does not exist)">Mills v. Habluetzel</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Cleburne_v._Cleburne_Living_Center,_Inc." title="City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.">City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clark_v._Jeter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clark v. Jeter (page does not exist)">Clark v. Jeter</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kadrmas_v._Dickinson_Public_Schools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools (page does not exist)">Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gregory_v._Ashcroft" title="Gregory v. Ashcroft">Gregory v. Ashcroft</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vacco_v._Quill" title="Vacco v. Quill">Vacco v. Quill</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush v. Gore</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Armour_v._Indianapolis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armour v. Indianapolis (page does not exist)">Armour v. Indianapolis</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Enforcement_Clause" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Enforcement Clause</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Cases" title="Civil Rights Cases">Civil Rights Cases</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._Morgan" title="Katzenbach v. Morgan">Katzenbach v. Morgan</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fitzpatrick_v._Bitzer" title="Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer">Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dellmuth_v._Muth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dellmuth v. Muth (page does not exist)">Dellmuth v. Muth</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Boerne_v._Flores" title="City of Boerne v. Flores">City of Boerne v. Flores</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board_v._College_Savings_Bank" title="Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank">Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimel_v._Florida_Board_of_Regents" title="Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents">Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Morrison" title="United States v. Morrison">United States v. Morrison</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trustees_of_the_University_of_Alabama_v._Garrett" title="Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett">Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Department_of_Human_Resources_v._Hibbs" title="Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs">Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_v._Lane" title="Tennessee v. Lane">Tennessee v. Lane</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Georgia" title="United States v. Georgia">United States v. Georgia</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shelby_County_v._Holder" title="Shelby County v. Holder">Shelby County v. Holder</a></i> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gold_Clause_Cases" title="Gold Clause Cases">Gold Clause Cases</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._Anderson" title="Trump v. Anderson">Trump v. Anderson</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1996)_2000_United_States_presidential_election_(2004_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:2000 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:2000 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2000 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1996)_2000_United_States_presidential_election_(2004_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">← 1996</a>) <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">General election results</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election in Florida">Florida results</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_George_W._Bush" title="Political positions of George W. Bush">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Dick Cheney</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Alexander" title="Lamar Alexander">Lamar Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Bauer" title="Gary Bauer">Gary Bauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Pat Buchanan 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cain" title="Herman Cain">Herman Cain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Herman_Cain" title="Political positions of Herman Cain">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Fellure" title="Jack Fellure">Jack Fellure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Forbes" title="Steve Forbes">Steve Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch" title="Orrin Hatch">Orrin Hatch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orrin_Hatch_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Orrin Hatch 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich" title="John Kasich">John Kasich</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Kasich_2000_presidential_campaign" title="John Kasich 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_Kasich" class="mw-redirect" title="Political positions of John Kasich">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes" title="Alan Keyes">Alan Keyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Keyes_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Alan Keyes 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Martin" title="Andy Martin">Andy Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain_2000_presidential_campaign" title="John McCain 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_John_McCain" title="Political positions of John McCain">positions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Dan Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Dan Quayle 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Smith_(New_Hampshire_politician)" title="Bob Smith (New Hampshire politician)">Bob Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Joe_Lieberman" title="Political positions of Joe Lieberman">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bradley" title="Bill Bradley">Bill Bradley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Bradley_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Bradley 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">Lyndon LaRouche</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche_U.S._presidential_campaigns" title="Lyndon LaRouche U.S. presidential campaigns">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #A356DE;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_National_Convention" title="Constitution Party National Convention">Convention</a></b></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Howard Phillips</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: Curtis Frazier</b></li> <li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Titus" title="Herbert Titus">Herb Titus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #17aa5c;"><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Green Party of the United States">Green Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2000_Green_National_Convention" title="2000 Green National Convention">Convention</a></b></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader" title="Ralph Nader">Ralph Nader</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Nader_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Ralph Nader 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></b></li> <li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Jello_Biafra" title="Jello Biafra">Jello Biafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gaskin" title="Stephen Gaskin">Stephen Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Kovel" title="Joel Kovel">Joel Kovel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FED105;"><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2000_Libertarian_National_Convention" title="2000 Libertarian National Convention">Convention</a></b></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne" title="Harry Browne">Harry Browne</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Browne_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Harry Browne 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Art_Olivier" title="Art Olivier">Art Olivier</a></b></li> <li><b>Other candidates:</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Neil_Smith" title="L. Neil Smith">L. Neil Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #6A287E;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/2000_Reform_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Reform Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></b></li> <li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Pat Buchanan 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Ezola_Foster" title="Ezola Foster">Ezola B. Foster</a></b></li> <li><b>Other candidates:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Hagelin" title="John Hagelin">John Hagelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign">campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Donald_Trump" title="Political positions of Donald Trump">positions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 NavajoWhite;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_Hagelin" title="John Hagelin">John Hagelin</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Nat_Goldhaber" title="Nat Goldhaber">Nat Goldhaber</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Dodge" title="Earl Dodge">Earl Dodge</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Dean_Watkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean Watkins">W. Dean Watkins</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #CD3700;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/David_McReynolds" title="David McReynolds">David McReynolds</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cal_Hollis" title="Mary Cal Hollis">Mary Cal Hollis</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #AA0000;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_Harris_(Socialist_Workers_Party_politician)" title="James Harris (Socialist Workers Party politician)">James Harris</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Trowe" title="Margaret Trowe">Margaret Trowe</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF33AA;"><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Monica_Moorehead" title="Monica Moorehead">Monica Moorehead</a></b></li> <li><b>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Gloria_La_Riva" title="Gloria La Riva">Gloria La Riva</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #DDDDBB;"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathy_Gordon_Brown" title="Cathy Gordon Brown">Cathy Gordon Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Collins_(politician)" title="Charles E. Collins (politician)">Charles E. Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabell_Masters" title="Isabell Masters">Isabell Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Schriner" title="Joe Schriner">Joe Schriner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Florida_election_recount_and_legal_proceedings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">Florida election recount and legal proceedings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Harris" title="Katherine Harris">Katherine Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Boies" title="David Boies">David Boies</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Olson" title="Theodore Olson">Theodore Olson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Klain" title="Ron Klain">Ron Klain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Christopher" title="Warren Christopher">Warren Christopher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whouley" title="Michael Whouley">Michael Whouley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ginsberg_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Ginsberg (lawyer)">Benjamin Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Butterworth" title="Bob Butterworth">Bob Butterworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Allbaugh" title="Joe Allbaugh">Joe Allbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Stipanovich" title="Mac Stipanovich">Mac Stipanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Waters" title="Craig Waters">Craig Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_LePore" title="Theresa LePore">Theresa LePore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Roberts_(politician)" title="Carol Roberts (politician)">Carol Roberts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Election day</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Central_Voter_File" title="Florida Central Voter File">Florida Central Voter File</a> (scrub list)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volusia_error" title="Volusia error">Volusia error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad_(paper)" title="Chad (paper)">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot#Design" title="Ballot">Butterfly ballot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath and <br />legal proceedings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_election_recount" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida election recount">Florida election recount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Brothers_riot" title="Brooks Brothers riot">Brooks Brothers riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach_County_Canvassing_Board_v._Harris_(Harris_I)" title="Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris (Harris I)"><i>Palm Beach County Canvassing Board v. Harris</i> (Harris I)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Gore v. Harris</i> (Harris II)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_v._Palm_Beach_County_Canvassing_Board" title="Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board">Bush v. Palm Beach County Canvassing Board</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Recount_(film)" title="Recount (film)">Recount</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bush_Family_Fortunes:_The_Best_Democracy_Money_Can_Buy" title="Bush Family Fortunes: The Best Democracy Money Can Buy">Bush Family Fortunes</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unprecedented:_The_2000_Presidential_Election" title="Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election">Unprecedented: The 2000 Presidential Election</a></i> (2002)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_elections,_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:United States elections, 2000">Other 2000 elections</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="2000 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_elections" title="2000 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_gubernatorial_elections" title="2000 United States gubernatorial elections">Gubernatorial</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_W._Bush" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_W._Bush" title="Template talk:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_W._Bush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George W. Bush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_W._Bush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">43rd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (2001–2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas" title="List of governors of Texas">46th</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Texas" title="Governor of Texas">Governor of Texas</a> (1995–2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Transition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="First inauguration of George W. Bush">1st inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_W._Bush" title="Second inauguration of George W. Bush">2nd inauguration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">Timeline</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2001)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2001)">2001</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2002)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2002)">2002</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2003)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2003)">2003</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2004)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2004)">2004</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2005)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2005)">2005</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2006)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2006)">2006</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2007)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2007)">2007</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">2008</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency_(2008%E2%80%932009)#January_2009" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency (2008–2009)">January 2009</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Domestic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Domestic policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_W._Bush_legislation_and_programs" title="List of George W. Bush legislation and programs">Legislation and programs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Economic_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Economic policy of the George W. Bush administration">Economic policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration">Foreign policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_presidential_trips_made_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of international presidential trips made by George W. Bush">International trips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush Doctrine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russia%E2%80%93United_States_summits" title="List of Russia–United States summits">Russia summits</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia_Summit_2001" title="Slovenia Summit 2001">Slovenia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_Summit_2005" title="Slovakia Summit 2005">Slovakia</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Iraq_Status_of_Forces_Agreement" title="U.S.–Iraq Status of Forces Agreement">Status of Forces Agreement</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/No_Child_Left_Behind_Act" title="No Child Left Behind Act">No Child Left Behind Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Medicare_Prescription_Drug,_Improvement,_and_Modernization_Act" title="Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act">Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/USA_Freedom_Corps" title="USA Freedom Corps">USA Freedom Corps</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">Department of Homeland Security</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_George_W._Bush_administration" title="Space policy of the George W. Bush administration">Space policy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Offensive_Reductions_Treaty" title="Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty">Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">"War on Terror"</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Council_on_Service_and_Civic_Participation" title="President's Council on Service and Civic Participation">President's Council on Service and Civic Participation</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Volunteer_Service_Award" title="President's Volunteer Service Award">award</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dismissal_of_U.S._attorneys_controversy" title="Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy">Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bush_White_House_email_controversy" title="Bush White House email controversy">Email controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of federal judges appointed by George W. Bush">Judicial appointments</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court candidates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nomination">John Roberts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Harriet Miers</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Samuel Alito</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_judicial_appointment_controversies" title="George W. Bush judicial appointment controversies">controversies</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Bush Cabinet">Cabinet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of people pardoned by George W. Bush">Pardons</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_George_W._Bush" title="Efforts to impeach George W. Bush">Impeachment efforts</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Executive orders">Executive orders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_W._Bush/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:George W. Bush/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential proclamations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidential transition of Barack Obama">Obama transition</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/100px-George-W-Bush.jpeg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/150px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/George-W-Bush.jpeg/200px-George-W-Bush.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2267" data-file-height="3000" /></span></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Childhood_Home" title="George W. Bush Childhood Home">Childhood home</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Early_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Early life of George W. Bush">Early life and career</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Presidential_Center" title="George W. Bush Presidential Center">Presidential library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_portraits_of_George_W._and_Laura_Bush" title="Presidential portraits of George W. and Laura Bush">Presidential portrait</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_military_service_controversy" title="George W. Bush military service controversy">Military service controversy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_controversy" title="Killian documents controversy">Killian documents controversy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Killian_documents_authenticity_issues" title="Killian documents authenticity issues">authenticity issues</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Professional_life_of_George_W._Bush" title="Professional life of George W. Bush">Professional life</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governorship_of_George_W._Bush" title="Governorship of George W. Bush">Governorship of Texas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranch" title="Prairie Chapel Ranch">Prairie Chapel Ranch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walker%27s_Point_Estate" title="Walker's Point Estate">Walker's Point Estate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Bush_Haiti_Fund" title="Clinton Bush Haiti Fund">Clinton Bush Haiti Fund</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_of_evil" title="Axis of evil">Axis of evil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mission_Accomplished_speech" title="Mission Accomplished speech">Mission Accomplished</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/February_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="February 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/September_2001_George_W._Bush_speech_to_a_joint_session_of_Congress" title="September 2001 George W. Bush speech to a joint session of Congress">Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks)</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union addresses</a> </span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2002 State of the Union Address">2002</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2003 State of the Union Address">2003</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2004 State of the Union Address">2004</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2005_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2005 State of the Union Address">2005</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2006_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2006 State of the Union Address">2006</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2007_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2007 State of the Union Address">2007</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2008 State of the Union Address">2008</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_W._Bush" title="Electoral history of George W. Bush">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gubernatorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1994_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 Texas gubernatorial election">1994</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1998_Texas_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 Texas gubernatorial election">1998</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2000_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2000 presidential campaign">2000 campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2000 Republican Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush v. Gore</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_2004_presidential_campaign" title="George W. Bush 2004 presidential campaign">2004 campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2004 United States presidential debates">debates</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">election</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_image_of_George_W._Bush" title="Public image of George W. Bush">Public image</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bushism" title="Bushism">Bushisms</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_used_by_George_W._Bush" title="List of nicknames used by George W. Bush">Nicknames</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_and_films_about_George_W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books and films about George W. Bush">As the subject of books and films</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fictionalized_portrayals_of_George_W._Bush" title="Fictionalized portrayals of George W. Bush">Fictionalized portrayals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miss_Me_Yet%3F" title="Miss Me Yet?">Miss Me Yet?</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Yo,_Blair" title="Yo, Blair">Yo, Blair</a>"</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_W._Bush" title="Bibliography of George W. Bush">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Charge_to_Keep" title="A Charge to Keep">A Charge to Keep</a></i> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Decision_Points" title="Decision Points">Decision Points</a></i> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/41:_A_Portrait_of_My_Father" title="41: A Portrait of My Father">41: A Portrait of My Father</a></i> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Courage" title="Portraits of Courage">Portraits of Courage</a></i> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Many,_One:_Portraits_of_America%27s_Immigrants" title="Out of Many, One: Portraits of America's Immigrants">Out of Many, One</a></i> (2021)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_9/11" title="Fahrenheit 9/11"><i>Fahrenheit 9/11</i> (2004 documentary)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._(film)" title="W. (film)"><i>W.</i> (2008 film)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bush_family" title="Bush family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bush" title="Laura Bush">Laura Bush</a> (wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush_(born_1981)" title="Barbara Bush (born 1981)">Barbara Pierce Bush</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jenna_Bush_Hager" title="Jenna Bush Hager">Jenna Bush Hager</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bush" title="Barbara Bush">Barbara Bush</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Robinson_Bush" title="Pauline Robinson Bush">Robin Bush</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Bush" title="Jeb Bush">Jeb Bush</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Bush" title="Neil Bush">Neil Bush</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Bush" title="Marvin Bush">Marvin Bush</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Bush_Koch" title="Dorothy Bush Koch">Dorothy Bush Koch</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barney_(dog)" title="Barney (dog)">Barney</a> (dog)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miss_Beazley" title="Miss Beazley">Miss Beazley</a> (dog)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_(cat)" title="India (cat)">India</a> (cat)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spot_Fetcher" title="Spot Fetcher">Spot Fetcher</a> (dog)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">← Bill Clinton</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama →</a></b></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_W._Bush" title="Category:George W. Bush">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Al_Gore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Al_Gore" title="Template:Al Gore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Al_Gore" title="Template talk:Al Gore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Al_Gore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Al Gore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Al_Gore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">45th</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1993–2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">from Tennessee</a> (1985–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_4th_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 4th congressional district">TN–4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_6th_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's 6th congressional district">TN–6</a> (1977–1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atari_Democrat" title="Atari Democrat">Atari Democrat</a></li> <li>Prevention of Genocide Act of 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_presidency_of_Al_Gore" title="Vice presidency of Al Gore">Vice presidency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Al_Gore" title="Electoral history of Al Gore">Electoral History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. House</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1976 United States House of Representatives elections">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1980 United States House of Representatives elections">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1982 United States House of Representatives elections">1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">U.S. Senate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1984 United States Senate elections">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1990 United States Senate elections">1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1992_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1992 presidential campaign">1992 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="1992 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1992 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_debates#October_13:_Vice_presidential_debate_(Georgia_Tech)" title="1992 United States presidential debates">debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidential transition of Bill Clinton">transition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton_1996_presidential_campaign" title="Bill Clinton 1996 presidential campaign">1996 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1996 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_debates#October_9:_Vice_presidential_debate_(Mahaffey_Theater)" title="1996 United States presidential debates">debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_1988_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 1988 presidential campaign">1988 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_2000_presidential_campaign" title="Al Gore 2000 presidential campaign">2000 campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_Party_vice_presidential_candidate_selection" title="2000 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection">running mate selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2000 Democratic National Convention">convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_debates" title="2000 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">election</a> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bush v. Gore</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidential transition of George W. Bush">Bush transition</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Marshall_Plan" title="Global Marshall Plan">Global Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_and_the_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Gore and the environment">Environmental activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Climate_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance for Climate Protection">Alliance for Climate Protection</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth" title="An Inconvenient Truth">An Inconvenient Truth</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I_Need_to_Wake_Up" title="I Need to Wake Up">I Need to Wake Up</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_Earth" title="Live Earth">Live Earth</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Sequel:_Truth_to_Power" title="An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power">An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Truth_to_Power_(song)" title="Truth to Power (song)">Truth to Power</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore_and_information_technology" title="Al Gore and information technology">Role in information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_Computing_Act_of_1991" title="High Performance Computing Act of 1991">High Performance Computing Act of 1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Information_Infrastructure" title="National Information Infrastructure">National Information Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_superhighway" title="Information superhighway">Information superhighway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhighway_Summit" title="Superhighway Summit">The Superhighway Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Climate_Observatory" title="Deep Space Climate Observatory">Deep Space Climate Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_Hours_in_Cyberspace" title="24 Hours in Cyberspace">24 Hours in Cyberspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetDay" title="NetDay">NetDay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Earth" title="Digital Earth">Digital Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_TV" title="Current TV">Current TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_received_by_Al_Gore" class="mw-redirect" title="List of awards received by Al Gore">Awards and honors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earth_in_the_Balance" title="Earth in the Balance">Earth in the Balance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Truth_(book)" title="An Inconvenient Truth (book)">An Inconvenient Truth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Assault_on_Reason" title="The Assault on Reason">The Assault on Reason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Choice" title="Our Choice">Our Choice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Future:_Six_Drivers_of_Global_Change" title="The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change">The Future: Six Drivers of Global Change</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Inconvenient_Sequel_(book)" title="An Inconvenient Sequel (book)">An Inconvenient Sequel</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tipper_Gore" title="Tipper Gore">Tipper Gore</a> (wife, <i>separated</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenna_Gore" title="Karenna Gore">Karenna Gore</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Gore" title="Kristin Gore">Kristin Gore</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gore_Sr." title="Albert Gore Sr.">Albert Gore Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_LaFon_Gore" title="Pauline LaFon Gore">Pauline LaFon Gore</a> (mother)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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