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Son nom, datant de 1747, pourrait provenir d'une utilisation sp茅cialis茅e du terme an...","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://www.etymonline.com#website"}},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":["DefinedTermSet","Book"],"@id":"https://www.etymonline.com","name":"Dictionary and etymology by etymonline","description":"An online etymology dictionary providing the origin and history of English words"},{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"DefinedTerm","@id":"https://www.etymonline.com/fr/word/shale","name":"shale","inDefinedTermSet":"https://www.etymonline.com"}]</script><section class="grid grid-cols-1 gap-12 laptop:grid-cols-3 desktop:grid-cols-3"><div class="col-span-2"><p class="text-sm text-content4">Publicit茅</p><div id="div-gpt-ad-pc_wd_top" class="adsbygoogle relative inline-block transition-all h-[90px] w-[728px]"></div><div class="mt-4 space-y-10"><div class="space-y-2"><div class="space-y-2"><section class="prose-lg max-w-none py-1"><div class="-mb-4"><span id="#23329" class="scroll-m-16 text-3xl font-bold flex items-center"><h1 class="inline !mb-1 scroll-m-16 text-3xl font-bold">shale</h1><div class="pl-2 flex-1 text-textSecondary text-xl font-serif">(n.)</div></span></div><section class=""><p>Le schiste ardoisier est un type de roche s茅dimentaire 脿 grain fin qui se divise facilement en fines plaques. Son nom, datant de 1747, pourrait provenir d'une utilisation sp茅cialis茅e du terme anglais moyen <i class="foreign notranslate">schale</i> signifiant "coquille, enveloppe, cosse" (fin du XIVe si猫cle), qui signifie 茅galement "茅caille de poisson", d茅riv茅 de l'anglais ancien <i class="foreign notranslate">scealu</i> (voir <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of shell " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/shell#etymonline_v_23375">shell</a> (n.)), dans son sens de base de "chose qui divise ou s茅pare", en r茅f茅rence 脿 la fa莽on dont la roche se brise en couches. On peut comparer avec le terme anglais moyen <i class="foreign notranslate">sheel</i> signifiant "茅cailler, enlever la cosse externe" (fin du XVe si猫cle). L'utilisation g茅ologique du terme a peut-锚tre 茅galement 茅t茅 influenc茅e par le terme allemand <i class="foreign notranslate">Schalstein</i> signifiant "calcaire stratifi茅" et <i class="foreign notranslate">Schalgebirge</i> signifiant "couche de pierre dans une roche stratifi茅e", d茅riv茅 du cognat allemand <i class="foreign notranslate">Schale</i> signifiant "une 茅caille, une coquille, une cosse, une tranche, une fine couche".</p></section><div class="-mt-4"><p class="text-sm caret-gray-400 flex items-center">脡galement de :<a class="ml-1 pl-1 mt-1 flex items-center no-underline" rel="nofollow" href="/search?sort=a&q=from%3A1747">1747<span class="text-inherit inline-block ml-1"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" d="M12.6 12L8 7.4L9.4 6l6 6l-6 6L8 16.6l4.6-4.6Z"></path></svg></span> </a></p></div></section></div></div><div class="space-y-2"><h3>Entr茅es associ茅es <i>shale</i></h3><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden height-auto text-foreground box-border bg-content1 outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 shadow-none rounded-medium transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border-1 border-lightGray" tabindex="-1"><a class="flex z-10 w-full items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-medium p-3 pl-5 justify-between hover:text-primary" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shell" href="/fr/word/shell"><span id="#" class="scroll-m-16 text-3xl font-bold text-primary text-xl flex items-center">shell<div class="pl-2 flex-1 text-textSecondary text-xl font-serif">(n.)</div></span><span class="text-4xl text-inherent justify-end"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" d="M12.6 12L8 7.4L9.4 6l6 6l-6 6L8 16.6l4.6-4.6Z"></path></svg></span></a><hr class="shrink-0 bg-divider border-none w-full h-divider" role="separator"/><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased"><section class="p-2 prose-lg max-w-none"><p>"coque ext茅rieure dure," Moyen anglais <i class="foreign notranslate">shel</i>, <i class="foreign notranslate">shelle</i>, de l'ancien anglais <i class="foreign notranslate">sciell</i>, <i class="foreign notranslate">scill</i>, anglien <i class="foreign notranslate">scell</i> "coquillage ; coquille d'艙uf," qui est li茅脿 l'ancien anglais <i class="foreign notranslate">scealu</i> "coquille, 茅corce," du proto-germanique <i class="foreign notranslate">*skaljo</i> "morceau coup茅 ; coquille ; 茅caille" (source 茅galement du frison occidental <i class="foreign notranslate">skyl</i> "茅pluchure, 茅corce," du moyen bas allemand <i class="foreign notranslate">schelle</i> "cosse, 茅corce, coquille d'艙uf," du gothique <i class="foreign notranslate">skalja</i> "tuile"), avec la notion partag茅e de "rev锚tement qui se d茅tache," de la racine indo-europ茅enne <a rel="nofollow" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of *skel- " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/*skel-#etymonline_v_52764">*skel-</a> (1) "couper." L'italien <i class="foreign notranslate">scaglia</i> "copeau" vient du germanique.</p><p>Aussi en vieil anglais tardif comme "un rev锚tement ou une couche." Le sens g茅n茅ral de "rev锚tement ext茅rieur protecteur de certains invert茅br茅s" est en moyen anglais (vers 1400 pour "maison d'un escargot" ; vers 1540 pour une tortue ou une tortue de mer) ; le sens de "couche ext茅rieure d'une noix" (ou d'un fruit consid茅r茅 comme une noix) est du milieu du XIVe si猫cle. Avec la notion de "simple ext茅rieur," d'o霉 "chose vide ou creuse" vers 1650. Le sens de "structure creuse" date de 1791 ; celui de "structure pour un groupe ou un orchestre" est attest茅脿 partir de 1938. 脢tre <i class="foreign notranslate"><strong>out of (one's) shell</strong></i> "茅merg茅 dans la vie" date des ann茅es 1550.</p><p>L'utilisation militaire pour "projectile explosif" date des ann茅es 1640, d'abord pour les grenades 脿 main, et 脿 l'origine en r茅f茅rence 脿 l'茅tui m茅tallique dans lequel la poudre 脿 canon et les balles 茅taient m茅lang茅es ; l'id茅e est celle d'un objet "creux" rempli d'explosifs. D'o霉 <i class="foreign notranslate"><strong>shell shock</strong></i>, "r茅action traumatique au stress de la bataille," enregistr茅e 脿 partir de 1915.</p><p><i class="foreign notranslate"><strong>Shell game</strong></i> "une escroquerie" date de 1890, d'une version du jeu des trois cartes jou茅 avec un pois et des coquilles de noix.</p></section></div></div><div class="flex flex-col relative overflow-hidden height-auto text-foreground box-border bg-content1 outline-none data-[focus-visible=true]:z-10 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-2 data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-focus data-[focus-visible=true]:outline-offset-2 shadow-none rounded-medium transition-transform-background motion-reduce:transition-none border-1 border-lightGray" tabindex="-1"><a class="flex z-10 w-full items-center shrink-0 overflow-inherit color-inherit subpixel-antialiased rounded-t-medium p-3 pl-5 justify-between hover:text-primary" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais *skel-" href="/fr/word/*skel-"><span id="#" class="scroll-m-16 text-3xl font-bold text-primary text-xl flex items-center">*skel-<div class="pl-2 flex-1 text-textSecondary text-xl font-serif">(1)</div></span><span class="text-4xl text-inherent justify-end"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path fill="currentColor" d="M12.6 12L8 7.4L9.4 6l6 6l-6 6L8 16.6l4.6-4.6Z"></path></svg></span></a><hr class="shrink-0 bg-divider border-none w-full h-divider" role="separator"/><div class="relative flex w-full p-3 flex-auto flex-col place-content-inherit align-items-inherit h-auto break-words text-left overflow-y-auto subpixel-antialiased"><section class="p-2 prose-lg max-w-none"><p>脡galement, <i class="foreign notranslate">*kel-</i>, racine indo-europ茅enne signifiant "couper".</p><p>Elle forme tout ou partie de : <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of coulter " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/coulter">coulter</a>; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of cutlass " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/cutlass">cutlass</a>; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of half " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/half">half</a>; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of halve " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/halve">halve</a>; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of scale " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/scale#etymonline_v_22825">scale</a> (n.1) "plaques de peau sur les poissons ou les serpents"; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of scale " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/scale#etymonline_v_22826">scale</a> (n.2) "instrument de pes茅e"; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of scalene " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/scalene">scalene</a>; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of scallop " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/scallop">scallop</a>; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of scalp " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/scalp">scalp</a>; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of scalpel " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/scalpel">scalpel</a>; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of school " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/school#etymonline_v_22908">school</a> (n.2) "groupe de poissons"; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of sculpture " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/sculpture">sculpture</a>; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of shale " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/shale">shale</a>; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of sheldrake " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/sheldrake">sheldrake</a>; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of shelf " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/shelf">shelf</a>; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of shell " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/shell">shell</a>; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of shield " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/shield">shield</a>; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of shoal " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/shoal#etymonline_v_23420">shoal</a> (n.2) "grand nombre"; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of skoal " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/skoal">skoal</a>; <a title="Etymology, meaning and definition of skill " class="crossreference notranslate" href="/fr/word/skill">skill</a>.</p><p>C'est la source hypoth茅tique de / la preuve de son existence est fournie par : Latin <i class="foreign notranslate">culter</i> "couteau", <i class="foreign notranslate">scalpere</i> "couper, gratter"; vieux slave eccl茅siastique <i class="foreign notranslate">skolika</i> "moule, coquille", russe <i class="foreign notranslate">skala</i> "茅corce, 茅corce", lituanien <i class="foreign notranslate">skelti</i> "fendu", vieux anglais <i class="foreign notranslate">scell</i> "coquille", <i class="foreign notranslate">scalu</i> "tasse 脿 boire, bol, balance".</p></section></div></div></div><p class="text-sm text-content4">Publicit茅</p><ins class="adsbygoogle relative inline-block transition-all mt-1 w-full" data-ad-slot="8757723469" data-adtest="off" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins><ul class="list-none flex gap-2 flex-wrap"></ul><div class="min-h-unit-7"><h3>Tendances de shale</h3><canvas role="img" height="150" width="300"></canvas></div><p class="text-sm text-content4">Publicit茅</p><ins class="adsbygoogle relative inline-block transition-all mt-1 w-full" data-ad-slot="7656336158" data-adtest="off" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins><p class="text-small text-content4">Fourni uniquement 脿 des fins d鈥榠nformation par des syst猫mes de traduction automatique. Voir l鈥榦riginal : <a class="text-primary" title="Etymology, origin and meaning of shale" href="/word/shale">Etymology, origin and meaning of <i>shale</i></a></p></div></div><div><p class="text-sm text-content4">Publicit茅</p><div id="div-gpt-ad-pc_wd_right" class="adsbygoogle relative inline-block transition-all h-[250px] w-[300px]"></div><div class="mt-4"><div class="space-y-4"><h3>Entr茅es du dictionnaire pr猫s de shale</h3><hr class="shrink-0 bg-divider border-none w-full h-divider" role="separator"/><ul class="min-h-[280px] space-y-2"><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shake-up" href="/fr/word/shake-up">shake-up</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shaking" href="/fr/word/shaking">shaking</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shako" href="/fr/word/shako">shako</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais Shakti" href="/fr/word/Shakti">Shakti</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shaky" href="/fr/word/shaky">shaky</a></li><li class="text-medium"><span class="text-content4">shale</span></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shall" href="/fr/word/shall">shall</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shallop" href="/fr/word/shallop">shallop</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shallot" href="/fr/word/shallot">shallot</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shallow" href="/fr/word/shallow">shallow</a></li><li class="text-medium"><a class="link-hover text-primary" rel="nofollow" title="脡tymologie, Origine et Signification du Mot Anglais shalom" href="/fr/word/shalom">shalom</a></li></ul></div></div></div></section></main><footer class="bg-default text-textSecondary"><footer class="container footer py-4 tablet:grid-rows-2"><nav><header class="footer-title">Liens</header><a class="link-hover link" href="https://forum.etymonline.com/">Forum</a><a class="link-hover link" href="/columns/post/sources">Liste compl猫te des sources</a><a class="link-hover link" href="/columns/post/links">Liens</a></nav><nav><header class="footer-title">Produits</header><a target="_blank" class="link-hover link" 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c么t茅 d'un mot indiquent l'ann茅e la plus ancienne pour laquelle il existe un enregistrement 茅crit survivant de ce mot (en anglais, sauf indication contraire). Cela doit 锚tre pris comme approximatif, en particulier avant environ 1700, car un mot peut avoir 茅t茅 utilis茅 en conversation pendant des centaines d'ann茅es avant d'appara卯tre dans un manuscrit qui a eu la chance de survivre aux si猫cles.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp\u003eLes sources de base de ce travail sont \"An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English\" de Weekley, \"A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language\" de Klein, \"Oxford English Dictionary\" (deuxi猫me 茅dition), \"Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology,\" \"Etymologisches W枚rterbuch der Englischen Sprache\" de Holthausen, et \"Dictionary of American Slang\" de Kipfer et Chapman. Une liste compl猫te des sources imprim茅es utilis茅es dans cette compilation peut 锚tre trouv茅e\n \u003ca rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"/columns/post/sources\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eici\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\n \u003cp\u003eDepuis que ce dictionnaire a 茅t茅 publi茅, il a b茅n茅fici茅 des suggestions de dizaines de personnes que je n'ai jamais rencontr茅es, de partout dans le monde. 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border-none w-full h-divider\",\"role\":\"separator\",\"data-orientation\":\"$undefined\"}],[\"$\",\"$L2e\",null,{\"children\":[\"$\",\"section\",null,{\"className\":\"p-2 prose-lg max-w-none\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"p\",\"0\",{\"children\":[\"\\\"coque ext茅rieure dure,\\\" Moyen anglais \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"1\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"shel\"}],\", \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"3\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"shelle\"}],\", de l'ancien anglais \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"5\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"sciell\"}],\", \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"7\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"scill\"}],\", anglien \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"9\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"scell\"}],\" \\\"coquillage ; coquille d'艙uf,\\\" qui est li茅脿 l'ancien anglais \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"11\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"scealu\"}],\" \\\"coquille, 茅corce,\\\" du proto-germanique \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"13\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"*skaljo\"}],\" \\\"morceau coup茅 ; coquille ; 茅caille\\\" (source 茅galement du frison occidental \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"15\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"skyl\"}],\" \\\"茅pluchure, 茅corce,\\\" du moyen bas allemand \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"17\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"schelle\"}],\" \\\"cosse, 茅corce, coquille d'艙uf,\\\" du gothique \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"19\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"skalja\"}],\" \\\"tuile\\\"), avec la notion partag茅e de \\\"rev锚tement qui se d茅tache,\\\" de la racine indo-europ茅enne \",[\"$\",\"$L8\",\"21\",{\"href\":\"/fr/word/*skel-#etymonline_v_52764\",\"rel\":\"nofollow\",\"title\":\"Etymology, meaning and definition of *skel- \",\"className\":\"crossreference notranslate\",\"prefetch\":false,\"children\":\"*skel-\"}],\" (1) \\\"couper.\\\" L'italien \",[\"$\",\"i\",\"23\",{\"className\":\"foreign notranslate\",\"children\":\"scaglia\"}],\" \\\"copeau\\\" vient du germanique.\"]}],[\"$\",\"p\",\"1\",{\"children\":[\"Aussi en vieil anglais tardif comme \\\"un rev锚tement ou une couche.\\\" Le sens g茅n茅ral de \\\"rev锚tement ext茅rieur protecteur de certains invert茅br茅s\\\" est en moyen anglais (vers 1400 pour \\\"maison d'un escargot\\\" ; vers 1540 pour une tortue ou une tortue de mer) ; le sens de \\\"couche ext茅rieure d'une noix\\\" (ou d'un fruit consid茅r茅 comme une noix) est du milieu du XIVe si猫cle. 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