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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>General description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Petrology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mineralogy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineralogy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mineralogy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineralogy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Geochemistry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economic importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Occurrence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="بيغماتيت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيغماتيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peqmatit" title="Peqmatit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Peqmatit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Пегматит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пегматит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatita" title="Pegmatita – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pegmatita" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatit" title="Pegmatit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pegmatit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatit" title="Pegmatit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pegmatit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatiit" title="Pegmatiit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pegmatiit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Πηγματίτης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πηγματίτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatita" title="Pegmatita – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pegmatita" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatita" title="Pegmatita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pegmatita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="پگماتیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پگماتیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pegmatite" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9igmit%C3%ADt" title="Péigmitít – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Péigmitít" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatita" title="Pegmatita – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pegmatita" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EA%B7%B8%EB%A7%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="페그마타이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페그마타이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պեգմատիտներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պեգմատիտներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatit" title="Pegmatit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pegmatit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pegmatite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%99%D7%98" title="פגמטיט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פגמטיט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პეგმატიტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პეგმატიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Пегматит – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пегматит" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Пегматит – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пегматит" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatitas" title="Pegmatitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pegmatitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatit" title="Pegmatit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pegmatit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Пегматит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пегматит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatiet" title="Pegmatiet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pegmatiet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9E%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88" title="ペグマタイト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペグマタイト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatitt" title="Pegmatitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pegmatitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatitt" title="Pegmatitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pegmatitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatit" title="Pegmatit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pegmatit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatit" title="Pegmatit – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pegmatit" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatyt" title="Pegmatyt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pegmatyt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatito" title="Pegmatito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pegmatito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatit" title="Pegmatit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pegmatit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Пегматит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пегматит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pegmatite" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatit" title="Pegmatit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pegmatit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatit" title="Pegmatit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pegmatit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Пегматит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пегматит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatit" title="Pegmatit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pegmatit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatiitti" title="Pegmatiitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pegmatiitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatit" title="Pegmatit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pegmatit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="เพกมาไทต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เพกมาไทต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pegmatit" title="Pegmatit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pegmatit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Пегматит – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пегматит" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alkaline_pegmatite.jpg/330px-Alkaline_pegmatite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Alkaline_pegmatite.jpg/440px-Alkaline_pegmatite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption>Pegmatite with blue <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a> crystals</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:We-pegmatite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/We-pegmatite.jpg/220px-We-pegmatite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/We-pegmatite.jpg/330px-We-pegmatite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/We-pegmatite.jpg/440px-We-pegmatite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Pegmatite containing <a href="/wiki/Lepidolite" title="Lepidolite">lepidolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">tourmaline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> from the White Elephant Mine in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baffin_Island_glacier_and_peg_swarm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Baffin_Island_glacier_and_peg_swarm.jpg/280px-Baffin_Island_glacier_and_peg_swarm.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Baffin_Island_glacier_and_peg_swarm.jpg/420px-Baffin_Island_glacier_and_peg_swarm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Baffin_Island_glacier_and_peg_swarm.jpg/560px-Baffin_Island_glacier_and_peg_swarm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2008" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a> pegmatite swarm in the headwall of the <a href="/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">cirque</a> of a small <a href="/wiki/Mountain_glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain glacier">mountain glacier</a>, northeastern <a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>pegmatite</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a> showing a very coarse <a href="/wiki/Texture_(geology)" title="Texture (geology)">texture</a>, with large interlocking crystals usually greater in size than 1 cm (0.4 in) and sometimes greater than 1 meter (3 ft). Most pegmatites are composed of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>, having a similar <a href="/wiki/Silicic" title="Silicic">silicic</a> composition to <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>. However, rarer <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock#Chemical_classification" title="Igneous rock">intermediate composition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> pegmatites are known. </p><p>Many of the world's largest crystals are found within pegmatites. These include crystals of <a href="/wiki/Microcline" title="Microcline">microcline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spodumene" title="Spodumene">spodumene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">tourmaline</a>. Some individual crystals are over 10 m (33 ft) long.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_1928_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz_1928-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most pegmatites are thought to form from the last fluid fraction of a large crystallizing <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> body. This residual fluid is highly enriched in <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a> and trace elements, and its very low viscosity allows components to migrate rapidly to join an existing crystal rather than coming together to form new crystals. This allows a few very large crystals to form. While most pegmatites have a simple composition of minerals common in ordinary igneous rock, a few pegmatites have a complex composition, with numerous unusual minerals of rare elements. These complex pegmatites are mined for <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">rare earth elements</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, and other valuable commodities. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegmatite&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>pegmatite</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a>, πήγνυμι (<i>pēgnymi</i>), which means “to bind together”, in reference to the intertwined crystals of <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Texture_(crystalline)" class="mw-redirect" title="Texture (crystalline)">texture</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Graphic_texture" title="Graphic texture">graphic granite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan2012_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was first used by <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Just_Ha%C3%BCy" title="René Just Haüy">René Just Haüy</a> in 1822 as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Graphic_granite" class="mw-redirect" title="Graphic granite">graphic granite</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Karl_Ritter_von_Haidinger" title="Wilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger">Wilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger</a> first used the term in its present meaning in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson1997_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_description">General description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegmatite&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pegmatites are exceptionally coarse-grained <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson1997_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> composed of interlocking <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a>, with individual crystals usually over 1 centimeter (0.4 in) in size and sometimes exceeding 1 meter (3 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-BlattTracy1980_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlattTracy1980-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most pegmatites have a composition similar to <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, so that their most common minerals are <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BlattTracy1980_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlattTracy1980-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KleinHurlbut1993_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KleinHurlbut1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other pegmatite compositions are known, including compositions similar to <a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">nepheline syenite</a><sup id="cite_ref-KleinHurlbut1993_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KleinHurlbut1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BlattTracy1980_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlattTracy1980-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>pegmatite</i> is thus purely a <a href="/wiki/Texture_(geology)" title="Texture (geology)">textural</a> description.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilpottsAgue2009_255_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilpottsAgue2009_255-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bgs_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geologists typically prefix the term with a compositional description, so that <i>granitic pegmatite</i> is a pegmatite with the composition of granite while <i>nepheline syenite pegmatite</i> is a pegmatite with the composition of nepheline syenite.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilpottsAgue2009_255_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilpottsAgue2009_255-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a> (BGS) discourages this usage, preferring terms like <i>biotite-quartz-feldspar pegmatite</i> for a pegmatite with a typical granitic composition, dominated by feldspar with lesser quartz and biotite. Under BGS terminology, a <i>pegmatitic rock</i> (for example, a <i>pegmatitic gabbro</i>) is a coarse-grained rock containing patches of much coarser-grained rock of essentially the same composition.<sup id="cite_ref-bgs_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Individual crystals in pegmatites can be enormous in size. It is likely that the largest crystals ever found were feldspar crystals in pegmatites from <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a> with masses of thousands of tons. Quartz crystals with masses measured in thousands of pounds<sup id="cite_ref-KleinHurlbut1993_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KleinHurlbut1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and micas over 10 meters (33 ft) across and 4 meters (13 ft) thick have been found.<sup id="cite_ref-McBirney1984_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McBirney1984-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Spodumene" title="Spodumene">Spodumene</a> crystals over 12 meters (40 ft) long have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">beryl</a> crystals 8.2 meters (27 ft) long and 1.8 meters (6 ft) in diameter have been found at <a href="/wiki/Albany,_Maine" class="mw-redirect" title="Albany, Maine">Albany, Maine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KleinHurlbut1993_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KleinHurlbut1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest beryl crystal ever found was from Malakialina on Madagascar, weighing about 380 tons, with a length of 18 m (59 ft) and a crosscut of 3.5 m (11 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pegmatite bodies are usually of minor size compared to typical <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_rock" title="Intrusive rock">intrusive rock</a> bodies. Pegmatite body size is on the order of magnitude of one to a few hundred meters. Compared to typical igneous rocks they are rather <a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_and_heterogeneity" title="Homogeneity and heterogeneity">inhomogeneous</a> and may show zones with different mineral assemblages. Crystal size and mineral assemblages are usually oriented parallel to the wall rock or even concentric for pegmatite lenses.<sup id="cite_ref-London_2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-London_2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegmatite&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern pegmatite classification schemes are strongly influenced by the depth-zone classification of granitic rocks published by Buddington (1959), and the Ginsburg & Rodionov (1960) and Ginsburg et al. (1979) classification which categorized pegmatites according to their depth of emplacement and relationship to metamorphism and granitic plutons. Cerny’s (1991) revision of that classification scheme is widely used, Cerny’s (1991) pegmatite classification, which is a combination of emplacement depth, metamorphic grade and minor element content, has provided significant insight into the origin of pegmatitic melts and their relative degrees of fractionation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Granitic pegmatites are commonly ranked into three hierarchies (class – family – type – subtype) depending upon their mineralogical-geochemical characteristics and depth of emplacement according to Cerny (1991). Classes are Abyssal, Muscovite, Rare-Element and Miarolitic. The Rare-Element Class is subdivided based on composition into LCT and NYF families: LCT for Lithium, Cesium, and Tantalum enrichment and NYF for Niobium, Yttrium, and Fluorine enrichment. Most authors classify pegmatites according to LCT- and NYF-types and subtypes. Another important contribution of the classification is the petrogenetic component of the classification, which shows the association of LCT pegmatites with mainly orogenic plutons, and NYF pegmatites with mainly anorogenic plutons.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lately, there have been a few attempts to create a new classification for pegmatites less dependent on mineralogy and more reflective of their geological setting. On this issue, one of the most notable efforts on this matter is Wise's (2022) pegmatite classification, which focuses mostly on the source of the magma from which the pegmatite crystalizes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Petrology">Petrology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegmatite&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Petrology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muscovite-157168.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Muscovite-157168.jpg/220px-Muscovite-157168.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Muscovite-157168.jpg/330px-Muscovite-157168.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Muscovite-157168.jpg/440px-Muscovite-157168.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Rose muscovite from the Harding pegmatite mine</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harding_Mine_apatite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Harding_Mine_apatite.jpg/220px-Harding_Mine_apatite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Harding_Mine_apatite.jpg/330px-Harding_Mine_apatite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Harding_Mine_apatite.jpg/440px-Harding_Mine_apatite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Blue apatite crystals at the Harding pegmatite mine</figcaption></figure> <p>Pegmatites form under conditions in which the rate of new crystal <a href="/wiki/Nucleation" title="Nucleation">nucleation</a> is much slower than the rate of <a href="/wiki/Crystal_growth" title="Crystal growth">crystal growth</a>. Large crystals are favored. In normal igneous rocks, coarse texture is a result of slow cooling deep underground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009259_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009259-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not clear if pegmatite forms by slow or rapid cooling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009257_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009257-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some studies, crystals in pegmatitic conditions have been recorded to grow at a rate ranging from 1 m to 10 m per day.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pegmatites are the last part of a magma body to crystallize. This final fluid fraction is enriched in <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatile</a> and trace elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Allaby2013_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allaby2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson1997_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The residual magma undergoes <a href="/wiki/Phase_separation" title="Phase separation">phase separation</a> into a melt phase and a hydrous fluid phase saturated with <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkalis</a>, and other elements.<sup id="cite_ref-McBirney1984_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McBirney1984-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009256_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009256-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such phase separation requires formation from a wet magma, rich enough in water to saturate before more than two-thirds of the magma is crystallized. Otherwise, the separation of the fluid phase is difficult to explain. Granite requires a water content of 4 <a href="/wiki/Wt%25" class="mw-redirect" title="Wt%">wt%</a> at a pressure of 0.5 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">GPa</a> (72,500 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a>), but only 1.5 wt% at 0.1 GPa (14,500 psi) for phase separation to take place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009259_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009259-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The volatiles (primarily water, <a href="/wiki/Borate" title="Borate">borates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluorides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chlorides</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>) are concentrated in the hydrous phase, greatly lowering its viscosity.<sup id="cite_ref-KleinHurlbut1993_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KleinHurlbut1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The silica in the hydrous phase is completely depolymerized, existing almost entirely as <a href="/wiki/Orthosilicate" title="Orthosilicate">orthosilicate</a>, with all oxygen bridges between silicon ions broken.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The low viscosity promotes rapid diffusion through the fluid, allowing growth of large crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-KleinHurlbut1993_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KleinHurlbut1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When this hydrous fluid is injected into the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Country_rock_(geology)" title="Country rock (geology)">country rock</a>, minerals crystallize from the outside in to form a zoned pegmatite,<sup id="cite_ref-KleinHurlbut1993_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KleinHurlbut1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with different minerals predominating in concentric zones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A typical sequence of deposition begins with <a href="/wiki/Microcline" title="Microcline">microcline</a> and quartz, with minor <a href="/wiki/Schorl" class="mw-redirect" title="Schorl">schorl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>. This is followed by deposition of <a href="/wiki/Albite" title="Albite">albite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepidolite" title="Lepidolite">lepidolite</a>, gem <a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">tourmaline</a>, beryl, spodumene, <a href="/wiki/Amblygonite" title="Amblygonite">amblygonite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apatite" title="Apatite">apatite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">fluorite</a>, which may partially replace some of the minerals in the earlier zone.<sup id="cite_ref-KleinHurlbut1993_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KleinHurlbut1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The center of the pegmatite may have cavities lined with spectacular gemstone crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some pegmatites have more complex zoning. Five distinct zones are recognized in the <a href="/wiki/Harding_Pegmatite_Mine" title="Harding Pegmatite Mine">Harding Pegmatite</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Picuris_Mountains" title="Picuris Mountains">Picuris Mountains</a> of northern <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, US. These are:<sup id="cite_ref-je1976_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-je1976-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>A white border rind of fine-grained quartz-albite <a href="/wiki/Muscovite" title="Muscovite">muscovite</a> pegmatite.</li> <li>A continuous layer of very coarse quartz, albite, and muscovite. This zone also contains microcline, and has abundant accessory apatite, beryl, and <a href="/wiki/Tantalite" title="Tantalite">tantalite</a>. Beryl is occasionally very coarse and abundant.</li> <li>A continuous layer of massive quartz. This zone is also rich in muscovite, microcline, and <a href="/wiki/Cleavelandite" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleavelandite">cleavelandite</a>.</li> <li>A spectacular quartz and lath-spodumene zone. The spodumene occurs as blade-like crystals, sometimes of enormous size, mostly oriented at random but sometimes arranged to form a comb-like structure. Accessory minerals are beryl, apatite, microcline, and tantalum-niobium minerals, especially in the lower part of this zone. There is some pseudomorphic replacement of spodumene by rose muscovite and quartz by cleavelandite.</li> <li>The core of the pegmatite, known as "spotted rock", which is relatively fine-grained spodumene, microcline, and quartz, with accompanying finer-grained albite, lithium-bearing muscovite, lepidolite, <a href="/wiki/Microlite" title="Microlite">microlite</a>, and tantalite. Much of the spodumene and microcline have been extensively corroded and replaced by fine-grained micas.</li></ul> <p>Large crystals nucleate on the margins of pegmatites, becoming larger as they grow inward. These include very large conical alkali feldspar crystals. <a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplites</a> are commonly present. These may cut across the pegmatite, but also form zones or irregular patches around coarser material. The aplites are often layered, showing evidence of deformation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Xenoliths" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenoliths">Xenoliths</a> may be found in the body of the pegmatite, but their original mineral content is replaced by quartz and alkali feldspar, so that they are difficult to distinguish from the surrounding pegmatite. Pegmatite also commonly replaces part of the surrounding country rock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because pegmatites likely crystallize from a fluid-dominated phase, rather than a melt phase, they straddle the boundary between <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_mineral_deposit" title="Hydrothermal mineral deposit">hydrothermal mineral deposits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igneous_intrusion" title="Igneous intrusion">igneous intrusions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bgs_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bgs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there is broad agreement on the basic mechanisms by which they form, the details of pegmatite formation remain enigmatic.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan2012_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pegmatites have characteristics inconsistent with other igneous intrusions. They are not <a href="/wiki/Porphyritic" title="Porphyritic">porphyritic</a>, and show no <a href="/wiki/Chilled_margin" title="Chilled margin">chilled margin</a>. On the contrary, the largest crystals are often found on the margins of the pegmatite body. While aplites are sometimes found on the margins, they are as likely to occur within the body of the pegmatite. The crystals are never aligned in a way that would indicate flow, but are perpendicular to the walls. This implies formation in a static environment. Some pegmatities take the form of isolated pods, with no obvious feeder conduit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255–256_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255–256-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic">metamorphic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metasomatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metasomatic">metasomatic</a> origins have sometimes been suggested for pegmatites. A metamorphic pegmatite would be formed by removal of <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatiles</a> from metamorphic rocks, particularly felsic <a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">gneiss</a>, to liberate the right constituents and water, at the right temperature. A metasomatic pegmatite would be formed by <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_circulation" title="Hydrothermal circulation">hydrothermal circulation</a> of hot alteration fluids upon a rock mass, with bulk chemical and textural change. Metasomatism is currently not favored as a mechanism for pegmatite formation and it is likely that metamorphism and magmatism are both contributors toward the conditions necessary for pegmatite genesis.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan2012_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan2012-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mineralogy">Mineralogy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegmatite&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mineralogy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PegmatiticGranite.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/PegmatiticGranite.JPG/220px-PegmatiticGranite.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/PegmatiticGranite.JPG/330px-PegmatiticGranite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/PegmatiticGranite.JPG/440px-PegmatiticGranite.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="2184" /></a><figcaption>Pegmatitic granite with pink potassium feldspar crystals, surrounding a finer-grained <a href="/wiki/Cumulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulate">cumulate</a>-filled <a href="/wiki/Enclave_(geology)" title="Enclave (geology)">enclave</a>, Rock Creek Canyon, eastern <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a>, California</figcaption></figure> <p>Most pegmatites have a simple composition, often being composed entirely of minerals common in granite, such as feldspar, mica, and quartz.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson1997_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The feldspar and quartz often show <a href="/wiki/Graphic_texture" title="Graphic texture">graphic texture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-KleinHurlbut1993_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KleinHurlbut1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rarely, pegmatites are extremely enriched in <a href="/wiki/Incompatible_element" title="Incompatible element">incompatible elements</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, boron, phosphorus, and fluorine. These complex pegmatites contain unusual minerals of these elements, such as beryl, spodumene,<sup id="cite_ref-McBirney1984_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McBirney1984-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lepidolite, amblygonite, topaz, apatite, fluorite, tourmaline, <a href="/wiki/Triphylite" title="Triphylite">triphylite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Columbite" title="Columbite">columbite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monazite" title="Monazite">monazite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Molybdenite" title="Molybdenite">molybdenite</a>. Some of these can be important <a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-KleinHurlbut1993_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KleinHurlbut1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Gemstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemstones">gemstones</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a>, are found almost exclusively in pegmatites.<sup id="cite_ref-McBirney1984_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McBirney1984-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nepheline syenite pegmatites typically contain zirconium, <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rare_earth_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare earth element">rare earth element</a> minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-KleinHurlbut1993_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KleinHurlbut1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gabbroic pegmatites typically consist of exceptionally coarse interlocking <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plagioclase" title="Plagioclase">plagioclase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BlattTracy1980_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlattTracy1980-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geochemistry">Geochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegmatite&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elba%C3%AFte_et_mica_(Br%C3%A9sil)_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Elba%C3%AFte_et_mica_%28Br%C3%A9sil%29_1.JPG/220px-Elba%C3%AFte_et_mica_%28Br%C3%A9sil%29_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Elba%C3%AFte_et_mica_%28Br%C3%A9sil%29_1.JPG/330px-Elba%C3%AFte_et_mica_%28Br%C3%A9sil%29_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Elba%C3%AFte_et_mica_%28Br%C3%A9sil%29_1.JPG/440px-Elba%C3%AFte_et_mica_%28Br%C3%A9sil%29_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elbaite" title="Elbaite">Elbaite</a> tourmaline (olive-green) and <a href="/wiki/Lepidolite" title="Lepidolite">lepidolite</a> mica (violet), from a <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a>-enriched pegmatite in Brazil</figcaption></figure> <p>Pegmatites are enriched in volatile and <a href="/wiki/Incompatible_element" title="Incompatible element">incompatible elements</a>, consistent with their likely origin as the final melt fraction of a crystallizing body of magma.<sup id="cite_ref-KleinHurlbut1993_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KleinHurlbut1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is difficult to get a representative composition of a pegmatite, due to the large size of the constituent mineral crystals. Hence, pegmatite is often characterised by sampling the individual minerals that compose the pegmatite, and comparisons are made according to mineral chemistry. A common error is to assume that the wall zone is a chilled margin whose composition is representative of the original melt.<sup id="cite_ref-Ercit2005_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ercit2005-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pegmatites derived from batholiths can be divided into a family of NYF pegmatites, characterized by progressive enrichment in <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a>, and fluorine as well as enrichment in beryllium, rare earth elements, <a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a>, titanium, zirconium, thorium, and uranium; and a family of LCT pegmatites, characterized by progressive accumulation of lithium, <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>, and tantalum, as well as enrichment in <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a>, beryllium, tin, barium, phosphorus, and fluorine.<sup id="cite_ref-CernyErcit2005_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CernyErcit2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NYF pegmatites likely fractionated from A- to I-type granites that were relatively low in aluminium (subaluminous to metaluminous granites). These granites originated from depleted crust or mantle rock. LCT pegmatites most likely formed from S-type granites or possibly I-type granites, with a higher aluminium content (peraluminous granites).<sup id="cite_ref-CernyErcit2005_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CernyErcit2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intermediate pegmatites (NYF + LCT pegmatites) are known and may have formed by contamination of an initially NYF magma body with melted undepleted supracrustral rock.<sup id="cite_ref-CernyErcit2005_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CernyErcit2005-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_importance">Economic importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegmatite&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS-PP-1802k-K13.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/USGS-PP-1802k-K13.png/550px-USGS-PP-1802k-K13.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/USGS-PP-1802k-K13.png/825px-USGS-PP-1802k-K13.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/USGS-PP-1802k-K13.png 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Scatter plots of lithium grade and tonnage for selected world deposits, as of 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>Pegmatites often contain rare elements and <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Beryl#Aquamarine_and_maxixe" title="Beryl">aquamarine</a>, tourmaline, topaz, fluorite, apatite, and <a href="/wiki/Corundum" title="Corundum">corundum</a>, often along with <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, rare earth, and <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> minerals, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Allaby2013_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allaby2013-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jackson1997_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pegmatites have been mined for both quartz and feldspar.<sup id="cite_ref-Almq_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almq-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For quartz mining, pegmatites with central quartz masses have been of particular interest.<sup id="cite_ref-Almq_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almq-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pegmatites are the primary source of <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> either as spodumene, <a href="/wiki/Lithiophyllite" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithiophyllite">lithiophyllite</a> or usually from lepidolite.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary source for <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> is <a href="/wiki/Pollucite" title="Pollucite">pollucite</a>, a mineral from a zoned pegmatite.<sup id="cite_ref-Cerny_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cerny-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of the world's beryllium is sourced from non-gem quality beryl within pegmatite.<sup id="cite_ref-deGruyter_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deGruyter-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tantalum, niobium, and rare-earth elements are sourced from a few pegmatites worldwide, such as the <a href="/wiki/Greenbushes_mine" title="Greenbushes mine">Greenbushes Pegmatite</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Kibara Belt of <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, the Kenticha mine of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> the Alto Ligonha Province of <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Mibra (Volta) mine of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegmatite&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Occurrence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable pegmatite occurrences are found worldwide within the major <a href="/wiki/Craton" title="Craton">cratons</a>, and within <a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">greenschist</a>-facies metamorphic belts. However, pegmatite localities are only well recorded when economic mineralisation is found.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pegmatites are found as irregular <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dikes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">sills</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Vein_(geology)" title="Vein (geology)">veins</a>, and are most common at the margins of <a href="/wiki/Batholiths" class="mw-redirect" title="Batholiths">batholiths</a> (great masses of intrusive igneous rock).<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson1997_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson1997-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most are closely related spatially and genetically to large intrusions. They may take the form of veins or dikes in the intrusion itself, but more commonly, they extend into the surrounding country rock,<sup id="cite_ref-KleinHurlbut1993_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KleinHurlbut1993-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially above the intrusion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some pegmatites surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphic rock</a> have no obvious connection to a larger intrusion. Pegmatites in low-grade metamorphic rock tend to be dominated by quartz and <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_mineral" title="Carbonate mineral">carbonate minerals</a>. Pegmatites in metamorphic rock of higher grade are dominted by <a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali feldspar">alkali feldspar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gabbroic pegmatites typically occur as lenses within bodies of gabbro or <a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">diabase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BlattTracy1980_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BlattTracy1980-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nepheline syenite pegmatites are common in <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_magma_series" title="Alkaline magma series">alkaline</a> igneous complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009255-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pegmatite_dans_micaschiste.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pegmatite (light colored) in dark mica schist, Île de Noirmoutier, France"><img alt="Pegmatite (light colored) in dark mica schist, Île de Noirmoutier, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pegmatite_dans_micaschiste.jpg/180px-Pegmatite_dans_micaschiste.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pegmatite_dans_micaschiste.jpg/270px-Pegmatite_dans_micaschiste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Pegmatite_dans_micaschiste.jpg/360px-Pegmatite_dans_micaschiste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pegmatite (light colored) in dark <a href="/wiki/Mica_schist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mica schist">mica schist</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_de_Noirmoutier" class="mw-redirect" title="Île de Noirmoutier">Île de Noirmoutier</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pegmatite_Formation_(Isle_of_Skye).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pegmatite (pink), Isle of Skye, Scotland"><img alt="Pegmatite (pink), Isle of Skye, Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pegmatite_Formation_%28Isle_of_Skye%29.jpg/180px-Pegmatite_Formation_%28Isle_of_Skye%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pegmatite_Formation_%28Isle_of_Skye%29.jpg/270px-Pegmatite_Formation_%28Isle_of_Skye%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Pegmatite_Formation_%28Isle_of_Skye%29.jpg/360px-Pegmatite_Formation_%28Isle_of_Skye%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3836" data-file-height="2158" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pegmatite (pink), <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Skye" title="Isle of Skye">Isle of Skye</a>, Scotland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackCanyon-Pegmatites.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Potassium feldspar pegmatites at the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Colorado"><img alt="Potassium feldspar pegmatites at the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BlackCanyon-Pegmatites.jpg/180px-BlackCanyon-Pegmatites.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BlackCanyon-Pegmatites.jpg/270px-BlackCanyon-Pegmatites.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/BlackCanyon-Pegmatites.jpg/360px-BlackCanyon-Pegmatites.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10696" data-file-height="7149" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Potassium feldspar pegmatites at the <a href="/wiki/Black_Canyon_of_the_Gunnison_National_Park" title="Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park">Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park</a>, Colorado</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pegmatite_dyke_Cap-de-Creus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hercynian pegmatite dike intruded into Ediacaran schist, Cap de Creus peninsula, Catalonia, Spain[34]"><img alt="Hercynian pegmatite dike intruded into Ediacaran schist, Cap de Creus peninsula, Catalonia, Spain[34]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pegmatite_dyke_Cap-de-Creus.jpg/126px-Pegmatite_dyke_Cap-de-Creus.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pegmatite_dyke_Cap-de-Creus.jpg/190px-Pegmatite_dyke_Cap-de-Creus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Pegmatite_dyke_Cap-de-Creus.jpg/253px-Pegmatite_dyke_Cap-de-Creus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="4119" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Variscan_orogeny" title="Variscan orogeny">Hercynian</a> pegmatite dike intruded into <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> schist, <a href="/wiki/Cap_de_Creus" title="Cap de Creus">Cap de Creus</a> peninsula, Catalonia, Spain<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegmatite&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz_1928-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_1928_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1928" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, G. (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/arc/black_hills.htm">"The Black Hills Mineral Region"</a>. <i>American Mineralogist</i>. <b>13</b>: <span class="nowrap">56–</span>63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Mineralogist&rft.atitle=The+Black+Hills+Mineral+Region&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E56-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minsocam.org%2Fmsa%2Fcollectors_corner%2Farc%2Fblack_hills.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegmatite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan2012-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan2012_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan2012_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan2012_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLondonMorgan2012" class="citation journal cs1">London, David; Morgan, George B. (2012-08-01). 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(1995-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.90.3.616">"A review of the geology, mineralization, and geochronology of the Greenbushes Pegmatite, Western Australia"</a>. <i>Economic Geology</i>. <b>90</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">616–</span>635. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995EcGeo..90..616P">1995EcGeo..90..616P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.90.3.616">10.2113/gsecongeo.90.3.616</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1554-0774">1554-0774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+Geology&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+geology%2C+mineralization%2C+and+geochronology+of+the+Greenbushes+Pegmatite%2C+Western+Australia&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E616-%3C%2Fspan%3E635&rft.date=1995-05-01&rft.issn=1554-0774&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.90.3.616&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995EcGeo..90..616P&rft.aulast=Partington&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rft.au=McNaughton%2C+N.+J.&rft.au=Williams%2C+I.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2113%2Fgsecongeo.90.3.616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegmatite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelcherGraupnerOberthürSchütte2017" class="citation journal cs1">Melcher, F.; Graupner, T.; Oberthür, T.; Schütte, P. (1 March 2017). "Tantalum-(niobium-tin) mineralisation in pegmatites and rare-metal granites of Africa". <i>South African Journal of Geology</i>. <b>120</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">77–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SAJG..120...77M">2017SAJG..120...77M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25131%2Fgssajg.120.1.77">10.25131/gssajg.120.1.77</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Journal+of+Geology&rft.atitle=Tantalum-%28niobium-tin%29+mineralisation+in+pegmatites+and+rare-metal+granites+of+Africa&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2017-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25131%2Fgssajg.120.1.77&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017SAJG..120...77M&rft.aulast=Melcher&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Graupner%2C+T.&rft.au=Oberth%C3%BCr%2C+T.&rft.au=Sch%C3%BCtte%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegmatite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLinnenTruemanBurt2014" class="citation book cs1">Linnen, Robert; Trueman, David L.; Burt, Richard (2014). "Tantalum and niobium". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mmsallaboutmetallurgy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Critical-Metals-Handbook.pdf#page=373"><i>Critical metals handbook</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. <span class="nowrap">361–</span>384. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://mmsallaboutmetallurgy.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Critical-Metals-Handbook.pdf#page=373">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tantalum+and+niobium&rft.btitle=Critical+metals+handbook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E384&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Linnen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Trueman%2C+David+L.&rft.au=Burt%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmmsallaboutmetallurgy.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F07%2FCritical-Metals-Handbook.pdf%23page%3D373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegmatite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLondon2016" class="citation journal cs1">London, David (2016). "Rare-Element Granitic Pegmatites". <i>Rare Earth and Critical Elements in Ore Deposits</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5382%2FRev.18.08">10.5382/Rev.18.08</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781629490922" title="Special:BookSources/9781629490922"><bdi>9781629490922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rare+Earth+and+Critical+Elements+in+Ore+Deposits&rft.atitle=Rare-Element+Granitic+Pegmatites&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5382%2FRev.18.08&rft.isbn=9781629490922&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APegmatite" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elena Druguet and Jordi Carreras, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Folds-and-Shear-Zones-at-Cap-de-Creus-Carreras/7976e821278454959813206aa68e8fe98893f246"><i>Folds and Shear Zones at Cap de Creus</i></a>, 2019, Field Trip Guide, at semanticscholar.org.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegmatite&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>London, D. (2008): Pegmatites. Canadian Mineralogist Special Publication 10, 347 pp.</li> <li>Tan, Li-ping, 1966, <i>Major Pegmatite Deposits of New York State,</i> New York State Museum Bulletin No. 408</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502011644/http://pegmatopia.ou.edu/">Pegmatopia: David London, School of Geology & Geophysics, University of Oklahoma</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegmatite&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pegmatite" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Igneous_rocks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Igneous rocks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Common_igneous_rocks_classified_by_silicon_dioxide_content79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rocks</a> classified by <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> content</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Type</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Ultramafic_rock" title="Ultramafic rock">Ultramafic</a><br /><45% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">Mafic</a><br />45–52% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_composition" title="Intermediate composition">Intermediate</a><br />52–63% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_composition" title="Intermediate composition">Intermediate</a>–<a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a><br />63–69% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">Felsic</a><br />>69% <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">SiO<sub>2</sub></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic rocks</a>:</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Subvolcanic_rock" title="Subvolcanic rock">Subvolcanic rocks</a>:</b><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluton">Plutonic rocks</a>:</b> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase (Dolerite)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Microdiorite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Microgranodiorite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: center;width:12%;"><div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Microgranite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1077" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105630#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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