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aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oceania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_and_South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_and_South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>North and South America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_and_South_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North and South America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_and_South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alberta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alberta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Alberta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alberta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Columbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Columbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>British Columbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Columbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manitoba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manitoba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Manitoba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manitoba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Brunswick" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Brunswick"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>New Brunswick</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Brunswick-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newfoundland_and_Labrador"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Newfoundland and Labrador</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newfoundland_and_Labrador-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nova_Scotia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nova_Scotia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span>Nova Scotia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nova_Scotia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontario" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontario"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.7</span> <span>Ontario</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontario-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prince_Edward_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prince_Edward_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.8</span> <span>Prince Edward Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prince_Edward_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.9</span> <span>Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saskatchewan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saskatchewan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.10</span> <span>Saskatchewan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saskatchewan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jamaica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jamaica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Jamaica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jamaica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Latin America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Panama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>New England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northeast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northeast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Northeast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northeast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midwest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midwest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Midwest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midwest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ohio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ohio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3.1</span> <span>Ohio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ohio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.4</span> <span>South</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.5</span> <span>West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_normal_schools_in_the_US" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_normal_schools_in_the_US"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.6</span> <span>Other normal schools in the US</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_normal_schools_in_the_US-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Related articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Normal school</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دار المعلمين الابتدائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دار المعلمين الابتدائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="নর্মাল স্কুল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নর্মাল স্কুল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-ho%C4%81n_ha%CC%8Dk-h%C4%81u" title="Su-hoān ha̍k-hāu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-hoān ha̍k-hāu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_Normal" title="Escola Normal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Escola Normal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleg_normal" title="Coleg normal – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Coleg normal" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalschule" title="Normalschule – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Normalschule" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escuela_normal" title="Escuela normal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Escuela normal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_normale" title="École normale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="École normale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normaalskoalle" title="Normaalskoalle – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Normaalskoalle" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="नौर्मल स्कूल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नौर्मल स्कूल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekolah_pendidikan_guru" title="Sekolah pendidikan guru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sekolah pendidikan guru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_perguruan" title="Institut perguruan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Institut perguruan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normaalschool" title="Normaalschool – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Normaalschool" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%93%A1%E9%A4%8A%E6%88%90%E6%A9%9F%E9%96%A2" title="教員養成機関 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="教員養成機関" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalskole" title="Normalskole – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Normalskole" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"State Normal School" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/State_Normal_School_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="State Normal School (disambiguation)">State Normal School (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Teachers college" redirects here. For the graduate school in New York City, see <a href="/wiki/Teachers_College,_Columbia_University" title="Teachers College, Columbia University">Teachers College, Columbia University</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid 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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Normal_school" title="Special:EditPage/Normal school">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Normal_school" title="Talk:Normal school">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Normal+school%22">"Normal school"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Normal+school%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Normal+school%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Normal+school%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Normal+school%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Normal+school%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CountyNormal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CountyNormal.jpg/220px-CountyNormal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CountyNormal.jpg/330px-CountyNormal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CountyNormal.jpg/440px-CountyNormal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3757" data-file-height="2481" /></a><figcaption>"County Normal" above an entrance to the normal school in <a href="/wiki/Viroqua,_Wisconsin" title="Viroqua, Wisconsin">Viroqua, Wisconsin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%88%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%88%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8.jpg/220px-%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%88%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%88%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8.jpg/330px-%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%88%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%88%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8.jpg/440px-%E5%8C%97%E5%B8%88%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3784" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>An entrance gate at <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Beijing Normal University</a>, an example of a comprehensive research university established as a normal school</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>normal school</b> or <b>normal college</b> is an institution created to <a href="/wiki/Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">train teachers</a> by educating them in the norms of <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a>. Many such schools have since been called <b>teacher training colleges</b> or <b>teachers' colleges</b>, but in Mexico, continue to be called normal schools, with student-teachers being known as <i>normalistas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many schools require a <a href="/wiki/High_school_diploma" title="High school diploma">high school diploma</a> for entry, and may be part of a comprehensive university. Normal schools in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> trained teachers for <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary schools</a>, while in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the equivalent colleges typically educated teachers for primary schools and later extended their curricula to also cover <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary</a> schools. </p><p>In 1685, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_de_La_Salle" title="Jean-Baptiste de La Salle">St. Jean-Baptiste de La Salle</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Brothers_of_the_Christian_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools">Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools</a>, founded what is generally considered the first normal school, the <i>École normale</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. The term "normal" in this context refers to the goal of these institutions to instill and reinforce particular <i>norms</i> within students. "Norms" included historical behavioral norms of the time, as well as norms that reinforced targeted societal values, ideologies and dominant narratives in the form of curriculum. </p><p>The first public normal school in the United States was founded in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_Vermont" title="Concord, Vermont">Concord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Read_Hall" title="Samuel Read Hall">Samuel Read Hall</a> in 1823 to train teachers. In 1839, the first state-supported normal school was established by the Commonwealth of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> on the northeast corner of the historic <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Battle_Green" title="Lexington Battle Green">Lexington Battle Green</a>; it evolved into <a href="/wiki/Framingham_State_University" title="Framingham State University">Framingham State University</a>. The first modern teacher training school in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> was established by educator <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Xuanhuai" title="Sheng Xuanhuai">Sheng Xuanhuai</a> in 1895 as the normal school of the Nanyang Public School (now <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University" title="Shanghai Jiao Tong University">Shanghai Jiao Tong University</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public or state-supported universities</a>—such as <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Beijing Normal University</a> in China—were established and operated as normal schools before they expanded their faculties and transformed themselves into <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research universities</a>. Some of these universities, particularly in Asia, retain the word "Normal" in their name to highlight their historical purpose. In Canada, most normal schools were eventually assimilated into a university as its faculty of education, offering a one or two-year <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Education" title="Bachelor of Education">Bachelor of Education</a> degree. Such a degree requires at least three, but usually four, years of prior undergraduate study. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "normal school" originated in the early 17th century from the French <i>école normale</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Edwards1991_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edwards1991-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French concept of an "école normale" was to provide a model school with model classrooms to teach model teaching practices to its student teachers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The children being taught, their teachers, and the teachers of the teachers were often together in the same building.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Although a <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">laboratory school</a>, it was the official school for the children—primary or secondary.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Alternatively, the name derives from the objective of the institution to teach the practice or norms of pedagogy, <i>i.e.</i>, teaching. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Educating teachers was of great importance in the newly industrialized European economies which needed a reliable, reproducible and uniform work force. The process of instilling such norms within students depended upon the creation of the first uniform, formalized national educational curriculum. Thus, normal schools, as the teacher training schools, were tasked with both developing this new curriculum and developing the techniques through which teachers would instill these ideas, behaviors and values in the minds of their students.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, schools of education only exist in the state of <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a>. These schools prepare teachers for <a href="/wiki/Grundschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Grundschule">Grundschule</a> (primary school) and secondary schools like <a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">Realschule</a>. Teachers for the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">Gymnasium</a> are educated at universities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Finland, normal schools are under national university administration, whereas most schools are administered by the local <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">municipality</a>. Teacher aspirants do most of their compulsory trainee period in normal schools and teach while being supervised by a senior teacher. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In France, a two-tier system developed after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a>: primary school teachers were educated at <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">départemental</a> <i>écoles normales</i>, high school teachers and university professors at the <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89coles_normales_sup%C3%A9rieures" class="mw-redirect" title="Écoles normales supérieures">écoles normales supérieures</a></i>. Nowadays all teachers are educated in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_national_sup%C3%A9rieur_du_professorat_et_de_l%27%C3%A9ducation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut national supérieur du professorat et de l'éducation (page does not exist)">Institut national supérieur du professorat et de l'éducation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_sup%C3%A9rieur_du_professorat_et_de_l%27%C3%A9ducation" class="extiw" title="fr:Institut national supérieur du professorat et de l'éducation">fr</a>]</span> (Graduate School of Teaching and Education). The <i>écoles normales supérieures</i> in France now mainly train researchers, who spend one year teaching in <i><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_France" title="Secondary education in France">lycée</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy, Normal Schools now are called Liceo delle Scienze Umane. The <a href="/wiki/Scuola_Normale_Superiore_di_Pisa" title="Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa">Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa</a> now focus mainly on training researchers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Lithuania, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_University_of_Educational_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences">Lithuanian University of Educational Sciences</a> (LEU), former Vilnius Pedagogical University (VPU) is the main teachers' training institution, established in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Serbia">Serbia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Serbia, the first public normal school was founded in <a href="/wiki/Sombor" title="Sombor">Sombor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Avram_Mrazovi%C4%87" title="Avram Mrazović">Avram Mrazović</a> in 1778 to train teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-ravnoplov.rs_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ravnoplov.rs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the Faculty of Education in Sombor celebrated 240 years since the founding of the first school for the education of Serbian teachers called <i>Norma</i>. It was a teacher training college at the beginning called <i>Norma college</i> before it was closed in 1811, and another school was opened in its place in 1812 in <a href="/wiki/Szentendre" title="Szentendre">Szentendre</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Rescript_of_the_Illyrian_Nation" title="Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation">Declaratory Rescript of the Illyrian Nation</a>. The new institution was named <i>Regium Pedagogium Nationis Illiricae</i> or Royal Pedagogium Of The Illyrian-Serbian Nation (also referred to in Latin as <i>Preparandium</i> or <i>Preparadija</i> in Serbian) which eventually was relocated back to Sombor in 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-ravnoplov.rs_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ravnoplov.rs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Normal school – Teachers College is generally considered the first normal school or <i>École normale</i> in Sombor. The term "normal" in this case refers to "the goal of the institution to instill and reinforce particular <i>norms</i> within students". Also, these "<i>norms</i> included historical behavioral norms of the time, as well as norms that reinforced targeted societal values, ideologies and dominant narratives in the form of <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a>". For the longest time, this was the only academy for teachers' training in Serbian.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first woman academician of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> <a href="/wiki/Isidora_Sekuli%C4%87" title="Isidora Sekulić">Isidora Sekulić</a>, the poet <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Du%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Jovan Dučić">Jovan Dučić</a>, the composers <a href="/wiki/Petar_Konjovi%C4%87" title="Petar Konjović">Petar Konjović</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josif_Marinkovi%C4%87" title="Josif Marinković">Josif Marinković</a> are just some of the <i><a href="/wiki/Alumni" title="Alumni">alumni</a></i> of <i>Norma.</i><sup id="cite_ref-ravnoplov.rs_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ravnoplov.rs-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, teacher training colleges were once named as such, and were independent institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the recommendation of the 1963 <i><a href="/wiki/Robbins_Report" title="Robbins Report">Robbins Report</a></i> into <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, teacher training colleges were renamed "Colleges of Education". Later in the 20th century some became a "College of Higher Education" or an "Institute of Higher Education".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For information about academic divisions devoted to this field outside of the United States and Canada, see <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_Training_in_Education_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Postgraduate Training in Education (disambiguation)">Postgraduate Training in Education (disambiguation)</a>. </p><p>A restructuring of higher education in the UK during the first two decades of the 21st century resulted in some establishments taking the status of "university". The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chester" title="University of Chester">University of Chester</a>, founded by the <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican church</a>, traces its roots back to 1839 as the earliest training college in the United Kingdom. Others were also established by religious institutions, and most were single-sex until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Since then, they have either become multi-discipline universities in their own right (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Grosseteste_University" title="Bishop Grosseteste University">Bishop Grosseteste University</a>; University of Chester; <a href="/wiki/Edge_Hill_University" title="Edge Hill University">Edge Hill University</a>; <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_University,_Twickenham" title="St Mary's University, Twickenham">St Mary's University, Twickenham</a>; <a href="/wiki/Newman_University,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Newman University, Birmingham">Newman University, Birmingham</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Marjon_University" title="Plymouth Marjon University">Plymouth Marjon University</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Winchester" title="University of Winchester">University of Winchester</a>; <a href="/wiki/University_of_Worcester" title="University of Worcester">University of Worcester</a>; <a href="/wiki/York_St_John_University" title="York St John University">York St John University</a>) or merged with another university to become its faculty of education (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Moray_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Moray House">Moray House</a>). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, there were at least three institutions which included the word "Normal" in their name: Normal School, Brecon,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subsequently relocated to become Normal College Swansea<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (where the academic and mathematician <a href="/wiki/John_Viriamu_Jones" title="John Viriamu Jones">John Viriamu Jones</a> was educated); and <a href="/wiki/Bangor_Normal_College" title="Bangor Normal College">Normal College, Bangor</a> (founded 1858), which survived until 1996, when it became part of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Bangor" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wales Bangor">University of Wales Bangor</a>. The latter was one of the last institutions in the UK to retain the word "Normal" in its name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beiyang_Women%27s_Normal_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Beiyang_Women%27s_Normal_School.jpg/220px-Beiyang_Women%27s_Normal_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Beiyang_Women%27s_Normal_School.jpg/330px-Beiyang_Women%27s_Normal_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Beiyang_Women%27s_Normal_School.jpg/440px-Beiyang_Women%27s_Normal_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="710" /></a><figcaption>Students of the Beiyang Women's Normal School, an early example of a normal school in China (1912)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>, the "normal school" terminology is still preserved in the official English names of former normal schools established in the late 19th and early 20th century. The Chinese term <i>normal university</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">师范大学</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shīfàn dàxué</span></i>, abbreviated 师大; <i>shīdà</i>) refers to a modern comprehensive university established as a normal school in the early twentieth century. These "normal universities" are usually controlled by the national or provincial government. </p><p>In 1895, Qing banking tycoon and educator <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Xuanhuai" title="Sheng Xuanhuai">Sheng Xuanhuai</a> gained approval from the <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu Emperor</a> to establish the Nanyang Public School in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This comprehensive institution included the first normal school on the Chinese mainland. Since 1949, many former normal schools in China have developed into comprehensive research universities. As of 2012, <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Beijing Normal University</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_China_Normal_University" title="East China Normal University">East China Normal University</a>, both members of the national government's <a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a> program, have been ranked the top two among the mainland Chinese universities that originated as normal schools.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Groepsportret_voor_de_%27Kweekschool_voor_inlandse_onderwijzeressen%27_TMnr_10028307.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Groepsportret_voor_de_%27Kweekschool_voor_inlandse_onderwijzeressen%27_TMnr_10028307.jpg/230px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Groepsportret_voor_de_%27Kweekschool_voor_inlandse_onderwijzeressen%27_TMnr_10028307.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Groepsportret_voor_de_%27Kweekschool_voor_inlandse_onderwijzeressen%27_TMnr_10028307.jpg/345px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Groepsportret_voor_de_%27Kweekschool_voor_inlandse_onderwijzeressen%27_TMnr_10028307.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Groepsportret_voor_de_%27Kweekschool_voor_inlandse_onderwijzeressen%27_TMnr_10028307.jpg/460px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Groepsportret_voor_de_%27Kweekschool_voor_inlandse_onderwijzeressen%27_TMnr_10028307.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Trainee teachers at the college in <a href="/wiki/Salatiga" title="Salatiga">Salatiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (October 5, 1929)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, there were specialised higher institutions to train teacher by educating them in the norms of <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Curriculum" title="Curriculum">curriculum</a>. Indonesian government created crash program around 1950 as B-I/B-II/PGSLP course. In year 1954, the government opened the Teacher Education Higher Education Institutions (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Perguruan Tinggi Pendidikan Guru</i></span>, PTPG) in <a href="/wiki/Batusangkar" title="Batusangkar">Batusangkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manado" title="Manado">Manado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a> by Education and Culture Ministerial Decision No. 382/Kab Year 1954. Both courses were integrated to Teaching and Pedagogy Faculty at nearby university. Government Decision No. 51 Year 1958 integrate Pedagogy Faculty into Teaching and Pedagogy Faculty. In year 1962, Ministry of Basic Education established Teacher Education Institute (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Institut Pendidikan Guru</i></span>, IPG) for middle school teacher. In year 1963, B-I and B-II courses and IPG were merged into Teaching and Pedagogy Faculty under Ministry of Higher Education. In year 1963–1964, Teaching and Pedagogy Faculties were established as separate higher education institutions which were known as Teaching and Education Institutes (<span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Institut Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan</i></span>, IKIP). Presidential Decision No. 93 Year 1999 allowed IKIP to develop non-educational sciences and marked the end of specialised teacher education higher institutions in general. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:School_building_of_the_Higher_Normal_School_built_in_1887.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/School_building_of_the_Higher_Normal_School_built_in_1887.jpg/220px-School_building_of_the_Higher_Normal_School_built_in_1887.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/School_building_of_the_Higher_Normal_School_built_in_1887.jpg/330px-School_building_of_the_Higher_Normal_School_built_in_1887.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/School_building_of_the_Higher_Normal_School_built_in_1887.jpg/440px-School_building_of_the_Higher_Normal_School_built_in_1887.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3427" data-file-height="2419" /></a><figcaption>Tokyo Higher Normal School in 1887</figcaption></figure> <p>In Japan, the normal school (<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%AB%E7%AF%84%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:師範学校">師範学校</a>) was established at <a href="/wiki/Yushima_Seid%C5%8D" title="Yushima Seidō">Yushima Seido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, prefectural normal schools for primary teachers were established in all prefectures. Japanese-style normal schools were also established in the colonies of Taiwan, Korea, and Manchukuo under Japanese rule. </p><p>In 1886, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_School_Order&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Normal School Order (page does not exist)">Normal School Order</a> (師範学校令) was promulgated and the Higher Normal School (高等師範学校) was established in Tokyo to train secondary teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tokyo_Arts_and_Sciences_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tokyo Arts and Sciences University (page does not exist)">Tokyo Arts and Sciences University</a> (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Tsukuba" title="University of Tsukuba">Tsukuba University</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiroshima_Arts_and_Sciences_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiroshima Arts and Sciences University (page does not exist)">Hiroshima Arts and Sciences University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_University" title="Hiroshima University">Hiroshima University</a>) were established for Normal School graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the postwar educational reform, normal schools were reorganized into universities' education faculties, arts and sciences faculty or universities of education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Education (Malaysia)">Ministry of Education</a> runs a total of 27 Institutes of Teacher Education (ITEs), which were formerly known as Teacher Training Colleges. These ITEs function primarily to educated both undergraduate and postgraduate teacher trainees. The ministry bureau responsible for overseeing them is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teacher_Education_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teacher Education Division (page does not exist)">Teacher Education Division</a>. The ITEs also run in-service teacher training and continuous professional development among qualified teachers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur" title="Naga, Camarines Sur">Naga City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">the Philippines</a>, one can find the oldest normal school for girls in the Far East, the <a href="/wiki/Universidad_de_Santa_Isabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Universidad de Santa Isabel">Universidad de Santa Isabel</a>. It is a sectarian school run by the <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Charity_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul">Daughters of Charity</a>. The first secular normal school was founded in 1901 by the <a href="/wiki/Thomasites" title="Thomasites">Thomasites</a>, the Philippine Normal School. It was converted into a college in 1949 and was elevated to its present university status in 1992 as the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Normal_University" title="Philippine Normal University">Philippine Normal University</a>. In 2009, it was named National Center of Excellence for Teacher Education by virtue of Republic Act 9647. In <a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo City</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Visayas_State_University" title="West Visayas State University">West Visayas State University</a> was originally established as a normal school in 1902; in 1994, it was recognized by the Philippines government as a Center for Teaching Excellence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan.ntnu.auditorium.altonthompson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Taiwan.ntnu.auditorium.altonthompson.jpg/230px-Taiwan.ntnu.auditorium.altonthompson.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Taiwan.ntnu.auditorium.altonthompson.jpg/345px-Taiwan.ntnu.auditorium.altonthompson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Taiwan.ntnu.auditorium.altonthompson.jpg/460px-Taiwan.ntnu.auditorium.altonthompson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A lecture hall dating from the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese colonial era</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_Normal_University" title="National Taiwan Normal University">National Taiwan Normal University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, three universities served as national normal universities historically. Located in <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_Normal_University" title="National Taiwan Normal University">Taipei</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_Normal_University" title="National Taiwan Normal University">National Taiwan Normal University</a>), <a href="/wiki/National_Changhua_University_of_Education" title="National Changhua University of Education">Changhua</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Changhua_University_of_Education" title="National Changhua University of Education">National Changhua University of Education</a>), and <a href="/wiki/National_Kaohsiung_Normal_University" title="National Kaohsiung Normal University">Kaohsiung</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Kaohsiung_Normal_University" title="National Kaohsiung Normal University">National Kaohsiung Normal University</a>), the schools primarily cultivates <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a> teachers and also trains teachers for <a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">preschool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">elementary school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">special education</a> and other fields. These schools' missions have expanded since to make them <i>de facto</i> comprehensive research or <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a> universities. </p><p>NCUE didn't adopt the term "normal university" because its predecessor was named Taiwan Provincial College of Education, and it was unrelated to the subsequent trend of renaming education universities. </p><p>Ten Taiwanese normal schools (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">師範學院</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">shīfàn xuéyuàn</span></i>, abbreviated 師院; shīyuàn, "normal colleges") were established <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">under Japanese rule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retrocession_Day" title="Retrocession Day">at the end of World War 2</a>, serving for primary school teacher's education. These were promoted as teachers' colleges and later granted university status in 2000s. It is distinguished under the name "Education University" from the "Normal University". Some of these were merged with comprehensive university, such as <a href="/wiki/National_Hualien_University_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="National Hualien University of Education">National Hualien University of Education</a>, which were merged with <a href="/wiki/National_Dong_Hwa_University" title="National Dong Hwa University">National Dong Hwa University</a> in 2007. Some of them were merged with professional university, such as Taipei Physical Education College was merged with Taipei Municipal University of Education to form the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Taipei" title="University of Taipei">University of Taipei</a> in 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New Zealand, the term <i>normal school</i> can refer to a primary or intermediate school used for teacher training, such as the <a href="/wiki/Epsom_Normal_Primary_School" title="Epsom Normal Primary School">Epsom Normal Primary School</a> (in Auckland), <a href="/wiki/Kelburn_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelburn Normal School">Kelburn Normal School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmerston_North_Intermediate_Normal_School" title="Palmerston North Intermediate Normal School">Palmerston North Intermediate Normal School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papakura_Normal_School" title="Papakura Normal School">Papakura Normal School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Normal School">Central Normal School</a> in Palmerston North, and <a href="/wiki/Tahuna_Normal_Intermediate_School" title="Tahuna Normal Intermediate School">Tahuna Normal Intermediate School</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Street_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="George Street Normal School">George Street Normal School</a> in Dunedin. They were associated with a teachers' training college, such as the <a href="/wiki/Auckland_College_of_Education" title="Auckland College of Education">Auckland College of Education</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Otago_College_of_Education" title="University of Otago College of Education">Dunedin College of Education</a>, which became colleges of education that trained secondary as well as primary and intermediate school teachers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_and_South_America">North and South America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: North and South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alberta">Alberta</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Alberta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calgary_Normal_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calgary Normal School (page does not exist)">Calgary Normal School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a> was initially located at 412 – 7 Street SW in Calgary in what is called the McDougall School founded shortly after Alberta became a province in 1905. Its history is part of the founding of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a> in 1966. Another Normal school was founded at Camrose (also called Rosehaven Normal school) in 1912. The <a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Normal_School" title="Edmonton Normal School">Edmonton Normal School</a> was opened in 1920 in Edmonton, Alberta. </p><p>In 1945 all normal schools in Alberta were merged into the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>'s faculty of education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_Columbia">British Columbia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: British Columbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1901, the first Provincial Normal School in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> was opened in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>. Classes commenced on 9 January 1901. In January 1909, the Provincial Normal school moved into a new facility and its own building located at 11th and Cambie (now part of City Square Mall). In 1915 a second Provincial Normal School opened in Victoria. Trainee teachers from greater Vancouver and the lower Mainland attended the Normal School in Vancouver. Students from <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a> and students outside the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland">Lower Mainland</a>, that is, from the Upper Fraser Valley and communities in the interior of the province – enrolled in the Normal School in Victoria. That school was originally located in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_High_School_(British_Columbia)" title="Victoria High School (British Columbia)">Victoria High School</a> and later in its own building which is now part of <a href="/wiki/Camosun_College" title="Camosun College">Camosun College</a>. In 1956 the responsibility for provincial teacher training was transferred to The <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manitoba">Manitoba</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Manitoba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ST._BONIFACE_NORMAL_SCHOOL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ST._BONIFACE_NORMAL_SCHOOL.jpg/250px-ST._BONIFACE_NORMAL_SCHOOL.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ST._BONIFACE_NORMAL_SCHOOL.jpg/375px-ST._BONIFACE_NORMAL_SCHOOL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/ST._BONIFACE_NORMAL_SCHOOL.jpg/500px-ST._BONIFACE_NORMAL_SCHOOL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5554" data-file-height="3703" /></a><figcaption>St. Boniface Normal School, designed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Sandham_Griffith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Sandham Griffith (page does not exist)">Henry Sandham Griffith</a> in 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>Central Normal School was founded in 1882 in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>. In 1905–06 a new building was constructed at 442 William Avenue. It was one of six Normal Schools in Manitoba, along with Brandon Normal School (1129 Queens Street, Brandon), Dauphin, Manitou, Portage la Prairie, and St. Boniface. Central Normal School moved to a facility in southwest Winnipeg in 1947. In the autumn of 1958, it was renamed the Manitoba Teachers' College. It was moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manitoba" title="University of Manitoba">University of Manitoba</a> in 1965, becoming its Faculty of Education. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Brunswick">New Brunswick</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: New Brunswick"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick_Teachers%27_College" title="New Brunswick Teachers' College">New Brunswick Teachers' College</a> was a normal school in Fredericton, New Brunswick which granted teaching certificates. It was founded on February 10, 1848, as the Provincial Normal School with Joseph Marshall de Brett Maréchal, Baron d'Avray as the first principal. In 1947, the institution changed its name to the New Brunswick Teachers' College. It closed in 1973, and its staff were integrated into the faculties of education at the <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Moncton" title="Université de Moncton">Université de Moncton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Brunswick" title="University of New Brunswick">University of New Brunswick</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newfoundland_and_Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Newfoundland and Labrador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wesleyan Normal Day School was founded in 1852 by the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyans">Wesleyans</a> under the Newfoundland School Society. This institution continued until 1901. In 1910, a normal school was established in <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's</a> by the Church of England which continued for a number of years. In 1921 the first non-denominational normal school was initiated and was discontinued in 1932. It was reorganized in 1934 as a department of the Memorial University College. In 1949, the institution's name was changed to <a href="/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland" title="Memorial University of Newfoundland">Memorial University of Newfoundland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nova_Scotia">Nova Scotia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nova Scotia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Teachers_College" title="Nova Scotia Teachers College">Nova Scotia Teachers College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Truro,_Nova_Scotia" title="Truro, Nova Scotia">Truro</a> began in 1855 as the Provincial Nova Scotia Normal School opened in Truro, Nova Scotia. The school was closed in 1997 and the program essentially consolidated with other provincial universities including <a href="/wiki/Acadia_University" title="Acadia University">Acadia University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Saint_Vincent_University" title="Mount Saint Vincent University">Mount St. Vincent</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_University" title="St. Francis Xavier University">St. Francis Xavier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Sainte-Anne" title="Université Sainte-Anne">Sainte-Anne</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ontario">Ontario</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ontario"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thanks largely in part to the effort of education reformer <a href="/wiki/Egerton_Ryerson" title="Egerton Ryerson">Egerton Ryerson</a>, the Ontario Normal School system came into being beginning in Toronto in 1847. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/London_Normal_School" title="London Normal School">London Normal School</a> was located at 165 Elmwood Avenue in <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London, Ontario</a> and commenced classes on February 1, 1900. By 1958, the building was no longer adequate and was moved to a new location on Western Rd. In 1973, London Teachers' College (as it was then called) (Elborn) merged with Althouse College to form the Faculty of Education at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building is now a prominent area landmark.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/North_Bay_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bay Normal School">North Bay Normal School</a>, a teacher training school, was established in 1909 in North Bay Ontario to meet the needs of teacher education in Ontario's North. The school was renamed North Bay Teachers' College in 1953, and became Nipissing University College's faculty of education in August 1973. After the university received a prestigious award in 2010, the Faculty of Education was renamed the Schulich School of Education. See <a href="/wiki/Nipissing_University" title="Nipissing University">Nipissing University</a>. </p><p>A school of pedagogy was formed in association with <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Normal_School" title="Toronto Normal School">Toronto Normal School</a>, offering advanced level courses suitable for high-school teachers. In 1897, the school was moved to Hamilton and renamed Ontario Normal College. The college closed in 1906 and the training was taken over by the faculties of education at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> in Kingston.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Normal_School" title="Ottawa Normal School">Ottawa Normal School</a> was built in 1874 and opened in 1875. It was located at 195 Elgin Street. It was renamed the Ottawa Teachers' College in 1953, and was subsequently merged into the Faculty of Education of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ottawa" title="University of Ottawa">University of Ottawa</a> in 1974. </p><p>The Peterborough Normal School in <a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough</a> was officially opened on September 15, 1908, and operated until the late 1960s. </p><p>The Stratford Normal School was founded at 270 Water Street in 1908 in <a href="/wiki/Stratford,_Ontario" title="Stratford, Ontario">Stratford, Ontario</a>. Its emphasis was primarily for training teachers for rural conditions. Its name was changed to Stratford Teachers' College in 1953 and closed its doors in 1973 having trained close to 14,000 teachers. The site was maintained, and was home to the Stratford Perth Museum for a number of years, being renamed the Discovery Centre. The museum moved to another location, however, and the building is now leased by the Stratford Shakespeare Festival, and has been named once again the Normal School Building.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prince_Edward_Island">Prince Edward Island</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Prince Edward Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Prince Edward Island Normal School has its origin in 1856 on the grounds of <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_College" title="Prince of Wales College">Prince of Wales College</a> in Charlottetown, P.E.I. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec">Quebec</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first three <i>Écoles normales</i> were established in 1857, two for French speakers in <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal">Montréal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Québec</a>, and a third one in Montréal for English speakers. More institutions were added in the following century. Religious communities were responsible for around 110 private normal schools, most of which were for girls, and universities had schools of education. Between 1963 and 1974, the system was ultimately phased out to be integrated into universities' Faculty of Education departments, specifically with new Université du Québec branches.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Saskatchewan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Saskatchewan Normal School, also once known as the Regina Normal School, was founded as early as 1890 in Regina moving into its first permanent structure in January, 1914. In 1964 it was transferred to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a> Regina Campus and in 1974 becoming part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Regina" title="University of Regina">University of Regina</a>. Another normal school was founded in the early 1920s in Moose Jaw and was later transferred into the Regina campus in 1959. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Saskatoon Normal School">Saskatoon Normal School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saskatoon" title="Saskatoon">Saskatoon</a> was founded in 1912 and served until 1953. It has now been integrated with the Faculty of Education at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jamaica">Jamaica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Jamaica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mico_University_College" title="Mico University College">Mico University College</a> is the oldest teacher training institute in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking" class="mw-redirect" title="English-speaking">English-speaking</a> world outside of Europe. It was founded under <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lady_Mico_Charity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lady Mico Charity (page does not exist)">Lady Mico Charity</a> in 1834 by <a href="/wiki/Fowell_Buxton" title="Fowell Buxton">Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton</a> "to afford the benefit of education and training to the black and coloured population." Today, it offers undergraduate and graduate degrees in a variety of education and liberal arts disciplines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Latin America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Argentina, normal schools were founded starting in 1852, and still exist today and carry that name. Teachers' training is considered higher education and requires a high school diploma, but normal schools have the particularity of granting five-year teacher degrees for primary school or four year degrees for kindergarten, while at the same time hosting secondary, primary school students, and kindergarten and pre-school. Teachers-to-be do intense practical training in the schools annexed to the higher education section. This is the main difference with other teachers' training institutions called Instituto de Formación Docente and with universities that grant teaching degrees. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Perhaps the oldest continually operating normal school in Latin America is the Escuela Normal Superior José Abelardo Núñez, founded in <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Chile">Santiago, Chile</a>, in 1842 as the Escuela de Preceptores de Santiago under the direction of the emininent <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentine</a> educator, writer, and politician <a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Domingo Faustino Sarmiento</a>. The first normal school in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> was founded in 1875 by <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a> educator and activist <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos">Eugenio María de Hostos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mexico founded early normal schools, such as the <i>Escuela Normal de Enseñanza Mutua de Oaxaca</i> (1824), the <i>Escuela Normal Mixta de San Luis Potosí</i> (1849), the <i>Normal de Guadalajara</i> (1881), and the <i>Escuela Normal para Profesores de Instrucción Primaria</i> (1887). The Mexican normal school system was nationalized and reorganized in the period after the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> (1910–1920) by the <i><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_Public_Education" title="Secretariat of Public Education">Secretaría de Educación Pública</a></i> (Secretariat of Public Education) under <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Vasconcelos" title="José Vasconcelos">José Vasconcelos</a> in 1921. Many normal schools were founded in the postrevolutionary period to train the sons and daughters of peasants as teachers. In the 1960s, normal school students joined in the widespread student agitation to create systemic change in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Iguala_mass_kidnapping" title="Iguala mass kidnapping">2014 mass kidnapping</a> of normal school students from <a href="/wiki/Ayotzinapa_Rural_Teachers%27_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayotzinapa Rural Teachers' College">Ayotzinapa Rural Teachers' College</a> was a major scandal in Mexico. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Panama">Panama</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Panama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Panama, the Escuela Normal Juan Demóstenes Arosemena was founded in <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Veraguas" title="Santiago de Veraguas">Santiago de Veraguas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> in 1938. In <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, normal schools were primarily associated with women's religious schools although in modern times have admitted men, thus forming <i>escuelas normales mixtas</i> (mixed normal schools). In <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, they are known as Instituto de Formación Docente. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Normal_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Normal schools in the United States">Normal schools in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">History of education in the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_secondary_education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of secondary education in the United States">History of secondary education in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of higher education in the United States">History of higher education in the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Schools listed are sorted by region, then date of establishment.</div> <p>In the United States, the former normal schools that survive in the 21st century have become colleges, usually requiring a <a href="/wiki/High_school_diploma" title="High school diploma">high school diploma</a> for entrance. Before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> public schools were <a href="/wiki/Elementary_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary schools">elementary schools</a>, and a normal school provided high school-level instruction as part of preparation for teaching the elementary common schools. Many American universities began as normal schools.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_England">New England</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: New England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Normal_schools_in_the_United_States#New_England" title="Normal schools in the United States">Normal schools in the United States § New England</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northeast">Northeast</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Northeast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>1855 – Millersville Normal School, Millersville, Pennsylvania</dt></dl> <p>Millersville Normal School was founded in 1855 as the first normal school in Pennsylvania. Over the years it has changed its name a number of times eventually becoming <a href="/wiki/Millersville_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Millersville University of Pennsylvania">Millersville University of Pennsylvania</a>. </p> <dl><dt>1855 – The Paterson City Normal School, Paterson, New Jersey</dt></dl> <p>A land grant institution founded as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paterson_City_Normal_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paterson City Normal School (page does not exist)">Paterson City Normal School</a> in the industrial city of <a href="/wiki/Paterson,_NJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Paterson, NJ">Paterson, NJ</a> to train teachers for NJ schools. In 1951, the school moved to the present campus in <a href="/wiki/Wayne,_NJ" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayne, NJ">Wayne, NJ</a> which was purchased by the State in 1948 from the family of <a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Garret Hobart</a>, twenty-fourth vice president of the United States and renamed <a href="/wiki/Paterson_State_Teachers_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Paterson State Teachers College">Paterson State Teachers College</a>. In 1971, it was renamed William Paterson College of New Jersey in honor of <a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">William Paterson (judge)</a>, a United States Supreme Court Justice appointed by President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, after the legislative mandate to move from a teachers' college to a broad-based liberal arts institution. The New Jersey Commission on Higher Education granted William Paterson university status in June 1997 and it is now known as The <a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_University" title="William Paterson University">William Paterson University</a> of New Jersey (WPUNJ). The second oldest public university in the state; Rutgers (public) and Princeton (private) being older and pre-colonial. </p> <dl><dt>1855 – New Jersey State Normal School, Trenton, New Jersey</dt></dl> <p>Founded in 1855, the college was located in Trenton until 1928, when it moved to Ewing Township, where four year baccalaureate degrees began to be offered. The college exists today as <a href="/wiki/The_College_of_New_Jersey" title="The College of New Jersey">The College of New Jersey</a>. </p> <dl><dt>1861 – Oswego Primary Teachers School, Oswego, New York</dt></dl> <p>Established as Oswego Normal School, the Oswego State Normal School was founded by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Austin_Sheldon" title="Edward Austin Sheldon">Edward Austin Sheldon</a>, and recognized as a state school in 1866 by <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York State</a> becoming the Oswego State Normal and Training School. The school was part of the training program Sheldon devised to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Pestalozzi" title="Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi">Pestalozzi</a> method of education to the schools of the city of <a href="/wiki/Oswego,_New_York" title="Oswego, New York">Oswego</a>, the first time the method had ever been used in the United States. Sheldon's school became Oswego State Teachers College in 1942, and was upgraded again to a liberal arts college in 1962, becoming known as <a href="/wiki/Oswego_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oswego State University">Oswego State University</a>. </p> <dl><dt>1865 – Baltimore Normal School for Colored Teachers, Baltimore, Maryland</dt></dl> <p>Established in 1865 by the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Association_for_the_Moral_and_Educational_Improvement_of_the_Colored_People" title="Baltimore Association for the Moral and Educational Improvement of the Colored People">Baltimore Association for the Moral and Educational Improvement of the Colored People</a>, School #1 opened on January 9, 1865, in the African Baptist Church in Crane's Building on the corner of Calvert and Saratoga streets. In 1867, with the aid of the Freedmen's Bureau, the Quakers of England and others, the Baltimore Association purchased and renovated the Old Friends Meeting House at the corner of Saratoga and Courtland streets to house the Baltimore Normal School for Colored Teachers. The school moved to Bowie, MD in 1911, changing its name to the Maryland Normal and Industrial School at Bowie in 1914. Today, this school exists as <a href="/wiki/Bowie_State_University" title="Bowie State University">Bowie State University</a>. </p> <dl><dt>1866 – Keystone State Normal School, Kutztown, Pennsylvania</dt></dl> <p>On September 15, 1866, the Keystone State Normal School was established on what is now the site of Kutztown University's Old Main. The needs of a burgeoning industrialization in the region placed more and more demands on teacher preparation, and in 1928, the institution was designated Kutztown State Teacher's College and authorized to confer the bachelor's degree. </p> <dl><dt>1866 – Maryland State Normal School, Baltimore, Maryland</dt></dl> <p>While the state created the Maryland State Normal School in the state constitution of 1864, MSNS wouldn't open its doors in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> until January 15, 1865. The school was moved to Towson, Maryland in 1915. In 1935, it was renamed the State Teachers College at Towson, and by 1963 it was changed to a liberal arts school and was renamed Towson State College. In 1976 it was renamed Towson State University and by 1997 it was <a href="/wiki/Towson_University" title="Towson University">Towson University</a>. </p> <dl><dt>1871 – Normal School, Buffalo, New York</dt></dl> <p>Buffalo State was founded in 1871 as the Buffalo Normal School before becoming the State Normal and Training School (1888–1927), the State Teachers College at Buffalo (1928–1946), the New York State College for Teachers at Buffalo (1946–1950), SUNY, New York State College for Teachers (1950–1951), the State University College for Teachers at Buffalo (1951–1959), the State University College of Education at Buffalo (1960–1961), and finally the <a href="/wiki/State_University_College_at_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="State University College at Buffalo">State University College at Buffalo</a> in 1961. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detroit_Publishing_Company_-_MSNC_Old_Main_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Detroit_Publishing_Company_-_MSNC_Old_Main_Building.jpg/220px-Detroit_Publishing_Company_-_MSNC_Old_Main_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Detroit_Publishing_Company_-_MSNC_Old_Main_Building.jpg/330px-Detroit_Publishing_Company_-_MSNC_Old_Main_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Detroit_Publishing_Company_-_MSNC_Old_Main_Building.jpg/440px-Detroit_Publishing_Company_-_MSNC_Old_Main_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Michigan State Normal School</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Midwest">Midwest</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Midwest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>1853 – Michigan State Normal School, Ypsilanti, Michigan</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Normal_School_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Normal_School_1936.jpg/220px-Normal_School_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Normal_School_1936.jpg/330px-Normal_School_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Normal_School_1936.jpg/440px-Normal_School_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="1305" /></a><figcaption>Diploma from a normal school in the U.S.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first normal school west of the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> in the United States was the Michigan State Normal School, now <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Michigan_University" title="Eastern Michigan University">Eastern Michigan University</a>. It was created by legislative action in 1849 and opened in <a href="/wiki/Ypsilanti,_Michigan" title="Ypsilanti, Michigan">Ypsilanti, Michigan</a>, in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-EMU_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMU-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1857 – Illinois State Normal University, Normal, Illinois</dt></dl> <p>The State of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> passed an act to establish a normal school on 18 February 1857, and proposals were submitted to locate the new school in <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Illinois" title="Batavia, Illinois">Batavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Illinois" title="Bloomington, Illinois">Bloomington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria</a>, and Washington (in <a href="/wiki/Tazewell_County,_Illinois" title="Tazewell County, Illinois">Tazewell County</a>). Bids were opened by the State Board of Education in Peoria on 7 May 1857 and the offer from Bloomington, Illinois, was accepted. The normal school was located near the village of North Bloomington, which later was renamed <i>Normal</i> in honor of the school. The school, originally known as Illinois State Normal University (ISNU), and also known as the Illinois State Teachers College,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is now known as <a href="/wiki/Illinois_State_University" title="Illinois State University">Illinois State University</a>. </p> <dl><dt>1857 – Harris Teachers College, St. Louis, Missouri</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1922_Locust_yearbook_p._019_(Normal_School_Board_of_Regents).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1922_Locust_yearbook_p._019_%28Normal_School_Board_of_Regents%29.jpg/220px-1922_Locust_yearbook_p._019_%28Normal_School_Board_of_Regents%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1922_Locust_yearbook_p._019_%28Normal_School_Board_of_Regents%29.jpg/330px-1922_Locust_yearbook_p._019_%28Normal_School_Board_of_Regents%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/1922_Locust_yearbook_p._019_%28Normal_School_Board_of_Regents%29.jpg/440px-1922_Locust_yearbook_p._019_%28Normal_School_Board_of_Regents%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Texas Normal School Board of Regents in 1922</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Harris%E2%80%93Stowe_State_University" title="Harris–Stowe State University">Harris–Stowe State University</a>, now a state university in Missouri, was founded by the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> public school system in 1857 and claims to be the oldest normal school west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. </p><p>The modern university is the result of the merger of the two normal schools in the area, Harris Teachers College, the older of the two institutions and segregated for white people only, and Stowe Teachers' College, which was segregated for black people only, following the Brown vs. BOE decision in 1954. </p> <dl><dt>1858 – Winona State Normal School, Winona, Minnesota</dt></dl> <p>The first state-authorized normal college to open west of the Mississippi River was Winona State Normal School, now called <a href="/wiki/Winona_State_University" title="Winona State University">Winona State University</a>, which opened in 1858. Its creation was one of the first acts of the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Legislature" title="Minnesota Legislature">Minnesota Legislature</a>. </p> <dl><dt>1863 – Kansas State Normal Schools, Kansas</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plumb_%26_Watson,_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Plumb_%26_Watson%2C_1867.jpg/220px-Plumb_%26_Watson%2C_1867.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Plumb_%26_Watson%2C_1867.jpg/330px-Plumb_%26_Watson%2C_1867.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Plumb_%26_Watson%2C_1867.jpg/440px-Plumb_%26_Watson%2C_1867.jpg 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>First graduating class at the Kansas State Normal School, 1867</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_catalogue_of_the_officers_and_students_of_the_Fort_Hays_Auxiliary_State_Normal_School_-_first_year-1902-%2703_(1902)_(14759004266).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Annual_catalogue_of_the_officers_and_students_of_the_Fort_Hays_Auxiliary_State_Normal_School_-_first_year-1902-%2703_%281902%29_%2814759004266%29.jpg/220px-Annual_catalogue_of_the_officers_and_students_of_the_Fort_Hays_Auxiliary_State_Normal_School_-_first_year-1902-%2703_%281902%29_%2814759004266%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Annual_catalogue_of_the_officers_and_students_of_the_Fort_Hays_Auxiliary_State_Normal_School_-_first_year-1902-%2703_%281902%29_%2814759004266%29.jpg/330px-Annual_catalogue_of_the_officers_and_students_of_the_Fort_Hays_Auxiliary_State_Normal_School_-_first_year-1902-%2703_%281902%29_%2814759004266%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Annual_catalogue_of_the_officers_and_students_of_the_Fort_Hays_Auxiliary_State_Normal_School_-_first_year-1902-%2703_%281902%29_%2814759004266%29.jpg/440px-Annual_catalogue_of_the_officers_and_students_of_the_Fort_Hays_Auxiliary_State_Normal_School_-_first_year-1902-%2703_%281902%29_%2814759004266%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Officers and students of the Fort Hays Auxiliary State Normal School – first year–1902–1903 (1902)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1863, the Kansas Legislature passed an act to establish the Kansas State Normal Schools, starting with the first in <a href="/wiki/Emporia,_Kansas" title="Emporia, Kansas">Emporia, Kansas</a>, which eventually became <a href="/wiki/Emporia_State_University_Teachers_College" title="Emporia State University Teachers College">Emporia State University Teachers College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1870 through 1876, <a href="/wiki/Leavenworth_Normal_School" title="Leavenworth Normal School">Leavenworth Normal School</a> operated in <a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth, Kansas</a> and from 1874 through 1876 <a href="/wiki/Concordia_Normal_School" title="Concordia Normal School">Concordia Normal School</a> operated in <a href="/wiki/Concordia,_Kansas" title="Concordia, Kansas">Concordia, Kansas</a>, but the "miscellaneous appropriations bill of 1876" caused Leavenworth and Concordia to close and consolidated operations at the Emporia location.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other normal schools were opened in Kansas including in 1902 the <b>Western Branch of the Kansas Normal</b> in <a href="/wiki/Hays,_Kansas" title="Hays, Kansas">Hays, Kansas</a>, eventually becoming <a href="/wiki/Fort_Hays_State_University" title="Fort Hays State University">Fort Hays State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904, a branch in <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg,_Kansas" title="Pittsburg, Kansas">Pittsburg, Kansas</a> was opened as the <b>Manual Training Auxiliary School</b>, which eventually became <a href="/wiki/Pittsburg_State_University" title="Pittsburg State University">Pittsburg State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1865 – Indiana State Normal School, Terre Haute, Indiana</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fairbanks_Hall_Dome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fairbanks_Hall_Dome.jpg/220px-Fairbanks_Hall_Dome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fairbanks_Hall_Dome.jpg/330px-Fairbanks_Hall_Dome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Fairbanks_Hall_Dome.jpg/440px-Fairbanks_Hall_Dome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Indiana State's Fairbanks Hall Dome</figcaption></figure><p>Established by the Indiana General Assembly on December 20, 1865; as the State Normal School, its core mission was to educate elementary and high school teachers. The school awarded its first baccalaureate degrees in 1908 and the first master's degrees in 1928. In 1929, the Indiana State Normal School was renamed the Indiana State Teachers College, and in 1961, was renamed Indiana State College due to an expanding mission. In 1965, the Indiana General Assembly renamed the college as <a href="/wiki/Indiana_State_University" title="Indiana State University">Indiana State University</a> in recognition of continued growth. </p><dl><dt>1866 – Platteville Normal School, Platteville, Wisconsin<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <dl><dt>1867 – Nebraska State Normal School, Peru, Nebraska</dt></dl> <p>Nebraska State Normal School was chartered on June 20, 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The action by the Nebraska legislature<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made it the first state-supported college in Nebraska<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the first classes held on October 24, 1867.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name changed to Nebraska State Teachers College at Peru in 1921, and in 1949 it changed to Peru State Teachers College.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current name of <a href="/wiki/Peru_State_College" title="Peru State College">Peru State College</a> was adopted in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1868 – Mankato Normal School, Mankato, Minnesota</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_Catalogue_of_the_State_Normal_School_at_Mankato,_Minnesota_(1901)_(14576495318).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Annual_Catalogue_of_the_State_Normal_School_at_Mankato%2C_Minnesota_%281901%29_%2814576495318%29.jpg/220px-Annual_Catalogue_of_the_State_Normal_School_at_Mankato%2C_Minnesota_%281901%29_%2814576495318%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Annual_Catalogue_of_the_State_Normal_School_at_Mankato%2C_Minnesota_%281901%29_%2814576495318%29.jpg/330px-Annual_Catalogue_of_the_State_Normal_School_at_Mankato%2C_Minnesota_%281901%29_%2814576495318%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Annual_Catalogue_of_the_State_Normal_School_at_Mankato%2C_Minnesota_%281901%29_%2814576495318%29.jpg/440px-Annual_Catalogue_of_the_State_Normal_School_at_Mankato%2C_Minnesota_%281901%29_%2814576495318%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>State Normal School at Mankato, Minnesota (1901)</figcaption></figure> <p>Mankato Normal School was the second normal school in Minnesota. Students were usually 17–19 years old when they entered. The student body, which peaked at about 900 in 1920–21, was approximately three-fourths female. In 1921 the school evolved into <a href="/wiki/Minnesota_State_University,_Mankato" title="Minnesota State University, Mankato">Minnesota State University, Mankato</a>. </p> <dl><dt>1869 – Third State Normal School, St. Cloud, Minnesota</dt></dl> <p>Located in St. Cloud, the Third State Normal School was the third normal school established in Minnesota. It welcomed 50 students (40 women and 10 men) as well as 70 children for the model school. Ira Moore was the school's first principal (later president). It graduated its first class, numbering 15, in June 1871. It trained mostly teachers through the end of World War II and then branched out into other disciplines. It is today's <a href="/wiki/St._Cloud_State_University" title="St. Cloud State University">St. Cloud State University</a>. </p> <dl><dt>1876 – Iowa State Normal School, Cedar Falls, Iowa</dt></dl> <p>Opened as Iowa State Normal School in 1876, the school took over the facilities that the state of Iowa originally built to be home to orphans of its Civil War Veterans. The school changed to Iowa State Teachers College in 1909, then State College of Iowa in 1961 before becoming the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Iowa" title="University of Northern Iowa">University of Northern Iowa</a> in 1967. </p> <dl><dt>1888 – Moorhead Normal School, Moorhead, Minnesota</dt></dl> <p>Minnesota State Senator Solomon Comstock introduced a bill to the Minnesota State Legislature in 1885, declaring "…[a normal school] would be a fine thing for the Red River Country and especially for Moorhead." Comstock then donated six acres of land and the next session of the Legislature appropriated $60,000 for the construction of Main Hall, which included classrooms, administrative offices and a library. When The Moorhead Normal School opened in the fall of 1888, President Livingston Lord presided over five faculty members and a class of 29 students. As the school expanded over the years, it went through several name changes, eventually becoming Minnesota State University Moorhead in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1892 - Central Michigan Normal School and Business Institute, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan</dt></dl> <p>Founded as a private normal school to address the lack of formal training in the “norms” of teaching. After the Michigan State Board of Education took over governance of the school it became a state institution and was renamed Central State Normal School in 1895. The institution became a full university and gained its current name <a href="/wiki/Central_Michigan_University" title="Central Michigan University">Central Michigan University</a> in 1959 under the university's 6th president Judson W. Foust. </p> <dl><dt>1894 – Springfield Normal School, Springfield, Missouri</dt></dl> <p>The Springfield Normal School was founded in 1894 in Springfield, Missouri, to train teachers for public schools in southwest Missouri. This private school offered a Masters of Pedagogy as a two-year post high school degree. Students also participated in a variety of extra curricular activities. Enrollment was as high as 700 students.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906, the private school merged with the new state normal school becoming the Fourth District Normal School. The school moved to its current site with the completion of the building now called Carrington Hall in 1909. The school has evolved into a research university and is now Missouri State University.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1899 – <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_State_Normal_and_Industrial_School" title="North Dakota State Normal and Industrial School">Ellendale State Normal and Industrial School</a></dt></dl> <p>This was one of the schools of higher learning provided for in North Dakota’s 1889 constitution. Courses included American citizenship, cooking, woodworking, physical education, and others that together were offered as “a living symbol of democracy”.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ohio">Ohio</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Ohio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 1871, the Northwestern Ohio Normal School, which later became <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Northern_University" title="Ohio Northern University">Ohio Northern University</a>, was founded in Ada, Ohio. The <a href="/wiki/Lowry_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowry bill">Lowry Normal School Bill</a> of 1910 authorized two new normal schools in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>—one in the northwestern part of the state (now <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green_State_University" title="Bowling Green State University">Bowling Green State University</a>) and another in the northeastern part (now <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_University" title="Kent State University">Kent State University</a>).</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstructed_classroom,_Storer_College.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Reconstructed_classroom%2C_Storer_College.jpg/220px-Reconstructed_classroom%2C_Storer_College.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Reconstructed_classroom%2C_Storer_College.jpg/330px-Reconstructed_classroom%2C_Storer_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Reconstructed_classroom%2C_Storer_College.jpg/440px-Reconstructed_classroom%2C_Storer_College.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructed classroom at Storer College</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South">South</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: South"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>1868 – Storer Normal School, Harpers Ferry, West Virginia</dt></dl> <p>It served primarily African-American students; teachers were desperately needed after the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Civil War">Civil War</a>, with large numbers of freed slaves to teach reading, writing, and arithmetic to. The school was part of <a href="/wiki/Storer_College" title="Storer College">Storer College</a>, although in the 19th century it did not provide college-level instruction. The school closed in 1955. </p> <dl><dt>1872 – Florence Normal School, Huntsville, Alabama</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wesleyan-hall-6-07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wesleyan-hall-6-07.jpg/220px-Wesleyan-hall-6-07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wesleyan-hall-6-07.jpg/330px-Wesleyan-hall-6-07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wesleyan-hall-6-07.jpg/440px-Wesleyan-hall-6-07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Historic <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Alabama_Wesleyan_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="University of North Alabama Wesleyan Hall">Wesleyan Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence,_Alabama" title="Florence, Alabama">Florence, Alabama</a></figcaption></figure><p>Florence Normal School is one of many state normal schools that developed into four-year state teachers' colleges and eventually into comprehensive state universities. This is the site of the first state-supported normal school established south of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> and now part of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Alabama" title="University of North Alabama">University of North Alabama</a>. </p><dl><dt>1873 – State Normal School, Normal, Alabama</dt></dl> <p>In 1873, the State Normal School and University for the Education of the Colored Teachers and Students, informally called the Huntsville Normal School, was founded at a site which is today part of <a href="/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama" title="Huntsville, Alabama">Huntsville, Alabama</a>. In 1878, the name changed to State Normal and Industrial School. In 1885 the name was changed again, to State Normal and Industrial School of Huntsville. In 1890, the post office of <a href="/wiki/Normal,_Alabama" title="Normal, Alabama">Normal, Alabama</a> was established. In 1896, its name was changed to The State Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes, and in 1919, the State Agricultural and Mechanical Institute for Negroes. In 1948 it was renamed the Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical College, in 1949 Alabama A&M College, and in 1969 <a href="/wiki/Alabama_A%26M_University" title="Alabama A&M University">Alabama A&M University</a>. </p> <dl><dt>1876 – Glasgow Normal School and Business College, Glasgow, Kentucky</dt></dl> <p>In 1876, local businessman A. W. Mell opened a private normal school and business college in the small South Central Kentucky town of Glasgow. The institution changed its name to Southern Normal School and Business College when it moved to the larger city of <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green,_Kentucky" title="Bowling Green, Kentucky">Bowling Green</a>. In 1906, after the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_General_Assembly" title="Kentucky General Assembly">Kentucky General Assembly</a> (state legislature) authorized the creation of state-sponsored normal schools, the Southern Normal School was sold to the state, while the business school was sold privately, becoming Bowling Green Business University and later the Bowling Green College of Commerce. The normal school's facilities and student body became the new Western Kentucky State Normal School, which moved within Bowling Green in 1911 to the former site of Potter College, a women's college that had closed in 1909. Once the normal school was authorized by the state to offer four-year degrees in 1922, it was renamed Western Kentucky State Normal School and Teachers College. It changed its name twice more in the next 30 years, first to Western Kentucky State Teachers College in 1930 and Western Kentucky State College in 1948. WKSC merged with Bowling Green Commerce in 1963, with the latter becoming a constituent college of WKSC. The current institutional name of <a href="/wiki/Western_Kentucky_University" title="Western Kentucky University">Western Kentucky University</a> was adopted in 1966. </p> <dl><dt>1877 – Summer Normal School of the University of North Carolina</dt></dl> <p>In accordance with an act of the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly" title="North Carolina General Assembly">North Carolina General Assembly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a> opened a normal school in the summer of 1877. North Carolina was the first state in America to open a normal school under the control of an already-established university. The program was also the first university summer school in the United States. Coeducational from the beginning, it was the first example of public funds supporting education for women in North Carolina. One of the teachers, <a href="/wiki/Emily_M._Coe" title="Emily M. Coe">Emily M. Coe</a>, was the first female teacher of classes at the university.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1879 – Sam Houston Normal Institute, Huntsville, Texas</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SHSUWelcome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/SHSUWelcome.jpg/220px-SHSUWelcome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/SHSUWelcome.jpg/330px-SHSUWelcome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/SHSUWelcome.jpg/440px-SHSUWelcome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Entrance at <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_State_University" title="Sam Houston State University">Sam Houston State University</a>, the first normal school in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">American Southwest</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The first normal school in what is now considered the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a> was opened in 1879 as Sam Houston Normal Institute (now <a href="/wiki/Sam_Houston_State_University" title="Sam Houston State University">Sam Houston State University</a>). </p> <dl><dt>1882 – Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute (now <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_University" title="Virginia State University">Virginia State University</a>) was founded, Petersburg, Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dt></dl> <dl><dt>1884 – Louisiana State Normal School, Natchitoches, Louisiana</dt></dl> <p>From its founding in 1884 until 1944, <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_State_University#History" title="Northwestern State University">Northwestern State University of Louisiana</a> at <a href="/wiki/Natchitoches,_Louisiana" title="Natchitoches, Louisiana">Natchitoches</a> was the Louisiana State Normal School until 1918, Louisiana State Normal College from 1918 to 1944. </p> <dl><dt>1886 – Winthrop Training School, Rock Hill, South Carolina</dt></dl> <p>In 1886, the Peabody Education Board of Massachusetts, headed by Robert C. Winthrop, provided $1,500 to form the "Winthrop Training School" for white women teachers. That year the school opened its doors to twenty-one students in Columbia, South Carolina. Nine years later in 1895 it moved to Rock Hill. The school's name had changed in 1893 to "Winthrop Normal and Industrial College of South Carolina", reflecting its mission to prepare some students for industrial jobs. </p><p>The college was segregated until 1964. It became fully coeducational in 1974. Evolving from a <i>training school</i> to a college with a four-year full curriculum, it also developed a graduate division. By 1992 it reflected this development, changing its name to Winthrop University. </p> <dl><dt>1886 – State Normal School for Colored Persons, Frankfort, Kentucky</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KYState-Frankfort1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KYState-Frankfort1898.jpg/220px-KYState-Frankfort1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KYState-Frankfort1898.jpg/330px-KYState-Frankfort1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/KYState-Frankfort1898.jpg/440px-KYState-Frankfort1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="589" /></a><figcaption>1898, State Normal School for Colored Persons, Frankfort, Kentucky</figcaption></figure> <p>Chartered in 1886 as a state-supported school for training black teachers for the black schools of Kentucky, the school opened in 1887 with three teachers and 55 students. The school went through a series of changes of name and purpose, including becoming a <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_university" title="Land-grant university">land-grant college</a> in 1890, in 1902 it was renamed <i>Kentucky Normal and Industrial Institute for Colored Persons</i>, in 1926 <i>Kentucky State Industrial College for Colored Persons</i>, in 1938 <i>Kentucky State College for Negroes</i>, in 1952 <i>Kentucky State College</i>, and finally in 1972 it became what it is known today as <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_State_University" title="Kentucky State University">Kentucky State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1887 – Croatan Normal School, Pembroke, North Carolina</dt></dl> <p>The school was established March 7, 1887 by the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly" title="North Carolina General Assembly">North Carolina General Assembly</a> to train <a href="/wiki/Lumbee" title="Lumbee">Lumbee</a> Indian teachers. Today, it is The <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Pembroke" title="University of North Carolina at Pembroke">University of North Carolina at Pembroke</a>. </p> <dl><dt>1887 – Morehead Normal School, Morehead, Kentucky</dt></dl> <p>In 1887, Morehead Normal School was founded as a private institution in <a href="/wiki/Morehead,_Kentucky" title="Morehead, Kentucky">Morehead, Kentucky</a>. It continued to operate as such until 1922, when it was taken over by the state and became Morehead State Normal School. After name changes to Morehead State Normal School and Teachers College (1926), Morehead State Teachers College (1930), and Morehead State College (1948), it adopted its current name of <a href="/wiki/Morehead_State_University" title="Morehead State University">Morehead State University</a> in 1966. </p> <dl><dt>1887 – State Normal College for Colored Students, Tallahassee, Florida</dt></dl> <p>Also in 1887, the State Normal College for Colored Students was founded in <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee, Florida</a>; Tallahassee was chosen because it had the state's highest proportion of black people, having been the center of Florida's slave trade before the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. The founding date reflects the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Constitution_of_1885" title="Florida Constitution of 1885">Florida Constitution of 1885</a>, in effect until 1967, which prohibed racial integration in education. In 1891 the legislature changed its name to State Normal and Industrial College for Colored Students, and in 1909 to Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes. Today it is the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Agricultural_and_Mechanical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University">Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University</a>, commonly known as FAMU. </p> <dl><dt>1899 – Appalachian State Normal School, Boone, North Carolina</dt></dl> <p>A normal school founded as Watauga Academy in 1899, the institution was named Appalachian State Normal School in between 1925 and 1929. Today, it is known as <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_State_University" title="Appalachian State University">Appalachian State University</a> and has evolved into a comprehensive four-year university, including the Reich College of Education. </p> <dl><dt>1906 – Eastern Kentucky State Normal School No. 1, Richmond, Kentucky</dt></dl> <p>The same Kentucky law that authorized the state to take over the school now known as Western Kentucky University (see 1876 above) also led to the creation of a second normal school in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Kentucky" title="Richmond, Kentucky">Richmond</a>. Much like the predecessor to WKU, the Richmond institution, originally known as Eastern Kentucky State Normal School No. 1, took over the campus of an earlier institution, though under somewhat different circumstances. The Eastern Normal School was established in 1906 on the former campus of Central University, an institution that had been founded in 1874 but fell into financial difficulty, and consolidated itself with <a href="/wiki/Centre_College" title="Centre College">Centre College</a> in 1901. The Normal School went through several name changes in the following decades—first to Eastern Kentucky State Normal School and Teachers College (1922), Eastern Kentucky State Teachers College (1930), Eastern Kentucky State College (1948), and finally <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Kentucky_University" title="Eastern Kentucky University">Eastern Kentucky University</a> (1966).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>1922 – Murray State Normal School, Murray, Kentucky</dt></dl> <p>A Kentucky law enacted in 1922 authorized the creation of two new state-run normal schools in addition to those already operating in Bowling Green and Richmond (the institutions now known respectively as Western Kentucky University and Eastern Kentucky University). A normal school in <a href="/wiki/Murray,_Kentucky" title="Murray, Kentucky">Murray</a> was created alongside one in Morehead (now Morehead State University). Unlike the three aforementioned schools, the Murray State Normal School was created from scratch, and had no buildings of its own when it began operation. The first classes were held in 1923 at the then-current campus of <a href="/wiki/Murray_High_School_(Kentucky)" title="Murray High School (Kentucky)">Murray High School</a>, but the Normal School soon had its own facilities. The Normal School went through several name changes in the following decades—first to Murray State Normal School and Teachers College (1922), Murray State Teachers College (1930), Murray State College (1948), and finally <a href="/wiki/Murray_State_University" title="Murray State University">Murray State University</a> (1966).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West">West</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>1857 – California State Normal School, San Jose, California</dt></dl> <p>The first state-run normal school on the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> was the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Minns" title="George W. Minns">Minns Evening Normal School</a>, created in 1857 to train teachers for San Francisco's schools. It was taken over by the State of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in 1862 and became the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Normal_School" title="California State Normal School">California State Normal School</a> (now <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_State_University" title="San Jose State University">San Jose State University</a>). </p> <dl><dt>1890 – Colorado State Normal School, Greeley, Colorado</dt></dl> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> legislature passed the controversial Senate Bill 104 to establish the <a href="/wiki/State_Normal_School_of_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="State Normal School of Colorado">State Normal School of Colorado</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Governor <a href="/wiki/Job_Adams_Cooper" title="Job Adams Cooper">Job Adams Cooper</a> signed into law on April 1, 1889. Located in <a href="/wiki/Greeley,_Colorado" title="Greeley, Colorado">Greeley, Colorado</a>, the school opened on October 6, 1890, to train qualified teachers for the state's public schools, with a staff of four instructors and 96 students,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offering certification after completing a two-year course. In 1911, the school's name was changed to Colorado State Teachers College and offered bachelor's degrees after completion of a four-year course. In 1935, the name changed again to Colorado State College of Education, recognizing the graduate program started in 1913. In 1957, the name was shortened to Colorado State College to recognize the further growth of programs and offerings. Finally, in 1970, the name was changed to the current <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Colorado" title="University of Northern Colorado">University of Northern Colorado</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-brief_history_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brief_history-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with satellite centers in <a href="/wiki/Loveland,_Colorado" title="Loveland, Colorado">Loveland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Springs">Colorado Springs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lowry,_Denver" title="Lowry, Denver">the Lowry neighborhood of Denver</a>. </p> <dl><dt>1910 – Western State College of Colorado, Gunnison, Colorado</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Normal_School_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/State_Normal_School_Building.jpg/220px-State_Normal_School_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/State_Normal_School_Building.jpg/330px-State_Normal_School_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/State_Normal_School_Building.jpg/440px-State_Normal_School_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>North Hall of the present day Taylor Hall, Western Colorado University (2012)</figcaption></figure> <p>State Senator <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._M._Stevenson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. M. Stevenson (page does not exist)">A. M. Stevenson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colorado, 1885 introduced a bill for a State Normal School. The bill was rejected. The bill revived in 1896. State Representative <a href="/w/index.php?title=C._T._Rawalt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. T. Rawalt (page does not exist)">C. T. Rawalt</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> succeeded in appropriating $2,500 for land in 1901. Gov. <a href="/wiki/James_B._Orman" class="mw-redirect" title="James B. Orman">James B. Orman</a> approved the bill April 16, 1901. Trustees were elected and plans made in <a href="/wiki/Gunnison,_Colorado" title="Gunnison, Colorado">Gunnison, Colorado</a> in the northeast part of town. Grounds were surveyed and fenced, shade trees added, drives laid out, and the lawns seeded. 12 cents remained of the $2,500 allotted. In 1903 a bill for $18,000 for maintenance was vetoed by <a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_Peabody" title="James Hamilton Peabody">Gov. J. H. Peabody</a>. On May 5, 1909, $50,000 was appropriated. On October 25, 1910 the cornerstone of North Hall was laid for the State Normal School of Colorado. C. A. Hollingshead<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was principal of the two year normal advanced and four year normal elementary (High school).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916 the name was changed to <a href="/wiki/Western_State_College_of_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Western State College of Colorado">Western State College of Colorado</a>. On August 1, 2012, <a href="/wiki/John_Hickenlooper" title="John Hickenlooper">John Hickenlooper</a> enacted the new name Western State Colorado University, and in 2018 the current name of <a href="/wiki/Western_Colorado_University" title="Western Colorado University">Western Colorado University</a> was adopted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_normal_schools_in_the_US">Other normal schools in the US</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Other normal schools in the US"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1861 – <a href="/wiki/Edinboro_State_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinboro State Normal School">Edinboro State Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Edinboro_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinboro University of Pennsylvania">Edinboro University of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li>1862 – <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_State_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansfield State Normal School">Mansfield State Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Mansfield_University_of_Pennsylvania" title="Mansfield University of Pennsylvania">Mansfield University of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li>1862 – <a href="/wiki/California_State_Normal_School" title="California State Normal School">California State Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_State_University" title="San Jose State University">San José State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li>1867 – <a href="/wiki/State_Normal_School_of_Marshall_College" class="mw-redirect" title="State Normal School of Marshall College">State Normal School of Marshall College</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Marshall_University" title="Marshall University">Marshall University</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li>1867 – <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Fredonia" title="State University of New York at Fredonia">Fredonia Normal College</a>, established as Fredonia Academy in 1826, became a normal school December 2, 1867. In 1948 it became <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Fredonia" title="State University of New York at Fredonia">State University of New York at Fredonia</a></li> <li>1869 – <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_State_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Illinois State Normal School">Southern Illinois State Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University_Carbondale" title="Southern Illinois University Carbondale">Southern Illinois University Carbondale</a></li> <li>1871 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suny.buffalostate.edu/history">Buffalo Normal School opened September 13</a> later State University of New York College at Buffalo also known as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suny.buffalostate.edu">Buffalo State College</a></li> <li>1882 – <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Normal_School_at_Cheney_Historic_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington State Normal School at Cheney Historic District">Normal School at Cheney</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Washington_University" title="Eastern Washington University">Eastern Washington University</a></li> <li>1882 – Virginia Normal and Collegiate Institute, then Virginia Normal and Industrial Institute, later <a href="/wiki/Virginia_State_University" title="Virginia State University">Virginia State University</a></li> <li>1885 - <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Territorial Normal School</a>, then Tempe Normal School, later <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a></li> <li>1886 – <a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Normal_School_at_Bellingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington State Normal School at Bellingham">Washington State Normal School at Bellingham</a> or Northwest Normal School or State Normal School at Whatcom, later <a href="/wiki/Western_Washington_University" title="Western Washington University">Western Washington University</a></li> <li>1887 – Northern Branch of the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Normal_School" title="California State Normal School">California State Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/California_State_University,_Chico" title="California State University, Chico">California State University, Chico</a></li> <li>1889 – <a href="/wiki/State_Normal_School_at_Cheney" class="mw-redirect" title="State Normal School at Cheney">State Normal School at Cheney</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Washington_University" title="Eastern Washington University">Eastern Washington University</a></li> <li>1889 – <a href="/wiki/State_Normal_School_of_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="State Normal School of Colorado">State Normal School of Colorado</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Greeley,_Colorado" title="Greeley, Colorado">Greeley, Colorado</a> later <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Colorado" title="University of Northern Colorado">University of Northern Colorado</a>, and in 1911 in <a href="/wiki/Gunnison,_Colorado" title="Gunnison, Colorado">Gunnison, Colorado</a> later <a href="/wiki/Western_Colorado_University" title="Western Colorado University">Western Colorado University</a></li> <li>1889- Slippery Rock State Normal School, later <a href="/wiki/Slippery_Rock_University_of_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania">Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li>1890 – <a href="/wiki/State_Normal_School_at_Valley_City_Historic_District" title="State Normal School at Valley City Historic District">State Normal School at Valley City</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Valley_City_State_University" title="Valley City State University">Valley City State University</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li>1890 – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Territorial_Normal_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Territorial Normal School (page does not exist)">Territorial Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Oklahoma" title="University of Central Oklahoma">University of Central Oklahoma</a></li> <li>1891 – Washington State Normal School in Ellensburg,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later <a href="/wiki/Central_Washington_University" title="Central Washington University">Central Washington University</a></li> <li>1891 – <a href="/wiki/State_Normal_School_(Athens,_Georgia)" title="State Normal School (Athens, Georgia)">State Normal School (Athens, Georgia)</a>, later <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia" title="University of Georgia">University of Georgia</a></li> <li>1892 – <a href="/wiki/Lowell_State_College#Lowell_Normal_School_(1894-1932)" title="Lowell State College">Lowell Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Lowell" title="University of Massachusetts Lowell">University of Massachusetts Lowell</a></li> <li>1895 – <a href="/wiki/Duluth_State_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Duluth State Normal School">Duluth State Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Duluth" title="University of Minnesota Duluth">University of Minnesota Duluth</a></li> <li>1895 – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_State_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Illinois State Normal School">Northern Illinois State Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Northern_Illinois_University" title="Northern Illinois University">Northern Illinois University</a></li> <li>1895 – <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Illinois_State_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Illinois State Normal School">Eastern Illinois State Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Illinois_University" title="Eastern Illinois University">Eastern Illinois University</a></li> <li>1898 – San Diego Normal School, later <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_State_University" title="San Diego State University">San Diego State University</a></li> <li>1899 – <a href="/wiki/Western_Illinois_State_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Illinois State Normal School">Western Illinois State Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Western_Illinois_University" title="Western Illinois University">Western Illinois University</a></li> <li>1899 – <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_University" title="Texas State University">Southwest Texas State Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_University" title="Texas State University">Texas State University</a></li> <li>1899 – <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_State_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco State Normal School">San Francisco State Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University" title="San Francisco State University">San Francisco State University</a></li> <li>1903 – <a href="/wiki/Western_State_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Western State Normal School">Western State Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Western_Michigan_University" title="Western Michigan University">Western Michigan University</a></li> <li>1909 – Santa Barbara State Normal School, later <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Barbara" title="University of California, Santa Barbara">University of California, Santa Barbara</a></li> <li>1910 – <a href="/wiki/West_Texas_A%26M_University" title="West Texas A&M University">West Texas State Normal College</a>, later <a href="/wiki/West_Texas_A%26M_University" title="West Texas A&M University">West Texas A&M University</a></li> <li>1910 – Mississippi Normal College, later <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Mississippi" title="University of Southern Mississippi">University of Southern Mississippi</a></li> <li>1915 – Humboldt State Normal School, later <a href="/wiki/California_State_Polytechnic_University,_Humboldt" title="California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt">California State Polytechnic University, Humboldt</a></li> <li>1923 – <a href="/wiki/Durham_State_Normal_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Durham State Normal School">Durham State Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Central_University" title="North Carolina Central University">North Carolina Central University</a></li> <li>1925 – <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_University" title="Salisbury University">Maryland State Normal School</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_University" title="Salisbury University">Salisbury University</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/28px-Diploma_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/42px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/56px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_seminary" title="Female seminary">Female seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_normal_schools_by_country" title="List of normal schools by country">List of normal schools by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal,_Alabama" title="Normal, Alabama">Normal, Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal,_Illinois" title="Normal, Illinois">Normal, Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normal_Station,_Memphis" title="Normal Station, Memphis">Normal Station, Memphis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tanal%C3%ADs_Padilla" title="Tanalís Padilla">Padilla, Tanalís</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+EMU&rft.au=Eastern+Michigan+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emich.edu%2Fwalkingtour%2Fhist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormal+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journal-republican.com/obituaries/2013-01-08/ardith-v-davis.html">"Ardith V. Davis"</a>. <i>Platt County Journal Republic</i>. January 8, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emporia+State+University+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporia.edu%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormal+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vbUUAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Concordia+Normal+School%22&pg=PA116"><i>Transactions of the Kansas State Historical Society, Volume 6</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emporia+State+University&rft.pub=Kansas+Historical+Society&rft.date=2012-05&rft.aulast=Vosburgh&rft.aufirst=Haydan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kshs.org%2Fkansapedia%2Femporia-state-university%2F17740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormal+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=33681">"The Historical Marker Database (Wisconsin First State Normal School)"</a>. by Wisconsin Historical Society. 1985.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Marker+Database+%28Wisconsin+First+State+Normal+School%29&rft.pub=by+Wisconsin+Historical+Society&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmdb.org%2Fm.asp%3Fm%3D33681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormal+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongfellow1967" class="citation book cs1">Longfellow, Ernest (1967). <i>The Normal on the Hill</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archive+Records+Peru+State+College+%28Nebraska+State+Normal+School%29&rft.pub=History+Nebraska+%28Nebraska+State+Historical+Society%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nebraska.gov%2Fsites%2Fhistory.nebraska.gov%2Ffiles%2Fdoc%2FPeru%2520State%2520College%2520%28Nebraska%2520State%2520Normal%2520School%29%2520%255bRG0029%255d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormal+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mnstate.edu/about/history/">"Minnesota State University Moorhead's History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minnesota+State+University+Moorhead%27s+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnstate.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormal+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thelibrary.org/lochist/postcards/normal_school.cfm">"Normal School, Springfield, Mo"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Normal+School%2C+Springfield%2C+Mo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthelibrary.org%2Flochist%2Fpostcards%2Fnormal_school.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormal+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.missouristate.edu/About/history.htm">"History of the University – About Missouri State – Missouri State"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+University+%E2%80%93+About+Missouri+State+%E2%80%93+Missouri+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.missouristate.edu%2FAbout%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormal+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">North Dakota History, Journal of the Northern Plains, 2022, Vol. 87, No. 1, Page 18–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattle1912" class="citation book cs1">Battle, Kemp P. 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Stevenson</a> Retrieved August 20, 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepresentatives1901" class="citation web cs1">Representatives, Colorado General Assembly House of (1 January 1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wkMlAQAAIAAJ&q=C.+T.+Rawalt++Senator+Colorado&pg=PA1148">"House Journal of the General Assembly of the State of Colorado"</a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+Journal+of+the+General+Assembly+of+the+State+of+Colorado&rft.date=1901-01-01&rft.aulast=Representatives&rft.aufirst=Colorado+General+Assembly+House+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwkMlAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DC.%2BT.%2BRawalt%2B%2BSenator%2BColorado%26pg%3DPA1148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormal+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Emery_County,_Utah#Arrival_of_pioneers" title="Emery County, Utah">Charles</a> This ref links to an earlier generation of Hollingshead.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace, Betty. <i>History with the Hide Off</i>. Denver: Sage Books, 1963. The Western Slope acquires a college.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cwu.edu/about/history">"About Page"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwu.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANormal+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bashiruddin, Ayesha. <i>Teacher Development and Teacher Education in Developing Countries</i> (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Hayhoe, Ruth, and Jun Li. "The idea of a normal university in the 21st century." <i>Frontiers of Education in China</i> 5 (2010): 74–103. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.hep.com.cn/fed/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=9621">online</a></li> <li>Heward, Christine. "Men and women and the rise of professional society: the intriguing history of teacher educators" <i>History of Education</i> (1993) , 22:1, 11–32, in Great Britain in 19th century. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0046760930220102">10.1080/0046760930220102</a></li> <li>Lucas, Christopher J. <i>Teacher education in America: Reform agendas for the twenty-first century</i> (Springer, 1997) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wMbIDAAAQBAJ&dq=lucas+teacher+education&pg=PP1">online</a></li> <li>The World Academy of Sciences. <i>Developing Capacities for Teaching Responsible Science in the MENA Region: Refashioning Scientific Dialogue</i> (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Developing-Capacities-Teaching-Responsible-Science/dp/0309286395/ref=sr_1_1?Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.x=0&Adv-Srch-Books-Submit.y=0&qid=1701291192&refinements=p_66%3A0309286395&s=books&sr=1-1&ufe=app_do%3Aamzn1.fos.18ed3cb5-28d5-4975-8bc7-93deae8f9840&unfiltered=1">Amazon description</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_articles">Related articles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Normal_school&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Related articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Normal_schools_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal schools in France">Normal schools in France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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