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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geschiedenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geschiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Abwehr</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 49 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="أبفير – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبفير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abver" title="Abver – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Abver" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Абвер – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абвер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Абвер – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Абвер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr_(Nachrichtendienst)" title="Abwehr (Nachrichtendienst) – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abwehr (Nachrichtendienst)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Άμπβερ – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άμπβερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1" title="آبور – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%95%D7%94%D7%A8" title="אבווהר – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבווהר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A2%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Աբվեր – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աբվեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%97%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A2" title="アプヴェーア – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アプヴェーア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="აბვერი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აბვერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Абвер – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Абвер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EC%99%B8%EB%B0%A9%EC%B2%A9%EC%B2%AD" title="해외방첩청 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="해외방첩청" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abveras" title="Abveras – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Abveras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abv%C4%93rs" title="Abvērs – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Abvērs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehra" title="Abwehra – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Abwehra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Абвер – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Абвер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Абвер – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Абвер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Абвер – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Абвер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อัพแวร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัพแวร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Абвер – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Абвер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abwehr" title="Abwehr – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Abwehr" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%83%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE" title="阿勃維爾 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿勃維爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q152993#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0152,_Geheimer_Funkmeldedienst_des_OKW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0152%2C_Geheimer_Funkmeldedienst_des_OKW.jpg/275px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0152%2C_Geheimer_Funkmeldedienst_des_OKW.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0152%2C_Geheimer_Funkmeldedienst_des_OKW.jpg/413px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0152%2C_Geheimer_Funkmeldedienst_des_OKW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0152%2C_Geheimer_Funkmeldedienst_des_OKW.jpg/550px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0152%2C_Geheimer_Funkmeldedienst_des_OKW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Soldaten van de Abwehr in het hoofdkwartier</figcaption></figure> <p>De <i><b>Abwehr</b>:' was tot het einde van de <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog">Tweede Wereldoorlog</a> de <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitse</a> <a href="/wiki/Inlichtingendienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Inlichtingendienst">inlichtingendienst</a>, die als taak had informatie te vergaren in binnen- en buitenland, en ook bezig was met <a href="/wiki/Spion" title="Spion">spionage</a> en <a href="/wiki/Contra-spionage" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra-spionage">contra-spionage</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschiedenis">Geschiedenis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abwehr&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geschiedenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abwehr&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geschiedenis"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De <i>Abwehr</i> is opgericht in <a href="/wiki/1866" title="1866">1866</a> en werd sterk uitgebreid na de succesvolle rol die de dienst speelde tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Frans-Duitse_Oorlog" title="Frans-Duitse Oorlog">Frans-Duitse Oorlog</a>. Na de capitulatie van Duitsland op het einde van de <a href="/wiki/Eerste_Wereldoorlog" title="Eerste Wereldoorlog">Eerste Wereldoorlog</a> werd de dienst ontbonden, maar toen Duitsland in <a href="/wiki/1921" title="1921">1921</a> toestemming kreeg om weer een klein leger op te bouwen werd deze dienst al snel opnieuw opgericht. </p><p>Voor de <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog">Tweede Wereldoorlog</a> deed de <i>Abwehr</i> aan industriële en militaire spionage en sabotage door Duitse spionagenetwerken in de VS. De <i>Abwehr</i> trachtte tevens de verkiezingen in de <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">VS</a> te beïnvloeden om te voorkomen dat F.D. Roosevelt, die vóór oorlogshulp was aan de Britten, voor een - uitzonderlijk - derde keer herkozen zou worden. Toen de Verenigde Staten de oorlog verklaarden rolde de <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> echter vrijwel alle Duitse spionagenetwerken op (vb: <a href="/wiki/Operatie_Pastorius" title="Operatie Pastorius">Operatie Pastorius</a>). Hoewel expliciet verboden door <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> (om Duitslands relaties met <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engeland</a> niet te beschadigen) opereerden er toch verschillende <i>Abwehr</i>-netwerken in Engeland om informatie over locatie en slagkracht van Engelse troepen door te spelen. Voorts werden er contacten gelegd met pro-Duitse strekkingen in Engeland. De <i>Abwehr</i> was ook verantwoordelijk voor infiltratie van buitenlandse ambassades, had geheime netwerken in neutraal <a href="/wiki/Zweden" title="Zweden">Zweden</a> en steunde Generaal Franco in <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a>. Ook tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog">Tweede Wereldoorlog</a> hield de organisatie zich vooral bezig met spionage en contraspionage. In Engeland was het doorgeven van schaderapporten over bombardementen van de <i>Luftwaffe</i> een van de vele taken van de <i>Abwehr</i>. </p><p>De positie van de dienst binnen het <a href="/wiki/Duitse_Rijk" title="Duitse Rijk">Duitse Rijk</a> en tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog was omstreden. Er waren wrijvingen tussen de verschillende inlichtingendiensten van de SS, <i>Luftwaffe</i> en <i>Wehrmacht</i>. Admiraal <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Canaris" title="Wilhelm Canaris">Wilhelm Canaris</a>, hoofd van de <i>Abwehr</i>, schermde het Duitse landleger, de <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i>, grotendeels af van de invloed van de <a href="/wiki/NSDAP" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP">nazipartij</a> en de <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS). De top van de <i>Abwehr</i> werd uiteindelijk de kern van verzet tegen het <a href="/wiki/Nationaalsocialisme" title="Nationaalsocialisme">nationaalsocialisme</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a> werd <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Dohnanyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans von Dohnanyi">Hans von Dohnanyi</a>, hoofd van <i>Abwehr</i> Buitenland, gearresteerd door de <i><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></i>. De officiële aanklacht luidde deviezenhandel, maar hij was betrokken bij het verzet en de vlucht van joden. Tegelijkertijd met hem werd <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Bonhoeffer" title="Dietrich Bonhoeffer">Dietrich Bonhoeffer</a> gearresteerd, zijn zwager en verzetsgenoot. Begin <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a> verloor Admiraal <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Canaris" title="Wilhelm Canaris">Wilhelm Canaris</a> als hoofd van de <i>Abwehr</i> alle krediet bij de nazitop en werden hij en generaal-majoor <a href="/wiki/Hans_Oster" title="Hans Oster">Hans Oster</a>, stafchef <i>Abwehr</i> en Buitenland, in februari <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a> ontheven van hun functie na het overlopen van verschillende geheime agenten. Zij waren ook actief in de <i>Widerstand</i> (het verzet tegen de nazi's) en werden al geruime tijd in het oog gehouden door de <i>Gestapo</i>. Nu de volledige top van de <i>Abwehr</i> verdwenen was, kwam de dienst rechtstreeks onder bevel van Schellenbergs <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (Ausland-SD)</i> en <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmlers</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Reichssicherheitshauptamt" title="Reichssicherheitshauptamt">Reichssicherheitshauptamt</a></i>. </p><p>De dienst zou ook informatie uitgewisseld hebben met de geallieerden. De <i>Abwehr</i> had een heel net van Duitse geheime agenten in <a href="/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk">Groot-Brittannië</a>, maar velen van hen waren geïdentificeerd en gerekruteerd door de Britse inlichtingendienst na ontcijfering van hun berichten, beveiligd met <a href="/wiki/Enigma_(codeermachine)" title="Enigma (codeermachine)">Enigma</a>. Bovendien hadden de codebrekers van <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> contacten binnen de <i>Abwehr</i>. In juli <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a> werden Canaris en Oster gearresteerd nadat zij in verband gebracht waren met de aanslag door <a href="/wiki/Claus_Schenk_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg">Claus von Stauffenberg</a> op <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. </p><p>Aan het einde van de oorlog werden Canaris, Oster en Dohnanyi door de SS terechtgesteld in <a href="/wiki/Concentratiekamp" title="Concentratiekamp">concentratiekamp</a> <a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_(concentratiekamp)" title="Flossenbürg (concentratiekamp)">Flossenbürg</a>, wat meteen het einde van de <i>Abwehr</i> betekende. De uiteindelijke rol van de <i>Abwehr</i> in het verloop en het einde van de oorlog zal wellicht nooit volledig achterhaald kunnen worden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abwehr&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abwehr&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Karl Heinz ABSHAGEN, <i>Canaris, Patriot und Weltbürger</i>,Stuttgart, 1954.</li> <li>Oscar REILE, <i>Geheime Westfront. Die Abwehr 1935–1945</i> , München, 1962.</li> <li>Gert BUCHHEIT, <i>Der deutsche Geheimdienst</i>, München, 1966.</li> <li><i>Arbeitsgemeinschaft ehemaliger Abwehrangehöriger (AGEA), </i>Die Nachhut – Informationsorgan für Angehörige der ehemaligen Militärischen Abwehr<i>, 1967–1975.</i></li> <li>Peter HOFFMAN, <i>Widerstand, Staatsstreich, Attentat. Der Kampf der Opposition gegen Hitler</i>, Berlijn, 1970.</li> <li>Julius MADER, <i>Hitlers Spionagegenerale sagen aus</i>, Berlijn, 1970.</li> <li>Heinz HÖHNE, <i>Canaris. Patriot im Zwielicht</i>, München, 1976, <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/3570016080" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-570-01608-0</a>.</li> <li>Romedio Galeazzo Graf VON THUN-HOHENSTEIN, <i>Der Verschwörer</i>, Berlijn 1982.</li> <li>Uwe BRAMMER, <i>Spionageabwehr und 'Geheimer Meldedienst</i>, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1989.</li> <li>Michael HOWARD, <i>Strategic Deception. British Intelligence in the Second World War</i>, Vol. 5, Londen, 1990.</li> <li>Oscar REILE, <i>Der deutsche Geheimdienst im Zweiten Weltkrieg</i>, Augsburg/München, 1990.</li> <li>Oscar Reile: <i>Der deutsche Geheimdienst im II. Weltkrieg. Ostfront. Die Abwehr im Kampf mit den Geheimdiensten im Osten</i>, 1990, <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/3893500685" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89350-068-5</a>.</li> <li>Elisabeth CHOWANIEC, <i>Der Fall Dohnanyi 1943–1945, Widerstand, Militärjustiz, SS-Willkür</i>, München, 1991.</li> <li>Winfried MEYER, <i>Unternehmen Sieben. Eine Rettungsaktion für vom Holocaust Bedrohte aus dem Amt Ausland/Abwehr im Oberkommando der Wehrmacht</i>, Frankfurt am Main, 1993.</li> <li>Gerd R. UEBERSCHÄR, <i>Das Dilemma der deutschen Militäropposition</i>, Gedenkstätte Deutscher Widerstand, Berlijn 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924021429/http://www.gdw-berlin.de/fileadmin/bilder/publ/beitraege/B32.pdf">PDF, 3,9 MB</a></li> <li>Gerd R. UEBERSCHÄR <i>Auf dem Weg zum 20. Juli</i>, in: Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, Heft 27, Bonn 2004.</li> <li>Hermann WENTKER: <i>Umsturzversuche 1938–1943</i>, in: Peter Steinbach, Johannes Tuchel, Widerstand gegen die nationalsozialistische Diktatur 1933–1945, Bonn, Bundeszentrale für Politische Bildung, Bonn 2004, <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/389331539X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89331-539-X</a>.</li> <li>Karl Glaubauf & Stefanie LAHOUSEN-VIVREMONT, <i>Generalmajor Erwin Lahousen-Vivremont. Ein Linzer Abwehroffizier im militärischen Widerstand</i>, Münster 2005, <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/3825872599" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-8258-7259-9</a>.</li> <li>Michael MUELLER, <i>Canaris. Hitlers Abwehrchef</i>, Berlijn, 2006.</li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li>Ladislas Farago, Het spel van de vossen - Abwehr archieven</li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background-color"],.mw-parser-output .navigatie div[style*="background"]{color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#eaecf0)!important}}</style> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Duitse_binnenlandse_veiligheidsdiensten_tijdens_de_Tweede_Wereldoorlog"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_veiligheidsdiensten_Duitsland_WO2" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie veiligheidsdiensten Duitsland WO2"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span class="ui-state-disabled" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_veiligheidsdiensten_Duitsland_WO2&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Duitse_binnenlandse_veiligheidsdiensten_tijdens_de_Tweede_Wereldoorlog" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Duitsland" title="Nazi-Duitsland">Duitse</a> binnenlandse veiligheidsdiensten tijdens de <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog">Tweede Wereldoorlog</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <p><a href="/wiki/Reichssicherheitshauptamt" title="Reichssicherheitshauptamt">RSHA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">SD</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei" title="Kriminalpolizei">Kripo</a> · <a href="/wiki/Reichssicherheitsdienst" title="Reichssicherheitsdienst">RSD</a>) · <a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Orpo</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abwehr</a> </p> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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