CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Parliament of England - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0b82214c-a115-4e9d-9060-7a006567f3db","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Parliament_of_England","wgTitle":"Parliament of England","wgCurRevisionId":1254811006,"wgRevisionId":1254811006,"wgArticleId":378033,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles that may contain original research from August 2021","All articles that may contain original research","Articles needing additional references from March 2021","All articles needing additional references","Use British English from December 2010","Use dmy dates from April 2020","Articles with unsourced quotes", "Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing French-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024","All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2021","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","CS1: long volume value","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Parliament of England","1707 disestablishments in Great Britain","Defunct bicameral legislatures","Westminster system parliaments"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Parliament_of_England","wgRelevantArticleId":378033,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1130737","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/1200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1540"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/800px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1026"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/640px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="821"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Parliament of England - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Parliament_of_England rootpage-Parliament_of_England skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Parliament+of+England" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Parliament+of+England" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Parliament+of+England" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Parliament+of+England" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Predecessors_(pre-13th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predecessors_(pre-13th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Predecessors (pre-13th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predecessors_(pre-13th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>13th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-13th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 13th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-13th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_meetings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_meetings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early meetings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_meetings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_functions_and_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_functions_and_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early functions and powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_functions_and_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Henry_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Henry_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Henry III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Henry_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ministers_and_finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ministers_and_finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Ministers and finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ministers_and_finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baronial_reform_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baronial_reform_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Baronial reform movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baronial_reform_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Montfortian_parliaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Montfortian_parliaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Montfortian parliaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Montfortian_parliaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edward_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Edward I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Model_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Model Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis_of_1297" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_of_1297"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Crisis of 1297</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_of_1297-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Later reign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>14th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-14th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 14th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-14th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Edward_II_(1307–1327)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward_II_(1307–1327)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Edward II (1307–1327)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward_II_(1307–1327)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Edward_III_(1327–1377)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Edward_III_(1327–1377)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Edward III (1327–1377)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Edward_III_(1327–1377)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richard_II_(1377–1399)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richard_II_(1377–1399)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Richard II (1377–1399)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richard_II_(1377–1399)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>15th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tudor_era_(1485–1603)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tudor_era_(1485–1603)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tudor era (1485–1603)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tudor_era_(1485–1603)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tudor era (1485–1603) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tudor_era_(1485–1603)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_permanent_seat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_permanent_seat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Establishment of permanent seat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_permanent_seat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellion_and_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion_and_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rebellion and revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion_and_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament_from_the_Restoration_to_the_Act_of_Settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament_from_the_Restoration_to_the_Act_of_Settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Parliament from the Restoration to the Act of Settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament_from_the_Restoration_to_the_Act_of_Settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union:_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union:_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Union: the Parliament of Great Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union:_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acts_of_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acts_of_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Acts of Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acts_of_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parliament of England</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="برلمان إنجلترا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برلمان إنجلترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parllamentu_d%27Inglaterra" title="Parllamentu d'Inglaterra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Parllamentu d'Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6" title="ইংল্যান্ডের সংসদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইংল্যান্ডের সংসদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%96" title="Парламент Англіі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парламент Англіі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Парламент на Англия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Парламент на Англия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_engelske_parlament" title="Det engelske parlament – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det engelske parlament" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englisches_Parlament" title="Englisches Parlament – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Englisches Parlament" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglismaa_parlament" title="Inglismaa parlament – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Inglismaa parlament" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_de_Inglaterra" title="Parlamento de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parlamento de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_de_Anglio" title="Parlamento de Anglio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parlamento de Anglio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مجلس انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مجلس انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_d%27Angleterre" title="Parlement d'Angleterre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parlement d'Angleterre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EC%9D%98%ED%9A%8C" title="잉글랜드 의회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉글랜드 의회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6" title="इंग्लैंड की संसद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंग्लैंड की संसद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlemen_Inggris" title="Parlemen Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parlemen Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enska_%C3%BEingi%C3%B0" title="Enska þingið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Enska þingið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamento_d%27Inghilterra" title="Parlamento d'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parlamento d'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="הפרלמנט של אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרלמנט של אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglia_parlamentje" title="Anglia parlamentje – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anglia parlamentje" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Парламент на Англија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Парламент на Англија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6" title="इंग्लंडची संसद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इंग्लंडची संसद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlimen_England" title="Parlimen England – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parlimen England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlement_van_Engeland" title="Parlement van Engeland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parlement van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_engelske_parlamentet" title="Det engelske parlamentet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det engelske parlamentet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_engelske_parlamentet" title="Det engelske parlamentet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Det engelske parlamentet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Парламент Англии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парламент Англии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parlamenti_i_Anglis%C3%AB" title="Parlamenti i Anglisë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Parlamenti i Anglisë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Parliament of England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Парламент Енглеске – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Парламент Енглеске" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engleski_parlament" title="Engleski parlament – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Engleski parlament" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englannin_parlamentti" title="Englannin parlamentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Englannin parlamentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englands_parlament" title="Englands parlament – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Englands parlament" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="รัฐสภาอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐสภาอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiltere_Parlamentosu" title="İngiltere Parlamentosu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiltere Parlamentosu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Парламент Англії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парламент Англії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_h%E1%BB%99i_Anh" title="Quốc hội Anh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quốc hội Anh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83" title="英格蘭國會 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英格蘭國會" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1130737#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Parliament_of_England" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Parliament_of_England" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Parliament_of_England" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&oldid=1254811006" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Parliament_of_England&id=1254811006&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FParliament_of_England"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FParliament_of_England"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Parliament_of_England&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parliament_of_England" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1130737" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legislature of England, c. 1215 to 1707</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the legislature used from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1215</span> to 1707. For the proposed contemporary English legislature, see <a href="/wiki/Devolved_English_parliament" title="Devolved English parliament">Devolved English parliament</a>. For the modern legislature, see <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Parliament_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Parliament of England">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Parliament+of+England%22">"Parliament of England"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Parliament+of+England%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Parliament+of+England%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Parliament+of+England%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Parliament+of+England%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Parliament+of+England%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%; background-color: #ededed"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org">Parliament of England</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(-1340).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Coat of arms or logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1129" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms of England">Royal coat of arms of England</a>, pre-1340</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Type</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.3em;"><div style="display:inline" class="category"><a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">Unicameral</a><br />(<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1236</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrand200910_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrand200910-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–1341 / 1649–1657)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">Bicameral</a><br />(1341–1649 / 1657–1707)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Houses</th><td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a>:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a><br />(1341–1649 / 1660–1707)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cromwell%27s_Other_House" title="Cromwell's Other House">House of Peers</a><br />(1657–1660)<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a>:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a><br />(1341–1707)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1236</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrand200910_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrand200910-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">1 May 1707</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Leadership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Keeper of the Great Seal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/William_Cowper,_1st_Earl_Cowper" title="William Cowper, 1st Earl Cowper">The 1st Baron Cowper</a><sup>1</sup> <br />since 1705 </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the House of Commons of England">Speaker of the House of Commons</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.3em"><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer)" title="John Smith (Chancellor of the Exchequer)">John Smith</a><sup>1</sup> <br />since 1705 </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Structure</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Commons_elected_members,_1705.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/House_of_Commons_elected_members%2C_1705.svg/300px-House_of_Commons_elected_members%2C_1705.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/House_of_Commons_elected_members%2C_1705.svg/450px-House_of_Commons_elected_members%2C_1705.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/House_of_Commons_elected_members%2C_1705.svg/600px-House_of_Commons_elected_members%2C_1705.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a> political groups</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_Queen_Anne" title="2nd Parliament of Queen Anne">Final composition</a> of the English House of Commons:<br />513 Seats<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#3333CC; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a>: 260 seats</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whigs</a>: 233 seats</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DDDDDD; color:black;"> </span> Unclassified: 20 seats</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Elections</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">voting system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ennoblement" title="Ennoblement">Ennoblement</a> by <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">the Sovereign</a> or inheritance of an <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">English peerage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a> <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">voting system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">First past the post</a> with limited suffrage<sup>1</sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Meeting place</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_16C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Westminster_16C.jpg/280px-Westminster_16C.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Westminster_16C.jpg/420px-Westminster_16C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Westminster_16C.jpg/560px-Westminster_16C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="675" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data label"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Footnotes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><sup>1</sup>Reflecting Parliament as it stood in 1707. <hr /> See also: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Parliament of England</b> was the <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> from the 13th century until 1707 when it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a>. Parliament evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Council_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Council of England">great council</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">bishops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">peers</a> that advised the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy" title="History of the English monarchy">English monarch</a>. Great councils were first called Parliaments during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1216–1272</span>). By this time, the king required Parliament's consent to levy taxation. </p><p>Originally a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> body, a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> Parliament emerged when its membership was divided into the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_shire" title="Knight of the shire">knights of the shire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burgess_(title)" title="Burgess (title)">burgesses</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a>'s time on the throne, the role of Parliament expanded beyond the determination of taxation policy to include the "redress of grievances",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (July 2024)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> which essentially enabled English citizens to petition the body to address complaints in their local towns and counties. By this time, citizens were given the power to vote to elect their representatives—the burgesses—to the House of Commons. </p><p>Over the centuries, the English Parliament progressively limited the power of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_the_United_Kingdom#English_monarchy" title="History of monarchy in the United Kingdom">English monarchy</a>, a process that arguably culminated in the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_for_the_trial_of_Charles_I" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I">High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predecessors_(pre-13th_century)"><span id="Predecessors_.28pre-13th_century.29"></span>Predecessors (pre-13th century)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Predecessors (pre-13th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Government in Anglo-Saxon England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_in_Norman_and_Angevin_England" title="Government in Norman and Angevin England">Government in Norman and Angevin England</a></div> <p>Since the unification of England in the 10th century, kings had convened national councils of lay <a href="/wiki/Magnate" title="Magnate">magnates</a> and leading churchmen. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a> called such councils <a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">witans</a>. These councils were an important way for kings to maintain ties with powerful men in distant regions of the country. The witan had a role in making and promulgating legislation as well as making decisions concerning war and peace. They were also the venues for <a href="/wiki/State_trials" title="State trials">state trials</a>, such as the trial of <a href="/wiki/Earl_Godwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl Godwin">Earl Godwin</a> in 1051.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20093–4_&_8_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20093–4_&_8-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of 1066, the king received regular counsel from the members of his <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">curia regis</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">royal court</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and periodically enlarged the court by summoning a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Magnum_concilium" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum concilium">magnum concilium</a></i></span> (Latin for <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">great council</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) to discuss national business and promulgate legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen198620_&_23_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen198620_&_23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_survey" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesday survey">Domesday survey</a> was planned at the Christmas council of 1085, and the <a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_Clarendon" title="Constitutions of Clarendon">Constitutions of Clarendon</a> were made at the 1164 council. The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">magnum concilium</i></span> continued to be the setting of state trials, such as the <a href="/wiki/Becket_controversy" title="Becket controversy">trial of Thomas Becket</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20094–5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20094–5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The members of the great councils were the king's <a href="/wiki/Tenant-in-chief" title="Tenant-in-chief">tenants-in-chief</a>. The greater tenants (<a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earls</a>, and <a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">barons</a>) were <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_summons" title="Writ of summons">summoned by individual writ</a>, but lesser tenants<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were summoned by <a href="/wiki/Sheriff" title="Sheriff">sheriffs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott201076–80_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott201076–80-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were not representative or democratic assemblies. They were feudal councils in which barons fulfilled their obligation to provide counsel to their lord the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2000145–146_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2000145–146-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Councils allowed kings to consult with their leading subjects, but such consultation rarely resulted in a change in royal policy. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Judith_Green_(historian)" title="Judith Green (historian)">Judith Green</a>, "these assemblies were more concerned with ratification and publicity than with debate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen198623_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen198623-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">magnum concilium</i></span> had no role in approving taxation as the king could levy <a href="/wiki/Danegeld" title="Danegeld">geld</a> (discontinued after 1162) whenever he wished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20096_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20096-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The years between 1189 and 1215 were a time of transition for the great council. The cause of this transition were new financial burdens imposed by the Crown to finance the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#Captivity,_ransom_and_return" title="Richard I of England">ransom Richard I</a>, and pay for the series of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Wars" title="Anglo-French Wars">Anglo-French wars</a> fought between the <a href="/wiki/Capetian%E2%80%93Plantagenet_rivalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry">Plantagenet and Capetian dynasties</a>. In 1188, a precedent was established when the great council granted <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> the <a href="/wiki/Saladin_tithe" title="Saladin tithe">Saladin tithe</a>. In granting this tax, the great council was acting as representatives for all taxpayers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20096_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20096-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The likelihood of resistance to national taxes made consent politically necessary. It was convenient for kings to present the great council as a representative body capable of consenting on behalf of all within the kingdom. Increasingly, the kingdom was described as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">communitas regni</i></span> (Latin for <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">community of the realm</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and the barons as their natural representatives. But this development also created more conflict between kings and the <a href="/wiki/Baronage" title="Baronage">baronage</a> as the latter attempted to defend what they considered the rights belonging to the king's subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010123_&_140–143_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010123_&_140–143-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">King John</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1199–1216</span>) alienated the barons by his partiality in dispensing justice, heavy financial demands and abusing his right to feudal incidents, <a href="/wiki/Feudal_relief" title="Feudal relief">reliefs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Feudal_aid" title="Feudal aid">aids</a>. In 1215, the barons forced John to abide by a charter of liberties similar to charters issued by earlier kings <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_Liberties" title="Charter of Liberties">Charter of Liberties</a>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon201658_&_62–63_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon201658_&_62–63-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known as <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> (Latin for <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Great Charter</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), it was based on three assumptions important to the later development of Parliament:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt198960_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt198960-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>the king was subject to the law</li> <li>the king could only make law and raise taxation (except customary feudal dues) with the consent of the community of the realm</li> <li>that the obedience owed by subjects to the king was conditional and not absolute</li></ol> <p>Clause 12 stated that certain taxes could only be levied "through the common counsel of our kingdom", and clause 14 specified that this common counsel was to come from bishops, earls, and barons.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the clause stipulating no taxation "without the common counsel" was deleted from later reissues, it was nevertheless adhered to by later kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20096–7_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20096–7-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magna Carta would gain the status of fundamental law after John's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010152_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010152-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="13th_century">13th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 13th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Government_in_late_medieval_England" title="Government in late medieval England">Government in late medieval England</a></div> <p>The word <i><a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a></i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">parlement</i></span> first used in the late 11th century, meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Parley" title="Parley">parley</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">conversation</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonSayles1981I_146_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonSayles1981I_146-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-1230s, it became a common name for meetings of the great council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010157_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010157-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word was first used with this meaning in 1236.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2019_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2019-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 13th century, parliaments were developing throughout north-western Europe. As a vassal to the King of France, English kings were suitors to the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Paris" title="Parlement of Paris">Parlement of Paris</a>. In the 13th century, the French and English parliaments were similar in their functions; however, the two institutions diverged in significant ways in later centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonSayles1963124–125_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonSayles1963124–125-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_meetings">Early meetings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early meetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the 1230s, the normal meeting place for Parliament was fixed at <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>. Parliaments tended to meet according to the <a href="/wiki/Legal_year" title="Legal year">legal year</a> so that the courts were also in session: January or February for the <a href="/wiki/Hilary_term" title="Hilary term">Hilary term</a>, in April or May for the <a href="/wiki/Easter_term" title="Easter term">Easter term</a>, in July, and in October for the <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas_term" title="Michaelmas term">Michaelmas term</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010162_&_164_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010162_&_164-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most parliaments had between forty and eighty attendees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20093_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20093-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meetings of Parliament always included:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrand200910_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrand200910-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010187_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010187-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>the king</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_chief_ministers" title="List of English chief ministers">chief ministers</a> and other ministers (<a href="/wiki/Great_Officers_of_State_(United_Kingdom)" title="Great Officers of State (United Kingdom)">great officers of state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_King%27s_Bench" title="Justice of the King's Bench">justices of the King's Bench</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Common_Pleas" title="Justice of the Common Pleas">Common Bench</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barons_of_the_exchequer" class="mw-redirect" title="Barons of the exchequer">barons of the exchequer</a>)</li> <li>members of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">king's council</a></li> <li>ecclesiastical magnates (archbishops, bishops, abbots, <a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">priors</a>)</li> <li>lay magnates (earls and barons)</li></ul> <p>The lower clergy (<a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">deans</a>, cathedral priors, <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon" title="Archdeacon">archdeacons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parish_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Parish priest">parish priests</a>) were occasionally summoned when papal taxation was on the agenda. Beginning around the 1220s, the concept of representation, summarised in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> maxim <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">quod omnes tangit ab omnibus approbetur</i></span> (Latin for <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">what touches all should be approved by all</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), gained new importance among the clergy, and they began choosing <a href="/wiki/Proctor" title="Proctor">proctors</a> to represent them at church assemblies and, when summoned, at Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010202,_205_&_208_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010202,_205_&_208-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As feudalism declined and the <a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">gentry</a> and merchant classes increased in influence, the <a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_borough" title="Ancient borough">boroughs</a> were recognised as <a href="/wiki/Medieval_commune" title="Medieval commune">communes</a> (Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">communitas</i></span>) with a unified constituency capable of being represented by <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_shire" title="Knight of the shire">knights of the shire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burgess_(title)" title="Burgess (title)">burgesses</a>. Initially, knights and burgesses were summoned only when new taxes were proposed so that representatives of the communes (or the Commons) could report back home that taxes were lawfully granted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolliffe1961331_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolliffe1961331-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989121–122_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989121–122-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Commons were not regularly summoned until the 1290s,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrand200911_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrand200911-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the so-called <a href="/wiki/Model_Parliament" title="Model Parliament">Model Parliament</a> of 1295. Of the thirty parliaments between 1274 and 1294, knights only attended four and burgesses only two.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010287–288_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010287–288-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early parliaments increasingly brought together social classes resembling the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estates of the realm</a> of continental Europe: the landed aristocracy (barons and knights), the clergy, and the towns. Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Maddicott" title="John Maddicott">John Maddicott</a> points out that "the main division within parliament was less between lords and commons than between the landed and all others, lower clergy as well as burgesses".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010312_&_325_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010312_&_325-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Specialists could be summoned to Parliament to provide expert advice. For example, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Roman_law" title="Medieval Roman law">Roman law</a> experts were summoned from <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> to the Norham parliament of 1291 to advise on the <a href="/wiki/Competitors_for_the_Crown_of_Scotland" title="Competitors for the Crown of Scotland">disputed Scottish succession</a>. At the Bury St Edmunds parliament of 1296, burgesses "who best know how to plan and lay out a certain new town" were summoned to advise on the rebuilding of <a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick</a> after <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Berwick_(1296)" title="Sack of Berwick (1296)">its capture</a> by the English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010282_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010282-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_functions_and_powers">Early functions and powers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early functions and powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parliament—or the <i>High Court of Parliament</i> as it became known—was England's highest court of justice. A large amount of its business involved judicial questions referred to it by ministers, judges, and other government officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayles197470_&_76_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayles197470_&_76-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">petitions</a> were submitted to Parliament by individuals whose grievances were not satisfied through normal administrative or judicial channels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989140_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989140-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the number of petitions increased, they came to be directed to particular departments (chancery, exchequer, the courts) leaving the king's council to concentrate on the most important business. Parliament became "a delivery point and a sorting house for petitions".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010295–296_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010295–296-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1290 to 1307, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gilbert_of_Rothbury&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gilbert of Rothbury (page does not exist)">Gilbert of Rothbury</a> was placed in charge of organising parliamentary business and record-keeping—in effect a <a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Parliaments" title="Clerk of the Parliaments">clerk of the parliaments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968212_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968212-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kings could legislate outside of Parliament through legislative <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">acta</i></span> (administrative orders drafted by the king's council as <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent_(United_Kingdom)" title="Letters patent (United Kingdom)">letters patent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Letters_close" title="Letters close">letters close</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Writ" title="Writ">writs</a> drafted by the chancery in response to particular court cases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010241_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010241-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But kings could also use Parliament to promulgate legislation. Parliament's legislative role was largely passive—the actual work of law-making was done by the king and council, specifically the judges on the council who drafted statutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989139–140_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989139–140-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Completed legislation was then presented to Parliament for ratification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010283_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010283-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kings needed Parliament to fund their military campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989119_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989119-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the basis of Magna Carta, Parliament asserted for itself the right to consent to taxation, and a pattern developed in which the king would make concessions (such as reaffirming liberties in Magna Carta) in return for tax grants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon201666_&_68_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon201666_&_68-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Withholding taxation was Parliament's main tool in disputes with the king. Nevertheless, the king was still able to raise lesser amounts of revenue from sources that did not require parliamentary consent, such as:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt198991_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt198991-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010174–175_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010174–175-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)" title="Farm (revenue leasing)">county farms</a> (the fixed sum paid annually by sheriffs for the privilege of administering and profiting from royal lands in their counties)</li> <li>profits from the <a href="/wiki/Eyre_(legal_term)" title="Eyre (legal term)">eyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallage" title="Tallage">tallage</a> on the royal <a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">demesne</a>, the towns, foreign merchants, and most importantly <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">English Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutage" title="Scutage">scutage</a></li> <li>feudal dues and fines</li> <li>profits from <a href="/wiki/Wardship" class="mw-redirect" title="Wardship">wardship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">escheat</a>, and vacant <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal sees</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_III">Henry III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Henry III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Henry_III" title="List of parliaments of England">List of parliaments of England § Parliaments of Henry III</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a> (<abbr>r.</abbr> 1216–1272) became king at nine years old after his father, King John, died during the <a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">First Barons' War</a>. During the king's minority, England was ruled by a <a href="/wiki/Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency">regency</a> government that relied heavily on great councils to legitimise its actions. Great councils even consented to the appointment of royal ministers, an action that normally was considered a <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom">royal prerogative</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Maddicott" title="John Maddicott">John Maddicott</a> writes that the "effect of the minority was thus to make the great council an indispensable part of the country's government [and] to give it a degree of independent initiative and authority which central assemblies had never previously possessed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010149–151_&_153_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010149–151_&_153-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The regency government officially ended when Henry turned sixteen in 1223, and the magnates demanded the adult king confirm previous grants of Magna Carta made in 1216 and 1217 to ensure their legality. At the same time, the king needed money to defend his possessions in <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gascony" title="Gascony">Gascony</a> from a French invasion. At a great council in 1225, a deal was reached that saw Magna Carta and the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Forest" title="Charter of the Forest">Charter of the Forest</a> reissued in return for taxing a fifteenth (7 percent) of movable property. This set a precedent that taxation was granted in return for the redress of grievances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt198973_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt198973-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ministers_and_finances">Ministers and finances</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ministers and finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1232, <a href="/wiki/Peter_des_Roches" title="Peter des Roches">Peter des Roches</a> became the king's chief minister. His nephew, <a href="/wiki/Peter_de_Rivaux" title="Peter de Rivaux">Peter de Rivaux</a>, accumulated a large number of offices, including <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">lord keeper of the privy seal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_wardrobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Keeper of the wardrobe">keeper of the wardrobe</a>; yet, these appointments were not approved by the magnates as had become customary during the regency government. Under Roches, the government revived practices used during King John's reign and that had been condemned in Magna Carta, such as arbitrary <a href="/wiki/Disseisin" class="mw-redirect" title="Disseisin">disseisins</a>, revoking perpetual rights granted in royal charters, depriving heirs of their inheritances, and marrying heiresses to foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010167–168_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010167–168-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Roches and Rivaux were foreigners from <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a>. The rise of a royal administration controlled by foreigners and dependent solely on the king stirred resentment among the magnates, who felt excluded from power. Several barons rose in rebellion, and the bishops intervened to persuade the king to change ministers. At a great council in April 1234, the king agreed to remove Rivaux and other ministers. This was the first occasion in which a king was forced to change his ministers by a great council or parliament. The struggle between king and Parliament over ministers became a permanent feature of English politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt198975–77_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt198975–77-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thereafter, the king ruled in concert with an active Parliament, which considered matters related to foreign policy, taxation, justice, administration, and legislation. January 1236 saw the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Merton" title="Statute of Merton">Statute of Merton</a>, the first English <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a>. Among other things, the law continued barring <a href="/wiki/Bastard_(law_of_England_and_Wales)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastard (law of England and Wales)">bastards</a> from inheritance. Significantly, the language of the preamble describes the legislation as "provided" by the magnates and "conceded" by the king, which implies that this was not simply a royal measure consented to by the barons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayles197440_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayles197440-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010168–169_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010168–169-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1237, Henry asked Parliament for a tax to fund his sister <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_England" title="Isabella of England">Isabella's</a> dowry. The barons were unenthusiastic, but they granted the funds in return for the king's promise to reconfirm Magna Carta, add three magnates to his personal council, limit the royal prerogative of <a href="/wiki/Purveyance" title="Purveyance">purveyance</a>, and protect land tenure rights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010173_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010173-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But Henry was adamant that three concerns were exclusively within his royal prerogative: family and inheritance matters, patronage, and appointments. Important decisions were made without consulting Parliament, such as in 1254 when the king accepted the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> for his younger son, <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Crouchback" title="Edmund Crouchback">Edmund Crouchback</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010178_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010178-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also clashed with Parliament over appointments to the three great offices of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">chancellor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justiciar" title="Justiciar">justiciar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer" title="Lord High Treasurer">treasurer</a>. The barons believed these three offices should be restraints on royal misgovernment, but the king promoted minor officials within the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Households_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal Households of the United Kingdom">royal household</a> who owed their loyalty exclusively to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt198990_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt198990-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1253, while fighting in Gascony, Henry requested men and money to resist an anticipated attack from <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile" title="Alfonso X of Castile">Alfonso X of Castile</a>. In a January 1254 Parliament, the bishops themselves promised an aid but would not commit the rest of the clergy. Likewise, the barons promised to assist the king if he was attacked but would not commit the rest of the laity to pay money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt198993–94_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt198993–94-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the lower clergy of each <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> elected proctors at church <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synods</a>, and each county elected two <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_shire" title="Knight of the shire">knights of the shire</a>. These representatives were summoned to Parliament in April 1254 to consent to taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayles197444_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayles197444-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The men elected as shire knights were prominent landholders with experience in local government and as soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010216–217_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010216–217-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were elected by barons, other knights, and probably <a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">freeholders</a> of sufficient standing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt198995_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt198995-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baronial_reform_movement">Baronial reform movement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Baronial reform movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1258, the relationship between the king and the baronage had reached a breaking point over the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_business" title="Sicilian business">Sicilian business</a>, in which Henry had promised to pay papal debts in return for the pope's help securing the Sicilian crown for his son, Edmund. At the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Parliament_(1258)" title="Oxford Parliament (1258)">Oxford Parliament of 1258</a>, reform-minded barons forced a reluctant king to accept a constitutional framework known as the <a href="/wiki/Provisions_of_Oxford" title="Provisions of Oxford">Provisions of Oxford</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon201667–70_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon201667–70-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The king was to govern according to the advice of an elected council of fifteen barons.</li> <li>The baronial council appointed royal ministers (justiciar, treasurer, chancellor) to serve for one-year terms.</li> <li>Parliament met three times a year on the <a href="/wiki/Octave_(liturgy)" title="Octave (liturgy)">octave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Michaelmas" title="Michaelmas">Michaelmas</a> (October 6), <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a> (February 3), and June 1.</li> <li>The barons elected twelve representatives (two bishops, one earl and nine barons) who together with the baronial council could act on legislation and other matters even when Parliament was not in session as "a kind of standing parliamentary committee".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989100_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989100-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Parliament now met regularly according to a schedule rather than at the pleasure of the king. The reformers hoped that the provisions would ensure parliamentary approval for all major government acts. Under the provisions, Parliament was "established formally (and no longer merely by custom) as the voice of the community".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010239_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010239-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theme of reform dominated later parliaments. During the Michaelmas Parliament of 1258, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordinance_of_Sheriffs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordinance of Sheriffs (page does not exist)">Ordinance of Sheriffs</a> was issued as <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent_(United_Kingdom)" title="Letters patent (United Kingdom)">letters patent</a> that forbade sheriffs from taking bribes. At the Candlemas Parliament of 1259, the baronial council and the twelve representatives enacted the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordinance_of_the_Magnates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordinance of the Magnates (page does not exist)">Ordinance of the Magnates</a>. In this ordinance, the barons promised to observe Magna Carta and other reforming legislation. They also required their own bailiffs to observe similar rules as those of royal sheriffs, and the justiciar was given power to correct abuses of their officials. The Michaelmas Parliament of 1259 enacted the <a href="/wiki/Provisions_of_Westminster" title="Provisions of Westminster">Provisions of Westminster</a>, a set of legal and administrative reforms designed to address grievances of freeholders and even <a href="/wiki/Villein" title="Villein">villeins</a>, such as abuses related to the <a href="/wiki/Murdrum" title="Murdrum">murdrum</a> fine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010239–240_&_243_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010239–240_&_243-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry III made his first move against the baronial reformers while in France negotiating peace with <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a>. Using the excuse of his absence from the realm and Welsh attacks in the marches, Henry ordered the justiciar, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Bigod_(Justiciar)" title="Hugh Bigod (Justiciar)">Hugh Bigod</a>, to postpone the parliament scheduled for Candlemas 1260. This was an apparent violation of the Provisions of Oxford; however, the provisions were silent on what should happen if the king were outside the kingdom. The king's motive was to prevent the promulgation of further reforms through Parliament. <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort</a>, a leader of the baronial reformers, ignored these orders and made plans to hold a parliament in London but was prevented by Bigod. When the king arrived back in England he summoned a parliament which met in July, where Montfort was brought to trial though ultimately cleared of wrongdoing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989105–106_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989105–106-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010249_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010249-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1261, the pope released the king from his oath to adhere to the Provisions of Oxford, and Henry publicly renounced the Provisions in May. Most of the barons were willing to let the king reassume power provided he ruled well. By 1262, Henry had regained all of his authority, and Montfort left England. The barons were now divided mainly by age. The elder barons remained loyal to the king, but younger barons coalesced around Montfort, who returned to England in the spring of 1263.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989107_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989107-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Montfortian_parliaments">Montfortian parliaments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Montfortian parliaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The royalist barons and rebel barons fought each other in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Barons%27_War" title="Second Barons' War">Second Barons' War</a>. Montfort defeated the king at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lewes" title="Battle of Lewes">Battle of Lewes</a> in 1264 and became the real ruler of England for the next twelve months. Montfort held a parliament in June 1264 to sanction a new form of government and rally support. This parliament was notable for including knights of the shire who were expected to deliberate fully on political matters, not just assent to taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989108–109_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989108–109-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The June Parliament approved a new constitution in which the king's powers were given to a council of nine. The new council was chosen and led by three electors (Montfort, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bersted" title="Stephen Bersted">Stephen Bersted, bishop of Chichester</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_de_Clare,_7th_Earl_of_Gloucester" title="Gilbert de Clare, 7th Earl of Gloucester">Gilbert de Clare, earl of Gloucester</a>). The electors could replace any of the nine as they saw fit, but the electors themselves could only be removed by Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989108–109_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989108–109-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010255_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010255-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Montfort held two other Parliaments during his time in power. The most famous—<a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort%27s_Parliament" title="Simon de Montfort's Parliament">Simon de Montfort's Parliament</a>—was held in January 1265 amidst threat of a French invasion and unrest throughout the realm. For the first time, <a href="/wiki/Burgess_(title)" title="Burgess (title)">burgesses</a> (elected by those residents of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_borough" title="Ancient borough">boroughs</a> or towns who held <a href="/wiki/Burgage_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgage tenure">burgage tenure</a>, such as wealthy merchants or craftsmen)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989123_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989123-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were summoned along with knights of the shire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayles197460_&_63_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayles197460_&_63-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Montfort was killed at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Evesham" title="Battle of Evesham">Battle of Evesham</a> in 1265, and Henry was restored to power. In August 1266, Parliament authorised the <a href="/wiki/Dictum_of_Kenilworth" title="Dictum of Kenilworth">Dictum of Kenilworth</a>, which nullified everything Montfort had done and removed all restraints on the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989113–114_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989113–114-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1267, some of the reforms contained in the 1259 Provisions of Westminster were revised in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Marlborough" title="Statute of Marlborough">Statute of Marlborough</a> passed in 1267. This was the start of a process of statutory reform that continued into the reign of Henry's successor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2012241_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2012241-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edward_I">Edward I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Edward I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medieval_parliament_edward.Jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Medieval_parliament_edward.Jpg/220px-Medieval_parliament_edward.Jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Medieval_parliament_edward.Jpg/330px-Medieval_parliament_edward.Jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Medieval_parliament_edward.Jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>A 16th-century depiction of the Parliament of King Edward I.The <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">lords spiritual</a> are seated to the king's right, the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Temporal" title="Lords Temporal">lords temporal</a> to his left, and in the centre sit the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Judicial functions of the House of Lords">justices and law officers</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Edward_I" title="List of parliaments of England">List of parliaments of England § Parliaments of Edward I</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1272–1307</span>) learned from the failures of his father's reign the usefulness of Parliament for building consensus and strengthening royal authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989117_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989117-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliaments were held regularly throughout his reign, generally twice a year at Easter in the spring and after Michaelmas in the autumn.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayles197471_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESayles197471-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Edward, the first major statutes amending the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> were promulgated in Parliament:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon201679_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon201679-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010282_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010282-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1275" title="Statute of Westminster 1275">Statute of Westminster I</a> (1275)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Gloucester_1278" title="Statute of Gloucester 1278">Statute of Gloucester</a> (1278)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Mortmain" title="Statutes of Mortmain">Statute of Mortmain</a> (1279)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1285" title="Statute of Westminster 1285">Statute of Westminster II</a> (1285)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Winchester" title="Statute of Winchester">Statute of Winchester</a> (1285)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quia_Emptores" title="Quia Emptores">Statute <i>Quia Emptores</i></a> (1290)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quo_warranto" title="Quo warranto">Statute <i>Quo Warranto</i></a> (1290)</li></ul> <p>The first Statute of Westminster required <a href="/wiki/Free_and_fair_election" title="Free and fair election">free elections</a> without intimidation. This act was accompanied by the grant of a tax on <a href="/wiki/Medieval_English_wool_trade" title="Medieval English wool trade">England's wealthy wool trade</a>—a half-<a href="/wiki/Mark_(currency)" title="Mark (currency)">mark</a> (6<a href="/wiki/Shilling" title="Shilling">s</a> 8<a href="/wiki/Penny_(English_coin)" title="Penny (English coin)">d</a>) on each sack of wool exported. It became known as the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">magna et antiqua custuma</i></span> (Latin: <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">great and ancient custom</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and was granted to Edward and his heirs, becoming part of the Crown's permanent revenue until the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989129–130_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989129–130-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon201682_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon201682-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Model_Parliament">Model Parliament</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Model Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Model_Parliament" title="Model Parliament">Model Parliament</a></div> <p>In 1294, <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip<span class="nowrap"> </span>IV</a> attempted to recover <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gascon_War" title="Gascon War">Gascon War</a>. Edward's need for money to finance the war led him to take arbitrary measures. He ordered the seizure of merchants' wool, which was only released after payment of the unpopular <a href="/wiki/Maltolt" title="Maltolt">maltolt</a>, a tax never authorised by Parliament. Church wealth was arbitrarily seized, and the clergy were further asked to give half of their revenues to the king. They refused but agreed to a smaller sum. Over the next couple years, parliaments approved new taxes, but it was never enough. More money was needed to put down <a href="/wiki/Madog_ap_Llywelyn" title="Madog ap Llywelyn">a Welsh rebellion</a> and win the <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="First War of Scottish Independence">First War of Scottish Independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989149_&_155_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989149_&_155-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This need for money led to what became known as the Model Parliament of November 1295. In addition to magnates who were summoned individually, sheriffs were instructed to send two elected knights from each shire and two elected burgesses from each borough. The Commons had been summoned to earlier parliaments but only with power to consent to what the magnates decided. In the Model Parliament, the writ of summons invested shire knights and burgesses with power to provide both counsel and consent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989152–154_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989152–154-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crisis_of_1297">Crisis of 1297</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Crisis of 1297"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 1296, the King's efforts to recover Gascony were creating resentment among the clergy, merchants, and magnates. At the Bury St Edmunds parliament in 1296, the lay magnates and Commons agreed to pay a tax on moveable property. The clergy refused, citing the recent papal bull <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Clericis_Laicos" class="mw-redirect" title="Clericis Laicos">Clericis Laicos</a></i></span>, forbidding secular rulers from taxing the church without papal permission. In January 1297, a <a href="/wiki/Convocation" title="Convocation">convocation</a> of the clergy met at <a href="/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="Old St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's</a> in London to consider the matter further but ultimately could find no way to pay the tax without violating the papal bull.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989155_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989155-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In retaliation, the King <a href="/wiki/Outlaw" title="Outlaw">outlawed</a> the clergy and confiscated clerical property on 30 January. On 10 February, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Winchelsey" title="Robert Winchelsey">Robert Winchelsey</a>, archbishop of Canterbury, responded by <a href="/wiki/Excommunication_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Excommunication in the Catholic Church">excommunicating</a> anyone acting against <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Clericis Laicos</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968233_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968233-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most clergy paid a fine for the restoration of their property that was identical to the tax requested by the King.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989155_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989155-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Salisbury parliament of March 1297, Edward unveiled his plans for recovering Gascony. The English would mount a two-front attack with the King leading an <a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_Flanders_(1297%E2%80%931298)" title="English expedition to Flanders (1297–1298)">expedition to Flanders</a> while other barons <a href="/wiki/Gascon_campaign_(1294%E2%80%931303)" title="Gascon campaign (1294–1303)">traveled to Gascony</a>. This plan faced opposition from the most important noblemen—<a href="/wiki/Roger_Bigod,_5th_Earl_of_Norfolk" title="Roger Bigod, 5th Earl of Norfolk">Roger Bigod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_Marshal" title="Earl Marshal">marshal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Norfolk" title="Earl of Norfolk">earl of Norfolk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun,_3rd_Earl_of_Hereford" title="Humphrey de Bohun, 3rd Earl of Hereford">Humphrey Bohun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Constable_of_England" title="Lord High Constable of England">constable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Hereford" title="Earl of Hereford">earl of Hereford</a>. Norfolk and Hereford argued that they owed the king military service in foreign lands but only if the king were present. Therefore, they would not go to Gascony unless the King went as well. Norfolk and Hereford were supported by around 30 barons, and the parliament ended without any decision. After the Salisbury parliament ended, Edward ordered the seizure of wool <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033199720"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see <a href="/wiki/Prise" class="mw-redirect" title="Prise">prise</a>)</span> and payment of a new maltolt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989156–157_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989156–157-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1297, a writ declared that "the earls, barons, knights, and other laity of our realm" had granted a tax on moveables. In reality, this grant was not made by a parliament but by an informal gathering "standing around in [the king's] chamber".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968235_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968235-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Norfolk and Hereford drew up a list of grievances known as the <a href="/wiki/Remonstrances" title="Remonstrances">Remonstrances</a>, which criticized the king's demand for military service and heavy taxes. The maltolt and prises were particularly objectionable due to their arbitrary nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010302_&_306_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010302_&_306-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, Bigod and de Bohun arrived at the exchequer protesting that the irregular tax "was never granted by them or the community" and declared they would not pay it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968236_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968236-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_War_of_Scottish_Independence" title="First War of Scottish Independence">First War of Scottish Independence</a> necessitated that both the king and his opponents put aside their differences. At the October 1297 parliament, the council agreed to concessions in the king's absence. In exchange for a new tax, the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Confirmatio_cartarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmatio cartarum">Confirmatio Cartarum</a></i></span> reconfirmed Magna Carta, abolished the maltolt, and formally recognised that "aids, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mise" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:mise">mises</a>, and prises" needed the consent of Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon201690–91_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon201690–91-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010303_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010303-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Later_reign">Later reign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Edward soon broke the agreements of 1297, and his relations with Parliament remained strained for the rest of his reign as he sought further funds for the war in Scotland. At the parliament of March 1300, the king was forced to agree to the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta#Confirmatio" title="Magna Carta">Articuli Super Cartas</a></i></span>, which gave further concessions to his subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon201691–92_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon201691–92-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the Lincoln parliament of 1301, the King heard complaints that the charters were not followed and calls for the dismissal of his chief minister, the treasurer <a href="/wiki/Walter_Langton" title="Walter Langton">Walter Langton</a>. Demands for appointment of ministers by "common consent"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (July 2024)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> were heard for the first time since Henry III's death. To this, Edward angrily refused, saying that every other magnate in England had the power "to arrange his household, to appoint bailiffs and stewards"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (July 2024)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> without outside interference. He did offer to right any wrongs his officials had committed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968242_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968242-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, the petition on behalf of "the prelates and leading men of the kingdom acting for the whole community"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (July 2024)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> was presented by <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Keighley" title="Henry de Keighley">Henry de Keighley</a>, knight for <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lanchashire</a>. This indicates that knights were holding greater weight in Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010311_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010311-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last four parliaments of Edward's' reign were less contentious. With Scotland nearly conquered, royal finances improved and opposition to royal policies decreased. A number of petitions were considered at the parliament of February 1305 included ones related to crime. In response, Edward issued the <a href="/wiki/Trailbaston" title="Trailbaston">trailbaston</a> ordinance. The state trial of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Seagrave" title="Nicholas Seagrave">Nicholas Seagrave</a> was conducted as part of this parliament as well. Harmonious relations continued between king and Parliament even after December 1305 when Pope <a href="/wiki/Clement_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement V">Clement V</a> absolved the King of his oath to adhere to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Confirmatio Cartarum</i></span>. The last parliament of the reign was held at Carlisle in 1307. It approved the marriage of the King's son to <a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Isabella of France</a>. Legislation attacking <a href="/wiki/Papal_provision" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal provision">papal provisions</a> and papal taxation was also ratified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010326–329_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010326–329-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="14th_century">14th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 14th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edward_II_(1307–1327)"><span id="Edward_II_.281307.E2.80.931327.29"></span>Edward II (1307–1327)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Edward II (1307–1327)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Edward_II" title="List of parliaments of England">List of parliaments of England § Parliaments of Edward II</a></div><p>One of the moments that marked the emergence of parliament as a true institution in England was the <a href="/wiki/Deposition_of_Edward_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposition of Edward II">deposition of Edward II</a> in January 1327. Even though it is debatable whether <a href="/wiki/Edward_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward II">Edward II</a> was deposed <i>in</i> parliament or <i>by</i> parliament, this remarkable sequence of events consolidated the importance of parliament in the English unwritten constitution. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_1327" title="Parliament of 1327">Parliament</a> was also crucial in establishing the legitimacy of the king who replaced Edward II: his son <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Edward_III_(1327–1377)"><span id="Edward_III_.281327.E2.80.931377.29"></span>Edward III (1327–1377)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Edward III (1327–1377)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_03.jpg/220px-London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_03.jpg/330px-London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_03.jpg/440px-London_-_Westminster_abbey_-_chapter_house_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5304" data-file-height="6736" /></a><figcaption>Between 1352 and 1396, the House of Commons met in the chapter house of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989xxiii_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989xxiii-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Edward_III" title="List of parliaments of England">List of parliaments of England § Parliaments of Edward III</a></div><p>In 1341 the Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the first time, creating what was effectively an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber, with the knights and burgesses sitting in the latter. This Upper Chamber became known as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> from 1544 onward, and the Lower Chamber became known as the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a>, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Houses of Parliament">Houses of Parliament</a>. </p><p>The authority of parliament grew under Edward III; it was established that no law could be made, nor any tax levied, without the consent of both Houses and the Sovereign. This development occurred during the reign of Edward III because he was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> and needed finances. During his conduct of the war, Edward tried to circumvent parliament as much as possible, which caused this power structure to emerge. </p><p>The Commons came to act with increasing boldness during this period. During the <a href="/wiki/Good_Parliament" title="Good Parliament">Good Parliament</a> of 1376, the Presiding Officer of the lower chamber, <a href="/wiki/Peter_de_la_Mare" title="Peter de la Mare">Peter de la Mare</a>, complained of heavy taxes, demanded an accounting of the royal expenditures, and criticised the king's management of the military. The Commons even proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impeachment in the United Kingdom">impeach</a> some of the king's ministers. The bold Speaker was imprisoned, but was soon released after the death of Edward III. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richard_II_(1377–1399)"><span id="Richard_II_.281377.E2.80.931399.29"></span>Richard II (1377–1399)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Richard II (1377–1399)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Richard_II" title="List of parliaments of England">List of parliaments of England § Parliaments of Richard II</a></div><p>During the reign of the next monarch, <a href="/wiki/Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard II">Richard II</a>, the Commons once again began to impeach errant ministers of the Crown. They insisted that they could control not only taxation but also public expenditure. Despite such gains in authority, however, the Commons still remained much less powerful than the House of Lords and the Crown. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="15th_century">15th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This period saw the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">franchise</a> which limited the number of people who could vote in elections to the House of Commons. From 1430 onwards, the franchise for the election of <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_shire" title="Knight of the shire">knights of the shires</a> in the <a href="/wiki/County_constituency" class="mw-redirect" title="County constituency">county constituencies</a> was limited to <a href="/wiki/Forty-shilling_freeholders" title="Forty-shilling freeholders">forty-shilling freeholders</a>, meaning men who owned freehold property worth forty shillings (two pounds) or more. The Parliament of England legislated for this new uniform county franchise in the statute <a href="/wiki/8_Hen._6" class="mw-redirect" title="8 Hen. 6">8 Hen. 6</a>. c. 7. The <i>Chronological Table of the Statutes</i> does not mention such a 1430 law, as it was included in the Consolidated Statutes as a recital in the <a href="/wiki/Electors_of_Knights_of_the_Shire_Act_1432" class="mw-redirect" title="Electors of Knights of the Shire Act 1432">Electors of Knights of the Shire Act 1432</a> (<a href="/wiki/10_Hen._6" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Hen. 6">10 Hen. 6</a>. c. 2), which amended and re-enacted the 1430 law to make clear that the resident of a county had to have a forty shilling freehold in that county to be a voter there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tudor_era_(1485–1603)"><span id="Tudor_era_.281485.E2.80.931603.29"></span>Tudor era (1485–1603)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tudor era (1485–1603)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_I_in_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2196" data-file-height="3452" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> presiding over Parliament, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1580</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span></figcaption></figure> <p>During the reign of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor monarchs</a>, it is often argued that the modern structure of the English Parliament began to be created. The Tudor monarchy, according to historian <a href="/wiki/J._E._Neale" title="J. E. Neale">J. E. Neale</a>, was powerful, and there were often periods of several years when parliament did not sit at all. However, the Tudor monarchs realised that they needed parliament to legitimise many of their decisions, mostly out of a need to raise money through taxation legitimately without causing discontent. Thus they consolidated the state of affairs whereby monarchs would call and close parliament as and when they needed it. However, if monarchs did not call Parliament for several years, it is clear the Monarch did not require Parliament except to perhaps strengthen and provide a mandate for their reforms to Religion which had always been a matter within the Crown's prerogative but would require the consent of the Bishopric and Commons. </p><p>By the time of the Tudor monarch <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a>'s 1485 coronation, the monarch was not a member of either the Upper Chamber or the Lower Chamber. Consequently, the monarch would have to make his or her feelings known to Parliament through his or her supporters in both houses. Proceedings were regulated by the presiding officer in either chamber. </p><p>From the 1540s the presiding officer in the House of Commons became formally known as the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)"><i>Speaker</i></a>, having previously been referred to as the <i>prolocutor</i> or <i>parlour</i> (a semi-official position, often nominated by the monarch, that had existed ever since <a href="/wiki/Peter_de_Montfort" title="Peter de Montfort">Peter de Montfort</a> had acted as the presiding officer of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Parliament_(1258)" title="Oxford Parliament (1258)">Oxford Parliament of 1258</a>). This was not an enviable job. When the House of Commons was unhappy it was the Speaker who had to deliver this news to the monarch. This began the tradition whereby the Speaker of the House of Commons is dragged to the Speaker's Chair by other members once elected. </p><p>A member of either chamber could present a <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> to parliament. Bills supported by the monarch were often proposed by members of the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council">Privy Council</a> who sat in parliament. For a bill to become law it would have to be approved by a majority of both Houses of Parliament before it passed to the monarch for <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> or <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a>. The royal veto was applied several times during the 16th and 17th centuries and it is still the right of the monarch of the United Kingdom and Commonwealth realms to veto legislation today, although it has not been exercised since 1707 (today such an exercise might precipitate some form of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a>)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. </p><p>When a bill was enacted into law, this process gave it the approval of each estate of the realm: the King, Lords and Commons. The Parliament of England was far from being a democratically representative institution in this period. It was possible to assemble the entire peerage and senior clergy of the realm in one place to form the estate of the Upper Chamber. </p><p>The voting franchise for the House of Commons was small; some historians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2021)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> estimate that it was as little as three per cent of the adult male population; and there was no secret ballot. Elections could therefore be controlled by local <a href="/wiki/Grandee" title="Grandee">grandees</a>, because in many boroughs a majority of voters were in some way dependent on a powerful individual, or else could be bought by money or concessions. If these grandees were supporters of the incumbent monarch, this gave the monarch and their ministers considerable influence over the business of parliament. </p><p>Many of the men elected to parliament did not relish the prospect of having to act in the interests of others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> So a law was enacted, still on the statute book today, whereby it became unlawful for members of the House of Commons to <a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Resignation from the British House of Commons">resign their seat</a> unless they were granted a position directly within the patronage of the monarchy (today this latter restriction leads to a <a href="/wiki/Resignation_from_the_British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Resignation from the British House of Commons">legal fiction</a> allowing <i>de facto</i> resignation despite the prohibition, but nevertheless it is a resignation which needs the permission of the Crown). However, while several elections to parliament in this period would be considered corrupt by modern standards, many elections involved genuine contests between rival candidates, even though the ballot was not secret. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_of_permanent_seat">Establishment of permanent seat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Establishment of permanent seat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was in this period that the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a> was established as the seat of the English Parliament. In 1548, the House of Commons was granted a regular meeting place by the Crown, <a href="/wiki/St_Stephen%27s_Chapel" title="St Stephen's Chapel">St Stephen's Chapel</a>. This had been a royal chapel. It was made into a debating chamber after <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> became the last monarch to use the Palace of Westminster as a place of residence and after the suppression of the college there. </p><p>This room was the home of the House of Commons until it was destroyed by fire in 1834, although the interior was altered several times up until then. The structure of this room was pivotal in the development of the Parliament of England. While most modern legislatures sit in a circular chamber, the benches of the British Houses of Parliament are laid out in the form of choir stalls in a chapel, simply because this is the part of the original room that the members of the House of Commons used when they were granted use of St Stephen's Chapel. </p><p>This structure took on a new significance with the emergence of political parties in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, as the tradition began whereby the members of the governing party would sit on the benches to the right of the Speaker and the opposition members on the benches to the left. It is said that the Speaker's chair was placed in front of the chapel's altar. As Members came and went they observed the custom of bowing to the altar and continued to do so, even when it had been taken away, thus then bowing to the Chair, as is still the custom today. </p><p>The numbers of the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a> diminished under Henry VIII, who commanded the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a>, thereby depriving the abbots and priors of their seats in the Upper House. For the first time, the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Temporal" title="Lords Temporal">Lords Temporal</a> were more numerous than the Lords Spiritual. Currently, the Lords Spiritual consist of the Archbishops of Canterbury and York, the Bishops of London, Durham and Winchester, and twenty-one other English diocesan bishops in seniority of appointment to a diocese. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535%E2%80%931542" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542">Laws in Wales Acts</a> of 1535–42 annexed <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> as part of England and this brought Welsh representatives into the Parliament of England, first elected in 1542. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebellion_and_revolution">Rebellion and revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Rebellion and revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Convocation_House_2,_Bodleian_Library,_Oxford,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Convocation_House_2%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/300px-Convocation_House_2%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Convocation_House_2%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/450px-Convocation_House_2%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Convocation_House_2%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/600px-Convocation_House_2%2C_Bodleian_Library%2C_Oxford%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7000" data-file-height="4917" /></a><figcaption>The interior of <a href="/wiki/Convocation_House" title="Convocation House">Convocation House</a>, which was formerly a meeting chamber for the House of Commons during the English Civil War and later in the 1660s and 1680s.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:110%; background:lavender"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parliaments of England</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(-1340).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/225px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Predecessors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Witenagemot" class="mw-redirect" title="Witenagemot">Witenagemot</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 7th – 11th centuries</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1066 – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1215</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Henry_III" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Henry III</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">1st</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1237</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">2nd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1242</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1244</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">4th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1246</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1247</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">4th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1248</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unnumbered_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unnumbered Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">Unnumbered</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1251</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">5th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1252</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">6th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1253</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">7th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1254</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">8th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1255</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Parliament_of_Henry_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Parliament of Henry III (page does not exist)">9th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Parliament_(1258)" title="Oxford Parliament (1258)">10th "Oxford/Mad"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort%27s_Parliament" title="Simon de Montfort's Parliament">11th "Simon de Montfort"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1265</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Edward_I" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Edward I</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Model_Parliament" title="Model Parliament">"Model"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1295</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Edward_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Edward II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_1327" title="Parliament of 1327">"Westminster"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1327</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Edward III</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Good_Parliament" title="Good Parliament">"Good"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Bad_Parliament" title="Bad Parliament">"Bad"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1377</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Richard_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Richard II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Wonderful_Parliament" title="Wonderful Parliament">"Wonderful"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1386</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Merciless_Parliament" title="Merciless Parliament">"Merciless"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1388</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Henry_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Henry IV</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(England)#Convention_Parliament_of_1399" title="Convention Parliament (England)">"Convention"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1399</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Unlearned_Parliament" title="Unlearned Parliament">"Unlearned"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1404</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Henry_V" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Henry V</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Fire_and_Faggot_Parliament" title="Fire and Faggot Parliament">"Fire and Faggot"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1414</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Henry_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Henry VI</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bats" title="Parliament of Bats">"Bats"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1426</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Devils" title="Parliament of Devils">"Devils"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1459</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Edward_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Edward IV</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Richard_III" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Richard III</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Henry_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Henry VII</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Henry_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Henry VIII</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation_Parliament" title="English Reformation Parliament">"Reformation"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1529–1536</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Edward_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Edward VI</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Mary I</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Parliament_of_Mary_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Parliament of Mary I (page does not exist)">1st</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_Parliament_of_Mary_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd Parliament of Mary I (page does not exist)">2nd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1554</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_Parliament_of_Mary_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd Parliament of Mary I (page does not exist)">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1554–1555</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_Parliament_of_Mary_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th Parliament of Mary I (page does not exist)">4th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1555</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Parliament_of_Mary_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Parliament of Mary I (page does not exist)">5th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1558</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Elizabeth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Elizabeth I</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/1st_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="1st Parliament of Elizabeth I">1st</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1559</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="2nd Parliament of Elizabeth I">2nd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1563–1567</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/3rd_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="3rd Parliament of Elizabeth I">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1571</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/4th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="4th Parliament of Elizabeth I">4th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1572–1583</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/5th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="5th Parliament of Elizabeth I">5th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1584–1585</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/6th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="6th Parliament of Elizabeth I">6th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1586–1587</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/7th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="7th Parliament of Elizabeth I">7th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1589</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/8th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="8th Parliament of Elizabeth I">8th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1593" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1593">1593</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/9th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="9th Parliament of Elizabeth I">9th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1597" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1597">1597–1598</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">   <a href="/wiki/10th_Parliament_of_Elizabeth_I" title="10th Parliament of Elizabeth I">10th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1601" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1601">1601</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_James_I" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">James I</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Parliament" title="Blessed Parliament">1st "Blessed"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1604" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1604">1604</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Addled_Parliament" title="Addled Parliament">2nd "Addled"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1614" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1614">1614</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/3rd_Parliament_of_James_I" title="3rd Parliament of James I">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1621" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1621">1621</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/4th_Parliament_of_King_James_I" title="4th Parliament of King James I">4th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1624" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1624">1624</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Charles_I" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Charles I</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Useless_Parliament" title="Useless Parliament">1st "Useless"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1625" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1625">1625</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_Charles_I" title="2nd Parliament of Charles I">2nd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1626" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1626">1626</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/3rd_Parliament_of_Charles_I" title="3rd Parliament of Charles I">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1628" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1628">1628</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Short_Parliament" title="Short Parliament">4th "Short"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_April_1640" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in April 1640">Apr 1640</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">5th "Long (1)</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_November_1640" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in November 1640">Nov 1640</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Parliament_(1644)" title="Oxford Parliament (1644)">Oxford/Mongrel</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1644</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_the_Revolution_and_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Revolution and Commonwealth</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">1st "Long (2)</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_in_the_English_parliament_in_1645_and_after" title="List of MPs in the English parliament in 1645 and after">1645</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">2nd "Rump (1)"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_not_excluded_from_the_English_parliament_in_1648" title="List of MPs not excluded from the English parliament in 1648">1648</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Barebone%27s_Parliament" title="Barebone's Parliament">3rd "Barebone's/Little/Nominated Assembly/Saints"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Members_nominated_to_the_English_parliament_in_1653" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Members nominated to the English parliament in 1653">1653</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_the_Protectorate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Protectorate</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/First_Protectorate_Parliament" title="First Protectorate Parliament">1st</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1654" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1654">1654</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Second_Protectorate_Parliament" title="Second Protectorate Parliament">2nd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1656" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1656">1656</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Third_Protectorate_Parliament" title="Third Protectorate Parliament">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_parliament_in_1659" title="List of MPs elected to the English parliament in 1659">1659</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">4th "Rump (2)"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_not_excluded_from_the_English_parliament_in_1648" title="List of MPs not excluded from the English parliament in 1648">1659</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_the_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England"> Commonwealth</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">1st "Rump (3)"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_not_excluded_from_the_English_parliament_in_1648" title="List of MPs not excluded from the English parliament in 1648">1659</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">2nd "Long (3)"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1660</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliaments_of_Charles_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Charles II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1660)" title="Convention Parliament (1660)">1st "Convention (1)"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_to_the_English_Parliament_in_1660" title="List of MPs elected to the English Parliament in 1660">1660</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Cavalier_Parliament" title="Cavalier Parliament">2nd "Cavalier"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1661_English_general_election" title="1661 English general election">1661</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Parliament" title="Habeas Corpus Parliament">3rd "Habeas Corpus/First Exclusion"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/March_1679_English_general_election" title="March 1679 English general election">1679</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Bill_Parliament" title="Exclusion Bill Parliament">4th "Exclusion Bill/Second Exclusion"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/October_1679_English_general_election" title="October 1679 English general election">1680</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Parliament_(1681)" title="Oxford Parliament (1681)">5th "Oxford/Third Exclusion"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1681_English_general_election" title="1681 English general election">1681</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliament_of_James_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">James II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Parliament" title="Loyal Parliament">"Loyal"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1685_English_general_election" title="1685 English general election">1685</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliament_of_William_III_and_Mary_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">William III and Mary II</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1689)" title="Convention Parliament (1689)">1st "Convention (2)"</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1689_English_general_election" title="1689 English general election">1689</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_William_III_and_Mary_II" title="2nd Parliament of William III and Mary II">2nd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1690_English_general_election" title="1690 English general election">1690</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/3rd_Parliament_of_William_III" title="3rd Parliament of William III">3rd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1695_English_general_election" title="1695 English general election">1695</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/4th_Parliament_of_William_III" title="4th Parliament of William III">4th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1698_English_general_election" title="1698 English general election">1698</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/5th_Parliament_of_William_III" title="5th Parliament of William III">5th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/January_1701_English_general_election" title="January 1701 English general election">Feb 1701</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/6th_Parliament_of_William_III" title="6th Parliament of William III">6th</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/November_1701_English_general_election" title="November 1701 English general election">Dec 1701</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliament_of_Anne" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Anne</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/1st_Parliament_of_Queen_Anne" title="1st Parliament of Queen Anne">1st</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1702_English_general_election" title="1702 English general election">1702</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">  <a href="/wiki/2nd_Parliament_of_Queen_Anne" title="2nd Parliament of Queen Anne">2nd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/1705_English_general_election" title="1705 English general election">1705</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_England" title="List of parliaments of England">List of parliaments of England</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England">List of acts of the Parliament of England</a> </p> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.3em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Parliaments_of_England_sidebar" title="Template:Parliaments of England sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Parliaments_of_England_sidebar" title="Template talk:Parliaments of England sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Parliaments_of_England_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Parliaments of England sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Parliament had not always submitted to the wishes of the Tudor monarchs. But parliamentary criticism of the monarchy reached new levels in the 17th century. When the last Tudor monarch, Elizabeth I, died in 1603, King James VI of Scotland came to power as King James I, founding the Stuart monarchy. </p><p>In 1628, alarmed by the arbitrary exercise of royal power, the House of Commons submitted to <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> the <a href="/wiki/Petition_of_Right" title="Petition of Right">Petition of Right</a>, demanding the restoration of their liberties. Though he accepted the petition, Charles later dissolved parliament and ruled without them for eleven years. It was only after the financial disaster of the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars" title="Bishops' Wars">Bishops' Wars</a> (1639–1640) that he was forced to recall Parliament so that they could authorise new taxes. This resulted in the calling of the assemblies known historically as the <a href="/wiki/Short_Parliament" title="Short Parliament">Short Parliament</a> of 1640 and the <a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a>, which sat with several breaks and in various forms between 1640 and 1660. </p><p>The Long Parliament was characterised by the growing number of critics of the king who sat in it. The most prominent of these critics in the House of Commons was <a href="/wiki/John_Pym" title="John Pym">John Pym</a>. Tensions between the king and his parliament reached a boiling point in January 1642 when Charles entered the House of Commons and tried, unsuccessfully, to arrest Pym and four other members for their alleged treason. The <a href="/wiki/Five_Members" title="Five Members">Five Members</a> had been tipped off about this, and by the time Charles came into the chamber with a group of soldiers they had disappeared. Charles was further humiliated when he asked the Speaker, <a href="/wiki/William_Lenthall" title="William Lenthall">William Lenthall</a>, to give their whereabouts, which Lenthall famously refused to do. </p><p>From then on relations between the king and his parliament deteriorated further. When trouble started to brew in Ireland, both Charles and his parliament raised armies to quell the uprisings by native Catholics there. It was not long before it was clear that these forces would end up fighting each other, leading to the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> which began with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgehill" title="Battle of Edgehill">Battle of Edgehill</a> in October 1642: those supporting the cause of parliament were called Parliamentarians (or <a href="/wiki/Roundheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundheads">Roundheads</a>), and those in support of the Crown were called Royalists (or <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Cavaliers</a>). </p><p>Battles between Crown and Parliament continued throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, but parliament was no longer subservient to the English monarchy. This change was symbolised in the execution of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> in January 1649. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pride%27s_Purge" title="Pride's Purge">Pride's Purge</a> of December 1648, the <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a> (which by then had emerged as the leading force in the parliamentary alliance) purged Parliament of members that did not support them. The remaining <a href="/wiki/Rump_Parliament" title="Rump Parliament">Rump Parliament</a>, as it was later referred to by critics, enacted legislation to put the king on trial for treason. This trial, the outcome of which was a foregone conclusion, led to the execution of the king and the start of an 11-year republic. </p><p>The House of Lords was abolished and the purged House of Commons governed England until April 1653, when army chief <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> dissolved it after disagreements over religious policy and how to carry out elections to parliament. Cromwell later convened a parliament of religious radicals in 1653, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Barebone%27s_Parliament" title="Barebone's Parliament">Barebone's Parliament</a>, followed by the unicameral <a href="/wiki/First_Protectorate_Parliament" title="First Protectorate Parliament">First Protectorate Parliament</a> that sat from September 1654 to January 1655 and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Protectorate_Parliament" title="Second Protectorate Parliament">Second Protectorate Parliament</a> that sat in two sessions between 1656 and 1658, the first session was unicameral and the second session was bicameral. </p><p>Although it is easy to dismiss the English Republic of 1649–60 as nothing more than a Cromwellian military dictatorship, the events that took place in this decade were hugely important in determining the future of parliament. First, it was during the sitting of the first Rump Parliament that members of the House of Commons became known as MPs (Members of Parliament). Second, Cromwell gave a huge degree of freedom to his parliaments, although royalists were barred from sitting in all but a handful of cases. </p><p>Cromwell's vision of parliament appears to have been largely based on the example of the Elizabethan parliaments. However, he underestimated the extent to which Elizabeth I and her ministers had directly and indirectly influenced the decision-making process of her parliaments. He was thus always surprised when they became troublesome. He ended up dissolving each parliament that he convened. Yet the structure of the second session of the Second Protectorate Parliament of 1658 was almost identical to the parliamentary structure consolidated in the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> Settlement of 1689. </p><p>In 1653 Cromwell had been made head of state with the title Lord Protector of the Realm. The Second Protectorate Parliament offered him the crown. Cromwell rejected this offer, but the governmental structure embodied in the final version of the <a href="/wiki/Humble_Petition_and_Advice" title="Humble Petition and Advice">Humble Petition and Advice</a> was a basis for all future parliaments. It proposed an elected House of Commons as the Lower Chamber, a House of Lords containing peers of the realm as the Upper Chamber. A constitutional monarchy, subservient to parliament and the laws of the nation, would act as the executive arm of the state at the top of the tree, assisted in carrying out their duties by a Privy Council. Oliver Cromwell had thus inadvertently presided over the creation of a basis for the future parliamentary government of England. In 1657 he had the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> (temporarily) unified with the English Parliament. </p><p>In terms of the evolution of parliament as an institution, by far the most important development during the republic was the sitting of the Rump Parliament between 1649 and 1653. This proved that parliament could survive without a monarchy and a House of Lords if it wanted to. Future English monarchs would never forget this. Charles I was the last English monarch ever to enter the House of Commons. </p><p>Even to this day, a Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom is sent to <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> as a ceremonial hostage during the <a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a>, in order to ensure the safe return of the sovereign from a potentially hostile parliament. During the ceremony the monarch sits on the throne in the House of Lords and signals for the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Great_Chamberlain" title="Lord Great Chamberlain">Lord Great Chamberlain</a> to summon the House of Commons to the Lords Chamber. The Lord Great Chamberlain then raises his wand of office to signal to the <a href="/wiki/Gentleman_Usher_of_the_Black_Rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod">Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod</a>, who has been waiting in the central lobby. Black Rod turns and, escorted by the <a href="/wiki/Doorkeeper_(Houses_of_Parliament)" title="Doorkeeper (Houses of Parliament)">doorkeeper</a> of the House of Lords and an inspector of police, approaches the doors to the chamber of the Commons. The doors are slammed in his face—symbolising the right of the Commons to debate without the presence of the monarch's representative. He then strikes three times with his staff (the Black Rod), and he is admitted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parliament_from_the_Restoration_to_the_Act_of_Settlement">Parliament from the Restoration to the Act of Settlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Parliament from the Restoration to the Act of Settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The revolutionary events that occurred between 1620 and 1689 all took place in the name of Parliament. The new status of Parliament as the central governmental organ of the English state was consolidated during the events surrounding the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> of the monarchy in 1660. </p><p>After the death of Oliver Cromwell in September 1658, his son <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a> succeeded him as Lord Protector, summoning the <a href="/wiki/Third_Protectorate_Parliament" title="Third Protectorate Parliament">Third Protectorate Parliament</a> in the process. When this parliament was dissolved under pressure from the army in April 1659, the Rump Parliament was recalled at the insistence of the surviving army grandees. This in turn was dissolved in a coup led by army general <a href="/wiki/John_Lambert_(general)" title="John Lambert (general)">John Lambert</a>, leading to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/English_Committee_of_Safety#1659" class="mw-redirect" title="English Committee of Safety">Committee of Safety</a>, dominated by Lambert and his supporters. </p><p>When the breakaway forces of <a href="/wiki/George_Monck" class="mw-redirect" title="George Monck">George Monck</a> invaded England from Scotland, where they had been stationed without Lambert's supporters putting up a fight, Monck temporarily recalled the Rump Parliament and reversed <a href="/wiki/Pride%27s_Purge" title="Pride's Purge">Pride's Purge</a> by recalling the entirety of the Long Parliament. They then voted to dissolve themselves and call new elections, which were arguably the most democratic for 20 years although the franchise was still very small. This led to the calling of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1660)" title="Convention Parliament (1660)">Convention Parliament</a> which was dominated by royalists. This parliament voted to reinstate the monarchy and the House of Lords. <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> returned to England as king in May 1660. The Anglo-Scottish parliamentary union that Cromwell had established was dissolved in 1661 when the Scottish Parliament resumed its separate meeting place in Edinburgh. </p><p>The Restoration began the tradition whereby all governments looked to parliament for legitimacy. In 1681 Charles II dissolved parliament and ruled without them for the last four years of his reign. This followed bitter disagreements between the king and parliament that had occurred between 1679 and 1681. Charles took a big gamble by doing this. He risked the possibility of a military showdown akin to that of 1642. However, he rightly predicted that the nation did not want another civil war. Parliament disbanded without a fight. Events that followed ensured that this would be nothing but a temporary blip. </p><p>Charles II died in 1685 and he was succeeded by his brother <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a>. During his lifetime Charles had always pledged loyalty to the Protestant Church of England, despite his private Catholic sympathies. James was openly Catholic. He attempted to lift restrictions on Catholics taking up public offices. This was bitterly opposed by Protestants in his kingdom. They invited <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroost2005191_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2005191-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Protestant who had married Mary, daughter of James II and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hyde" title="Anne Hyde">Anne Hyde</a> to invade England and claim the throne. </p><p>William assembled an army estimated at 15,000 soldiers (11,000 foot and 4000 horse)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroost2005204–205_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2005204–205-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and landed at <a href="/wiki/Brixham" title="Brixham">Brixham</a> in south-west England in November, 1688. When many Protestant officers, including James's close adviser, <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough</a>, defected from the English army to William's invasion force, James fled the country. Parliament then offered the Crown to his Protestant daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a>, instead of his infant son (<a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a>), who was baptised Catholic. Mary refused the offer, and instead William and Mary ruled jointly, with both having the right to rule alone on the other's death. </p><p>As part of the compromise in allowing William to be King—called the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>—Parliament was able to have the 1689 <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights</a> enacted. Later the 1701 <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701" title="Act of Settlement 1701">Act of Settlement</a> was approved. These were statutes that lawfully upheld the prominence of parliament for the first time in English history. These events marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/English_constitutional_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="English constitutional monarchy">English constitutional monarchy</a> and its role as one of the three elements of parliament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Union:_the_Parliament_of_Great_Britain">Union: the Parliament of Great Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Union: the Parliament of Great Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Union" title="Treaty of Union">Treaty of Union</a> in 1707, acts of Parliament passed in both the Parliament of England and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> created a new <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> and dissolved both parliaments, replacing them with a new <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> based in the former home of the English parliament. The Parliament of Great Britain later became the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> in 1801 when the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> was formed through the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acts_of_Parliament">Acts of Parliament</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Acts of Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specific acts of Parliament can be found at the following articles: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England">List of acts of the Parliament of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ordinances_and_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1642%E2%80%931660" title="List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660">List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_-_View_of_the_Higher_House_of_Parliament_in_England_-_B1977.14.22554_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Anonymous_-_View_of_the_Higher_House_of_Parliament_in_England_-_B1977.14.22554_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/220px-Anonymous_-_View_of_the_Higher_House_of_Parliament_in_England_-_B1977.14.22554_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Anonymous_-_View_of_the_Higher_House_of_Parliament_in_England_-_B1977.14.22554_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/330px-Anonymous_-_View_of_the_Higher_House_of_Parliament_in_England_-_B1977.14.22554_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Anonymous_-_View_of_the_Higher_House_of_Parliament_in_England_-_B1977.14.22554_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/440px-Anonymous_-_View_of_the_Higher_House_of_Parliament_in_England_-_B1977.14.22554_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption>The House of Lords, depicted in a 1695 Dutch engraving.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locations">Locations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other than London, Parliament was also held in the following cities: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, various</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Lincolnshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln, Lincolnshire">Lincoln</a>, various</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convocation_House" title="Convocation House">Oxford</a>, 1258 (<a href="/wiki/Oxford_Parliament_(1258)" title="Oxford Parliament (1258)">Mad Parliament</a>), 1681</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenilworth" title="Kenilworth">Kenilworth</a>, 1266</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Burnell_Castle" title="Acton Burnell Castle">Acton Burnell Castle</a>, 1283<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, 1283 (trial of <a href="/wiki/Dafydd_ap_Gruffydd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dafydd ap Gruffydd">Dafydd ap Gruffydd</a>), 1397 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Parliament_(1397)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Parliament (1397) (page does not exist)">'Great' Parliament</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a>, 1307</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswestry_Castle" title="Oswestry Castle">Oswestry Castle</a>, 1398</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northampton" title="Northampton">Northampton</a> 1328</li> <li>New Sarum (<a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a>), 1330</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a>, 1332, 1449</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, 1414 (<a href="/wiki/Fire_and_Faggot_Parliament" title="Fire and Faggot Parliament">Fire and Faggot Parliament</a>), 1426 (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Bats" title="Parliament of Bats">Parliament of Bats</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Abbey" title="Reading Abbey">Reading Abbey</a>, 1453</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, 1459 (<a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Devils" title="Parliament of Devils">Parliament of Devils</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duration_of_English_parliaments_before_1660" title="Duration of English parliaments before 1660">Duration of English parliaments before 1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_England" title="History of local government in England">History of local government in England</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Parliamentaria" title="Lex Parliamentaria">Lex Parliamentaria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_ministries" title="List of English ministries">List of English ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_parliaments_of_England" title="List of parliaments of England">List of parliaments of England</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modus_Tenendi_Parliamentum" title="Modus Tenendi Parliamentum">Modus Tenendi Parliamentum</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These were small landholders, perhaps owning no more than one or two <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manors</a>, and were often described as <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knights</a> in the sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott201083_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott201083-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrand200910-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrand200910_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrand200910_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrand200910_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrand2009">Brand 2009</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20093–4_&_8-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20093–4_&_8_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2009">Maddicott 2009</a>, pp. 3–4 & 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen198620_&_23-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen198620_&_23_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen1986">Green 1986</a>, pp. 20 & 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20094–5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20094–5_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2009">Maddicott 2009</a>, pp. 4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott201083-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott201083_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott201076–80-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott201076–80_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, pp. 76–80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartlett2000145–146-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartlett2000145–146_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBartlett2000">Bartlett 2000</a>, pp. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen198623-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen198623_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen1986">Green 1986</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20096-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20096_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20096_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2009">Maddicott 2009</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010123_&_140–143-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010123_&_140–143_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, pp. 123 & 140–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon201658_&_62–63-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon201658_&_62–63_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyon2016">Lyon 2016</a>, pp. 58 & 62–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt198960-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt198960_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Magna Carta</i> clause 12 quoted in <a href="#CITEREFBartlett2000">Bartlett (2000</a>, p. 146)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20096–7-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20096–7_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2009">Maddicott 2009</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010152-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010152_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonSayles1981I_146-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonSayles1981I_146_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardsonSayles1981">Richardson & Sayles 1981</a>, p. I 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010157-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010157_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker2019-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker2019_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBaker2019">Baker 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardsonSayles1963124–125-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardsonSayles1963124–125_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardsonSayles1963">Richardson & Sayles 1963</a>, pp. 124–125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010162_&_164-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010162_&_164_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, pp. 162 & 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20093-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott20093_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2009">Maddicott 2009</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010187-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010187_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010202,_205_&_208-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010202,_205_&_208_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, pp. 202, 205 & 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJolliffe1961331-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJolliffe1961331_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJolliffe1961">Jolliffe 1961</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989121–122-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989121–122_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, pp. 121–122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrand200911-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrand200911_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrand2009">Brand 2009</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010287–288-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010287–288_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, pp. 287–288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010312_&_325-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010312_&_325_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, pp. 312 & 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010282-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010282_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010282_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, p. 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESayles197470_&_76-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayles197470_&_76_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayles1974">Sayles 1974</a>, pp. 70 & 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989140-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989140_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010295–296-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010295–296_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, pp. 295–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968212-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968212_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010241-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010241_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989139–140-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989139–140_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, pp. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010283-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010283_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989119-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989119_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon201666_&_68-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon201666_&_68_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyon2016">Lyon 2016</a>, pp. 66 & 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt198991-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt198991_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010174–175-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010174–175_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, pp. 174–175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010149–151_&_153-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010149–151_&_153_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, pp. 149–151 & 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt198973-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt198973_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010167–168-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010167–168_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, pp. 167–168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt198975–77-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt198975–77_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, pp. 75–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESayles197440-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayles197440_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayles1974">Sayles 1974</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010168–169-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010168–169_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, pp. 168–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010173-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010173_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010178-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010178_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt198990-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt198990_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt198993–94-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt198993–94_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, pp. 93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESayles197444-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayles197444_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayles1974">Sayles 1974</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010216–217-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010216–217_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, pp. 216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt198995-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt198995_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon201667–70-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon201667–70_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyon2016">Lyon 2016</a>, pp. 67–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989100-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989100_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010239-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010239_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010239–240_&_243-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010239–240_&_243_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, pp. 239–240 & 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989105–106-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989105–106_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, pp. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010249-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010249_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989107-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989107_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989108–109-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989108–109_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989108–109_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, pp. 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010255-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010255_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989123-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989123_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESayles197460_&_63-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayles197460_&_63_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayles1974">Sayles 1974</a>, pp. 60 & 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989113–114-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989113–114_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2012241-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2012241_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2012">Jones 2012</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989117-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989117_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESayles197471-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESayles197471_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSayles1974">Sayles 1974</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon201679-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon201679_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyon2016">Lyon 2016</a>, p. 79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989129–130-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989129–130_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, pp. 129–130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon201682-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon201682_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyon2016">Lyon 2016</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989149_&_155-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989149_&_155_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, pp. 149 & 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989152–154-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989152–154_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, pp. 152–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989155-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989155_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989155_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968233-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968233_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, p. 233.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989156–157-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989156–157_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, pp. 156–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968235-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968235_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010302_&_306-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010302_&_306_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, pp. 302 & 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968236-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968236_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon201690–91-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon201690–91_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyon2016">Lyon 2016</a>, pp. 90–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010303-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010303_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, p. 303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon201691–92-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELyon201691–92_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLyon2016">Lyon 2016</a>, pp. 91–92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968242-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPowellWallis1968242_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPowellWallis1968">Powell & Wallis 1968</a>, p. 242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010311-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010311_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010326–329-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaddicott2010326–329_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaddicott2010">Maddicott 2010</a>, pp. 326–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButt1989xxiii-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButt1989xxiii_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButt1989">Butt 1989</a>, p. xxiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2005191-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroost2005191_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTroost2005">Troost 2005</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETroost2005204–205-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroost2005204–205_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTroost2005">Troost 2005</a>, pp. 204–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtual-shropshire.co.uk/visitor_guide/acton_burnell_castle_guide.shtml">Virtual Shropshire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071130164935/http://www.virtual-shropshire.co.uk/visitor_guide/acton_burnell_castle_guide.shtml">Archived</a> 30 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBaker2019" class="citation web cs1">Baker, Darren (24 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyhit.com/when-was-parliament-first-summoned-and-first-prorogued/">"When Was Parliament First Summoned and First Prorogued?"</a>. <i>History Hit</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240416152435/https://www.historyhit.com/when-was-parliament-first-summoned-and-first-prorogued/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Hit&rft.atitle=When+Was+Parliament+First+Summoned+and+First+Prorogued%3F&rft.date=2019-09-24&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyhit.com%2Fwhen-was-parliament-first-summoned-and-first-prorogued%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(historian)" title="Robert Bartlett (historian)">Bartlett, Robert</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englandundernorm00bart_0"><i>England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/New_Oxford_History_of_England" title="New Oxford History of England">New Oxford History of England</a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199251018" title="Special:BookSources/9780199251018"><bdi>9780199251018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+Under+the+Norman+and+Angevin+Kings%2C+1075-1225&rft.series=New+Oxford+History+of+England&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780199251018&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglandundernorm00bart_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrand2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Brand_(historian)" title="Paul Brand (historian)">Brand, Paul</a> (2009). "The Development of Parliament, 1215–1307". In Jones, Clyve (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9sDVTsMGMMC"><i>A Short History of Parliament: England, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Scotland</i></a>. The Boydell Press. pp. 10–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-843-83717-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-843-83717-6"><bdi>978-1-843-83717-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Parliament%2C+1215%E2%80%931307&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Parliament%3A+England%2C+Great+Britain%2C+the+United+Kingdom%2C+Ireland+and+Scotland&rft.pages=10-15&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-843-83717-6&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk9sDVTsMGMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButt1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Butt" title="Ronald Butt">Butt, Ronald</a> (1989). <i>A History of Parliament: The Middle Ages</i>. London: Constable. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0945-6220-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-0945-6220-2"><bdi>0-0945-6220-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Parliament%3A+The+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Constable&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-0945-6220-2&rft.aulast=Butt&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Green_(historian)" title="Judith Green (historian)">Green, Judith A.</a> (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/governmentofengl00gree"><i>The Government of England under Henry I</i></a></span>. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511560248">10.1017/CBO9780511560248</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511560248" title="Special:BookSources/9780511560248"><bdi>9780511560248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+of+England+under+Henry+I&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Studies+in+Medieval+Life+and+Thought%3A+Fourth+Series&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511560248&rft.isbn=9780511560248&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Judith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgovernmentofengl00gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuscroft2016" class="citation book cs1">Huscroft, Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKNYCwAAQBAJ"><i>Ruling England, 1042–1217</i></a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-78655-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-78655-4"><bdi>978-1-138-78655-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruling+England%2C+1042%E2%80%931217&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-78655-4&rft.aulast=Huscroft&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKNYCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJolliffe1961" class="citation book cs1">Jolliffe, J. E. A. (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/constitutionalhi0000joll"><i>The Constitutional History of Medieval England from the English Settlement to 1485</i></a></span> (4th ed.). Adams and Charles Black.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+History+of+Medieval+England+from+the+English+Settlement+to+1485&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Adams+and+Charles+Black&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Jolliffe&rft.aufirst=J.+E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconstitutionalhi0000joll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_Jones_(writer)" title="Dan Jones (writer)">Jones, Dan</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plantagenetswarr0000jone_b8r9"><i>The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England</i></a> (revised ed.). Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-60628-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-60628-5"><bdi>978-1-101-60628-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plantagenets%3A+The+Warrior+Kings+and+Queens+Who+Made+England&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-101-60628-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplantagenetswarr0000jone_b8r9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyon2016" class="citation book cs1">Lyon, Ann (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9a1TDAAAQBAJ"><i>Constitutional History of the UK</i></a> (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-20398-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-20398-8"><bdi>978-1-317-20398-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+History+of+the+UK&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-20398-8&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9a1TDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddicott2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Maddicott" title="John Maddicott">Maddicott, John</a> (2009). "Origins and Beginnings to 1215". In Jones, Clyve (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k9sDVTsMGMMC"><i>A Short History of Parliament: England, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Scotland</i></a>. The Boydell Press. pp. 3–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-843-83717-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-843-83717-6"><bdi>978-1-843-83717-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origins+and+Beginnings+to+1215&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Parliament%3A+England%2C+Great+Britain%2C+the+United+Kingdom%2C+Ireland+and+Scotland&rft.pages=3-9&rft.pub=The+Boydell+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-843-83717-6&rft.aulast=Maddicott&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk9sDVTsMGMMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddicott2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Maddicott" title="John Maddicott">Maddicott, J. R.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCcUDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Origins of the English Parliament, 924–1327</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-58550-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-58550-2"><bdi>978-0-199-58550-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+the+English+Parliament%2C+924%E2%80%931327&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-199-58550-2&rft.aulast=Maddicott&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCcUDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellWallis1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell, J. Enoch</a>; Wallis, Keith (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/houseoflordsinmi0000powe"><i>The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540</i></a></span>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2977-6105-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-2977-6105-6"><bdi>0-2977-6105-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+of+Lords+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+A+History+of+the+English+House+of+Lords+to+1540&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-2977-6105-6&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=J.+Enoch&rft.au=Wallis%2C+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhouseoflordsinmi0000powe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonSayles1963" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gerald_Richardson" title="Henry Gerald Richardson">Richardson, H. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/G._O._Sayles" title="G. O. Sayles">Sayles, G. O.</a> (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/governanceofmedi0000unse"><i>The Governance of Mediaeval England from the Conquest to Magna Carta</i></a></span>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-102-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85224-102-8"><bdi>978-0-85224-102-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Governance+of+Mediaeval+England+from+the+Conquest+to+Magna+Carta&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-85224-102-8&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft.au=Sayles%2C+G.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgovernanceofmedi0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardsonSayles1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gerald_Richardson" title="Henry Gerald Richardson">Richardson, H. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/G._O._Sayles" title="G. O. Sayles">Sayles, G. O.</a> (1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishparliamen0000rich"><i>The English Parliament in the Middle Ages</i></a></span>. London: Hambledon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0950688215" title="Special:BookSources/0950688215"><bdi>0950688215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Parliament+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0950688215&rft.aulast=Richardson&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rft.au=Sayles%2C+G.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishparliamen0000rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayles1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._O._Sayles" title="G. O. Sayles">Sayles, George O.</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingsparliamento0000sayl"><i>The King's Parliament of England</i></a>. Historical Controversies. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3930-9322-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-3930-9322-0"><bdi>0-3930-9322-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+Parliament+of+England&rft.series=Historical+Controversies&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-3930-9322-0&rft.aulast=Sayles&rft.aufirst=George+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingsparliamento0000sayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroost2005" class="citation book cs1">Troost, Wouter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H0_sYPHETj0C"><i>William III, the Stadholder-King: A Political Biography</i></a>. Translated by Grayson, J. C. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-5071-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-5071-5"><bdi>0-7546-5071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+III%2C+the+Stadholder-King%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7546-5071-5&rft.aulast=Troost&rft.aufirst=Wouter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH0_sYPHETj0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackstone1765" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone, William</a> (1765). <i><a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England" title="Commentaries on the Laws of England">Commentaries on the Laws of England</a></i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Laws+of+England&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1765&rft.aulast=Blackstone&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Parliament"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Parliament">"Parliament" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). pp. 835–849.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parliament&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=835-849&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Chisholm&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrydeMiller1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fryde, E. B.; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Miller_(historian)" title="Edward Miller (historian)">Miller, Edward</a>, eds. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6PE4AAAAIAAJ"><i>Historical Studies of the English Parliament</i></a>. Vol. 1, Origins to 1399. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-09610-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-09610-3"><bdi>0-521-09610-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Studies+of+the+English+Parliament&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-521-09610-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6PE4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrydeMiller1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Fryde, E. B.; <a href="/wiki/Edward_Miller_(historian)" title="Edward Miller (historian)">Miller, Edward</a>, eds. (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V0Q4AAAAIAAJ"><i>Historical Studies of the English Parliament</i></a>. Vol. 2, 1399 to 1603. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-09611-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-09611-1"><bdi>0-521-09611-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Studies+of+the+English+Parliament&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-521-09611-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV0Q4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpufford1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Spufford" title="Peter Spufford">Spufford, Peter</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originsofenglish00spuf"><i>Origins of the English Parliament</i></a>. Problems and Perspectives in History. Barnes & Noble, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+English+Parliament&rft.series=Problems+and+Perspectives+in+History&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Spufford&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginsofenglish00spuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1953" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Faith (1953). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shorthistoryofpa0000thom"><i>A Short History of Parliament: 1295–1642</i></a></span>. University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816664672" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816664672"><bdi>978-0816664672</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/646750148">646750148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Parliament%3A+1295%E2%80%931642&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F646750148&rft.isbn=978-0816664672&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Faith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshorthistoryofpa0000thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParliament+of+England" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Parliament_of_England" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/evolutionofparliament/originsofparliament/birthofparliament/">Birth of the English Parliament.</a> UK Parliament</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/takingliberties/staritemsparliamentandpeople.html">Parliament and People.</a> British Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20220802072409/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/citizenship/citizen_subject/origins.htm">Origins and growth of Parliament.</a> National Archives</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/research">History of Parliament Online.</a> Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parliament of England</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1066–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1215</span></span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Parliament of England </b><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1215</span>–1707 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">1707–1801</span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kingdom_of_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kingdom_of_England" title="Template talk:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kingdom of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kingdom_of_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heptarchy" title="Heptarchy">Heptarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Norman England">Anglo-Normans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="England in the late Middle Ages">England in the late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">Economy in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_era" title="Elizabethan era">Elizabethan era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum_(England)" title="Interregnum (England)">Interregnum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">The Restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Union with Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">Overseas possessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_colony" title="Crown colony">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_colony" title="Proprietary colony">Proprietary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_protectorate" title="British protectorate">Protectorate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_England" title="Maritime history of England">Maritime history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal Houses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wessex" title="House of Wessex">Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kn%C3%BDtlinga" title="House of Knýtlinga">Knýtlinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Normandy" title="House of Normandy">Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">Orange-Nassau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witan" title="Witan">Witan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curia_regis" title="Curia regis">Curia regis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_Concilium" title="Magnum Concilium">Magnum Concilium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Lords of England">House of Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England" title="House of Commons of England">House of Commons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Secretary" title="King's Secretary">King's Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_monarchy" title="History of the English monarchy">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_Council_of_State" title="English Council of State">Council of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Protector" title="Lord Protector">Lord Protector</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_ministries" title="List of English ministries">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Government in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_in_medieval_England" title="Government in medieval England">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_government" title="Elizabethan government">Elizabethan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Chamber" title="Star Chamber">Star Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiggism" title="Whiggism">Whigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tories</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Acts of Parliament:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1225%E2%80%931267" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1225–1267">1225–1267</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1275%E2%80%931307" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1275–1307">1275–1307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1308%E2%80%931325" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1308–1325">1308–1325</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_uncertain_date" title="Statutes of uncertain date"><i>Temp. incert.</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1327%E2%80%931376" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1327–1376">1327–1376</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1377%E2%80%931397" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1377–1397">1377–1397</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1399%E2%80%931411" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1399–1411">1399–1411</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1413%E2%80%931421" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1413–1421">1413–1421</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1422%E2%80%931460" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England, 1422–1460">1422–1460</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1461" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1461">1461</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1463" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1463">1463</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1464" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1464">1464</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1467" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1467">1467</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1468" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1468">1468</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1472" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1472">1472</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1474" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1474">1474</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1477" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1477">1477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1482" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1482">1482</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1483" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1483">1483</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1485" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1485">1485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1487" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1487">1487</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1488" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1488">1488</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1491" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1491">1491</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1495" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1495">1495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1496" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1496">1496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1503" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1503">1503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1509" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1509">1509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1511" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1511">1511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1512" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1512">1512</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1513" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1513">1513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1514" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1514">1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1515" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1515">1515</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1523" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1523">1523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1529" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1529">1529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1530" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1530">1530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1531" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1531">1531</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1532" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1532">1532</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1533" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1533">1533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1534" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1534">1534</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1535" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1535">1535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1536" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1536">1536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1539" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1539">1539</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1540" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1540">1540</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1541" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1541">1541</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1542" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1542">1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1543" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1543">1543</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1545" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1545">1545</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1546" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1546">1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1547" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1547">1547</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1548" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1548">1548</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1549" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1549">1549</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1551" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1551">1551</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1553" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1553">1553</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1554" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1554">1554</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1555" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1555">1555</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1557" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1557">1557</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1558" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1558">1558</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1562" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1562">1562</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1566" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1566">1566</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1571" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1571">1571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1572" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1572">1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1575" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1575">1575</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1580" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1580">1580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1584" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1584">1584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1586" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1586">1586</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1588" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1588">1588</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1592" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1592">1592</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1597" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1597">1597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1601" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1601">1601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1603" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1603">1603</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1605" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1605">1605</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1606" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1606">1606</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1609" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1609">1609</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1620" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1620">1620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1623" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1623">1623</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1625" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1625">1625</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1627" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1627">1627</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1640" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1640">1640</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_ordinances_and_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England,_1642%E2%80%931660" title="List of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England, 1642–1660">1642–1660</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1660" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1660">1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1661" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1661">1661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1662" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1662">1662</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1663" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1663">1663</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1664" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1664">1664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1665" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1665">1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1666" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1666">1666</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1667" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1667">1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1670" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1670">1670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1672" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1672">1672</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1675" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1675">1675</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1677" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1677">1677</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1678" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1678">1678</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1679" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1679">1679</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1680" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1680">1680</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1685" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1685">1685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1688" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1688">1688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1689" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1689">1689</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1690" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1690">1690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1691" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1691">1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1692" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1692">1692</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1693" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1693">1693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1694" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1694">1694</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1695" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1695">1695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1696" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1696">1696</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1697" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1697">1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1698" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1698">1698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1700" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1700">1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1701" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1701">1701</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1702" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1702">1702</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1703" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1703">1703</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1704" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1704">1704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1705" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1705">1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_England_from_1706" title="List of acts of the Parliament of England from 1706">1706</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of England">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_military_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon military organization">Anglo-Saxon military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Warfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Army" title="English Army">English Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army" title="New Model Army">New Model Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ship_names_of_the_Royal_Navy" title="List of ship names of the Royal Navy">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Navy_(before_1707)" title="History of the Royal Navy (before 1707)">History</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_England" title="List of places in England">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_England" title="List of towns in England">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_England" title="List of castles in England">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces#England" title="List of palaces">Palaces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_England" title="Demographics of England">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_people" title="List of English people">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folklore" title="English folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_dance" title="Country dance">Country dance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_England" title="Architecture of England">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_architecture" title="Anglo-Saxon architecture">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_architecture" title="Tudor architecture">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_architecture" title="Elizabethan architecture">Elizabethan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobean_architecture" title="Jacobean architecture">Jacobean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne_style_architecture" title="Queen Anne style architecture">Queen Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">National flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_flags" title="List of English flags">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">Heraldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">Coat of arms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_badges_of_England" title="Royal badges of England">Royal badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_supporters_of_England" title="Royal supporters of England">Royal supporters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_England" title="Royal standards of England">Royal standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom">Crown Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_rose" title="Tudor rose">Tudor rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">St George</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_George%27s_Day_in_England" title="Saint George's Day in England">St George's Day</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&oldid=1254811006">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&oldid=1254811006</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parliament_of_England" title="Category:Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1707_disestablishments_in_Great_Britain" title="Category:1707 disestablishments in Great Britain">1707 disestablishments in Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Defunct_bicameral_legislatures" title="Category:Defunct bicameral legislatures">Defunct bicameral legislatures</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Westminster_system_parliaments" title="Category:Westminster system parliaments">Westminster system parliaments</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from August 2021">Articles that may contain original research from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_March_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from March 2021">Articles needing additional references from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_December_2010" title="Category:Use British English from December 2010">Use British English from December 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2020">Use dmy dates from April 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_quotes" title="Category:Articles with unsourced quotes">Articles with unsourced quotes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_June_2021" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2021">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 November 2024, at 20:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parliament_of_England&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-nbwwm","wgBackendResponseTime":155,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.189","walltime":"1.469","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13277,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":288460,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24437,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":130875,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1213.882 1 -total"," 19.85% 240.913 93 Template:Sfn"," 10.30% 125.088 1 Template:Parliaments_of_England_1601"," 9.74% 118.220 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.49% 103.033 15 Template:Lang"," 7.83% 94.994 1 Template:Infobox_legislature"," 7.41% 89.948 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.39% 89.683 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.07% 85.806 20 Template:Cite_book"," 6.46% 78.456 1 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.662","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23808888,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBaker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartlett2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackstone1765\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrand2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButt1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrydeMiller1970\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuscroft2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJolliffe1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddicott2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddicott2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowellWallis1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardsonSayles1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichardsonSayles1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSayles1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpufford1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTroost2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Crossreference\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Parliament of England\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 7,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 8,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox legislature\"] = 1,\n [\"Kingdom of England\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 15,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 1,\n [\"Originalresearch\"] = 1,\n [\"Parliaments of England 1601\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote without source\"] = 4,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 3,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 1,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 93,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Who\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-846f74b78b-lxh8l","timestamp":"20241128015702","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Parliament of England","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliament_of_England","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1130737","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1130737","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-24T22:15:54Z","dateModified":"2024-11-01T20:13:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2e\/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%28-1340%29.svg","headline":"legislature of the Kingdom of England (1215-1707)"}</script> </body> </html>