Glossary

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Sometimes, toxicity is included in this list through the acronyms ADMET or ADME-Tox.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/09/what-happens-to-medicine-in-your-body/">What Happens to Medicine in Your Body?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle5"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord5" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord5" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord5">Agonist</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord5" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle5"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio5');return false;">Agonist<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio5"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Agonist-k36.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassC1BDB18DA6BF43C6B87AE3DF84F1D3FF">(AG-uh-nist) A <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a> that binds to a <a href="#collapseWordTitle52">receptor</a> in a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> to trigger a response, such as muscle contraction or <a href="#collapseWordTitle142">hormone</a> release.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/10/how-do-medicines-work/">How Do Medicines Work?</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle6"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord6" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord6" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord6">Amino acid</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord6" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle6"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio6');return false;">Amino acid<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio6"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Amino-acid-A9q.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass7B2FF3E96B5E4D9E83BF67A706944A8F">(uh-MEE-no) A chemical building block of <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a>. There are 20 standard amino acids, each of which has the same basic structure with a different side chain. The side chain gives the amino acid its unique properties.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/05/science-snippet-the-power-of-proteins/">Science Snippet: The Power of Proteins</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle46"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord46" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord46" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord46">Analgesic</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord46" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle46"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio46');return false;">Analgesic<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio46"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Analgesic-cqc.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassE80F459FD3D447C7B12717B3B4B495B7">(an-l-JEE-zik) An agent or drug that reduces pain without affecting consciousness.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle50"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord50" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord50" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord50">Anesthesia</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord50" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle50"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio50');return false;">Anesthesia<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio50"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Anesthesia-88D.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass33770FAD179049F089890F411EB7DF8F">(an-uhs-THEE-zhuh) Anesthesia is a medical treatment that prevents patients from feeling pain during procedures like surgery, certain screening and diagnostic tests, tissue sample removal (e.g., skin biopsies), and dental work.<br><br>For more, check out our <a href="/education/Pages/Anesthesia.aspx">anesthesia featured topics page</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle220"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord220" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord220" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord220">Anesthesiologist</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord220" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle220"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio220');return false;">Anesthesiologist<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio220"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Anesthesiologist-hRu.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass350FAE74A346471C8A4C0D6E3B0BE2A2">Anesthesiologists are doctors specializing in the field of <a href="#collapseWordTitle50">anesthesiology</a>. They administer <a href="#collapseWordTitle216">anesthetics</a> and carefully monitor patients throughout surgery and during recovery.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle57"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord57" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord57" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord57">Anesthesiology</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord57" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle57"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio57');return false;">Anesthesiology<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio57"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Anesthesiology-UOX.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass21D37C662A6C429C98F7EAE2D9880B92">(an-uhs-thee-zee-OL-uh-jee) The medical field related to using <a href="#collapseWordTitle216">anesthetic</a> drugs to prevent patients from feeling pain during surgery. Doctors in this field, called <a href="#collapseWordTitle220">anesthesiologists</a>, carefully monitor patients throughout surgery and during recovery.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle216"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord216" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord216" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord216">Anesthetic</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord216" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle216"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio216');return false;">Anesthetic<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio216"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Anesthetic-qWd.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassED41729C0EF744458531EC43BDF836D0">An anesthetic is a medicine used to prevent pain during procedures like surgery and dental work.<br><br>For more on anesthesia, check out our <a href="/education/Pages/Anesthesia.aspx">featured topics page</a>. </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle205"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord205" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord205" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord205">Aneuploidy</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord205" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle205"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio205');return false;">Aneuploidy<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio205"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Aneuploidy-cAq.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass9A1E021FCEC8446EB8BBE28EE952D81B">When a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> has the wrong number of <a href="#collapseWordTitle174">chromosomes</a>, either more or less than it should.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle59"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord59" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord59" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord59">Antagonist</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord59" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle59"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio59');return false;">Antagonist<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio59"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Antagonist-EGl.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassAC546729ACE54E5F944A7BFBD1E57006">(an-TAG-uh-nist) A <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a> that binds to a <a href="#collapseWordTitle52">receptor</a> in a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> to prevent a response, such as a muscle contraction or <a href="#collapseWordTitle142">hormone</a> release. For example, some medicines to treat opioid addiction bind to opioid receptors, blocking heroin or other opioids from activating them.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2022/04/in-other-words-some-antagonists-are-heroes/">In Other Words: Some Antagonists Are Heroes</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle65"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord65" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord65" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord65">Antibiotic</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord65" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle65"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio65');return false;">Antibiotic<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio65"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Antibiotic-B5y.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass018D31F8C1D24BD7931ED503DE6376C8">A medicine that can kill <a href="#collapseWordTitle79">bacteria</a> or keep them from growing.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/11/what-is-antibiotic-resistance/">What Is Antibiotic Resistance?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle61"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord61" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord61" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord61">Antibiotic resistance</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord61" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle61"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio61');return false;">Antibiotic resistance<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio61"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Antibiotic-resistance-I4g.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass973C80F2B280459F9BBB3252FCA09BA0">When <a href="#collapseWordTitle79">bacteria</a> change in ways that make <a href="#collapseWordTitle65">antibiotic</a> medicines ineffective.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/11/what-is-antibiotic-resistance/">What Is Antibiotic Resistance?</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle66"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord66" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord66" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord66">Antibody</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord66" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle66"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio66');return false;">Antibody<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio66"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Antibody-kVZ.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassE682B8BFEE6540059FF4DE12A9475534">A <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> the <a href="#collapseWordTitle146">immune system</a> produces in response to a foreign substance such as a <a href="#collapseWordTitle91">virus</a> or <a href="#collapseWordTitle79">bacterium</a>.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle210"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord210" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord210" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord210">Antigen</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord210" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle210"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio210');return false;">Antigen<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio210"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Antigen-rkF.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass9312CFC4F9A94FA1AF1FFD2B50F7420E">The parts of an infectious organism that the <a href="#collapseWordTitle146">immune system</a> recognizes are foreign to the human body.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle67"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord67" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord67" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord67">Anti-inflammatory</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord67" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle67"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio67');return false;">Anti-inflammatory<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio67"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Anti-inflammatory-ifU.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassC3BA77FD6A2B4E3AA2268B4A458BDB74">A drug that reduces <a href="#collapseWordTitle151">inflammation.</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle237"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord237" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord237" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord237">Antimicrobial</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord237" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle237"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio237');return false;">Antimicrobial<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio237"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Antimicrobial-x43.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass1FFBE442A43446FAB74A5BD0CB6F7ADC">A substance that kills <a href="#collapseWordTitle169">microorganisms</a> such as <a href="#collapseWordTitle79">bacteria</a> or mold, or stops them from growing and causing disease.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle70"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord70" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord70" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord70">Antioxidant</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord70" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle70"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio70');return false;">Antioxidant<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio70"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Antioxidant-r5b.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass12E39C0C7ADC4F8E9A971619849918D0">(an-tee-OCK-si-duhnt) A natural or human-made substance that may prevent or delay some types of <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> damage. The body and many foods, including fruits and vegetables, naturally produce antioxidants.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/07/science-snippet-antioxidants-explained/">Science Snippet: Antioxidants Explained</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle72"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord72" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord72" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord72">Apoptosis</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord72" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle72"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio72');return false;">Apoptosis<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio72"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Apoptosis-Hhq.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass2CE9BCA1B67C46B1A8DB75B84732E6AA">(ap-uhp-TOH-sis) A process in which <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> in the body die in a controlled and predictable way because they have <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> damage or are not needed. One other type of cell death is <a href="#collapseWordTitle18">necrosis</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2021/07/science-snippet-apoptosis-explained/">Science Snippet: Apoptosis Explained</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle217"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord217" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord217" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord217">Artificial intelligence</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord217" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle217"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio217');return false;">Artificial intelligence<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio217"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Artificial-intelligence-LXu.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass91615325CA9E458B8E1F245B6275263B"><p>A feature where machines learn to perform tasks, rather than simply carrying out computations that are input by human users. Early applications of AI included machines that could play games such as checkers and chess, and programs that could reproduce language.</p></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle73"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord73" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord73" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord73">Atom</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord73" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle73"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio73');return false;">Atom<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio73"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Atom-hQ2.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass510DEBD8BC5D41E6B82E7B91167809A4">A fundamental unit of matter, the substance a physical object is composed of, consisting of a <a href="#collapseWordTitle25">nucleus</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle113">electrons</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle75"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord75" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord75" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord75">ATP, adenosine triphosphate</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord75" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle75"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio75');return false;">ATP, adenosine triphosphate<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio75"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/ATP--adenosine-triphosphate-zpx.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass6294EBEF7F6C4C70B411DCAA29CCF2DD">(ah-DEH-no-seen try-FOSS-fate)The major source of energy for biochemical reactions in all <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organisms</a>. ATP is formed when animals digest food or plants undergo <a href="#collapseWordTitle39">photosynthesis</a>. Energy is released when certain <a href="#collapseWordTitle148">chemical bonds</a> in ATP are broken.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2022/11/science-snippet-atps-amazing-power/">Science Snippet: ATP's Amazing Power</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle248"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord248" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-A" data-bs-target="#collapseWord248" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord248">Autophagy</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord248" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle248"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio248');return false;">Autophagy<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio248"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Autophagy-IzE.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass6B426C2772BB4A31AD4E4E84EF62ACE3"><p>(aw-TAH-fuh-jee) A natural breakdown-recycle process within a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a>. The cell breaks down and destroys old, damaged, or abnormal <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> and other substances within its <a href="#collapseWordTitle188">cytoplasm</a>, including <a href="#collapseWordTitle79">bacteria</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle91">viruses</a>. It then recycles them for important cellular functions.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/11/how-do-cells-recycle-and-take-out-the-trash/">How Do Cells Recycle and Take Out the Trash?</a></p></div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-B"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-B">B</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle79"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord79" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-B" data-bs-target="#collapseWord79" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord79">Bacterium</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord79" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle79"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio79');return false;">Bacterium<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio79"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Bacterium-zxl.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass9751C49D66FC451E948E9B53BFDE5323">(bak-TEER-ee-uhm) (plural: bacteria) A one-<a href="#collapseWordTitle104">celled</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle169">microorganism</a> without a <a href="#collapseWordTitle25">nucleus</a>. Bacteria live almost everywhere in the environment. Some bacteria may infect humans, plants, or animals. They may be harmless, or they may cause disease. Scientists often use bacteria as <a href="#collapseWordTitle56">research organisms</a> to study basic biological processes.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle83"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord83" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-B" data-bs-target="#collapseWord83" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord83">Bioavailability</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord83" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle83"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio83');return false;">Bioavailability<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio83"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Bioavailability-Do0.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass69C74DAF6F414446AAC02B978EE3F91F">How quickly and to what extent the active part of a drug is absorbed by the body and is available at the site where it’s needed.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/09/what-happens-to-medicine-in-your-body/">What Happens to Medicine in Your Body?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle86"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord86" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-B" data-bs-target="#collapseWord86" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord86">Biochemistry</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord86" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle86"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio86');return false;">Biochemistry<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio86"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Biochemistry-meL.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassA10A444E776A40758903A1E35444745E">The scientific study of the <a href="#collapseWordTitle154">chemistry</a> of living <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a>, <a href="#collapseWordTitle85">tissues</a>, <a href="#collapseWordTitle27">organs</a>, and <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organisms</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle89"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord89" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-B" data-bs-target="#collapseWord89" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord89">Biodegradable</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord89" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle89"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio89');return false;">Biodegradable<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio89"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Biodegradable-ck6.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassDB441C4432944E4A81E9FB1524FB2EF2">Capable of being broken down physically and/or chemically by <a href="#collapseWordTitle169">microorganisms</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/04/science-snippet-breaking-down-biodegradability/">Science Snippet: Breaking Down Biodegradability</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle93"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord93" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-B" data-bs-target="#collapseWord93" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord93">Biofilm</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord93" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle93"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio93');return false;">Biofilm<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio93"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Biofilm-Ory.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass5A8B0A3F230849F5BD849DCBAE1E6CD5">A highly organized community of <a href="#collapseWordTitle169">microorganisms</a> that develops naturally on certain surfaces. Biofilms can be helpful in treatment of wastewater, for example. But they can also be harmful, like when they form on medical devices implanted in people. These biofilms are highly resistant to <a href="#collapseWordTitle65">antibiotic</a> medicines.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2021/09/science-snippet-brush-up-on-biofilms/">Science Snippet: Brush Up on Biofilms</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle95"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord95" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-B" data-bs-target="#collapseWord95" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord95">Bioinformatics</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord95" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle95"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio95');return false;">Bioinformatics<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio95"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Bioinformatics-Ax3.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass4B3B48978AB343D5B8CB8631BB20EF1E">A field of research that relies on computers to store and analyze large amounts of biological data.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle96"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord96" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-B" data-bs-target="#collapseWord96" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord96">Biological clock</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord96" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle96"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio96');return false;">Biological clock<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio96"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Biological-clock-RfC.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass945469A1A6AE4DB9BF19CB48D0D6908E">An <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism’s</a> innate timing device. Composed of <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> that interact in <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> throughout the body, these clocks produce <a href="#collapseWordTitle176">circadian</a> rhythms and regulate their timing.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/07/why-am-i-so-tired/">Why Am I So Tired?</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle97"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord97" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-B" data-bs-target="#collapseWord97" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord97">Biomaterial</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord97" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle97"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio97');return false;">Biomaterial<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio97"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Biomaterial-LB5.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass2C4BDA4098B94E4CA63973D7D0A3549B">A natural or synthetic material introduced into living <a href="#collapseWordTitle85">tissue</a>, often as part of a medical device such as an artificial joint.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle224"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord224" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-B" data-bs-target="#collapseWord224" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord224">Biomedical engineering </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord224" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle224"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio224');return false;">Biomedical engineering <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio224"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Biomedical-engineering-zNi.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassE685FB0C509A46918AE5C6E8463AF259">The application of fundamental theories and analytical practices to the fields of medicine and biology. Examples include the design and production of artificial limbs and medical implants. Also called bioengineering.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle222"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord222" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-B" data-bs-target="#collapseWord222" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord222">Biophysics</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord222" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle222"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio222');return false;">Biophysics<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio222"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Biophysics-0hR.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass0BA0A9BA8E3E4A8BB8075B7C73659221">The science of applying the theories and methods of physics to understand how biological systems work.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle98"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord98" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-B" data-bs-target="#collapseWord98" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord98">Biosensor</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord98" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle98"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio98');return false;">Biosensor<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio98"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Biosensor-2kY.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass9B37262F01AE423E8EBA99D078926111">A system or device that converts a biological response into an electrical signal. For example, in a blood glucose monitor, a test strip contains an <a href="#collapseWordTitle118"> enzyme</a> that reacts to glucose in the blood, creating an electrical signal that indicates the amount of glucose in the blood. People use biosensors in many fields, including food processing, medicine, and defense.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle99"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord99" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-B" data-bs-target="#collapseWord99" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord99">Biotechnology</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord99" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle99"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio99');return false;">Biotechnology<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio99"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Biotechnology-YUs.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassB9C6750655574EA983B93ECD773188F4">The use of living <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organisms</a> or biological systems to make useful products and processes.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle100"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord100" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-B" data-bs-target="#collapseWord100" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord100">Blastema</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord100" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle100"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio100');return false;">Blastema<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio100"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Blastema-QuW.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassEC0B54FFA7264177B74596BD9FE5008B">(bla-STEE-muh) A specialized bud of <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> that rapidly divide to form skin, scales, muscle, bone, or cartilage needed to create a lost limb, fin, or tail in animals such as lobsters, catfish, and lizards.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle101"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord101" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-B" data-bs-target="#collapseWord101" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord101">Burn</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord101" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle101"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio101');return false;">Burn<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio101"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Burn-vjR.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass1DFF440267E842398FB1927C13779040"><a href="#collapseWordTitle85">Tissue</a> damage caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or nuclear radiation. Burns are defined by how deep they are and how large an area they cover. Types of burns include: <ul><li> <strong>First degree:</strong> Damage only to the outer layer of skin (epidermis)</li><li> <strong>Second degree:</strong> Damage to the outer layer and the layer beneath it (dermis)</li><li> <strong>Third degree:</strong> Damage or complete destruction of both layers of skin</li><li> <strong>Fourth degree:</strong> Extends into fat</li><li> <strong>Fifth degree:</strong> Extends into muscle</li><li> <strong>Sixth degree:</strong> Extends to bone</li></ul></div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-C"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-C">C</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle9"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord9" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord9" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord9">Carbohydrate</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord9" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle9"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio9');return false;">Carbohydrate<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio9"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Carbohydrate-xYc.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassE6AA16E745D3492C83D9E284AAC46C61">A chemical compound made up of only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio 1:2:1. Carbohydrates include simple sugars like glucose and short and long chains, or <a href="#collapseWordTitle43" target="_blank">polymers</a>, of sugars bound together.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle102"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord102" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord102" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord102">Carcinogen</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord102" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle102"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio102');return false;">Carcinogen<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio102"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Carcinogen-CUm.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass8DFFFAF1AFBB44B3904B8F2E8EEFDC5C">(kahr-SIN-uh-jen) Any substance that causes cancer.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle103"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord103" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord103" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord103">Catalyst</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord103" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle103"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio103');return false;">Catalyst<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio103"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Catalyst-pjC.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass034B31BB3CA941B8A0B81F19D6C8C89C">(KAT-uh-list) A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction that would have occurred without help, but at a much slower rate. <a href="#collapseWordTitle118">Enzymes</a> are biological catalysts.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/03/science-snippet-examining-enzymes/">Science Snippet: Examining Enzymes</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle104"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord104" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord104" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord104">Cell</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord104" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle104"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio104');return false;">Cell<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio104"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Cell-k0t.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass73A348375A26485C9207D8D15077D5D1">The basic subunit of any living <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism</a>; the simplest form of life. Cells house the biological machinery that makes the <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a>, chemicals, and signals responsible for everything that happens inside the body.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle249"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord249" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord249" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord249">Cell Culture</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord249" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle249"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio249');return false;">Cell Culture<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio249"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Cell-Culture-vzx.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass269891C24F2340798854407EA6CA3CC6">The growth of <a href="#collapseWordTitle169">microorganisms</a>, such as <a href="#collapseWordTitle79">bacteria</a> or <a href="#collapseWordTitle245">yeast</a>, or animal or plant <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> in the laboratory under controlled, artificial environments. Cell cultures are useful tools that scientists use for biomedical research or to diagnose infections.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2022/08/in-other-words-not-all-cultures-are-human/">In Other Words: Not All Cultures Are Human</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle105"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord105" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord105" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord105">Cell cycle</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord105" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle105"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio105');return false;">Cell cycle<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio105"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Cell-cycle-mcC.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass6E23A5DE30CC4A0AABDBD786C73FFCAE">The steps of a cell copying its contents and dividing in two. <ol><li> <strong>Prophase</strong> (PRO-faze): <a href="#collapseWordTitle174">Chromosomes</a> condense and become visible and the spindle forms. The spindle is a football-shaped array of fibers made of <a href="#collapseWordTitle189">microtubules</a> and associated <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a>. Some of the fibers attach to the chromosomes and help draw them to opposite ends of the cell.</li><li> <strong>Prometaphase</strong> (pro-MET-uh-faze): The nuclear <a href="#collapseWordTitle165">membrane</a> breaks apart, and the spindle starts to interact with chromosomes.</li><li> <strong>Metaphase</strong> (MET-uh-faze): Copied chromosomes align in the middle of the spindle.</li><li> <strong>Anaphase</strong> (ANN-uh-faze): Chromosomes separate into two genetically identical groups and move to opposite ends of the spindle.</li><li> <strong>Telophase</strong> (TEE-lo-faze): Nuclear membranes form around each of the two sets of chromosomes, the chromosomes begin to spread out, and the spindle begins to break down.</li><li> <strong>Cytokinesis</strong> (SY-toh-kin-EE-sis): The cell splits into two daughter cells.</li></ol> <strong>Interphase</strong> (IN-tur-faze) is the period in a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell's</a> life cycle when it is not undergoing cell division. There are several checkpoints where the cycle can pause if there’s a problem, such as incomplete <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> synthesis or damaged DNA.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2021/09/make-like-a-cell-and-split-comparing-mitosis-and-meiosis/">Make Like a Cell and Split: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle140"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord140" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord140" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord140">Channel protein</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord140" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle140"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio140');return false;">Channel protein<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio140"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Channel-protein-XF5.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass2949B60443EC40ADABDB3880F20A3236">A hollow or pore-containing <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> that spans a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle165">membrane</a> and allows small <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a>, such as charged particles (<a href="#collapseWordTitle157">ions</a>), to move from one side of the membrane to the other.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle143"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord143" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord143" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord143">Chaperone</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord143" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle143"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio143');return false;">Chaperone<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio143"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Chaperone-D8T.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass65C44C437BD5462B9CEA417815724901">A <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> that helps other proteins fold or move throughout the <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle144"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord144" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord144" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord144">Chemical biology</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord144" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle144"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio144');return false;">Chemical biology<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio144"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Chemical-biology-Qvy.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass895AF9855436406EB71BAD25DDF34609">A field that blends <a href="#collapseWordTitle154">chemistry</a> and biology and involves the application of chemical techniques and tools to the study of biological systems.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle148"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord148" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord148" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord148">Chemical bond</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord148" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle148"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio148');return false;">Chemical bond<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio148"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Chemical-bond-yja.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass0601677CC5704181A0841B9E55DEE366">A physical force holding <a href="#collapseWordTitle73">atoms</a> together to form a <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a>. <ul><li> <strong>Covalent bonds</strong> form when <a href="#collapseWordTitle113">electrons</a> travel between the atoms' <a href="#collapseWordTitle25">nuclei</a> and are thus “shared.” Molecules can contain single, double, and triple covalent bonds.</li><li> <strong>Ionic bonds</strong> are forces that hold together two <a href="#collapseWordTitle157">ions</a>.</li><li> <strong>Metallic bonds</strong> are forces that hold atoms together in a metallic substance where electrons continually move from one atom to another and are not associated with any specific pair of atoms.</li><li> <strong>Hydrogen bonds</strong> are forces of attraction between hydrogen atoms that are covalently bound to an electronegative atom and a lone pair of electrons on another electronegative atom. Hydrogen bonds can form between two molecules or within the same molecule.</li></ul></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle150"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord150" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord150" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord150">Chemical library</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord150" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle150"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio150');return false;">Chemical library<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio150"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Chemical-library-l3L.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass260A0BA2E1C64951828E83213F469F26">A collection of chemicals that are stored along with related information, such as the chemical structure, purity, quantity, and other characteristics of the substance.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle152"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord152" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord152" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord152">Cheminformatics</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord152" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle152"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio152');return false;">Cheminformatics<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio152"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Cheminformatics-KT3.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass683D419465BB4123B5D256583E28111A">The use of computer and information technologies to study problems in <a href="#collapseWordTitle154">chemistry</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle154"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord154" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord154" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord154">Chemistry</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord154" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle154"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio154');return false;">Chemistry<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio154"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Chemistry-Xhw.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass21EB65E2EAE14361A2CB17E1593DF0C5">A field of study concerned with the composition, properties, and reactions of substances.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle156"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord156" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord156" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord156">Chemotaxis</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord156" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle156"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio156');return false;">Chemotaxis<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio156"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Chemotaxis-o61.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassC9A3E5E4494F4B5CABA7B0FA726FEA60">(kee-moh-TAK-sis) The movement of a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> toward or away from a chemical force.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle231"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord231" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord231" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord231">Chiral</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord231" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle231"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio231');return false;">Chiral<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio231"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Chiral-ZTY.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass45C36FA1EF554A1EB883E58A9B5BAAB7"><div>Asymmetric so that the structure and its mirror image are not superimposable (identically matched when laid on top of one another). <a href="#collapseWordTitle29">Organic</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a> often have chiral carbons, where four different groups are attached to a single carbon <a href="#collapseWordTitle73">atom</a>. Molecules can have multiple chiral centers.<br></div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle172"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord172" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord172" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord172">Cholesterol</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord172" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle172"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio172');return false;">Cholesterol<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio172"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Cholesterol-Q62.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass1A896C6254C94AE48CCF272C27E88F68">A waxy <a href="#collapseWordTitle159">lipid</a> produced by animal <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> that is a major component of cell <a href="#collapseWordTitle165">membranes</a> and a building block for some <a href="#collapseWordTitle142">hormones</a>. Cholesterol is also found in foods from animal sources. Good cholesterol carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver where it can be removed. Bad cholesterol can build up in the arteries, causing them to narrow or become blocked.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle173"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord173" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord173" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord173">Chromatin</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord173" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle173"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio173');return false;">Chromatin<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio173"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Chromatin-Ami.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass2F75D5AD0D724736920D9EE3B78218E4">(KROH-muh-tin)The part of the <a href="#collapseWordTitle25">nucleus</a> that consists of <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> and forms chromosomes.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle174"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord174" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord174" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord174">Chromosome</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord174" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle174"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio174');return false;">Chromosome<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio174"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Chromosome-bRN.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass93A7F3738F424AE8A075021EF1035512">(KROH-muh-sohm) A cellular structure in the <a href="#collapseWordTitle25">nucleus</a> containing <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">genes</a>. Chromosomes are composed of <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a>, called histones, and they split into two identical strands, called <strong>chromatids</strong>, during cell division. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, which are present in almost every cell in their bodies. Usually, one chromosome of each pair is from each parent.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/04/what-is-genetics/">What Is Genetics?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle175"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord175" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord175" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord175">Cilium</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord175" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle175"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio175');return false;">Cilium<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio175"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Cilium-mh1.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass8F483081FEBD4A2C8DCEBAD1043D2CA4">(SIL-ee-uhm) (plural: cilia) A hairlike projection from a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> surface. The rhythmic beating of cilia can move fluid or mucus over a cell or can allow single-celled <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organisms</a> to move. Cilia are shorter than <a href="#collapseWordTitle123">flagella</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle176"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord176" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord176" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord176">Circadian</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord176" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle176"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio176');return false;">Circadian<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio176"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Circadian-tpE.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass7650C5282AF64EBA9449BC69F0701B9C">(sur-KAY-dee-uhn) Pertaining to a period of about 24 hours; applied especially to rhythmic biological repetition like the sleep-wake cycle and the release of some <a href="#collapseWordTitle142">hormones</a>, called <strong>circadian rhythms</strong>.<br><br>For more, check out our <a href="/education/Pages/Circadian-Rhythms.aspx">circadian rhythms featured topics page</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle177"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord177" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord177" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord177">Clinical trial</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord177" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle177"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio177');return false;">Clinical trial<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio177"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Clinical-trial-vwy.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass1811B1DA55814863BE19D669DF2FE897">A scientific study of an intervention in people. The intervention can be a medication, medical device, procedure, or change in behavior. The goal is to find out if the intervention is safe and effective.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle250"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord250" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord250" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord250">Clinician</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord250" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle250"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio250');return false;">Clinician<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio250"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Clinician-icb.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassFB03844D4D4A47C7874FEE0258030AFC">A healthcare professional who provides care for patients.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle178"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord178" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord178" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord178">Clone</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord178" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle178"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio178');return false;">Clone<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio178"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Clone-cXf.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassC498F861D6334D829B19483C5BBA8A7D">In <a href="#collapseWordTitle130">genetics</a>, the process of making many identical copies of a <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">gene</a> or a whole <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism</a>. The term also refers to the isolation and manipulation of a gene.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle179"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord179" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord179" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord179">Cofactor</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord179" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle179"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio179');return false;">Cofactor<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio179"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Cofactor-4e4.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassF068ED732B954C87854742A0656C282E">A helper <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a> (either <a href="#collapseWordTitle155">inorganic</a>, such as a metal <a href="#collapseWordTitle157">ion</a>, or <a href="#collapseWordTitle29">organic</a>, such as a vitamin) an <a href="#collapseWordTitle118">enzyme</a> needs to work.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle180"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord180" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord180" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord180">Combinatorial chemistry</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord180" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle180"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio180');return false;">Combinatorial chemistry<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio180"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Combinatorial-chemistry-zhT.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassF1322AFED853411F916EE7057E99576B">The random assembly of various chemical units into <a href="#collapseWordTitle150">chemical libraries</a> of new synthetic compounds.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle181"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord181" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord181" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord181">Comparative genomics</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord181" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle181"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio181');return false;">Comparative genomics<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio181"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Comparative-genomics-L5M.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassDACE71F4AB8F4369AD2D4EC639447C95">(juh-NOH-miks) The study of human <a href="#collapseWordTitle130">genetics</a> by comparisons with other <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organisms'</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle130">genetics</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle182"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord182" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord182" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord182">Compensatory hypertrophy</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord182" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle182"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio182');return false;">Compensatory hypertrophy<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio182"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Compensatory-hypertrophy-ntz.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass6B0693C209C74A968C187A03613C4098">(kuhm-PEN-suh-tawr-ee hahy-PUR-truh-fee) In humans and some other animals, when part of an organ is removed or destroyed, the remaining portion grows to allow the organ to function as it did before. The liver can regrow to its original size. A kidney, pancreas, thyroid, adrenal gland, or lung can undergo the same process, but in a more limited way. This is one type of <a href="#collapseWordTitle54">regeneration</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle183"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord183" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord183" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord183">Computational biology</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord183" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle183"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio183');return false;">Computational biology<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio183"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Computational-biology-RlO.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassEA2DA6A46D7F4348AEF3F9427C5BC3E4">A field of science that uses computers to study complex biological processes that involve many <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecular</a> interactions.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle203"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord203" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord203" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord203">Confocal laser scanning</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord203" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle203"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio203');return false;">Confocal laser scanning<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio203"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Confocal-laser-scanning-SZT.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass973231984B5A4C0082940FCC008FF9A8">(kon-FOH-kuhl LAY-zur SKAN-ing) A technique for light <a href="#collapseWordTitle223">microscopy</a> that uses a very narrow beam of light (made by the laser) to create images of 3D structures at the <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> or <a href="#collapseWordTitle85">tissue</a> level. The narrow beam is forced through a pinhole to keep out-of-focus light from reaching the sample, which increases the resolution without blurriness. Mirrors move to reflect the beam and guide it across the sample (scanning). This technique can visualize structures at different depths in the sample.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle260"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord260" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord260" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord260">Conserved DNA sequence</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord260" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle260"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio260');return false;">Conserved DNA sequence<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio260"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Conserved-UUa.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass84AB7A83B97B4FE5A4504A00C0724A76"><div>Parts of the <a href="#collapseWordTitle128">genetic code</a> that are preserved in many different <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organisms</a>. Conserved <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> sequences usually code for <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">genes</a> that are essential to life. </div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle184"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord184" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord184" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord184">CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord184" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle184"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio184');return false;">CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio184"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/CRISPR--clustered-regularly-interspaced-short-palindromic-repeats--HB1.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassDE1C4A7685E74169A673CB92EF067CC2">An immune system in <a href="#collapseWordTitle79">bacteria</a> that recognizes and destroys invading <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> and maybe <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">RNA</a>. It’s been adapted into a <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">gene</a>-editing tool widely used in basic and applied research.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/10/what-is-crispr/">What Is CRISPR?</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle185"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord185" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord185" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord185">Crossing over</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord185" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle185"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio185');return false;">Crossing over<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio185"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Crossing-over-C2G.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass24A2AAFC65E14B759D2F89712067F325">A process that occurs during <a href="#collapseWordTitle164">meiosis</a>, in which <a href="#collapseWordTitle174">chromosome</a> partners, one inherited from each parent, physically swap sections with one another. This creates hybrid chromosomes that are a patchwork of the original pair. Crossing over occurs in species that reproduce sexually and increases the genetic variety of offspring.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/05/how-are-physical-features-and-health-conditions-inherited/">How Are Physical Features and Health Conditions Inherited?</a> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle186"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord186" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord186" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord186">Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM)</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord186" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle186"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio186');return false;">Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM)<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio186"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Cryo-EM-Sg1.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass1C9A1C218EED4983BE1995C9DA411185">A type of <a href="#collapseWordTitle87">transmission electron microscopy (TEM)</a> where scientists freeze a biological sample so quickly that water <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a> don’t have time to form ice <a href="#collapseWordTitle219">crystals</a>. This keeps cellular materials in their normal place. Cold samples are more stable and can be imaged many times.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle219"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord219" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord219" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord219">Crystal</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord219" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle219"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio219');return false;">Crystal<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio219"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Crystal-JPL.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass184D094990804B32B6BBF3425BB9DE01">Matter composed of <a href="#collapseWordTitle73">atoms</a>, <a href="#collapseWordTitle157">ions</a>, or <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a> packed in a well-organized, repeating grid pattern.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle187"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord187" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord187" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord187">Cyclosis</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord187" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle187"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio187');return false;">Cyclosis<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio187"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Cyclosis-2sQ.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassF6E68B45982B4EB9AB32D4AEB7D1DEE8">(sahy-KLOH-sis) Movement of nutrients and <a href="#collapseWordTitle28">organelles</a> within <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> to carry out various cellular functions. The <a href="#collapseWordTitle188">cytoplasm</a> within the cell creates a directional flow that pushes around the content of the cells.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle188"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord188" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord188" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord188">Cytoplasm</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord188" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle188"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio188');return false;">Cytoplasm<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio188"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Cytoplasm-mGa.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass423215C7331A475082AD4A86AFB2057F">(SAHY-tuh-PLAZ-uhm) The material found between the <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle165">membrane</a> and the <a href="#collapseWordTitle22">nuclear envelope</a>. It includes the <a href="#collapseWordTitle190">cytosol</a> and all <a href="#collapseWordTitle28">organelles</a> except the <a href="#collapseWordTitle25">nucleus</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle189"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord189" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord189" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord189">Cytoskeleton</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord189" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle189"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio189');return false;">Cytoskeleton<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio189"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Cytoskeleton-nOf.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassE0D03EF904B349CFB7C6A931E044E5EC">(SAHY-toh-SKEL-uh-tuhn) A collection of fibers that gives a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> shape and support and allows movement within the cell and, in some cases, by the entire cell. The three main types of cytoskeletal fibers are actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. <ul><li> <strong>Actin filaments</strong> (AK-tin FIL-uh-muhnt) Fibers that contract or lengthen to give cells the flexibility to move and change shape. Together with the <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> myosin, actin filaments are responsible for muscle contraction.</li><li> <strong>Intermediate filaments </strong>Fibers that provide strength in things like nails, hair, the outer layer of skin, nerves, and certain <a href="#collapseWordTitle27">organs</a>.</li><li> <strong>Microtubules</strong> (MY-kroh-TOO-byool) Strong, hollow fibers that act as a structural support for the cell. During cell division, microtubules form the spindle that directs <a href="#collapseWordTitle174">chromosomes</a> to the daughter cells. Microtubules also serve as tracks for transporting <a href="#collapseWordTitle90">vesicles</a> and give structure to <a href="#collapseWordTitle123">flagella</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle175">cilia</a>.<br></li></ul>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2021/05/science-snippet-learn-about-the-cytoskeleton/">Science Snippet: Learn About the Cytoskeleton</a> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle190"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord190" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-C" data-bs-target="#collapseWord190" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord190">Cytosol</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord190" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle190"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio190');return false;">Cytosol<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio190"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Cytosol-E6M.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass40D37EB4BC5E46829498E588AAE365F8">(SAHY-tuh-sol) The semi-fluid portion of the <a href="#collapseWordTitle188">cytoplasm</a>, excluding the <a href="#collapseWordTitle28">organelles</a>. The cytosol is a concentrated solution of <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a>, salts, and other <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-D"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-D">D</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle191"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord191" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-D" data-bs-target="#collapseWord191" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord191">Differentiation</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord191" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle191"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio191');return false;">Differentiation<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio191"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Differentiation-N4H.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass35F0B5AE10C140B699087243D67A7B5D">(dif-uh-ren-shee-AY-shuhn) When an unspecialized cell becomes a specialized <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> with a specific function. During development, embryonic <a href="#collapseWordTitle74">stem cells</a> differentiate into the many cell types that make up the human body. Adult stem cells differentiate into the type of <a href="#collapseWordTitle85">tissue</a> in which they are located to replace cells lost to age, disease, or injury.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/11/what-are-stem-cells/">What Are Stem Cells?</a> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle192"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord192" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-D" data-bs-target="#collapseWord192" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord192">Diploid</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord192" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle192"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio192');return false;">Diploid<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio192"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Diploid-yTv.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassFB327C81834449579B9402272BB6F6B1">(DIP-loyd) A <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> or <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism</a> that has paired <a href="#collapseWordTitle174">chromosomes</a>, one from each parent.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle13"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord13" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-D" data-bs-target="#collapseWord13" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord13">Distributed computing </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord13" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle13"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio13');return false;">Distributed computing <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio13"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Distributed-computing-jlk.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass03F246469FD4446DA0F154FC4B97C605">Using a network of hundreds or thousands of computers to perform complex calculations that usually can’t be done on a single computer. For example, researchers have used distributed computing to study the dynamics of how <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> fold.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle106"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord106" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-D" data-bs-target="#collapseWord106" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord106">DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord106" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle106"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio106');return false;">DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio106"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/DNA--deoxyribonucleic-acid--4w7.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass1FA88F4D0D71447FAA66067AC61B1CF8">(dee-AWK-see-RAHY-boh-noo-CLAY-ik) The substance of heredity. A long, usually double-stranded chain of <a href="#collapseWordTitle24">nucleotides</a> that carries the information needed for all cellular functions, including <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> production.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/04/what-is-genetics/">What Is Genetics?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle107"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord107" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-D" data-bs-target="#collapseWord107" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord107">DNA polymerase</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord107" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle107"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio107');return false;">DNA polymerase<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio107"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/DNA-polymerase-gPS.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass979A9DF85A944015948C118B856E08D0">(POL-uh-muh-rays) An <a href="#collapseWordTitle118">enzyme</a> that copies, and sometimes repairs, <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle108"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord108" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-D" data-bs-target="#collapseWord108" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord108">DNA sequencing</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord108" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle108"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio108');return false;">DNA sequencing<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio108"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/DNA-sequencing-eAj.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassC4FB1D72D7C341D0A09DEA7A9C5AAEA8">(SEE-kwuhn-sing) Sometimes called <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">gene</a> or <a href="#collapseWordTitle131">genome</a> sequencing, a lab technique used to find the exact order of the bases in a <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a><a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a>. The DNA sequence carries information a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> needs to make <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">RNA</a> molecules.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/06/how-do-scientists-study-genes/">How Do Scientists Study Genes?</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle251"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord251" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-D" data-bs-target="#collapseWord251" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord251">Drug</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord251" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle251"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio251');return false;">Drug<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio251"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Drug-E5P.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassA89D982F3CF647F8AFA45501DA701A17">A chemical or biological <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a> that is not found naturally in the body. <a href="#collapseWordTitle252">Medicines</a> are specific types of regulated drugs. The term drug can also refer to drugs of abuse—substances that may or may not be medicines that people use to alter their mental or physical states.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/08/what-is-pharmacology/">What Is Pharmacology?</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle109"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord109" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-D" data-bs-target="#collapseWord109" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord109">Drug delivery</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord109" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle109"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio109');return false;">Drug delivery<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio109"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Drug-delivery-XJV.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassD46F4E7F4E364752860C3CD56B00BAEA">The process of giving a drug to a person or animal. Two main components of drug delivery are drug delivery systems and route of administration. <ul><li>Drug delivery systems: Engineered technologies for the targeted delivery and/or controlled release of drugs. Some examples include nanoparticles, <a href="#collapseWordTitle160">liposomes</a>, or other formulations that improve the drug’s <a href="#collapseWordTitle4">ADME</a> properties.</li><li>Route of administration describes the method used to give the drug to the person or animal. Drugs can be given by mouth (oral); through the skin (topical), mucous <a href="#collapseWordTitle165">membranes</a> (nasal), or lungs (inhaled); or into a vein through a needle (intravenous).<br></li></ul></div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-E"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-E">E</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle246"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord246" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord246" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord246">Ecology</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord246" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle246"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio246');return false;">Ecology<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio246"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Ecology-qC7.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass9B3A516007F74521A8493E034D8BC831"><div>The study of the interrelationship of <a href="#collapseWordTitle39">organisms</a> and their environments, including their habitats, energy sources, nutrients, and other resources.</div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle110"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord110" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord110" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord110">Edema</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord110" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle110"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio110');return false;">Edema<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio110"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Edema-3WL.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassBD3AD2DE1F63400EADDF294C1026254D">(ih-DEE-muh) Swelling caused by fluid in the body's <a href="#collapseWordTitle85">tissues</a>. It usually occurs in the feet, ankles, and legs, but it can involve the entire body.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle111"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord111" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord111" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord111">Electrolyte</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord111" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle111"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio111');return false;">Electrolyte<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio111"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Electrolyte-vzb.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassD8C378B438CF45869C3C8935842A8172">(ih-LEK-truh-lahyt) A mineral in the body that has an electric charge. Electrolytes help balance the amount of water in the body and the pH (acid/base) level; move nutrients into and wastes out of <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> and make sure nerves, muscles, the heart, and the brain work the way they should. Electrolytes include sodium, calcium, potassium, chlorine, phosphate, and magnesium.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle112"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord112" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord112" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord112">Electromagnetic radiation</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord112" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle112"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio112');return false;">Electromagnetic radiation<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio112"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Electromagnetic-radiation-tie.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassAE0E3D70C9134876A4EE65E848A04F2C">(ih-LEK-troh-mag-NET-ik ray-dee-AY-shuhn) Energy produced in the form of a wave. It includes all kinds of radiation, including, in order of increasing energy: radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation (heat), visible light, ultraviolet radiation (the part of sunlight that causes sunburn), X-rays, and gamma radiation (made by nuclear reactions).</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle113"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord113" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord113" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord113">Electron</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord113" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle113"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio113');return false;">Electron<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio113"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Electron-RGl.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass2DC2E3A7BF2244D9A07DA91467D4579F">A very small particle that has a negative charge of electricity and travels around the <a href="#collapseWordTitle25">nucleus</a> of an <a href="#collapseWordTitle73">atom</a>.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle114"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord114" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord114" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord114">Electron microscopy </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord114" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle114"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio114');return false;">Electron microscopy <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio114"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Electron-microscopy-Q5X.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass82B186DBA81344A198C48DBBEECECBF0">A technique that uses beams of fast-moving <a href="#collapseWordTitle113">electrons</a> instead of light to magnify samples. Powerful magnets focus the electrons into an image.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle262"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord262" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord262" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord262">Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord262" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle262"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio262');return false;">Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio262"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Electron-paramagnetic-resonance--EPR--spectroscopy-D8k.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass3AEDC982DC2845C4A8AB16373BBF5164"><div>A technique used to study chemical entities with unpaired <a href="#collapseWordTitle113">electrons</a>, similar to <a href="#collapseWordTitle23">nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy</a>. Also called electron spin resonance (ESR).</div><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle115"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord115" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord115" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord115">Element</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord115" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle115"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio115');return false;">Element<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio115"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Element-2Lj.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassAD594AA2DD4B44EEAFA933CD32A22249">A pure substance that can't be chemically separated into simpler substances. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are fundamental elements in biology.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog posts on <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/tag/element/">elements</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle116"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord116" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord116" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord116">Endocytosis</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord116" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle116"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio116');return false;">Endocytosis<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio116"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Endocytosis-3HN.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass7A0DD407033D41BB96C5BC7181484DFB">(en-doh-sahy-TOH-sis) A process <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> use to absorb nutrients, fluids, <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a>, and other <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a>. The cell <a href="#collapseWordTitle165">membrane</a> curves inward, encircling the material, then pinches off, producing a <a href="#collapseWordTitle90">vesicle</a> inside the cell.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle227"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord227" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord227" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord227">Endogenous</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord227" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle227"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio227');return false;">Endogenous<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio227"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Endogenous-JGa.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass21860369D46F4EB4A3A66802B719308E">(en-DAH-jeh-nuhs) Produced inside an <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism</a> or <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a>. The opposite is external (exogenous) production.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/10/how-do-medicines-work/">How Do Medicines Work?</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle117"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord117" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord117" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord117">Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord117" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle117"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio117');return false;">Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio117"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Endoplasmic-reticulum--ER--QWj.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass6C04F395E1094912B1561475C07407ED">(EN-doh-plaz-mik reh-TIK-yuh-luhm) An <a href="#collapseWordTitle28">organelle</a> made up of interconnected tubes and flattened sacs. There are two kinds of ER: rough (because it is dotted with <a href="#collapseWordTitle58">ribosomes</a>) ER, which processes newly made <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a>, and smooth ER, which helps make <a href="#collapseWordTitle159">lipids</a> and neutralize toxins.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle118"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord118" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord118" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord118">Enzyme</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord118" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle118"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio118');return false;">Enzyme<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio118"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Enzyme-JPB.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassCDA0170B463040CFA5D2A923A636B036">(EN-zahym) A biological <a href="#collapseWordTitle103">catalyst</a> that is almost always a <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> and speeds up the rate of a specific chemical reaction in the cell by reducing the amount of energy needed for the reaction to proceed.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/03/science-snippet-examining-enzymes/">Science Snippet: Examining Enzymes</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle119"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord119" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord119" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord119">Epigenetics</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord119" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle119"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio119');return false;">Epigenetics<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio119"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Epigenetics-Kpl.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass9BB754C2B0FD45E68798F1E2D4762698">(ep-ih-juh-NET-iks) The study of changes in <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">gene</a> expression or phenotypes that are not the result of changes in <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> sequence.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/04/what-is-genetics/">What Is Genetics?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle120"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord120" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord120" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord120">Eukaryotic cell</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord120" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle120"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio120');return false;">Eukaryotic cell<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio120"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Eukaryotic-cell-WkU.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassFF6DA3E686D9409F8F6307035695B733">(yoo-KAYR-ee-ah-tik) A <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> with a <a href="#collapseWordTitle165"> membrane</a>-bound <a href="#collapseWordTitle25">nucleus</a> and other <a href="#collapseWordTitle28">organelles</a> not found in <a href="#collapseWordTitle45">prokaryotic cells</a>. Eukaryotic cells make up animals, plants, fungi, and some single-celled <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organisms</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle244"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord244" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord244" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord244">Evolution</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord244" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle244"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio244');return false;">Evolution<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio244"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Evolution-2Tm.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass4F4A84AA695348ED8BB972F2094A4D5C"><div>The process by which an <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism's</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle131">genome</a> changes and gives rise to a beneficial trait that allows it to be better adapted to its surroundings. The best-adapted individuals in a population will have the fittest offspring. Over many generations, members of the species with the beneficial trait may take on new roles and may evolve into a new species.<br></div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle121"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord121" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord121" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord121">Exocytosis</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord121" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle121"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio121');return false;">Exocytosis<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio121"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Exocytosis-Mkh.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassC4DBF95E3BCD4E22AB6607A0E17131B9">(ek-soh-sahy-TOH-sis) A process <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> use to dump wastes outside of the cell via <a href="#collapseWordTitle90">vesicles</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle264"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord264" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord264" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord264">Experiment</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord264" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle264"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio264');return false;">Experiment<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio264"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Experiment-CNm.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass19F5056CEB0E4DC4882195A1E5153655"><div>A scientific test done to gather data and observations to answer questions.<br></div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle122"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord122" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-E" data-bs-target="#collapseWord122" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord122">Extracellular matrix</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord122" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle122"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio122');return false;">Extracellular matrix<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio122"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Extracellular-matrix-DKJ.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass599A25DC7C6441BCA6EE00926D7ED0FE">(ek-struh-SEL-yuh-ler MEY-triks) The material around, within, and between the body's <a href="#collapseWordTitle27">organs, </a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle85">tissues</a>, and <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a>. In some tissues, it's a thin layer separating cells. In others, it's the major component. The extracellular matrix is most prevalent in connective tissue, the material that forms our skeletons, cushions our internal organs, and winds between blood vessels and around nerves.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-F"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-F">F</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle123"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord123" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-F" data-bs-target="#collapseWord123" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord123">Flagellum</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord123" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle123"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio123');return false;">Flagellum<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio123"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Flagellum-N5G.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass0C3FCB8DC31544F5AF01648AB40C9F66">(fluh-JEL-uhm) (plural: flagella) A long, tail-like structure extending from a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a>. Sperm and many <a href="#collapseWordTitle169">microorganisms</a> move using flagella.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle124"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord124" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-F" data-bs-target="#collapseWord124" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord124">Fluorescence</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord124" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle124"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio124');return false;">Fluorescence<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio124"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Fluorescence-uO9.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassC8F90360679846F5B0588731761B9FBE">(floh-RES-uhns) Giving off light at one wavelength (emission) after absorbing light of a different wavelength (excitation). Researchers use fluorescent dyes to take images of <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle256"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord256" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-F" data-bs-target="#collapseWord256" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord256">Fungus</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord256" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle256"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio256');return false;">Fungus<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio256"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Fungus-4kX.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass3EA12CAADBD94B4AAE8647772B9AD8C7"><div> (plural: fungi) A plantlike, eukaryotic <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism</a> that does not make chlorophyll. Examples include mushrooms, <a href="#collapseWordTitle245">yeasts</a>, and molds. Fungi live throughout the environment and in the human body. Some types of fungi can cause disease.<br></div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-G"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-G">G</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle125"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord125" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-G" data-bs-target="#collapseWord125" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord125">G protein</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord125" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle125"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio125');return false;">G protein<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio125"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/G-protein-nts.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassF6E5C57C0F604C2BB799BEE096A8163D">A <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> located inside the <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle165">membrane</a> that helps transmit signals from <a href="#collapseWordTitle142">hormones</a> into cells.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle127"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord127" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-G" data-bs-target="#collapseWord127" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord127">Gene</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord127" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle127"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio127');return false;">Gene<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio127"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Gene-dSt.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass6975CAE63AEC4608AC15E1311B2444E2">A unit of heredity; a segment of <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> that contains the code for making a specific <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> or <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">RNA</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/04/what-is-genetics/">What Is Genetics?</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle126"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord126" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-G" data-bs-target="#collapseWord126" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord126">Gene expression </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord126" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle126"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio126');return false;">Gene expression <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio126"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Gene-expression-TPx.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassB8F58438D8C54AEFA59F478D96650EEE">When the information in a <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">gene</a> directs the building of a <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a>. The <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> reads the gene in groups of three <a href="#collapseWordTitle24">nucleotides</a>. Each of these groups corresponds to one of 20 different <a href="#collapseWordTitle6">amino acids</a> used to build the protein.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2022/06/in-other-words-how-cells-express-themselves/">In Other Words: How Cells Express Themselves</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle128"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord128" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-G" data-bs-target="#collapseWord128" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord128">Genetic code</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord128" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle128"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio128');return false;">Genetic code<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio128"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Genetic-Code-kkH.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassFFBE0F5DFC48481EAF6B43A528A93F75">The instructions in a <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">gene</a> that tell the <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> how to make a specific <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle129"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord129" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-G" data-bs-target="#collapseWord129" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord129">Genetic engineering</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord129" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle129"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio129');return false;">Genetic engineering<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio129"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Genetic-engineering-b4w.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassDA931B72750246C581A32211DB5F1640">The manipulation of an <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism's</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">genes</a>—introducing, eliminating, or changing them—using modern molecular biology techniques.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle130"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord130" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-G" data-bs-target="#collapseWord130" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord130">Genetics</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord130" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle130"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio130');return false;">Genetics<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio130"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Genetics-zJx.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass9E8886004A044160874FD313FFAA2C24">The scientific study of <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">genes</a> and heredity—of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes in <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> sequence.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/04/what-is-genetics/">What Is Genetics?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle131"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord131" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-G" data-bs-target="#collapseWord131" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord131">Genome</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord131" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle131"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio131');return false;">Genome<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio131"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Genome-TPH.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass0DB3F4053D00476798A5A4A8F35A4FA4">(JEE-nohm) All of an <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism's</a> genetic material.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle132"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord132" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-G" data-bs-target="#collapseWord132" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord132">Genomics</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord132" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle132"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio132');return false;">Genomics<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio132"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Genomics-udq.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassD94265B2BBD942D0A13324F108D3FB7C">(jee-NOHM-iks) The study of all of an <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism's</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle130">genetic</a> material.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/04/what-is-genetics/">What Is Genetics?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle232"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord232" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-G" data-bs-target="#collapseWord232" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord232">Genotype</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord232" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle232"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio232');return false;">Genotype<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio232"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Genotype-Cef.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass5CD0366CD9994816A10F385C5328ECD6">(JEE-nuh-tahyp): An individual’s collection of <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">genes</a>. Genotypes are <a href="#collapseWordTitle126">expressed</a> when its <a href="#collapseWordTitle128">genetic code</a> is used to make <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">RNA</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a>. This expression contributes to the individual’s observable traits, called the <a href="#collapseWordTitle233">phenotype</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/05/how-are-physical-features-and-health-conditions-inherited/">How Are Physical Features and Health Conditions Inherited?</a> <br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle263"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord263" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-G" data-bs-target="#collapseWord263" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord263">Gland</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord263" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle263"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio263');return false;">Gland<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio263"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Gland-vLL.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass801D65E9F2384A33802107363FAE303B"><div>An <a href="#collapseWordTitle27">organ</a> in the body that makes and releases substances, such as <a href="#collapseWordTitle142">hormones</a>.</div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle133"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord133" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-G" data-bs-target="#collapseWord133" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord133">Glycolipid</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord133" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle133"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio133');return false;">Glycolipid<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio133"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Glycolipid-L9A.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassCC1E9FE71B594A6CA266DB9EC84FD02E">(glahy-koh-LIP-id) A <a href="#collapseWordTitle159">lipid</a> bound to a sugar.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle134"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord134" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-G" data-bs-target="#collapseWord134" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord134">Glycoprotein</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord134" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle134"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio134');return false;">Glycoprotein<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio134"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Glycoprotein-zq2.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassAE67F20885B64D18AB6694F18A5F1C13">(glahy-koh-PROH-teen) A <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> bound to a sugar.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle135"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord135" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-G" data-bs-target="#collapseWord135" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord135">Glycoscience</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord135" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle135"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio135');return false;">Glycoscience<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio135"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Glycoscience-HfT.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassF4D0875712E641ECAC6F41C3181ED997">(glahy-koh-SAHY-uhns) A branch of <a href="#collapseWordTitle154">chemistry</a> dedicated to the study of the many types of <a href="#collapseWordTitle9">carbohydrate</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle136"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord136" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-G" data-bs-target="#collapseWord136" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord136">Glycosylation</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord136" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle136"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio136');return false;">Glycosylation<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio136"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Glycosylation-4ZK.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass255818299D434D73BF81D456C4ACD895">(glahy-kah-sih-LAY-shun) The process of adding specialized chains of sugar <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a> to <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> or <a href="#collapseWordTitle159">lipids</a>; occurs in the <a href="#collapseWordTitle117">endoplasmic reticulum</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle137">Golgi</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle137"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord137" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-G" data-bs-target="#collapseWord137" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord137">Golgi</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord137" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle137"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio137');return false;">Golgi<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio137"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Golgi-7W5.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass180467F24B704AE7BEBA6B4C80A7BDC6">(GAWL-jee) Also called the Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex; an <a href="#collapseWordTitle28">organelle</a> composed of membranous sacs in which many newly made <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> mature and become functional.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-H"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-H">H</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle139"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord139" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-H" data-bs-target="#collapseWord139" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord139">Haploid</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord139" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle139"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio139');return false;">Haploid<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio139"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Haploid-fiE.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassA5ABE30F06444C1EB5867BE37AC347AB">(HAP-loid) A cell with one copy of each <a href="#collapseWordTitle174">chromosome</a>, as in a sperm or egg.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle141"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord141" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-H" data-bs-target="#collapseWord141" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord141">Histone</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord141" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle141"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio141');return false;">Histone<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio141"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Histone-wc1.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassA4149D86A2374693ABE8C49BDBD59452">(HIS-tohn) A type of <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> found in <a href="#collapseWordTitle174">chromosomes</a>; <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> wraps around histones.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/04/what-is-genetics/">What Is Genetics?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle142"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord142" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-H" data-bs-target="#collapseWord142" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord142">Hormone</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord142" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle142"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio142');return false;">Hormone<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio142"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Hormone-BDl.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass5696205DEE8E42289263EE7C8DD2C72C">A chemical messenger that affects processes in the body such as growth and development, turning food into energy, sexual function and reproduction, and mood. Hormones are made in one part of the body and travel through the bloodstream to <a href="#collapseWordTitle85">tissues</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle27">organs</a>. Examples include insulin, estrogen, and testosterone.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/07/what-is-a-hormone/">What Is a Hormone?</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle145"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord145" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-H" data-bs-target="#collapseWord145" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord145">Hydrocarbon</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord145" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle145"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio145');return false;">Hydrocarbon<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio145"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Hydrocarbon-bXu.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassBC25502B7A88473E91B446FF378ABED2">An <a href="#collapseWordTitle29">organic</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a> consisting of hydrogen and carbon <a href="#collapseWordTitle73">atoms</a> only.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-I"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-I">I</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle209"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord209" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-I" data-bs-target="#collapseWord209" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord209">Immune response</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord209" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle209"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio209');return false;">Immune response<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio209"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Immune-Response-kTz.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass69DDE2159A724BEA90066CE50DE5816C">When immune cells, also known as white blood cells, find <a href="#collapseWordTitle210" target="_blank">antigens</a> and prompt the body to make <a href="#collapseWordTitle66" target="_blank">antibodies</a> to fight the infection.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle146"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord146" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-I" data-bs-target="#collapseWord146" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord146">Immune system </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord146" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle146"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio146');return false;">Immune system <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio146"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Immune-system-ZSr.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass539FA08F87304E2A81E2AB6CADF81668">A network of <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a>, <a href="#collapseWordTitle85">tissues</a>, and <a href="#collapseWordTitle27">organs</a> that work together to protect the body from infection.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/12/what-is-the-immune-system/">What Is the Immune System?</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle226"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord226" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-I" data-bs-target="#collapseWord226" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord226">Immunology</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord226" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle226"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio226');return false;">Immunology<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio226"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Immunology-SSN.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass9EBC3B8D6A154E90B1CE8D2976FDF963">The branch of biology and medicine dealing with the <a href="#collapseWordTitle146" target="_blank">immune system</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/12/what-is-the-immune-system/">What Is the Immune System?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle214"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord214" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-I" data-bs-target="#collapseWord214" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord214">Immunomodulator</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord214" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle214"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio214');return false;">Immunomodulator<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio214"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Immunomodulator-g00.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass539FA08F87304E2A81E2AB6CADF81668">(im-yoo-noh-MAH-juh-LAY-tur) A substance that stimulates or suppresses the <a href="#collapseWordTitle146">immune system</a> and may help the body fight cancer, infection, or other diseases.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle147"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord147" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-I" data-bs-target="#collapseWord147" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord147">Immunotherapy</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord147" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle147"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio147');return false;">Immunotherapy<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio147"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Immunotherapy-8ll.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass3A8B204BAD0D450381C920B28B3CCA42">(im-yoo-noh-THAYR-uh-pee) A medical treatment to stimulate or suppress a patient's <a href="#collapseWordTitle146">immune system</a> to help the body fight disease. Health care providers can use immunotherapy to treat patients with cancer or after an <a href="#collapseWordTitle27">organ</a> transplant, among other uses.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle149"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord149" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-I" data-bs-target="#collapseWord149" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord149">Imprinting</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord149" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle149"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio149');return false;">Imprinting<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio149"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Imprinting-G3R.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass2D623DFD9CA94AB6B471D094FDC445A1">When a <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">gene</a> may be expressed differently in an offspring depending on the sex of the parent who passed on the gene.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle151"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord151" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-I" data-bs-target="#collapseWord151" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord151">Inflammation </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord151" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle151"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio151');return false;">Inflammation <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio151"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Inflammation-LaT.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassE68F0E8AEACA42D0994CBAEAA39198EE">The body's response to infection or injury, causing redness, swelling, heat, and pain.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle153"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord153" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-I" data-bs-target="#collapseWord153" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord153">Inhibitor</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord153" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle153"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio153');return false;">Inhibitor<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio153"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Inhibitor-aJf.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassFD56528BBCFE42BCB3462B75040BCE0D">A <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a> that "inhibits," or blocks, the biological action of another molecule.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle155"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord155" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-I" data-bs-target="#collapseWord155" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord155">Inorganic </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord155" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle155"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio155');return false;">Inorganic <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio155"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Inorganic-ncc.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass62A3A7E79E284AF080D533519FE1B690">Referring to a substance not derived from a living <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism</a> and/or not composed of carbon and hydrogen. Opposite of <a href="#collapseWordTitle29">organic</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle207"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord207" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-I" data-bs-target="#collapseWord207" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord207">Insult</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord207" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle207"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio207');return false;">Insult<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio207"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Insult-Cgv.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass500ED8961984441A81815327C76160F1"><div>An injury to the body or a body part, or something that causes or could potentially cause such injury.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2022/09/in-other-words-insult-a-sick-burn-or-a-burn-that-makes-you-sick/">In Other Words: Insult—A "Sick Burn" or a Burn That Makes You Sick?</a></div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle200"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord200" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-I" data-bs-target="#collapseWord200" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord200">Invertebrate</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord200" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle200"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio200');return false;">Invertebrate<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio200"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Invertebrate-b2q.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass9210526E8E494521962A1C10B1F9BD20">The group of animals that don’t have a backbone. Examples include flies, worms, jellyfish, spiders, clams, and snails.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle157"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord157" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-I" data-bs-target="#collapseWord157" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord157">Ion</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord157" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle157"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio157');return false;">Ion<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio157"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Ion-RMf.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass4F1CF2C846EC44D09C6882E21DD66445">An electrically charged <a href="#collapseWordTitle73">atom</a> or <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/04/in-other-words-what-being-unionized-means-for-molecules/">In Other Words: What Being Unionized Means for Molecules</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle158"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord158" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-I" data-bs-target="#collapseWord158" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord158">Isotope</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord158" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle158"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio158');return false;">Isotope<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio158"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Isotope-edJ.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass8E54A7BE51974432BE3F9D6F8CE6A839">(AHY-suh-tohp) A form of a chemical element that contains the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons than other forms of the element. Researchers often use isotopes to trace <a href="#collapseWordTitle73">atoms</a> or <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a> in a <a href="#collapseWordTitle166">metabolic pathway</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-L"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-L">L</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle159"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord159" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-L" data-bs-target="#collapseWord159" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord159">Lipid </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord159" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle159"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio159');return false;">Lipid <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio159"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Lipid-nAD.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass09D5AE16DAFA4F6CB80F08173D24B45F">Any of a diverse group of <a href="#collapseWordTitle29">organic</a> compounds that don't dissolve in water. Lipids include fats and oils, <a href="#collapseWordTitle38">phospholipids</a> (large components of <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle165">membranes</a>), waxes, and steroids (including <a href="#collapseWordTitle172">cholesterol</a>, a precursor to many <a href="#collapseWordTitle142">hormones</a>). <br> <br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2022/07/science-snippet-lipids-in-the-limelight/">Science Snippet: Lipids In the Limelight</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle229"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord229" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-L" data-bs-target="#collapseWord229" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord229">Lipoprotein</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord229" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle229"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio229');return false;">Lipoprotein<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio229"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Lipoprotein-0NP.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassF8CCD66945C54334B5219628CF8DAC1F"><div>A substance containing both <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle159">lipids</a>. Insoluble ones are found in cell <a href="#collapseWordTitle165">membranes</a>. Soluble ones are found in blood and transport hydrophobic lipids, such as <a href="#collapseWordTitle172">cholesterol</a>, through the body.<br></div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle160"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord160" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-L" data-bs-target="#collapseWord160" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord160">Liposome</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord160" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle160"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio160');return false;">Liposome<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio160"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Liposome-EbE.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassE674684F736C4D68A0287255B14D4F18">(LAHY-puh-sohm) An oily, microscopic capsule designed to package and deliver biological cargo, such as drugs, to <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> in the body.<br> <br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2022/07/science-snippet-lipids-in-the-limelight/">Science Snippet: Lipids In the Limelight</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle161"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord161" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-L" data-bs-target="#collapseWord161" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord161">Lysosome</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord161" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle161"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio161');return false;">Lysosome<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio161"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Lysosome-7X5.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassFA5D9973B2A748A280CEA7B08513F1FE">(LAHY-suh-sohm) A bubblelike <a href="#collapseWordTitle28">organelle</a> that contains powerful <a href="#collapseWordTitle118">enzymes</a> that break apart biological materials into nutrients and building blocks. Lysosomes also break apart waste and transport the waste to the outside of the <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/11/how-do-cells-recycle-and-take-out-the-trash/">How Do Cells Recycle and Take Out the Trash?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-M"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-M">M</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle218"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord218" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord218" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord218">Machine learning</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord218" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle218"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio218');return false;">Machine learning<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio218"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Machine-learning-lkx.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassAF32A58DD2F74FA7BBF57E99C51D409D">An approach to <a href="#collapseWordTitle217">artificial intelligence</a> in which a computer algorithm (a set of rules and procedures) is developed to analyze and make predictions from data that is fed into the system. Machine learning-based technologies are routinely used every day, such as personalized news feeds and traffic prediction maps.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle162"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord162" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord162" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord162">Mass spectrometry</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord162" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle162"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio162');return false;">Mass spectrometry<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio162"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Mass-spectrometry-zed.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass2936002968BD4A91A842C7CE05772229">(spek-TROM-ih-tree) An analytical technique used to determine the composition and abundance of the <a href="#collapseWordTitle73">atoms</a> in a <a href="#collapseWordTitle202">molecular</a> substance. Typical applications include dating of geologic samples; analysis of <a href="#collapseWordTitle155">inorganic</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle29">organic</a> chemicals, especially for small amounts of impurities; and determining the structural formula of complex organic substances.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle163"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord163" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord163" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord163">Medicinal chemistry</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord163" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle163"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio163');return false;">Medicinal chemistry<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio163"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Medicinal-chemistry-BmW.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass659899F6BE634834B1675C7C3544819F">An area of study involved with designing and making medicines for use in humans and animals.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle252"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord252" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord252" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord252">Medicine</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord252" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle252"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio252');return false;">Medicine<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio252"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Medicine-auD.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassA8EC95417F5141BA9219440E72BCB0BD">A type of <a href="#collapseWordTitle251">drug</a>—a chemical or biological <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a>—that is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to diagnose, treat, or prevent specific health issues.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/08/what-is-pharmacology/">What Is Pharmacology?</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle164"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord164" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord164" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord164">Meiosis</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord164" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle164"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio164');return false;">Meiosis<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio164"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Meiosis-AFX.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassF5AC0398B6B246F597A1378432222EE0">(mahy-OH-sis) The type of <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> division that makes egg and sperm cells. Meiosis generates cells that are genetically different from one another and contain half the total number of <a href="#collapseWordTitle174">chromosomes</a> in the parent cell. The other type of cell division is <a href="#collapseWordTitle193">mitosis</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2021/09/make-like-a-cell-and-split-comparing-mitosis-and-meiosis/">Make Like a Cell and Split: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle165"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord165" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord165" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord165">Membrane</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord165" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle165"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio165');return false;">Membrane<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio165"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Membrane-h6h.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass2966D64877D441F393A58BDD38745B7B">A semi-fluid layer of <a href="#collapseWordTitle159">lipids</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a>. Membranes enclose <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle28">organelles</a> and control passage of materials into and out of them.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2021/12/science-snippet-the-marvels-of-membranes/">Science Snippet: The Marvels of Membranes</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle166"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord166" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord166" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord166">Metabolic pathway</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord166" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle166"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio166');return false;">Metabolic pathway<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio166"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Metabolic-pathway-eVV.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass766A507CBFE94DA397B00D3F585F2893">(met-uh-BOL-ik) A linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> that build up or break down <a href="#collapseWordTitle29">organic</a><a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a>, releasing or using energy in the process, called <a href="#collapseWordTitle253">metabolism</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/?p=13437">What Is Metabolism?</a> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle253"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord253" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord253" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord253">Metabolism</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord253" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle253"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio253');return false;">Metabolism<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio253"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Metabolism-BfF.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass9785CF09EFE14799B259510F479B3F57">The chemical changes that occur in a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> or an <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism</a> to break down a <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a>, whether food, <a href="#collapseWordTitle252">medicines</a>, or biological substances, by <a href="#collapseWordTitle118">enzymes</a>. Metabolism produces energy and materials needed for growth and also gets rid of toxic substances. The product of a metabolic reaction is called a <a href="#collapseWordTitle208">metabolite.</a><br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/?p=13437">What Is Metabolism?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle208"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord208" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord208" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord208">Metabolite</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord208" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle208"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio208');return false;">Metabolite<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio208"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Metabolite-iYc.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass6A6C139C4B67469BB27B3026E81BD5E0">(muh-TAB-uh-lahyt) A substance made or used when the body breaks down food, drugs, or chemicals through <a href="#collapseWordTitle253">metabolism</a>. <br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle167"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord167" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord167" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord167">Microarray</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord167" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle167"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio167');return false;">Microarray<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio167"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Microarray-7yb.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass55BF695CC3D84E4EB056065F7E0AAA85">A technology used to study the expression of many <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">genes</a> at once. A scientist places thousands of gene sequences in known locations on a glass slide called a gene chip. A sample containing <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> or <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">RNA</a> is placed in contact with the gene chip. Light is produced to show genes expressed in the sample.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle259"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord259" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord259" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord259">Microbe</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord259" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle259"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio259');return false;">Microbe<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio259"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Microbe-Caz.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassF239771D5DE3416490B2436CDFB1B558"><div>A general term describing microscopic agents that can cause diseases and infect hosts or can be in beneficial <a href="#collapseWordTitle247" target="_blank">symbiotic</a> relationships with hosts. The term includes <a href="#collapseWordTitle91" target="_blank">viruses</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle169" target="_blank">microorganisms</a> like <a href="#collapseWordTitle79" target="_blank">bacteria</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle256" target="_blank">fungi</a>.</div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle225"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord225" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord225" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord225">Microbiology</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord225" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle225"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio225');return false;">Microbiology<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio225"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Microbiology-hP9.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass9EBC3B8D6A154E90B1CE8D2976FDF963">The branch of biology dealing with the study of <a href="#collapseWordTitle169" target="_blank">microorganisms</a>.</div><br></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle168"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord168" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord168" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord168">Microbiome</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord168" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle168"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio168');return false;">Microbiome<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio168"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Microbiome-b7P.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassFFADBE210ADB4DE1B6C58F0E2C8ACADF">(mahy-kroh-BAHY-ohm) All the <a href="#collapseWordTitle259">microbes</a>—including <a href="#collapseWordTitle79">bacteria</a>, <a href="#collapseWordTitle91">viruses</a>, and <a href="#collapseWordTitle256">fungi</a>—that live on or in an environment, such as the skin or digestive system. Scientists study the human microbiome to learn more about its role in human health. Some people use the terms <em>microbiome</em> and <em>microbiota</em> interchangeably, but others distinguish the term <em>microbiome</em> as referring to only the <a href="#collapseWordTitle131">genomes</a> of these microbes.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/?p=13203">What Is the Microbiome?</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle169"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord169" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord169" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord169">Microorganism</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord169" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle169"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio169');return false;">Microorganism<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio169"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Microorganism-ZrE.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassE2FF438257754C8F83C2C6F521B03F3F">A microscopic <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism</a> that can be seen only with the aid of a microscope and is usually just a single <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle170"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord170" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord170" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord170">MicroRNA</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord170" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle170"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio170');return false;">MicroRNA<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio170"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/MicroRNA-LbF.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass7D09482EF4D246E0876FB63EFDD1BC5B">A short piece of <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">RNA</a> that binds to <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">messenger RNA</a>, blocking its ability to make <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle223"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord223" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord223" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord223">Microscopy</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord223" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle223"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio223');return false;">Microscopy<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio223"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Light-Microscopy-Pqu.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassC539006B4376462AB9D41A07AD763CF8">A technique used to visualize objects with a microscope. The microscope creates a magnified image by directing a beam of light at the object and through one or a series of lenses. The image is in color and can be observed with the eye directly or recorded as a photo or video.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle171"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord171" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord171" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord171">Mitochondrion</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord171" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle171"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio171');return false;">Mitochondrion<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio171"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Mitochondrion-c55.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass4C6EA86468CB4F6DBD428E53B2EE6D43">(mahy-tuh-KON-dree-uhn) (plural: mitochondria) The <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell's</a> power plant; the <a href="#collapseWordTitle28">organelle</a> that converts food and oxygen into energy to fuel the cell. Mitochondria contain their own small <a href="#collapseWordTitle131">genomes</a> and appear to have descended from free-living <a href="#collapseWordTitle79">bacteria.</a><br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2020/05/the-maternal-magic-of-mitochondria/">The Maternal Magic of Mitochondria</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle193"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord193" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord193" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord193">Mitosis</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord193" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle193"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio193');return false;">Mitosis<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio193"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Mitosis-9a0.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass8A283F05FB284AFCB38A691DC82E1144">(mahy-TOH-sis) The type of cell division that <a href="#collapseWordTitle120">eukaryotic</a> cells use to make new body <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a>. Mitosis results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell. The other type of cell division is <a href="#collapseWordTitle164">meiosis</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2021/09/make-like-a-cell-and-split-comparing-mitosis-and-meiosis/">Make Like a Cell and Split: Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle194"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord194" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord194" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord194">Model organisms</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord194" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle194"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio194');return false;">Model organisms<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio194"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Model-organisms-2xu.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass6A525A7ACADE4CF694FDDD113E671033">A small group of <a href="#collapseWordTitle56">research organisms</a> that help us understand the biology of humans. Examples include yeast, fruit flies, worms, zebrafish, and mice.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle202"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord202" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord202" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord202">Molecular</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord202" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle202"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio202');return false;">Molecular<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio202"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Molecular-T6B.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass2E50DA82BEF14A51A777C301614C8AE2">Molecular describes things related to, consisting of, or produced by <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a>.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle228"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord228" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord228" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord228">Molecular modeling</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord228" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle228"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio228');return false;">Molecular modeling<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio228"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Molecular-Modeling-fzE.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass7420C6A226514517A0F04BC3AC8CF8D3">The study of molecular structures, their chemical and physical characteristics, and their behaviors in different environments using theoretical and computational techniques.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle195"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord195" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord195" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord195">Molecular target</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord195" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle195"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio195');return false;">Molecular target<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio195"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Molecular-target-8m5.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass60CBDC341A674AAB8896E856EE1D0907">The <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a> researchers design a drug to bind to, producing therapeutic effects. Often, these molecules are receptors, and the drug can be an <a href="#collapseWordTitle5">agonist</a> that activates the receptor or an <a href="#collapseWordTitle59">antagonist</a> that blocks the receptor.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle196"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord196" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord196" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord196">Molecule</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord196" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle196"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio196');return false;">Molecule<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio196"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Molecule-bJD.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass3B626C8028264941A4711D9ADC7E32B5">The smallest unit of matter that retains all of the physical and chemical properties of that substance. It consists of one or more identical <a href="#collapseWordTitle73">atoms</a> or a group of different atoms bonded together. For example, a water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle14"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord14" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord14" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord14">Mutation</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord14" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle14"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio14');return false;">Mutation<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio14"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Mutation-Wx7.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassEDDC8F67D5684E90A90F5866ED0128B3">A <a href="#collapseWordTitle240">variant</a>, or <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> change, in an <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism</a>. In humans, usually refers to a disease-causing change.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle15"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord15" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-M" data-bs-target="#collapseWord15" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord15">Myelin</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord15" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle15"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio15');return false;">Myelin<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio15"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Myelin-DTe.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassB00E0941B4F44DC1AF35B9DF036FA9E3">(MAHY-uh-lin) A fatty covering that protects <a href="#collapseWordTitle19">nerve</a> fibers and makes nerve signals move quickly through the nervous system.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-N"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-N">N</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle254"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord254" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-N" data-bs-target="#collapseWord254" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord254">Nanoparticle</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord254" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle254"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio254');return false;">Nanoparticle<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio254"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Nanoparticle-SYI.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass01BCBBACDDEA4B6EBC92FC65FCFEC497"><div>A particle that is less than 100 nanometers (one-billionth of a meter) in all dimensions. They can be used as <a href="#collapseWordTitle109">drug delivery</a> systems for the targeted delivery and/or controlled release of drugs, such as <a href="#collapseWordTitle66">antibodies</a>, imaging agents, and cancer treatments, throughout the body. Also called nanomaterials. <br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/12/science-snippet-zooming-in-on-nanoparticles/">Science Snippet: Zooming In on Nanoparticles</a>.</div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle16"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord16" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-N" data-bs-target="#collapseWord16" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord16">Nanotechnology</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord16" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle16"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio16');return false;">Nanotechnology<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio16"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Nanotechnology-1s2.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass62AA3488CACE4370B32C4FE63AE64CD9">(NAN-uh-tek-nol-uh-jee) Study of the control of matter on an <a href="#collapseWordTitle73">atomic</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecular</a> scale. A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter, or about the circumference of a marble in comparison to that of the Earth. Researchers can use nanotechnology across many fields of science, such as <a href="#collapseWordTitle154">chemistry</a>, biology, physics, and materials science.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle17"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord17" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-N" data-bs-target="#collapseWord17" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord17">Natural product</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord17" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle17"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio17');return false;">Natural product<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio17"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Natural-product-Dl6.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassF22E0299AD3043FD82153C04091F76E7">A <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a> produced by a living <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism</a>—a plant, marine organism, or <a href="#collapseWordTitle169">microorganism</a>—that often has a medicinal use.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle18"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord18" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-N" data-bs-target="#collapseWord18" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord18">Necrosis</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord18" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle18"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio18');return false;">Necrosis<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio18"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Necrosis-Bbj.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass865DBBDF0A8F4E3E96252F45167A13E6">(neh-KROH-sis) <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">Cell</a> death caused by trauma or infection. One other type of cell death is called <a href="#collapseWordTitle72">apoptosis</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/11/why-do-cells-die/">Why Do Cells Die?</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle199"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord199" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-N" data-bs-target="#collapseWord199" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord199">Neoblast</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord199" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle199"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio199');return false;">Neoblast<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio199"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Neoblast-XAz.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassF69BE6C4341D4CD992C9C4234E0B7863">A type of <a href="#collapseWordTitle74">stem cell</a>. Neoblasts are found throughout the planarian worm anatomy and are responsible for <a href="#collapseWordTitle54">regeneration</a>.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle19"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord19" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-N" data-bs-target="#collapseWord19" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord19">Nerve cell</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord19" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle19"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio19');return false;">Nerve cell<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio19"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Nerve-cell-NWU.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassC98A0CF6520743BDAA7FAE15E6D64D2D">A <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> in the <a href="#collapseWordTitle138">nervous system</a> that carries information through electrical impulses and chemical messengers such as <a href="#collapseWordTitle20">neurotransmitters</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle142">hormones</a>. Also called a neuron.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2022/02/science-snippet-get-to-know-your-nerve-cells/">Science Snippet: Get to Know Your Nerve Cells!</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle138"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord138" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-N" data-bs-target="#collapseWord138" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord138">Nervous system</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord138" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle138"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio138');return false;">Nervous system<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio138"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Central-nervous-system-hVt.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassA1EE263A195A4593AFF0A241613A0843"><p>Controls all the workings of the body by transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body. It's composed of <a href="/education/Pages/Glossary.aspx#collapseWordTitle19">nerve cells</a>, or neurons, that send messages through <a href="/education/Pages/Glossary.aspx#collapseWordTitle20">neurotransmitters</a>. It has two main parts:</p><ul><li>Central nervous system (CNS): made up of the brain and spinal cord</li><li>Peripheral nervous system: made up of nerves that branch off the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body</li></ul></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle266"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord266" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-N" data-bs-target="#collapseWord266" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord266">Neuron</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord266" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle266"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio266');return false;">Neuron<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio266"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Neuron-TJv.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassAC8EFED6653B4523B4928B87517D96A8"><div>A <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> in the <a href="#collapseWordTitle138">nervous system</a> that carries information through electrical impulses and chemical messengers such as <a href="#collapseWordTitle20">neurotransmitters</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle142">hormones</a>. Also called a nerve cell.</div><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2022/02/science-snippet-get-to-know-your-nerve-cells/">Science Snippet: Get to Know Your Nerve Cells</a>!<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle20"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord20" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-N" data-bs-target="#collapseWord20" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord20">Neurotransmitter</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord20" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle20"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio20');return false;">Neurotransmitter<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio20"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Neurotransmitter-4XL.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassD9B974004201418A826844C02783F90C">(nyoor-oh-TRANS-mit-ur) A chemical messenger that passes signals between nerve cells or between a <a href="#collapseWordTitle19">nerve cell</a> and another type of <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/08/what-is-a-neurotransmitter/">What Is a Neurotransmitter?</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle21"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord21" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-N" data-bs-target="#collapseWord21" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord21">NSAID</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord21" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle21"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio21');return false;">NSAID<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio21"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/NSAID-0AM.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass105B4B4C33534BA6AB795B866E19FB48">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, such as aspirin or ibuprofen, that reduces pain and <a href="#collapseWordTitle151">inflammation</a>.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle22"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord22" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-N" data-bs-target="#collapseWord22" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord22">Nuclear envelope</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord22" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle22"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio22');return false;">Nuclear envelope<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio22"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Nuclear-envelope-a4d.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass263700F162D340D39D09ADD5BF397A3F">(NOO-klee-ur) A barrier that encloses the <a href="#collapseWordTitle25">nucleus</a> of a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> and controls the passage of <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a> between the nucleus and <a href="#collapseWordTitle188">cytoplasm</a>. For example, <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">RNA</a> molecules made in the nucleus need to be passed into the cytoplasm for <a href="#collapseWordTitle48">protein synthesis</a>.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle23"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord23" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-N" data-bs-target="#collapseWord23" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord23">Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord23" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle23"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio23');return false;">Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio23"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Nuclear-magnetic-resonance--NMR--spectroscopy-S8U.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassFCB5A9211DCC40AA9239182EBD7A782A">(NOO-klee-ur mag-NET-ik REZ-uh-nuhns spek-TROS-kuh-pee) A technique used to determine the detailed, three-dimensional structure of <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a> and, more broadly, to study the physical, chemical, and biological properties of matter. It uses a strong magnet that interacts with the natural magnetic properties in <a href="#collapseWordTitle73">atomic</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle25">nuclei</a>.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle242"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord242" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-N" data-bs-target="#collapseWord242" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord242">Nucleic acids</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord242" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle242"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio242');return false;">Nucleic acids<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio242"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Nucleic-acids-oyb.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass59D790ADC5084985B0DCD88703A76B5F"><div>(noo-KLAY-ik): Large biomolecules that are essential in <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle91">viruses</a> to store and express <a href="#collapseWordTitle131">genomic</a> information. <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)</a> encodes the information cells need to make <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a>. <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">Ribonucleic acid (RNA)</a> comes in different forms that play multiple cellular roles, including <a href="#collapseWordTitle48">protein synthesis</a>.</div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle24"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord24" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-N" data-bs-target="#collapseWord24" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord24">Nucleotide</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord24" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle24"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio24');return false;">Nucleotide<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio24"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Nucleotide-d9M.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass27708A920CA9498C83AA8F2687F85B17">(NOO-klee-uh-tahyd) A building block of <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> or <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">RNA</a>. It includes one base, one phosphate <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a>, and one sugar molecule (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA). Thousands of nucleotides bind together to form a molecule of DNA or RNA.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle25"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord25" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-N" data-bs-target="#collapseWord25" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord25">Nucleus</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord25" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle25"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio25');return false;">Nucleus<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio25"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Nucleus-2ow.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassAAE7392C9F044F2A9214A6222D85AF61">(NOO-klee-uhs) (plural: nuclei) Biology: The <a href="#collapseWordTitle165">membrane</a>-bound structure within a <a href="#collapseWordTitle120">eukaryotic cell</a> that contains most of the cell's <a href="#collapseWordTitle130">genetic</a> material. Chemistry: The positively charged core of an <a href="#collapseWordTitle73">atom</a>, consisting of <a href="#collapseWordTitle261">protons</a> and neutrons.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-O"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-O">O</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle26"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord26" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-O" data-bs-target="#collapseWord26" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord26">Oocyte</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord26" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle26"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio26');return false;">Oocyte<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio26"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Oocyte-SWg.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass16177F20787B4EEB981EA858CEF31FFC">(OH-uh-sahyt) The developing female reproductive <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a>; an immature egg.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle27"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord27" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-O" data-bs-target="#collapseWord27" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord27">Organ</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord27" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle27"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio27');return false;">Organ<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio27"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Organ-OiD.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassB033227242F24FAE944CCA3F3ED3200E"><p>A group of <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> and <a href="#collapseWordTitle85">tissues</a> that perform a specific job, including the heart, brain, kidneys, liver, and lung. </p> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle28"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord28" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-O" data-bs-target="#collapseWord28" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord28">Organelle</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord28" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle28"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio28');return false;">Organelle<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio28"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Organelle-aHc.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassC43EDA558F6A40A08BD18817203DD196">(Ohr-guh-NEL) A specialized structure that has a defined function in the <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a>. Organelles include the <a href="#collapseWordTitle25">nucleus</a>, <a href="#collapseWordTitle171">mitochondria</a>, <a href="#collapseWordTitle137">Golgi</a>, <a href="#collapseWordTitle117">endoplasmic reticulum (ER)</a>, and <a href="#collapseWordTitle161">lysosomes</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2021/03/take-a-tour-of-your-cells-organelles/">Take a Tour of Your Cells' Organelles!</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle29"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord29" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-O" data-bs-target="#collapseWord29" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord29">Organic</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord29" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle29"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio29');return false;">Organic<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio29"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Organic-ptb.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass06AB53447579445FA7CD149A517AE2B2">Referring to carbon-containing compounds that are the basis for all living <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organisms</a>. Opposite of <a href="#collapseWordTitle155">inorganic</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/07/in-other-words-whats-it-mean-to-be-organic/">In Other Words: What's It Mean to Be Organic?</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle30"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord30" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-O" data-bs-target="#collapseWord30" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord30">Organism</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord30" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle30"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio30');return false;">Organism<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio30"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Organism-4nv.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassA8F87B3E1BFC4951B4E268AECEF78DA1">An individual animal, plant, or single-<a href="#collapseWordTitle104">celled</a> life form.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle198"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord198" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-O" data-bs-target="#collapseWord198" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord198">Organogenesis</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord198" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle198"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio198');return false;">Organogenesis<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio198"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/organogenesis-aVJ.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass0C16BC499CF44EDAB50F54852F1CBE9E">The production and development of the <a href="#collapseWordTitle27">organs</a> of an animal or plant.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle257"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord257" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-O" data-bs-target="#collapseWord257" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord257">Organoid</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord257" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle257"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio257');return false;">Organoid<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio257"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Organoid-Eq0.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassB6AC790999204D3D9090BBD212BFBF90">(OHR-guh-noyd): A 3D, mini-<a href="#collapseWordTitle27">organ</a>-like structure made by growing <a href="#collapseWordTitle74">stem cells</a> in the laboratory. They contain many types of <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> and closely mimic the structure, organization, and some of the functions of human <a href="#collapseWordTitle85">tissues</a> and organs. They’re used to study how tissues form and respond to certain conditions or <a href="#collapseWordTitle251">drugs</a>.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle255"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord255" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-O" data-bs-target="#collapseWord255" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord255">Organometallic</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord255" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle255"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio255');return false;">Organometallic<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio255"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Organometallic-ZDw.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass0AAAD20C8F0041EC8F892D1BD8804D5C"><div>Referring to a substance containing a metal <a href="#collapseWordTitle73">atom</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle148">bonded</a> to an <a href="#collapseWordTitle29">organic</a> atom or atoms (usually carbon).</div><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle258"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord258" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-O" data-bs-target="#collapseWord258" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord258">Organ-on-chip</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord258" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle258"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio258');return false;">Organ-on-chip<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio258"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Organ-on-chip-ksX.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassC9A897C820EE4D05B8DA70D04B8C02DA">A system containing human <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> or <a href="#collapseWordTitle85">tissues</a> grown inside a microfluidic chip. They mimic the structure and function of different <a href="#collapseWordTitle27">organs</a> and can be used for <a href="#collapseWordTitle251">drug</a> development, disease modeling, and personalized medicine. Also called tissue chips.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-P"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-P">P</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle265"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord265" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord265" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord265">Parasite</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord265" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle265"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio265');return false;">Parasite<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio265"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Parasite-20Z.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass6271A1AA9A464F09A400E0CB0F979E48"><div>An <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism</a> that lives on or in another organism—its host—and obtains its food from or at the expense of its host. This relationship between parasite and host is called parasitic <a href="#collapseWordTitle247">symbiosis</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/08/science-snippet-the-significance-of-symbiotic-relationships/">Science Snippet: The Significance of Symbiotic Relationships</a>.</div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle213"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord213" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord213" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord213">Pathogen</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord213" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle213"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio213');return false;">Pathogen<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio213"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Pathogen-a7e.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass5CD0366CD9994816A10F385C5328ECD6">A <a href="#collapseWordTitle79">bacterium</a>, <a href="#collapseWordTitle91">virus</a>, or other <a href="#collapseWordTitle169">microorganism</a> that can cause disease.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle221"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord221" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord221" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord221">Pathway</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord221" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle221"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio221');return false;">Pathway<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio221"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Pathway-nY6.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass680186D33D294F0A98D0A2DA97D01676">A series of actions among molecules in a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> that leads to a certain product or change within that cell, such as spurring cell movement, assembling new <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a>, or turning <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">genes</a> on and off.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2021/12/in-other-words-the-pathways-inside-our-bodies/">In Other Words: The Pathways Inside Our Bodies</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle31"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord31" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord31" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord31">Peptide</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord31" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle31"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio31');return false;">Peptide<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio31"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Peptide-XwU.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass3B8576F644F64E089C799FB854AB3C7B">(PEP-tahyd) A <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a> consisting of a chain of <a href="#collapseWordTitle6">amino acids</a>; a small <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> fragment.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle33"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord33" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord33" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord33">Pharmacodynamics</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord33" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle33"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio33');return false;">Pharmacodynamics<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio33"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Pharmacodynamics-xJi.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassAE77BFAFC2264476BEDDBA326FB54CCA">(fahr-muh-koh-dahy-NAM-iks) A branch of <a href="#collapseWordTitle37">pharmacology</a> studying how drugs act on their <a href="#collapseWordTitle195">molecular targets</a> and on the organs and tissues in the body.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/10/how-do-medicines-work/">How Do Medicines Work?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle34"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord34" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord34" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord34">Pharmacogenetics</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord34" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle34"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio34');return false;">Pharmacogenetics<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio34"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Pharmacogenetics-hGT.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassFCACDC38960A43768CD2AC46172F771C">(fahr-muh-koh-juh-NET-iks) The study of how people's <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">genes</a> affect their bodies’ responses to medicines, often one gene at a time.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/08/what-is-pharmacology/">What Is Pharmacology?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle35"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord35" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord35" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord35">Pharmacogenomics</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord35" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle35"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio35');return false;">Pharmacogenomics<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio35"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Pharmacogenomics-MGo.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassC6D0E862601044DF9F749C2968D97334">(fahr-muh-koh-jee-NOHM-iks) The study of how people's <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">genes</a> affect their bodies’ responses to medicines, often encompassing the entire <a href="#collapseWordTitle131">genome</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/08/what-is-pharmacology/">What Is Pharmacology?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle36"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord36" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord36" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord36">Pharmacokinetics</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord36" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle36"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio36');return false;">Pharmacokinetics<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio36"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Pharmacokinetics-el8.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassB39484C3F0D64FFDAA48B3CF35EF1460">(fahr-muh-koh-kih-NET-iks) A branch of <a href="#collapseWordTitle37">pharmacology</a> studying the level of a drug and its breakdown products in the blood over time.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/09/what-happens-to-medicine-in-your-body/">What Happens to Medicine in Your Body?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle37"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord37" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord37" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord37">Pharmacology</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord37" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle37"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio37');return false;">Pharmacology<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio37"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Pharmacology-80T.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass2527ECF4E31F466583B844C38A15D500">(fahr-muh-KOL-uh-jee) The study of how <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a> from outside the body interact with <a href="#collapseWordTitle27">organ</a> systems, for example in cell signaling and communications.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/08/what-is-pharmacology/">What Is Pharmacology?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle233"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord233" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord233" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord233">Phenotype</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord233" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle233"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio233');return false;">Phenotype<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio233"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Phenotype-9lT.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass5CD0366CD9994816A10F385C5328ECD6">(FEE-nuh-tahyp): An individual’s observable traits, such as eye color, height, and blood type. Some phenotypic traits are largely determined by environmental factors, but others are largely determined by the individual’s <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">genes</a>. The genetic contribution to the phenotype is called the <a href="#collapseWordTitle232">genotype</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/05/how-are-physical-features-and-health-conditions-inherited/">How Are Physical Features and Health Conditions Inherited?</a> <br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle38"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord38" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord38" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord38">Phospholipid</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord38" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle38"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio38');return false;">Phospholipid<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio38"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Phospholipid-Diy.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass0DDC6A971335415FA46DC61660D49668">(fos-foh-LIP-id) A type of <a href="#collapseWordTitle159">lipid</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a> made up of two fatty acids, a phosphate group (phosphorous and oxygen), and glycerol (a type of alcohol). Fatty acids are long chains containing mostly hydrogen and carbon. The phosphate “head” of a phospholipid attracts water while the fatty acid chains repel water, so the molecules line up in a double layer with phosphate groups on the outside and fatty acids on the inside to form <a href="#collapseWordTitle165">membranes</a>.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle39"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord39" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord39" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord39">Photosynthesis</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord39" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle39"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio39');return false;">Photosynthesis<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio39"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Photosynthesis-KZF.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassFC25DEF73F234226BC30CE2D0F09F903">A natural process where green plants, algae, and some <a href="#collapseWordTitle79">bacteria</a> use the sun's energy to make <a href="#collapseWordTitle9">carbohydrates</a> from carbon dioxide and water. The carbohydrates are then broken down to produce energy, allowing the plant to grow.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle40"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord40" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord40" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord40">Physical trauma</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord40" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle40"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio40');return false;">Physical trauma<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio40"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Physical-trauma-C7H.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassB4C27509E2FE48C7B2086D3AA7075B44"><p>A serious injury to the body, such as the following:</p><ul><li> <strong>Blunt-force trauma</strong>: When an object or force strikes the body, often causing concussions, deep cuts, or broken bones</li><li> <strong>Penetrating trauma</strong>: When an object pierces the skin or body, usually creating an open wound</li></ul><p>Surgery can also cause physical trauma, sometimes called a controlled injury.<br></p>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2022/09/in-other-words-insult-a-sick-burn-or-a-burn-that-makes-you-sick/">In Other Words: Insult—A "Sick Burn" or a Burn That Makes You Sick?</a> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle41"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord41" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord41" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord41">Physiology</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord41" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle41"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio41');return false;">Physiology<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio41"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Physiology-qTn.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass852A25F190C14AB08E34953DE1DE768F">(fiz-ee-OL-uh-jee) The study of how living <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organisms</a> function.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle42"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord42" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord42" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord42">Plasma membrane </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord42" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle42"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio42');return false;">Plasma membrane <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio42"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Plasma-membrane-kRi.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassE636C25F1A7747A4B6C9B0FA7CA674FD">A double layer of <a href="#collapseWordTitle38">phospholipids</a> with embedded <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> that separates the contents of a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> from its outside environment.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2021/12/science-snippet-the-marvels-of-membranes/">Science Snippet: The Marvels of Membranes</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle43"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord43" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord43" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord43">Polymer</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord43" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle43"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio43');return false;">Polymer<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio43"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Polymer-Dzc.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassC5FEF757114E468DA6A86935DA36A304">(POL-uh-mur) A large <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a> formed by combining small molecules in a simple repeating pattern.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle212"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord212" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord212" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord212">Polysaccharide</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord212" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle212"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio212');return false;">Polysaccharide<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio212"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Polysaccharide-JB2.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass9C64B99BD71242FB8D2EBA5182045BF6">(PAH-lee-SAK-uh-rahyd) A large <a href="#collapseWordTitle9">carbohydrate</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a>; also called glycan. Polysaccharides are made up of many small sugar molecules that are joined chemically.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle44"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord44" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord44" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord44">Precision medicine </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord44" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle44"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio44');return false;">Precision medicine <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio44"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Precision-medicine-lVK.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass5099AF6C20264FD3B556A2BA345D6DDC"><p>An emerging approach for disease prevention and treatment that takes into account individual differences in lifestyle, environment, and biology. </p> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle45"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord45" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord45" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord45">Prokaryotic cell</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord45" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle45"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio45');return false;">Prokaryotic cell<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio45"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Prokaryotic-cell-v8b.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass83D04032B0A04316B4A77FD2BF46478C">(proh-KAYR-ee-oh-tik) A <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> that lacks a <a href="#collapseWordTitle25">nucleus</a>, such as a <a href="#collapseWordTitle79">bacterium</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle47"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord47" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord47" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord47">Proteasome</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord47" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle47"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio47');return false;">Proteasome<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio47"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Proteasome-a86.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass710344C9CA6B492BA6B4E8AC69EDBC31">(PRO-tee-uh-zohm) A cellular machine that breaks down <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> that are no longer needed and recycles or removes the resulting <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/11/how-do-cells-recycle-and-take-out-the-trash/">How Do Cells Recycle and Take Out the Trash?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle49"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord49" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord49" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord49">Protein</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord49" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle49"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio49');return false;">Protein<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio49"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Protein-TZq.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassCB11DB2C76F343E0927053D7B3654BCC">A large, biological <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a> composed of <a href="#collapseWordTitle6">amino acids</a>. Proteins are essential for all life processes. They are arranged in a specific order determined by the <a href="#collapseWordTitle128">genetic code</a> and folded into a specific three-dimensional shape with well-defined structures. Protein structures include <strong>alpha helixes</strong>, short, spiral-shaped sections, and <strong>beta sheets</strong>, pleated sections.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/05/science-snippet-the-power-of-proteins/">Science Snippet: The Power of Proteins</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle48"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord48" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord48" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord48">Protein synthesis</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord48" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle48"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio48');return false;">Protein synthesis<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio48"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Protein-synthesis-eTy.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassD32C170C2D644EB98496491291D4E51B"><p>The process the body uses to create <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> from amino acids in the cell’s <a href="#collapseWordTitle58">ribosomes</a>.</p><ul><li> <strong> <a href="#collapseWordTitle236">Transcription</a></strong>: The first step, in which the information coded in <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> is copied (transcribed) into mRNA</li><li> <strong> <a href="#collapseWordTitle206">Translation</a></strong>: The second step, in which the information encoded in <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">mRNA</a> is used to build the right sequence of <a href="#collapseWordTitle6">amino acids</a><br></li></ul>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2021/08/in-other-words-translation-isnt-only-for-languages/">In Other Words: Translation Isn't Only for Languages</a> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle243"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord243" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord243" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord243">Proteome</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord243" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle243"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio243');return false;">Proteome<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio243"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Proteome-vmj.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass3D09C46F6B6C4FBFA914AB5B0A2BBBEB"><div>(PROH-tee-ohm) The complete set of <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> made by an <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism</a>. Studying the proteome may lead to a better understanding of which proteins are involved in specific diseases or how medicines could be developed to target proteins and treat disease.</div><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle51"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord51" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord51" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord51">Proteomics</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord51" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle51"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio51');return false;">Proteomics<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio51"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Proteomics-APZ.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassAF39251F53F44A10B4444A36B6406171">(proh-tee-OM-iks) The systematic, large-scale study of all <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> in an <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organism</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle261"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord261" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-P" data-bs-target="#collapseWord261" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord261">Proton</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord261" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle261"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio261');return false;">Proton<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio261"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Proton-eMT.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassF9AA7278441340538DB80317B7783FD2"><div>A particle that has a positive charge of electricity and is found in the <a href="#collapseWordTitle25">nucleus</a> of an <a href="#collapseWordTitle73">atom</a>.<br></div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-Q"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-Q">Q</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle235"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord235" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-Q" data-bs-target="#collapseWord235" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord235">Qualitative</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord235" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle235"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio235');return false;">Qualitative<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio235"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Qualitative-ABA.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass5CD0366CD9994816A10F385C5328ECD6">Descriptive; based on interpretation and observations. Qualitative data helps researchers understand the why and how behind certain behaviors, but it is subjective and unique—unlike <a href="#collapseWordTitle234">quantitative</a> data.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle234"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord234" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-Q" data-bs-target="#collapseWord234" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord234">Quantitative</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord234" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle234"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio234');return false;">Quantitative<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio234"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Quantitative-Xxi.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass5CD0366CD9994816A10F385C5328ECD6">Numbers-based, countable, or measurable. Quantitative data tells researchers how many, how much, or how often through calculations and numbers. It is fixed and universal, unlike <a href="#collapseWordTitle235">qualitative</a> data.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-R"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-R">R</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle239"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord239" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-R" data-bs-target="#collapseWord239" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord239">Radiation</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord239" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle239"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio239');return false;">Radiation<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio239"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Radiation-OJp.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass9BA29B3F5DC1410FA76C6967AAC77562"> Energy that comes from a source at the speed of light in the form of waves with an electric field and a magnetic field. Also called electromagnetic waves.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle238"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord238" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-R" data-bs-target="#collapseWord238" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord238">Radioactive</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord238" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle238"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio238');return false;">Radioactive<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio238"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Radioactive-F6C.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassF6A8CE5BF45B41BF81E68418B7B5B0E3">Giving off <a href="#collapseWordTitle239">radiation</a>, often through the spontaneous release of energy from an unstable atom to get to a more stable state.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle230"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord230" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-R" data-bs-target="#collapseWord230" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord230">Reagent</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord230" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle230"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio230');return false;">Reagent<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio230"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Reagent-PNf.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassAEE9AF961D094DCAAD2F30347F0BA453">A substance that reacts with another in a chemical reaction. It can be used to test for the presence of another substance by causing a chemical reaction with it. </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle52"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord52" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-R" data-bs-target="#collapseWord52" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord52">Receptor</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord52" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle52"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio52');return false;">Receptor<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio52"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Receptor-z3e.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass1C96D1180D5E4C47AF9180E86B3F1DAE">A <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> found on the <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> surface to which a signal <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a> attaches. This leads to a cascade of reactions involving several other molecules inside the cell. Specific signal molecules bind to specific receptors, fitting together like a key in a lock. Many medicines target receptor proteins, either triggering a response (<a href="#collapseWordTitle5">agonist</a>) or preventing a response (<a href="#collapseWordTitle59">antagonist</a>).<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/10/how-do-medicines-work/">How Do Medicines Work?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle53"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord53" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-R" data-bs-target="#collapseWord53" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord53">Recombinant DNA</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord53" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle53"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio53');return false;">Recombinant DNA<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio53"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Recombinant-DNA-Mfs.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass77807C0C1FE34404AE2B5E780F4C1508">(ree-KOM-buh-nuhnt) Hybrid <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> produced in the lab by joining pieces of DNA from different sources.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle54"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord54" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-R" data-bs-target="#collapseWord54" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord54">Regeneration</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord54" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle54"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio54');return false;">Regeneration<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio54"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Regeneration-ljk.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassD4212DD9580B45E298188CF56F585209">Regeneration is the natural process of replacing or restoring damaged or missing <a href="/education/Pages/Glossary.aspx#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a>, <a href="/education/Pages/Glossary.aspx#collapseWordTitle85">tissues</a>, <a href="/education/Pages/Glossary.aspx#collapseWordTitle27">organs</a>, and even entire body parts to full function in plants and animals.<br><br>For more, check out our <a href="/education/Pages/Regeneration.aspx">regeneration featured topics page</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle55"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord55" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-R" data-bs-target="#collapseWord55" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord55">Replication</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord55" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle55"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio55');return false;">Replication<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio55"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Replication-oNs.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassEFBD45FB78E44A7B86175665756E3E42">(rep-li-KAY-shuhn) The process by which a <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a> is copied to make two identical DNA molecules. This process is essential for <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> division so that each of the two daughter cells receives the exact same genetic information as the original parent cell.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle56"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord56" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-R" data-bs-target="#collapseWord56" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord56">Research organism </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord56" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle56"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio56');return false;">Research organism <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio56"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Research-organism-e2O.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass1736B9235E57409BB23A943BE7AD82EB">Any creature that scientists use to study life. Examples range from single-<a href="#collapseWordTitle104">celled</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organisms</a> such as <a href="#collapseWordTitle79">bacteria</a> to more complex ones such as mice.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog posts on <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/tag/research-organisms/">research organisms</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle58"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord58" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-R" data-bs-target="#collapseWord58" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord58">Ribosome</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord58" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle58"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio58');return false;">Ribosome<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio58"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Ribosome-bgW.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass73FCE359863F4C758D70C9F9715B21AD">(RAHY-buh-sohm) A <a href="#collapseWordTitle202">molecular</a> complex in which <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> are made. It’s composed of proteins and ribosomal <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">RNA</a>.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle60"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord60" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-R" data-bs-target="#collapseWord60" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord60">RNA (ribonucleic acid)</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord60" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle60"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio60');return false;">RNA (ribonucleic acid)<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio60"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/RNA--ribonucleic-acid--IqF.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass4584626ACEB049BCA821A592B5FC8AB6">(RAHY-buh-noo-clay-ik) A long, usually single-stranded chain of <a href="#collapseWordTitle24">nucleotides</a>. There are three major types of RNA, which are all involved in <a href="#collapseWordTitle48">protein synthesis</a>: <ul><li> <strong>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</strong> is complementary to one of the <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> strands of a <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">gene</a> and carries genetic information to the <a href="#collapseWordTitle58">ribosome</a> for protein synthesis.</li><li> <strong>Transfer RNA (tRNA)</strong> works with mRNA to make sure the right <a href="#collapseWordTitle6">amino acids</a> are inserted into the <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> being made.</li><li> <strong>Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)</strong> (RAHY-buh-sohm-uhl), together with proteins, makes up ribosomes and functions to recognize the mRNA and tRNA that are presented to the ribosomal complex.<br></li></ul><p>Certain <a href="#collapseWordTitle91">viruses</a> contain RNA, instead of <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a>, as their genetic material.<br></p>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2022/05/science-snippet-rnas-remarkable-roles/">Science Snippet: RNA's Remarkable Roles</a> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle62"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord62" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-R" data-bs-target="#collapseWord62" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord62">RNA polymerase</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord62" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle62"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio62');return false;">RNA polymerase<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio62"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/RNA-polymerase-Bo1.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass8DB3779421E2464BB31099F2735BC488">(POL-uh-muh-rays) An <a href="#collapseWordTitle118">enzyme</a> that makes <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">RNA</a> using <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> as a template in a process called <a href="#collapseWordTitle48">transcription</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle63"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord63" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-R" data-bs-target="#collapseWord63" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord63">RNA splicing </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord63" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle63"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio63');return false;">RNA splicing <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio63"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/RNA-splicing-QU4.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassE94A6B1D0CE947D7877137FE7341B367"><p>When noncoding pieces of <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">RNA</a>, called introns, are removed and coding pieces of RNA, called exons, are joined together to produce an <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">mRNA</a> molecule.</p></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle64"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord64" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-R" data-bs-target="#collapseWord64" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord64">RNAi (RNA interference) </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord64" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle64"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio64');return false;">RNAi (RNA interference) <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio64"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/RNAi--RNA-interference--ege.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass9333608EED4D4F51A283581400B1E93F"><p>A naturally occurring process in which small pieces of double-stranded <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">RNA</a> are used to prevent translation of <a href="#collapseWordTitle60"> messenger RNA</a>. The process occurs in many <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organisms</a> to silence <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">genes</a> when their <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> products are no longer needed. When RNAi doesn’t work as it should, it may lead to certain diseases. RNAi has an important role in basic research allowing scientists to directly observe the effects of the loss of function of specific genes.</p></div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-S"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-S">S</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle68"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord68" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-S" data-bs-target="#collapseWord68" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord68">Sepsis </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord68" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle68"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio68');return false;">Sepsis <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio68"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Sepsis-trE.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass315EC78A1F2542A2B1023A7D1F189052">A person’s overwhelming or impaired whole-body immune response to an <a href="#collapseWordTitle207">insult</a>—an infection or an injury to the body, or something else that provokes such a response. Most sepsis is caused by <a href="#collapseWordTitle79">bacterial</a> infections, but it can also be caused by <a href="#collapseWordTitle91">viral</a> infections, such as COVID-19 or influenza; fungal infections; or noninfectious insults, such as <a href="#collapseWordTitle40">traumatic injury</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <a href="/education/Pages/Sepsis.aspx">sepsis featured topics page</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle69"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord69" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-S" data-bs-target="#collapseWord69" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord69">Side effect </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord69" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle69"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio69');return false;">Side effect <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio69"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Side-effect-Hvt.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass2B1EA3F7E32D4AEEBC01A5F0A57301A3"><p>The effect of a drug, other than the desired effect, sometimes in an <a href="#collapseWordTitle27">organ</a> other than the target organ.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2023/10/how-do-medicines-work/">How Do Medicines Work?</a><br></p></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle71"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord71" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-S" data-bs-target="#collapseWord71" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord71">Signal transduction</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord71" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle71"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio71');return false;">Signal transduction<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio71"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Signal-transduction-YQf.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass2F83F528A0A6454BBA98B5341B7C0411">(tranz-DUHK-shuhn) When chemical, electrical, or biological signals are transmitted into and within a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a>.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle74"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord74" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-S" data-bs-target="#collapseWord74" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord74">Stem cell </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord74" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle74"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio74');return false;">Stem cell <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio74"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Stem-cell-8qP.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass8D79BE256A1B4A61AD612FF36E6D76DA"><p>A <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> that can develop into many different cell types in the body. When stem cells divide, they can form more stem cells or other specialized cells.</p><ul><li> <strong>Adult stem cells</strong>: Cells found throughout the body that replace <a href="#collapseWordTitle85">tissue</a> damaged by disease, injury, or age</li><li> <strong>Embryonic stem cell</strong> (em-bree-ON-ik): A cell found in early embryos that can become any kind of cell in the body</li><li> <strong>Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)</strong> (ploor-uh-POHT-nt): Specialized <a href="#collapseWordTitle85">tissue</a> or <a href="#collapseWordTitle27">organ</a> <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> that have been reprogrammed in a lab into a stem cell-like state and can become just about any cell type<br></li></ul>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/11/what-are-stem-cells/">What Are Stem Cells?</a> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle76"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord76" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-S" data-bs-target="#collapseWord76" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord76">Structural biology </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord76" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle76"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio76');return false;">Structural biology <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio76"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Structural-biology-5x2.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass7A863D5E6CB04C30A816D2EEA78B3F2D"><p>The study of how biologically important <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a> are structured to understand how they function.<br></p> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle77"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord77" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-S" data-bs-target="#collapseWord77" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord77">Substrate</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord77" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle77"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio77');return false;">Substrate<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio77"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Substrate-vr0.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassF92500555CCD462E8FDA189A8E149481">A <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecule</a> that binds to an <a href="#collapseWordTitle118">enzyme</a> and undergoes a chemical change during the ensuing reaction.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/03/science-snippet-examining-enzymes/">Science Snippet: Examining Enzymes</a> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle247"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord247" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-S" data-bs-target="#collapseWord247" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord247">Symbiosis</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord247" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle247"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio247');return false;">Symbiosis<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio247"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Symbiosis-8Th.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass58C20EB3E1C541F4934C2F1F01422BC7"><div>A relationship between members of any two unrelated species. Symbiotic relationships are defined by how the members benefit from the relationship.<br> <ul><li> <strong>Mutualistic:</strong> Both <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organisms</a> benefit from their interaction.</li><li> <strong>Commensal:</strong> One organism benefits from the interaction while the other is not helped nor harmed.</li><li> <a href="#collapseWordTitle265"> <strong>Parasitic</strong></a><strong>:</strong> One organism benefits from the interaction while the other is harmed.<br></li></ul>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/08/science-snippet-the-significance-of-symbiotic-relationships/">Science Snippet: The Significance of Symbiotic Relationships</a>. </div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle78"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord78" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-S" data-bs-target="#collapseWord78" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord78">Synchrotron</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord78" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle78"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio78');return false;">Synchrotron<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio78"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Synchrotron-IoH.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassA5C10046D540440FA460CC26E51E122A">(SING-kruh-tron) A large machine that accelerates electrically charged particles to nearly the speed of light and maintains them in circular orbits. Originally designed for use by high-energy physicists, synchrotrons are now heavily used by structural biologists as a source of very intense X-rays.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle80"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord80" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-S" data-bs-target="#collapseWord80" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord80">Synthetic</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord80" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle80"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio80');return false;">Synthetic<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio80"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Synthetic-foP.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass1E1508DA9A7F4D7AB43F452A1C2296F3">Made by <a href="#collapseWordTitle154">chemical</a> synthesis, often to imitate a <a href="#collapseWordTitle17">natural product</a> or to form more complex chemical <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a> from simpler building blocks. </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle81"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord81" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-S" data-bs-target="#collapseWord81" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord81">Systems biology </button></h2> <div id="collapseWord81" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle81"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio81');return false;">Systems biology <img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio81"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Systems-biology-8xD.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass2CA0F21D7C8841EC999A87BF3BB74CED"><p>A field focused on the study of relationships and interactions between various parts of a biological system (<a href="#collapseWordTitle166">metabolic pathways</a>, <a href="#collapseWordTitle28">organelles</a>, <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a>, and <a href="#collapseWordTitle30">organisms</a>) and that integrates this information to understand how biological systems function.</p></div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-T"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-T">T</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle82"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord82" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-T" data-bs-target="#collapseWord82" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord82">Telomerase</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord82" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle82"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio82');return false;">Telomerase<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio82"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Telomerase-RlT.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassB26FAE35A0E147E2ACFC93B4B27AC848">(tuh-LOM-uh-rays) An <a href="#collapseWordTitle118">enzyme</a> that adds a repetitive segment of <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a>, or telomere, to the ends of <a href="#collapseWordTitle174">chromosomes</a>, so the chromosomes don’t shrink during each <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> division.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle85"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord85" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-T" data-bs-target="#collapseWord85" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord85">Tissue</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord85" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle85"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio85');return false;">Tissue<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio85"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Tissue-FMx.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassFE536E79AAC2446CA00175DCF0D3D3FC">A group of <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a> that act together to carry out a specific function in the body. Examples include muscle tissue, nervous system tissue (including the brain, spinal cord, and nerves), and connective tissue (including ligaments, tendons, bones, and fat). <a href="#collapseWordTitle27">Organs</a> are made up of tissues.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2022/01/in-other-words-not-all-tissues-are-for-runny-noses/">In Other Words: Not All Tissues Are For Runny Noses</a> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle84"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord84" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-T" data-bs-target="#collapseWord84" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord84">Tissue engineering</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord84" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle84"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio84');return false;">Tissue engineering<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio84"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Tissue-engineering-OrO.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassD339CA6A43A845F393525B9A79B17565"><p>A field of study that combines <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a>, engineering, and materials methods, with the goal of improving or replacing biological functions.</p> </div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle236"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord236" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-T" data-bs-target="#collapseWord236" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord236">Transcription</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord236" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle236"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio236');return false;">Transcription<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio236"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Transcription-gO6.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass672D04ADF4C94A2B8E55319BCA97E84E"><div>(tran-SKRIP-shun): The process of making an <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">RNA</a> copy of a piece of <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a>. This copy, called messenger RNA (mRNA), carries the <a href="#collapseWordTitle128">genetic</a> information needed to make proteins in a <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a>. It leaves the cell <a href="#collapseWordTitle25">nucleus</a> and enters the <a href="#collapseWordTitle188">cytoplasm</a>, where it directs <a href="#collapseWordTitle48">protein synthesis</a>.</div><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle206"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord206" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-T" data-bs-target="#collapseWord206" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord206">Translation</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord206" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle206"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio206');return false;">Translation<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio206"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Translation-0R5.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassFA45DFD79D944D1C9A25D7FFD8C9A13B">The process of making <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> based on <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">genetic</a> information encoded in messenger <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">RNA</a>. Translation occurs in <a href="#collapseWordTitle58">ribosomes</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2021/08/in-other-words-translation-isnt-only-for-languages/">In Other Words: Translation Isn't Only for Languages</a></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle87"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord87" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-T" data-bs-target="#collapseWord87" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord87">Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord87" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle87"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio87');return false;">Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio87"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Transmission-electron-microscopy--TEM--mdU.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassCA7C2271C464464AAE6EEAEC4F9CB28E"><p>The most powerful type of <a href="#collapseWordTitle114">electron microscopy</a> (EM), which uses <a href="#collapseWordTitle113">electrons</a> to create an image of a sample. TEM can magnify objects more than 10 million times, making the outline and some details of <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cells</a>, <a href="#collapseWordTitle91">viruses</a>, and even some large <a href="#collapseWordTitle196">molecules</a> visible.<br></p></div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-U"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-U">U</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle88"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord88" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-U" data-bs-target="#collapseWord88" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord88">Ubiquitin</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord88" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle88"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio88');return false;">Ubiquitin<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio88"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Ubiquitin-AXK.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass0452392DFBB34D6EAF833FC12061B03E">(yoo-BIH-kweh-tin) A small <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">protein</a> that attaches to and marks other proteins for the <a href="#collapseWordTitle47">proteasome</a> to destroy.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/11/how-do-cells-recycle-and-take-out-the-trash/">How Do Cells Recycle and Take Out the Trash?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-V"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-V">V</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle240"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord240" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-V" data-bs-target="#collapseWord240" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord240">Variant</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord240" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle240"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio240');return false;">Variant<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio240"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Variant-oTe.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass38618DBF61754BB69ED6EFDE494CDF0A">A permanent change in a <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> sequence that makes up a <a href="#collapseWordTitle127">gene</a>. Variants in genes can cause disease, affect fetal development, or result in differences in how people’s bodies look or work; but they may not cause disease or have any effect at all. Exposure to some types of <a href="#collapseWordTitle239">radiation</a>, chemicals, or <a href="#collapseWordTitle91">viral</a> infections can produce variants; or they can be generated during <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> division or DNA <a href="#collapseWordTitle55">replication</a>. Variants in egg or sperm cells can be passed on to offspring, while those in body cells aren't passed on. The term <em> <a href="#collapseWordTitle14">mutation</a></em> has often been used to describe a disease-causing variant. Related to genetic <a href="#collapseWordTitle241">variation</a>.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/04/what-is-genetics/">What Is Genetics?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle241"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord241" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-V" data-bs-target="#collapseWord241" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord241">Variation</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord241" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle241"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio241');return false;">Variation<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio241"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Variation-M8A.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass622A0E27C5A94848802B42A2EDBD554C"> <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> sequence differences among individuals or populations. Some <a href="#collapseWordTitle240">variants</a> influence biological function, while others have no biological effects.<br><br>For more, check out our <em>Biomedical Beat</em> blog post: <a href="https://biobeat.nigms.nih.gov/2024/04/what-is-genetics/">What Is Genetics?</a><br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle201"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord201" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-V" data-bs-target="#collapseWord201" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord201">Vertebrate</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord201" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle201"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio201');return false;">Vertebrate<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio201"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Vertebrate-4OV.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassA2B2D4C9754E420F8D0866AA02C70176">The group of animals that have a spine/backbone inside their body. Examples include mammals, fish, reptiles, and birds.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle90"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord90" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-V" data-bs-target="#collapseWord90" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord90">Vesicle</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord90" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle90"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio90');return false;">Vesicle<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio90"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Vesicle-CDS.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassCBBFB6E8EE924DB4B5787B1CBD8F9F31">(VES-ih-kuhl) A small, <a href="#collapseWordTitle165">membrane</a>-bounded sac that transports substances between <a href="#collapseWordTitle28">organelles</a> as well as to and from the <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> membrane.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle91"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord91" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-V" data-bs-target="#collapseWord91" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord91">Virus</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord91" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle91"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio91');return false;">Virus<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio91"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Virus-1dH.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass8EC4373E0FB34517A6780FE1E142D2D1">An infectious agent composed of <a href="#collapseWordTitle49">proteins</a> and genetic material (either <a href="#collapseWordTitle106">DNA</a> or <a href="#collapseWordTitle60">RNA</a>) that requires being in a host <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a>, such as a plant, animal, or <a href="#collapseWordTitle79">bacterium</a>, in order to reproduce. 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It’s based on the scattering of X-rays through a <a href="#collapseWordTitle219">crystal</a> of the molecule under study.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle204"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord204" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-X" data-bs-target="#collapseWord204" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord204">X-ray free electron laser</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord204" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle204"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio204');return false;">X-ray free electron laser<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio204"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/X-ray-free-electron-laser-cSF.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClassA7D30F2F2A6D45E0B963463BA255B266">A tool that uses beams of fast-moving <a href="#collapseWordTitle113">electrons</a> to determine the 3D structures of <a href="#collapseWordTitle196" target="_blank">molecules</a>. 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It can capture chemical processes while they’re taking place.<br></div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-Y"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-Y">Y</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle245"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord245" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-Y" data-bs-target="#collapseWord245" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord245">Yeast</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord245" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle245"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio245');return false;">Yeast<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio245"><source src="/education/GlossaryAssets/Yeast-fQa.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass6A924EA144A74013BED609127574C470"><div>A type of <a href="#collapseWordTitle169">microorganism</a> commonly used to make fermented foods (bread, cheese, alcoholic drinks, etc.) that is also often used as a <a href="#collapseWordTitle56">research organism</a> because of its ease of manipulation during experiments, its similarity to human cells, and its rapid growth rate.</div></div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="accordion" id="accordion-letter-Z"> <div class="letter-title" id="letter-Z">Z</div> <div class="accordion-item"> <h2 class="accordion-header" id="collapseWordTitle94"><button class="glossary-button accordion-button collapsed" type="button" href="#collapseWord94" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-parent="#letter-Z" data-bs-target="#collapseWord94" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="collapseWord94">Zygote</button></h2> <div id="collapseWord94" class="accordion-collapse collapse" aria-labelledby="collapseWordTitle94"> <div class="glossary-body accordion-body"> <div class="audio"><a href="#" onclick="GlossaryPlay('audio94');return false;">Zygote<img src="/Style Library/NIGMS/images/audio.png" alt="audio icon"></a><audio id="audio94"><source src="/about/GlossaryAssets/Zygote-Ax4.wav" type="audio/mpeg"></source></audio></div> <p><div class="ExternalClass0935EC1509C3493BB027F598BCB3551A">(ZAHY-goht) A <a href="#collapseWordTitle104">cell</a> resulting from fusing an egg and a sperm.</div></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <style> #glossarySearchInput { width: 100%; 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