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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Box girder bridge</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of bridge</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Box girder bridge</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Concrete_box_girder_bridge.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Underneath the No. 2 Road Bridge in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada"><img alt="Underneath the No. 2 Road Bridge in Richmond, British Columbia, Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Concrete_box_girder_bridge.JPG/240px-Concrete_box_girder_bridge.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Concrete_box_girder_bridge.JPG/360px-Concrete_box_girder_bridge.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Concrete_box_girder_bridge.JPG/480px-Concrete_box_girder_bridge.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1035" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Underneath the <a href="/wiki/No._2_Road_Bridge" title="No. 2 Road Bridge">No. 2 Road Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_British_Columbia" title="Richmond, British Columbia">Richmond, British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ancestor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bridge" title="Tubular bridge">Tubular bridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jetway" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetway">jetway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skyway" title="Skyway">skyway</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Descendant</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Segmental_bridge" title="Segmental bridge">segmental bridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Carries</th><td class="infobox-data">Pedestrians, automobiles, trucks, light rail, heavy rail</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Span range</th><td class="infobox-data">Medium</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data">Steel, reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movable</th><td class="infobox-data">Possible</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Design effort</th><td class="infobox-data">High</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Falsework" title="Falsework">Falsework</a> required</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes, if cast-in-place reinforced or prestressed concrete is used, which is typical for freeway overpasses</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwillings-Hohlkasten_bzw._Twin_box_girder.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zwillings-Hohlkasten_bzw._Twin_box_girder.svg/220px-Zwillings-Hohlkasten_bzw._Twin_box_girder.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zwillings-Hohlkasten_bzw._Twin_box_girder.svg/330px-Zwillings-Hohlkasten_bzw._Twin_box_girder.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zwillings-Hohlkasten_bzw._Twin_box_girder.svg/440px-Zwillings-Hohlkasten_bzw._Twin_box_girder.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="170" /></a><figcaption>Section of a twin box girder bridge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erskine_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Erskine_Bridge.jpg/220px-Erskine_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Erskine_Bridge.jpg/330px-Erskine_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Erskine_Bridge.jpg/440px-Erskine_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erskine_Bridge" title="Erskine Bridge">Erskine Bridge</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Glasgow,_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow, Scotland">Glasgow, Scotland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swanport_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Swanport_Bridge.jpg/220px-Swanport_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Swanport_Bridge.jpg/330px-Swanport_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Swanport_Bridge.jpg/440px-Swanport_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2032" data-file-height="1354" /></a><figcaption>Single box girder bridge (<a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>), <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. A similar bridge on this river was fabricated ashore and pushed across its pylons.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PlateBoxFlyover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PlateBoxFlyover.jpg/220px-PlateBoxFlyover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PlateBoxFlyover.jpg/330px-PlateBoxFlyover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/PlateBoxFlyover.jpg/440px-PlateBoxFlyover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Single box girder bridge (<a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>), flyover above eastern approach of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland_Bay_Bridge" title="San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge">San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>box girder bridge</b>, or <b>box section bridge</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridge</a> in which the main <a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">beams</a> comprise <a href="/wiki/Girder" title="Girder">girders</a> in the shape of a hollow box. The <a href="/wiki/Box_girder" title="Box girder">box girder</a> normally comprises <a href="/wiki/Prestressed_concrete" title="Prestressed concrete">prestressed concrete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Structural_steel" title="Structural steel">structural steel</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite</a> of steel and <a href="/wiki/Reinforced_concrete" title="Reinforced concrete">reinforced concrete</a>. The box is typically <a href="/wiki/Rectangle" title="Rectangle">rectangular</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid" title="Trapezoid">trapezoidal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cross_section_(geometry)" title="Cross section (geometry)">cross-section</a>. Box girder bridges are commonly used for highway <a href="/wiki/Overpass" title="Overpass">flyovers</a> and for modern elevated structures of <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> transport. Although the box girder bridge is normally a form of <a href="/wiki/Beam_bridge" title="Beam bridge">beam bridge</a>, box girders may also be used on <a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cable-stayed bridge">cable-stayed</a> and other bridges. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_of_steel_box_girders">Development of steel box girders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Box_girder_bridge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development of steel box girders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1919, <a href="/wiki/Major_(United_Kingdom)" title="Major (United Kingdom)">Major</a> <a href="/wiki/Giffard_Le_Quesne_Martel" title="Giffard Le Quesne Martel">Gifford Martel</a> was appointed head of the Experimental Bridging Establishment at <a href="/wiki/Christchurch,_Hampshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Christchurch, Hampshire">Christchurch, Hampshire</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which researched the possibilities of using tanks for battlefield engineering purposes such as bridge-laying and <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">mine</a>-clearing. Here he continued trials on modified <a href="/wiki/British_Heavy_Tanks_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="British Heavy Tanks of World War I">Mark V</a> tanks. The bridging component involved an assault bridge, designed by Major <a href="/wiki/Charles_Inglis_(engineer)" title="Charles Inglis (engineer)">Charles Inglis</a> RE, the Canal Lock Bridge, which had sufficient length to span a <a href="/wiki/Canal_lock" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal lock">canal lock</a>. Major Martel mated the bridge with the tank and used <a href="/wiki/Fluid_power" title="Fluid power">hydraulic power</a> generated by the tank's engine to manoeuvre the bridge into place. For mine clearance the tanks were equipped with 2-ton <a href="/wiki/Mine_roller" title="Mine roller">rollers</a>. </p><p>Martel also developed his new bridging concept at the EBE, the Martel bridge, a <a href="/wiki/Modularity" title="Modularity">modular</a> box girder bridge suitable for military applications. The Martel bridge was adopted by the British Army in 1925 as the Large Box Girder Bridge.<sup id="cite_ref-thinkdef_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thinkdef-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A scaled down version of this design, the <a href="/wiki/Small_Box_Girder" title="Small Box Girder">Small Box Girder</a> Bridge, was also formally adopted by the Army in 1932. This latter design was copied by many countries, including Germany, who called their version the <i>Kastenträger-Gerät</i> (K-Gerät for short).<sup id="cite_ref-thinkdef_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thinkdef-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States was another country whose army created their own copy, designating it the H-20. In addition, the modular construction of the basic Martel bridge would later during WWII become part of the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Bailey_bridge" title="Bailey bridge">Bailey bridge</a>. In 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Awards_to_Inventors" title="Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors">Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors</a> awarded Martel £500 for infringement on the design of his bridge by the designer of the Bailey bridge, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Bailey_(civil_engineer)" title="Donald Bailey (civil engineer)">Donald Bailey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both the Large Box and Small Box designs would go on to see much service in World War II, especially in the case of the latter. </p><p>The (non-modular) box girder bridge was a popular choice during the roadbuilding expansion of the 1960s, especially in the West, and many new bridge projects were in progress simultaneously. A serious blow to this use was a sequence of three serious disasters, when new bridges collapsed in 1970 (<a href="/wiki/West_Gate_Bridge" title="West Gate Bridge">West Gate Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleddau_Bridge" title="Cleddau Bridge">Cleddau Bridge</a>) and 1971 (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdbr%C3%BCcke_(Koblenz)" class="extiw" title="de:Südbrücke (Koblenz)">South Bridge (Koblenz)</a>). Fifty-one people were killed in these failures, leading in the UK to the formation of the Merrison Committee<sup id="cite_ref-Merrison_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merrison-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and considerable investment in new research into steel box girder behaviour. </p><p>Most of the bridges still under construction at this time were delayed for investigation of the basic design principle. Some were abandoned and rebuilt as a different form of bridge altogether. Most of those that remained as box girder bridges, such as <a href="/wiki/Erskine_Bridge" title="Erskine Bridge">Erskine Bridge</a> (<i>illus.</i>), were either redesigned, or had additional stiffening added later. Some bridges were strengthened a few years after opening and then further strengthened years later, although this was often due to increased traffic load as much as better design standards. The <a href="/wiki/Irwell_Valley" title="Irwell Valley">Irwell Valley</a> bridge of 1970 was strengthened in 1970 and again in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_&_Hendy,_Irwell_Valley_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_&_Hendy,_Irwell_Valley-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Box_girder_bridge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0197Barangays_Burol_Balagtas,_Bulacan_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/0197Barangays_Burol_Balagtas%2C_Bulacan_22.jpg/220px-0197Barangays_Burol_Balagtas%2C_Bulacan_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/0197Barangays_Burol_Balagtas%2C_Bulacan_22.jpg/330px-0197Barangays_Burol_Balagtas%2C_Bulacan_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/0197Barangays_Burol_Balagtas%2C_Bulacan_22.jpg/440px-0197Barangays_Burol_Balagtas%2C_Bulacan_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Construction of a box girder viaduct on the <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Commuter_Railway" title="North–South Commuter Railway">North–South Commuter Railway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>If made of concrete, box girder bridges may be cast in place using <a href="/wiki/Falsework" title="Falsework">falsework</a> supports, removed after completion, or in sections if a <a href="/wiki/Segmental_bridge" title="Segmental bridge">segmental bridge</a>. Box girders may also be prefabricated in a fabrication yard, then transported and emplaced using <a href="/wiki/Crane_(machine)" title="Crane (machine)">cranes</a>. </p><p>For steel box girders, the girders are normally fabricated off site and lifted into place by crane, with sections connected by bolting or welding. If a composite concrete bridge deck is used, it is often cast in-place using temporary falsework supported by the steel girder. </p><p>Either form of bridge may also be installed using the technique of <a href="/wiki/Incremental_launching" class="mw-redirect" title="Incremental launching">incremental launching</a>. Under this method, <a href="/wiki/Gantry_crane" title="Gantry crane">gantry cranes</a> are often used to place new segments onto the completed portions of the bridge until the bridge superstructure is completed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Box_girder_bridge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Advantages">Advantages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Box_girder_bridge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Reduces the slab thickness and self-weight of bridge</li> <li>Cost effective</li> <li>Greater strength per unit area of concrete</li> <li>Quality assurance, as precast girders are made off-site</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Box_girder_bridge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Mainly non-modular designs) </p> <ul><li>Structural steel girders are costly</li> <li>Logistical inefficiencies and transportation cost</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Box_girder_bridge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part15.htm">Royal Engineers Museum</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080501131923/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part15.htm">Archived</a> 1 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thinkdef-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thinkdef_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thinkdef_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThink_Defence2011" class="citation web cs1">Think Defence (30 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thinkdefence.co.uk/2011/12/uk-military-bridging-equipment-pre-wwii-equipment-bridging/">"UK Military Bridging – Equipment (Pre WWII Equipment Bridging)"</a>. <i>www.thinkdefence.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2017</span>. <q>Adopted by the Army in 1925 the Large Box Girder Bridge was adaptable and relatively cheap, able to carry loads of up to 40 tonnes, it remained in service until replaced by the Bailey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thinkdefence.co.uk&rft.atitle=UK+Military+Bridging+%E2%80%93+Equipment+%28Pre+WWII+Equipment+Bridging%29&rft.date=2011-12-30&rft.au=Think+Defence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkdefence.co.uk%2F2011%2F12%2Fuk-military-bridging-equipment-pre-wwii-equipment-bridging%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABox+girder+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Bridge Claim By General 'Used As Basis For Bailey Design'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The Times</i>. 26 July 1955. p. 4 col E.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Bridge+Claim+By+General+%27Used+As+Basis+For+Bailey+Design%27&rft.pages=4+col+E&rft.date=1955-07-26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABox+girder+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merrison-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merrison_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Merrison" class="citation book cs1">Department of the Environment (Merrison Committee of Inquiry) (1973). <i>Inquiry into the Basis of Design and Method of Erection of Steel Box Girder Bridges</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inquiry+into+the+Basis+of+Design+and+Method+of+Erection+of+Steel+Box+Girder+Bridges&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Department+of+the+Environment+%28Merrison+Committee+of+Inquiry%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABox+girder+bridge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_&_Hendy,_Irwell_Valley-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith_&_Hendy,_Irwell_Valley_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Smith_&_Hendy,_Irwell_Valley" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, D. A.; Hendy, C. R. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/docserver/fulltext/bren161-033.pdf">"Strengthening of Irwell Valley Bridge, UK"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bridge Engineering</i>. <b>161</b> (BE1). <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a>: 33–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bridge+Engineering&rft.atitle=Strengthening+of+Irwell+Valley+Bridge%2C+UK&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=BE1&rft.pages=33-43&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft.au=Hendy%2C+C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icevirtuallibrary.com%2Fdocserver%2Ffulltext%2Fbren161-033.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABox+girder+bridge" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bridge-related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:Bridge_footer" title="Template:Bridge footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bridge_footer" title="Template talk:Bridge footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bridge_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bridge footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bridge-related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">Bridge</a>-related articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structural types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_bridge" title="Arch bridge">Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_bridge" title="Beam bridge">Beam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Box girder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge%E2%80%93tunnel" title="Bridge–tunnel">Bridge–tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr_Truss" title="Burr Truss">Burr Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cable-stayed bridge">Cable-stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopy_bridge" title="Canopy bridge">Canopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantilever_bridge" title="Cantilever bridge">Cantilever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantilever_spar_cable-stayed_bridge" title="Cantilever spar cable-stayed bridge">Cantilever spar cable-stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covered_bridge" title="Covered bridge">Covered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crib_bridge" title="Crib bridge">Crib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-beam_drawbridge" title="Double-beam drawbridge">Double-beam drawbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradosed_bridge" title="Extradosed bridge">Extradosed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bridge" title="Log bridge">Log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_bridge" title="Moon bridge">Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moveable_bridge" title="Moveable bridge">Moveable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bascule_bridge" title="Bascule bridge">Bascule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">Drawbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_bridge" title="Folding bridge">Folding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retractable_bridge" title="Retractable bridge">Retractable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Bridge" title="The Rolling Bridge">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_bascule_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling bascule bridge">Rolling bascule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_bridge" title="Submersible bridge">Submersible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_bridge" title="Swing bridge">Swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_bridge" title="Table bridge">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt_bridge" title="Tilt bridge">Tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transporter_bridge" title="Transporter bridge">Transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical-lift_bridge" title="Vertical-lift bridge">Vertical-lift</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-way_bridge" title="Multi-way bridge">Multi-way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navigable_aqueduct" title="Navigable aqueduct">Navigable aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pile_bridge" title="Pile bridge">Pile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">Pontoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vlotbrug" title="Vlotbrug">Vlotbrug</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_bridge" title="Suspension bridge">Suspension</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_suspension_bridges" title="Types of suspension bridges">types</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_bridge" title="Timber bridge">Timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Through_arch_bridge" title="Through arch bridge">Through arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestle_bridge" title="Trestle bridge">Trestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss_bridge" title="Truss bridge">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bridge" title="Tubular bridge">Tubular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viaduct" title="Viaduct">Viaduct</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridge_types" title="List of bridge types">Visual index to various types</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Bridge_September_2021_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Brooklyn_Bridge_September_2021_002.jpg/100px-Brooklyn_Bridge_September_2021_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Brooklyn_Bridge_September_2021_002.jpg/150px-Brooklyn_Bridge_September_2021_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Brooklyn_Bridge_September_2021_002.jpg/200px-Brooklyn_Bridge_September_2021_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of bridges by type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges" title="List of bridges">List of bridges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bascule_bridges" title="List of bascule bridges">bascule bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cantilever_bridges" title="List of cantilever bridges">cantilever bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_stone_bridges_in_Germany" title="List of medieval stone bridges in Germany">medieval stone bridges in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multi-level_bridges" title="List of multi-level bridges">multi-level bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_road%E2%80%93rail_bridges" title="List of road–rail bridges">road–rail bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_toll_bridges" title="List of toll bridges">toll bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vertical-lift_bridges" title="List of vertical-lift bridges">vertical-lift bridges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridge%E2%80%93tunnels" title="List of bridge–tunnels">List of bridge–tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lists_of_covered_bridges_in_North_America" title="List of lists of covered bridges in North America">List of lists of covered bridges in North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of bridges by size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_bridges" title="List of longest bridges">By length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_suspension_bridge_spans" title="List of longest suspension bridge spans">Suspension bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_cable-stayed_bridge_spans" title="List of longest cable-stayed bridge spans">Cable-stayed bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_cantilever_bridge_spans" title="List of longest cantilever bridge spans">Cantilever bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_continuous_truss_bridge_spans" title="List of longest continuous truss bridge spans">Continuous truss bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_arch_bridge_spans" title="List of longest arch bridge spans">Arch bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_longest_masonry_arch_bridge_spans" title="List of longest masonry arch bridge spans">Masonry arch bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_bridges" title="List of highest bridges">Highest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_bridges" title="List of tallest bridges">Tallest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additional lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridge_failures" title="List of bridge failures">Bridge failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_to_nowhere" title="Bridge to nowhere">Bridge to nowhere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridges_in_art" title="Bridges in art">Bridges in art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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