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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territory_of_New_Mexico_1846–1863" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territory_of_New_Mexico_1846–1863"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Territory of New Mexico 1846–1863</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territory_of_New_Mexico_1846–1863-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_Walk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_Walk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Long Walk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_Walk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reservation_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reservation_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Reservation era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reservation_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boarding_schools_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boarding_schools_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Boarding schools and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boarding_schools_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Livestock_Reduction_1930s–1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Livestock_Reduction_1930s–1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Livestock Reduction 1930s–1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Livestock_Reduction_1930s–1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navajo_Code_Talkers_in_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navajo_Code_Talkers_in_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Navajo Code Talkers in World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navajo_Code_Talkers_in_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uranium_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uranium_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Uranium mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uranium_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Marine_Corps_Involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Marine_Corps_Involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>U.S. Marine Corps Involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Marine_Corps_Involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>After 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Navajo_Clans_or_K’é" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navajo_Clans_or_K’é"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Navajo Clans or <i>K’é</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navajo_Clans_or_K’é-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Gender roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnobotany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnobotany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ethnobotany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnobotany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_dwellings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_dwellings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Traditional dwellings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_dwellings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Spiritual and religious beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_stories/Works_of_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_stories/Works_of_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Oral stories/Works of literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_stories/Works_of_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Visual arts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Visual arts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Silverwork" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silverwork"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Silverwork</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silverwork-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Weaving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Population history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navajo_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navajo_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Navajo people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Navajo_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Navajo people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Navajo_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Artists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Performers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Politicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Writers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Navajo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Navajo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%93%E1%89%AB%E1%88%86" title="ናቫሆ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ናቫሆ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88" title="نافاجو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نافاجو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Навахоял – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Навахоял" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ناواهولار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ناواهولار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8B" title="নাভাহো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাভাহো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Navajo" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0" title="Наваха – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Наваха" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Навахо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Навахо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaho_(narod)" title="Navaho (narod) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Navaho (narod)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navac%27hoed" title="Navac'hoed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Navac'hoed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navahos" title="Navahos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Navahos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navahov%C3%A9" title="Navahové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Navahové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafacho_(pobl)" title="Nafacho (pobl) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nafacho (pobl)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Navajo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_(Volk)" title="Navajo (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Navajo (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%BF" title="Ναβάχο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναβάχο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Navajo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navahoj" title="Navahoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Navahoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Navajo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88" title="ناواهو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناواهو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajos" title="Navajos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Navajos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaho_(folk)" title="Navaho (folk) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Navaho (folk)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navach%C3%B3igh" title="Navachóigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Navachóigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_navajo" title="Pobo navajo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo navajo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EB%B0%94%ED%98%B8%EC%A1%B1" title="나바호족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나바호족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8" title="Նավահո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նավահո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="नावाहो लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नावाहो लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaho_Indijanci" title="Navaho Indijanci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Navaho Indijanci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Navajo" title="Suku Navajo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Navajo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navah%C3%B3ar" title="Navahóar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Navahóar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Navajo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%97%D7%95" title="נאוואחו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נאוואחו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D" title="ნავაჰო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნავაჰო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Навахо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Навахо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Наваховлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Наваховлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navahi" title="Navahi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Navahi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navahai" title="Navahai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Navahai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_(volk)" title="Navajo (volk) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Navajo (volk)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navah%C3%B3k" title="Navahók – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Navahók" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Навахо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Навахо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90)" title="ნავახო (კათა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნავახო (კათა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Navajo" title="Orang Navajo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Navajo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dineh" title="Dineh – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dineh" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_(volk)" title="Navajo (volk) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Navajo (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%90%E3%83%9B%E6%97%8F" title="ナバホ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナバホ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navahoer" title="Navahoer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Navahoer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navahofolk" title="Navahofolk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Navahofolk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navahos" title="Navahos – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Navahos" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaxo" title="Navaxo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Navaxo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Navajo" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawahowie" title="Nawahowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nawahowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajos" title="Navajos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Navajos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_(popor)" title="Navajo (popor) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Navajo (popor)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din%C3%A9" title="Diné – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Diné" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Навахо (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Навахо (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Навахо – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Навахо" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Navajo" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Navajo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE" title="Навахо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Навахо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaho" title="Navaho – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Navaho" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajot" title="Navajot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Navajot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Navajo" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AE" title="ชนเผ่านาวาโฮ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชนเผ่านาวาโฮ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%A9%E1%8E%B0" title="ᎠᏂᎾᏩᎰ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᎾᏩᎰ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3ev%C3%B3n%C3%A1ne" title="Póevónáne – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Póevónáne" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navaholar" title="Navaholar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Navaholar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Навахо (народ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Навахо (народ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Navajo" title="Người Navajo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Navajo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%93%A6%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%BA" title="纳瓦霍人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="纳瓦霍人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%93%A6%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%BA" title="納瓦霍人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="納瓦霍人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Navajo" title="Jolma Navajo – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Navajo" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q108266#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Navajo" rel="discussion" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Native American people of the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Navajo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Navajo (disambiguation)">Navajo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Diné" redirects here. For the Dene people native to northern Canada, see <a href="/wiki/Dene" title="Dene">Dene</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Navajo<br /><i><span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv">Diné</i></span></i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Navajo_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Navajo_flag.svg/220px-Navajo_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Navajo_flag.svg/330px-Navajo_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Navajo_flag.svg/440px-Navajo_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="420" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Navajo_Nation" title="Flag of the Navajo Nation">Flag of the Navajo people</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuelito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Manuelito.jpg/220px-Manuelito.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Manuelito.jpg/330px-Manuelito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Manuelito.jpg/440px-Manuelito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Manuelito" title="Manuelito">Manuelito</a> (Navajo, 1818–1893), a chief during the Long Walk</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">399,494 enrolled tribal members<sup id="cite_ref-enroll_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enroll-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2021)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">United States<br />(<a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>) <p><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>: </p> 700 Residents of Canada identified as having Navajo ancestry in the <a href="/wiki/2016_Canadian_census" title="2016 Canadian census">2016 Canadian Census.</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Indian Sign Language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Navajo_Family_Sign" title="Navajo Family Sign">Navajo Sign Language</a>), <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Indigenous Religion, <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apachean</a> (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabascan" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Athabascan">Southern Athabascan</a>) peoples, <a href="/wiki/Dene" title="Dene">Dene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_Athabascan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Athabascan">Northern Athabascan</a>) peoples </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Diné</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Diné Bizaad</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Hand Talk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A9tah" title="Dinétah">Dinétah</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Navajo</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Diné</b>, are a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American people</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a>. </p><p>With more than 399,494<sup id="cite_ref-enroll_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enroll-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enrolled tribal members as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>,<sup id="cite_ref-enroll_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-enroll-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a> is the largest federally recognized tribe in the United States; additionally, the Navajo Nation has the largest <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservation</a> in the country. The reservation straddles the <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a> region and covers more than 27,325 square miles (70,770 square kilometers) of land in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. The Navajo Reservation is slightly larger than the state of <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo language</a> is spoken throughout the region, and most Navajo also speak English. </p><p>The states with the largest Navajo populations are Arizona (140,263) and New Mexico (108,305). More than three quarters of the enrolled Navajo population resides in these two states.<sup id="cite_ref-U.S._Census_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._Census-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides being enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a>, some Navajo people are citizens of the <a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">federally recognized</a> <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Indian_Tribes" title="Colorado River Indian Tribes">Colorado River Indian Tribes</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19th_century_knowledge_indian_lore_navaho_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/19th_century_knowledge_indian_lore_navaho_house.jpg/220px-19th_century_knowledge_indian_lore_navaho_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/19th_century_knowledge_indian_lore_navaho_house.jpg/330px-19th_century_knowledge_indian_lore_navaho_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/19th_century_knowledge_indian_lore_navaho_house.jpg/440px-19th_century_knowledge_indian_lore_navaho_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="222" /></a><figcaption>A 19th-century hogan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navaho_spinning_and_weaving_page_928.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Navaho_spinning_and_weaving_page_928.png/170px-Navaho_spinning_and_weaving_page_928.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Navaho_spinning_and_weaving_page_928.png 1.5x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="311" /></a><figcaption>Navajo spinning and weaving on vertical loom</figcaption></figure> <p>The Navajo are speakers of a <a href="/wiki/Na-Den%C3%A9_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Na-Dené languages">Na-Dené</a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Athabaskan_languages" title="Southern Athabaskan languages">Southern Athabaskan language</a> which they call <i>Diné bizaad</i> (lit. 'People's language'). The term <i>Navajo</i> comes from Spanish missionaries and historians who referred to the Pueblo Indians through this term, although they referred to themselves as the <i>Diné,</i> meaning '(the) people'.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language comprises two geographic, mutually intelligible dialects. It is closely related to the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>; the Navajo and <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> are believed to have migrated from northwestern Canada and eastern <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, where the majority of Athabaskan speakers reside.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, some Navajo know <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo Sign Language">Navajo Sign Language</a>, which is either a dialect or daughter of <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indian_Sign_Language" title="Plains Indian Sign Language">Plains Sign Talk</a>. Some also know Plains Sign Talk itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Supalla_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supalla-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Southern Athabaskan peoples, including the Navajo, are thought to have descended from a southward migration of Athabaskan peoples from <a href="/wiki/Subarctic" title="Subarctic">subarctic</a> North America around 1,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that the Navajo and Apaches may have migrated due to the effects of a volcanic explosion in the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Elias_Mountains" title="Saint Elias Mountains">Saint Elias Mountains</a> of Alaska around 803 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the migration was along the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> before arriving in the present-day southwest United States.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the Navajo were largely <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunters and gatherers</a>. Later, they adopted farming from <a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo people</a>, growing mainly the traditional Native American "<a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Squash_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Squash (plant)">squash</a>. They adopted herding <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> as a main source of trade and food. Meat became essential in the Navajo diet. Sheep became a form of currency and familial status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIverson200619,_62_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIverson200619,_62-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women began to spin and weave <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> into <a href="/wiki/Blanket" title="Blanket">blankets</a> and clothing; they created items of highly valued artistic expression, which were also traded and sold. </p><p>Oral history indicates a long relationship with Pueblo people<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2023)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and a willingness to incorporate Puebloan ideas and linguistic variance. There were long-established trading practices between the groups. Mid-16th century Spanish records recount that the Pueblo exchanged <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and woven <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> goods for <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">bison</a> meat, hides, and stone from Athabaskans traveling to the pueblos or living nearby. In the 18th century, the Spanish reported that the Navajo maintained large herds of livestock and cultivated large crop areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Western historians believe that the Spanish before 1600 referred to the Navajo as <i>Apaches</i> or <i>Quechos</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Correll1976_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Correll1976-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2–4">: 2–4 </span></sup> Fray Geronimo de Zarate-Salmeron, who was in <a href="/wiki/Jemez_Pueblo,_New_Mexico" title="Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico">Jemez</a> in 1622, used <i>Apachu de Nabajo</i> in the 1620s to refer to the people in the Chama Valley region, east of the <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Colorado_River_tributary)" title="San Juan River (Colorado River tributary)">San Juan River</a> and northwest of present-day <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe, New Mexico</a>. <i>Navahu</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Tewa_language" title="Tewa language">Tewa language</a>, meaning a large area of cultivated lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Correll1976_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Correll1976-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–8">: 7–8 </span></sup> By the 1640s, the Spanish began using the term <i>Navajo</i> to refer to the Diné. </p><p>During the 1670s, the Spanish wrote that the Diné lived in a region known as <i><span style="font-family: Aboriginal Sans, DejaVu Sans, Calibri, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;"><span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv"><a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A9tah" title="Dinétah">Dinétah</a></i></span></span></i>, about 60 miles (97 km) west of the Rio Chama Valley region. In the 1770s, the Spanish sent military expeditions against the Navajo in the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Taylor_(New_Mexico)" title="Mount Taylor (New Mexico)">Mount Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuska_Mountains" title="Chuska Mountains">Chuska Mountain</a> regions of New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Correll1976_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Correll1976-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43–50">: 43–50 </span></sup> The Spanish, Navajo and Hopi continued to trade with each other and formed a loose alliance to fight Apache and Comanche bands for the next 20 years. During this time there were relatively minor raids by Navajo bands and Spanish citizens against each other. </p><p>In 1800, Governor <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Chac%C3%B3n" title="Fernando Chacón">Chacon</a> led 500 men to the Tunicha Mountains against the Navajo. Twenty Navajo chiefs asked for peace. In 1804 and 1805, the Navajo and Spaniards mounted major expeditions against each others' settlements. In May 1805, another peace was established. Similar patterns of peace-making, raiding, and trading among the Navajo, Spaniards, Apache, Comanche, and Hopi continued until the arrival of Americans in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-Correll1976_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Correll1976-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territory_of_New_Mexico_1846–1863"><span id="Territory_of_New_Mexico_1846.E2.80.931863"></span>Territory of New Mexico 1846–1863</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Territory of New Mexico 1846–1863"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Navajos encountered the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> in 1846 when General <a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Kearny" title="Stephen W. Kearny">Stephen W. Kearny</a> invaded Santa Fe with 1,600 men during the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>. On November 21, 1846, following an invitation from a small party of American soldiers under the command of Captain John Reid, who journeyed deep into Navajo country and contacted him, <a href="/wiki/Narbona" title="Narbona">Narbona</a> and other Navajos negotiated <a href="/wiki/Bear_Springs_Treaty" title="Bear Springs Treaty">a treaty of peace</a> with Colonel <a href="/wiki/Alexander_William_Doniphan" title="Alexander William Doniphan">Alexander Doniphan</a> at Bear Springs, Ojo del Oso (later the site of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wingate" title="Fort Wingate">Fort Wingate</a>). This agreement was not honored by some Navajo, nor by some New Mexicans. The Navajos raided New Mexican livestock, and New Mexicans took women, children, and livestock from the Navajo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESides2006133–140,_152–154_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESides2006133–140,_152–154-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1849, the military governor of New Mexico, Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_M._Washington" title="John M. Washington">John MacRae Washington</a>—accompanied by John S. Calhoun, an Indian agent—led 400 soldiers into the Navajo country, penetrating <a href="/wiki/Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument" title="Canyon de Chelly National Monument">Canyon de Chelly</a>. He signed a treaty with two Navajo leaders: Mariano Martinez as Head Chief and Chapitone as Second Chief. The treaty acknowledged the transfer of jurisdiction from the United Mexican States to the United States. The treaty allowed forts and trading posts to be built on Navajo land. In exchange, the United States, promised "such donations [and] such other liberal and humane measures, as [it] may deem meet and proper."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While en route to sign this treaty, the prominent Navajo peace leader Narbona, was killed, causing hostility between the treaty parties.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eingeborene_des_n%C3%B6rdlichen_Neu-Mexiko_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Eingeborene_des_n%C3%B6rdlichen_Neu-Mexiko_1861.jpg/220px-Eingeborene_des_n%C3%B6rdlichen_Neu-Mexiko_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Eingeborene_des_n%C3%B6rdlichen_Neu-Mexiko_1861.jpg/330px-Eingeborene_des_n%C3%B6rdlichen_Neu-Mexiko_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Eingeborene_des_n%C3%B6rdlichen_Neu-Mexiko_1861.jpg/440px-Eingeborene_des_n%C3%B6rdlichen_Neu-Mexiko_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="608" /></a><figcaption>"The indigenous people of northern New Mexico" by <a href="/wiki/Balduin_M%C3%B6llhausen" title="Balduin Möllhausen">Balduin Möllhausen</a>, 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>During the next 10 years, the U.S. established forts on traditional Navajo territory. Military records cite this development as a precautionary measure to protect citizens and the Navajos from each other. However, the Spanish/Mexican-Navajo pattern of raids and expeditions continued. Over 400 New Mexican militia conducted a campaign against the Navajo, against the wishes of the Territorial Governor, in 1860–61. They killed Navajo warriors, captured women and children for slaves, and destroyed crops and dwellings. The Navajos call this period <i>Naahondzood</i>, "the fearing time." </p><p>In 1861, Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/James_Henry_Carleton" title="James Henry Carleton">James H. Carleton</a>, Commander of the Federal District of New Mexico, initiated a series of military actions against the Navajos and Apaches. Colonel <a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a> was at the new <a href="/wiki/Fort_Wingate" title="Fort Wingate">Fort Wingate</a> with Army troops and volunteer New Mexico militia. Carleton ordered Carson to kill <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero</a> Apache men and destroy any Mescalero property he could find. Carleton believed these harsh tactics would bring any Indian Tribe under control. The Mescalero surrendered and were sent to the new reservation called <a href="/wiki/Bosque_Redondo" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosque Redondo">Bosque Redondo</a>. </p><p>In 1863, Carleton ordered Carson to use the same tactics on the Navajo. Carson and his force swept through Navajo land, killing Navajos and destroying crops and dwellings, fouling wells, and capturing livestock. Facing starvation and death, Navajo groups came to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance,_Arizona" title="Fort Defiance, Arizona">Fort Defiance</a> for relief. On July 20, 1863, the first of many groups departed to join the Mescalero at Bosque Redondo. Other groups continued to come in through 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, not all the Navajos came in or were found. Some lived near the San Juan River, some beyond the Hopi villages, and others lived with Apache bands.<sup id="cite_ref-Longwalk_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longwalk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_Walk">Long Walk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Long Walk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_of_the_Navajo" title="Long Walk of the Navajo">Long Walk of the Navajo</a></div> <p>Beginning in the spring of 1864, the Army forced around 9,000 Navajo men, women, and children to walk over 300 miles (480 km) to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumner" title="Fort Sumner">Fort Sumner</a>, New Mexico, for internment at Bosque Redondo. The internment was disastrous for the Navajo, as the government failed to provide enough water, wood, provisions, and livestock for the 4,000 to 5,000 people. Large-scale crop failure and disease were also endemic during this time, as were raids by other tribes and white civilians. Some Navajos froze in the winter because they could make only poor shelters from the few materials they were given. This period is known among the Navajos as "The Fearing Time".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a small group of <a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mescalero Apache</a>, longtime enemies of the Navajos had been relocated to the area, which resulted in conflicts. </p><p>In 1868, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bosque_Redondo" title="Treaty of Bosque Redondo">Treaty of Bosque Redondo</a> was negotiated between Navajo leaders and the federal government allowing the surviving Navajos to return to a <a href="/wiki/Native_American_reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American reservation">reservation</a> on a portion of their former homeland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reservation_era">Reservation era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reservation era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Navajo_trading_posts" title="Navajo trading posts">Navajo trading posts</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navajo_woman_%26_child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Navajo_woman_%26_child.jpg/170px-Navajo_woman_%26_child.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Navajo_woman_%26_child.jpg/255px-Navajo_woman_%26_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Navajo_woman_%26_child.jpg/340px-Navajo_woman_%26_child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2773" data-file-height="4006" /></a><figcaption>Navajo woman and child, <i>circa</i> 1880–1910</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States military continued to maintain forts on the Navajo reservation in the years after the Long Walk. From 1873 to 1895, the military employed Navajos as <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Scouts" title="Navajo Scouts">"Indian Scouts"</a> at Fort Wingate to help their regular units.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, Chief <a href="/wiki/Manuelito" title="Manuelito">Manuelito</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Tribal_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo Tribal Police">Navajo Tribal Police</a>. It operated from 1872 to 1875 as an anti-raid task force working to maintain the peaceful terms of the 1868 Navajo treaty. </p><p>By treaty, the Navajos were allowed to leave the reservation for trade, with permission from the military or local <a href="/wiki/Indian_agent" title="Indian agent">Indian agent</a>. Eventually, the arrangement led to a gradual end in Navajo raids, as the tribe was able to increase their livestock and crops. Also, the tribe gained an increase in the size of the Navajo reservation from 3.5 million acres (14,000 km<sup>2</sup>; 5,500 sq mi) to 16 million acres (65,000 km<sup>2</sup>; 25,000 sq mi) as it stands today. But economic conflicts with non-Navajos continued for many years as civilians and companies exploited resources assigned to the Navajo. The US government made leases for livestock grazing, took land for railroad development, and permitted mining on Navajo land without consulting the tribe. </p><p>In 1883, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lt.</a> Parker, accompanied by 10 enlisted men and two scouts, went up the San Juan River to separate the Navajos and citizens who had encroached on Navajo land.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Lt. Lockett, with the aid of 42 enlisted soldiers, was joined by Lt. Holomon at <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Springs,_Arizona" title="Navajo Springs, Arizona">Navajo Springs</a>. Evidently, citizens of the surnames Houck and/or Owens had murdered a Navajo chief's son, and 100 armed Navajo warriors were looking for them. </p><p>In 1887, citizens Palmer, Lockhart, and King fabricated a charge of horse stealing and randomly attacked a dwelling on the reservation. Two Navajo men and all three whites died as a result, but a woman and a child survived. Capt. Kerr (with two Navajo scouts) examined the ground and then met with several hundred Navajos at Houcks Tank. Rancher Bennett, whose horse was allegedly stolen, told Kerr that his horses were stolen by the three whites to catch a horse thief.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, Lt. Scott went to the San Juan River with two scouts and 21 enlisted men. The Navajos believed Scott was there to drive off the whites who had settled on the reservation and had fenced off the river from the Navajo. Scott found evidence of many non-Navajo ranches. Only three were active, and the owners wanted payment for their improvements before leaving. Scott ejected them.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890, a local rancher refused to pay the Navajos a fine for livestock. The Navajos tried to collect it, and whites in southern Colorado and Utah claimed that 9,000 of the Navajos were on a warpath. A small military detachment out of Fort Wingate restored white citizens to order.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1913, an Indian agent ordered a Navajo and his three wives to come in and then arrested them for having a plural marriage. A small group of Navajos used force to free the women and retreated to <a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Mountain" title="Beautiful Mountain">Beautiful Mountain</a> with 30 or 40 sympathizers. They refused to surrender to the agent, and local law enforcement and military refused the agent's request for an armed engagement. General Scott arrived, and with the help of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Chee_Dodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Chee Dodge">Henry Chee Dodge</a>, a leader among the Navajo, defused the situation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boarding_schools_and_education">Boarding schools and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Boarding schools and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">American Indian boarding schools</a></div> <p>During the time on the reservation, the Navajo tribe was forced to assimilate into white society. Navajo children were sent to boarding schools within the reservation and off the reservation. The first <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a> (BIA) school opened at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance,_Arizona" title="Fort Defiance, Arizona">Fort Defiance</a> in 1870<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led the way for eight others to be established.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_Erlbaum_Associates_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_Erlbaum_Associates-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many older Navajos were against this education and would hide their children to keep them from being taken. </p><p>Once the children arrived at the boarding school, their lives changed dramatically. European Americans taught the classes under an English-only curriculum and punished any student caught speaking Navajo.<sup id="cite_ref-Lawrence_Erlbaum_Associates_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawrence_Erlbaum_Associates-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The children were under militaristic discipline, run by the <i>Siláo</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Silao is a Navajo word for Police Officer. Is this meaning that the Navajo called those who ran the schools "Silao"? Who is really indicated by this term in this context? (October 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In multiple interviews, subjects recalled being captured and disciplined by the <i>Siláo</i> if they tried to run away. Other conditions included inadequate food, overcrowding, required manual labor in kitchens, fields, and boiler rooms; and military-style uniforms and haircuts.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Change did not occur in these boarding schools until after the <a href="/wiki/Meriam_Report" title="Meriam Report">Meriam Report</a> was published in 1929 by the Secretary of Interior, <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Hubert Work</a>. This report discussed Indian boarding schools as being inadequate in terms of diet, medical services, dormitory overcrowding, undereducated teachers, restrictive discipline, and manual labor by the students to keep the school running.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This report was the precursor to education reforms initiated under President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, under which two new schools were built on the Navajo reservation. But Rough Rock Day School was run in the same militaristic style as Fort Defiance and did not implement educational reforms. Navajo accounts of the Evangelical Missionary School portray it as having a family-like atmosphere with home-cooked meals, new or gently used clothing, humane treatment, and a Navajo-based curriculum. Educators found the Evangelical Missionary School curriculum to be much more beneficial for Navajo children.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navajo_Woman_and_Infant,_Canyon_de_Chelle,_Arizona_(Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument),_1933_-_1942_-_NARA_-_519947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Navajo_Woman_and_Infant%2C_Canyon_de_Chelle%2C_Arizona_%28Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument%29%2C_1933_-_1942_-_NARA_-_519947.jpg/220px-Navajo_Woman_and_Infant%2C_Canyon_de_Chelle%2C_Arizona_%28Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument%29%2C_1933_-_1942_-_NARA_-_519947.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Navajo_Woman_and_Infant%2C_Canyon_de_Chelle%2C_Arizona_%28Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument%29%2C_1933_-_1942_-_NARA_-_519947.jpg/330px-Navajo_Woman_and_Infant%2C_Canyon_de_Chelle%2C_Arizona_%28Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument%29%2C_1933_-_1942_-_NARA_-_519947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Navajo_Woman_and_Infant%2C_Canyon_de_Chelle%2C_Arizona_%28Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument%29%2C_1933_-_1942_-_NARA_-_519947.jpg/440px-Navajo_Woman_and_Infant%2C_Canyon_de_Chelle%2C_Arizona_%28Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument%29%2C_1933_-_1942_-_NARA_-_519947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1605" /></a><figcaption><i>Untitled</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a>. 1941. Taken near <a href="/wiki/Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument" title="Canyon de Chelly National Monument">Canyon de Chelly</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1937, Boston heiress <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cabot_Wheelwright" title="Mary Cabot Wheelwright">Mary Cabot Wheelright</a> and Navajo singer and <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">medicine man</a> <a href="/wiki/Hosteen_Klah" title="Hosteen Klah">Hastiin Klah</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Wheelwright_Museum_of_the_American_Indian" title="Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian">Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>. It is a repository for sound recordings, manuscripts, paintings, and sandpainting tapestries of the Navajos. It also featured exhibits to express the beauty, dignity, and logic of the Navajo religion. When Klah met Cabot in 1921, he witnessed decades of efforts by the US government and missionaries to assimilate the Navajos into mainstream society. The museum was founded to preserve the religion and traditions of the Navajo, which Klah was sure would otherwise soon be lost forever. </p><p>The result of these boarding schools led to much language loss within the Navajo Nation. After the Second World War, the Meriam Report funded more children to attend these schools with six times as many children attending boarding school than before the War.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English as the primary language spoken at these schools as well as the local towns surrounding the Navajo reservations contributed to residents becoming bilingual; however Navajo was still the primary language spoken at home.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livestock_Reduction_1930s–1950s"><span id="Livestock_Reduction_1930s.E2.80.931950s"></span>Livestock Reduction 1930s–1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Livestock Reduction 1930s–1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Livestock_Reduction" title="Navajo Livestock Reduction">Navajo Livestock Reduction</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Livestock_Reduction" title="Navajo Livestock Reduction">Navajo Livestock Reduction</a> was imposed upon the Navajo Nation by the federal government starting in 1933, during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under various forms, it continued into the 1950s. Worried about large herds in the arid climate, at a time when the Dust Bowl was endangering the Great Plains, the government decided that the land of the Navajo Nation could support only a fixed number of sheep, goats, cattle, and horses. The Federal government believed that land erosion was worsening in the area and the only solution was to reduce the number of livestock. </p><p>In 1933, <a href="/wiki/John_Collier_(reformer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Collier (reformer)">John Collier</a> was appointed commissioner of the BIA. In many ways, he worked to reform government relations with the Native American tribes, but the reduction program was devastating for the Navajo, for whom their livestock was so important. The government set land capacity in terms of "sheep units". In 1930 the Navajos grazed 1,100,000 mature sheep units.<sup id="cite_ref-Reduction_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reduction-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sheep provided half the cash income for the individual Navajo.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Collier's solution was to first launch a voluntary reduction program, which was made mandatory two years later in 1935. The government paid for part of the value of each animal, but it did nothing to compensate for the loss of future yearly income for so many Navajo. In the <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> and matrilocal world of the Navajo, women were especially hurt, as many lost their only source of income with the reduction of livestock herds.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Navajos did not understand why their centuries-old practices of raising livestock should change.<sup id="cite_ref-Reduction_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reduction-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were united in opposition but they were unable to stop it.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian Brian Dippie notes that the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rights_Association" title="Indian Rights Association">Indian Rights Association</a> denounced Collier as a 'dictator' and accused him of a "near reign of terror" on the Navajo reservation. Dippie adds that "He became an object of 'burning hatred' among the very people whose problems so preoccupied him."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long-term result was strong Navajo opposition to Collier's Indian New Deal.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navajo_Code_Talkers_in_World_War_II">Navajo Code Talkers in World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Navajo Code Talkers in World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_douglas_macarthur_meets_american_indian_troops_wwii_military_pacific_navajo_pima_island_hopping.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/General_douglas_macarthur_meets_american_indian_troops_wwii_military_pacific_navajo_pima_island_hopping.JPG/220px-General_douglas_macarthur_meets_american_indian_troops_wwii_military_pacific_navajo_pima_island_hopping.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/General_douglas_macarthur_meets_american_indian_troops_wwii_military_pacific_navajo_pima_island_hopping.JPG/330px-General_douglas_macarthur_meets_american_indian_troops_wwii_military_pacific_navajo_pima_island_hopping.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/General_douglas_macarthur_meets_american_indian_troops_wwii_military_pacific_navajo_pima_island_hopping.JPG/440px-General_douglas_macarthur_meets_american_indian_troops_wwii_military_pacific_navajo_pima_island_hopping.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1831" data-file-height="1774" /></a><figcaption>General Douglas MacArthur meeting Navajo, Pima, Pawnee and other Native American troops</figcaption></figure> <p>Many Navajo young people moved to cities to work in urban factories during World War II. Many Navajo men volunteered for military service in keeping with their warrior culture, and they served in integrated units. The War Department in 1940 rejected a proposal by the BIA that segregated units be created for the Indians. The Navajos gained firsthand experience with how they could assimilate into the modern world, and many did not return to the overcrowded reservation, which had few jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four hundred <a href="/wiki/Navajo_code_talkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo code talkers">Navajo code talkers</a> played a famous role during World War II by relaying radio messages using their own language. The Japanese were unable to understand or decode it.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uranium_mining">Uranium mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Uranium mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1940s, large quantities of uranium were discovered in Navajo land. From then into the early 21st century, the U.S. allowed mining without sufficient environmental protection for workers, waterways, and land. The Navajos have claimed high rates of death and illness from lung disease and cancer resulting from environmental contamination. Since the 1970s, legislation has helped to regulate the industry and reduce the toll.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Marine_Corps_Involvement">U.S. Marine Corps Involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: U.S. Marine Corps Involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Navajo Code Talkers played a significant role in <a href="/wiki/USMC" class="mw-redirect" title="USMC">USMC</a> history. Using their own language they utilized a military code; for example, the Navajo word "turtle" represented a tank. In 1942, Marine staff officers composed several combat simulations and the Navajo translated it and transmitted it in their dialect to another Navajo on the other line. This Navajo then translated it back into English faster than any other cryptographic facility, which demonstrated their efficacy. As a result, General Vogel recommended their recruitment into the USMC code talker program. </p><p>Each Navajo went through a basic boot camp at <a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Recruit_Depot_San_Diego" title="Marine Corps Recruit Depot San Diego">Marine Corps Recruit Depot</a>, San Diego before being assigned to Field Signal Battalion training at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Pendleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Pendleton">Camp Pendleton</a>. Once the code talkers completed training in the States, they were sent to the Pacific for assignment to the Marine combat divisions. With that said, there was never a crack in the Navajo language, it was never deciphered. It is known that many more Navajos volunteered to become code talkers than could be accepted; however, an undetermined number of other Navajos served as Marines in the war, but not as code talkers. </p><p>These achievements of the Navajo Code Talkers have resulted in an honorable chapter in USMC history. Their patriotism and honor inevitably earned them the respect of all Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1945">After 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: After 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_termination_policy" title="Indian termination policy">Indian termination policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Mesa_Peabody_Coal_controversy" title="Black Mesa Peabody Coal controversy">Black Mesa Peabody Coal controversy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Movement" title="American Indian Movement">American Indian Movement</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>This section is empty.</b> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navajo_Sheep.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Navajo_Sheep.jpg/220px-Navajo_Sheep.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Navajo_Sheep.jpg/330px-Navajo_Sheep.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Navajo_Sheep.jpg/440px-Navajo_Sheep.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Dibé (sheep) remain an important aspect of Navajo culture.</figcaption></figure> <p>The name "Navajo" comes from the late 18th century via the Spanish <i>(Apaches de) Navajó</i> "(Apaches of) Navajó", which was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Tewa_language" title="Tewa language">Tewa</a> <i>navahū</i> "farm fields adjoining a valley". The Navajos call themselves <i><span style="font-family: Aboriginal Sans, DejaVu Sans, Calibri, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;"><span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv">Diné</i></span></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-TheNavajo_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheNavajo-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apacheans</a>, the Navajos were <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">semi-nomadic</a> from the 16th through the 20th centuries. Their extended kinship groups had seasonal dwelling areas to accommodate livestock, agriculture, and gathering practices. As part of their traditional economy, Navajo groups may have formed trading or raiding parties, traveling relatively long distances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navajo_Clans_or_K’é"><span id="Navajo_Clans_or_K.E2.80.99.C3.A9"></span>Navajo Clans or <i>K’é</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Navajo Clans or K’é"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a system of <a href="/wiki/Clans" class="mw-redirect" title="Clans">clans</a> or <i>K’é</i> that defines relationships between individuals and families. The clan system is <a href="/wiki/Exogamy" title="Exogamy">exogamous</a>: people can only marry (or date) partners outside their own clans, which for this purpose include the clans of their four grandparents. Some Navajos favor their children to marry into their father's clan. While clans are associated with a geographical area, the area is not for the exclusive use of any one clan. Members of a clan may live hundreds of miles apart but still have a clan bond.<sup id="cite_ref-Longwalk_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Longwalk-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: xix–xxi">: xix–xxi </span></sup> </p><p>Historically, the structure of the Navajo society is largely a <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> system, in which the family of the women owned livestock, dwellings, planting areas, and livestock grazing areas. Once married, a Navajo man would follow a <a href="/wiki/Matrilocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilocal">matrilocal</a> residence and live with his bride in her dwelling and near her mother's family. Daughters (or, if necessary, other female relatives) were traditionally the ones who received the generational property inheritance. In cases of marital separation, women would maintain the property and children. Children are "born to" and belong to the mother's clan, and are "born for" the father's clan. The mother's eldest brother has a strong role in her children's lives. As adults, men represent their mother's clan in tribal politics.<sup id="cite_ref-TheNavajo_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheNavajo-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, there are four clans said to be the original ones, given to the Navajo from <a href="/wiki/Asdz%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81_N%C3%A1dleeh%C3%A9" title="Asdzą́ą́ Nádleehé">Asdzą́ą́ Nádleehé</a> or Changing Woman. Today there are more than 100 clans, some of which include other Native nations, such as <i>Naashtʼézhí diné’e</i> referring to the <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a>, of the <i>Naashgalí diné’é</i>, referring to the Mescalero Apache. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Original Navajo Clans (tradition) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Diné Bizaad name </th> <th>English name </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kinyaa’áanii </td> <td><i>The Towering House clan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Honágháahnii </td> <td><i>One-walks-around clan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tódich’ii'nii </td> <td><i>Bitter Water clan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hashtł’ishnii </td> <td><i>Mud clan</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_roles">Gender roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gender roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Men and women are seen as contemporary equals as both males and females are needed to reproduce. Although women may carry a bigger burden, fertility is so highly valued that males are expected to provide economic resources (known as <a href="/wiki/Bride_price" title="Bride price">bridewealth</a>). Corn is a symbol of fertility in Navajo culture as they eat white corn in the wedding ceremonies. It is considered to be immoral and/or stealing if one does not provide for the other in that premarital or marital relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ethnobotany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Navajo_ethnobotany" title="Navajo ethnobotany">Navajo ethnobotany</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_dwellings">Traditional dwellings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Traditional dwellings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:16_21_2006_monument_valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/16_21_2006_monument_valley.jpg/220px-16_21_2006_monument_valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/16_21_2006_monument_valley.jpg/330px-16_21_2006_monument_valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/16_21_2006_monument_valley.jpg/440px-16_21_2006_monument_valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>Hogan at Monument Valley Navajo Tribal Park</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Hogan" title="Hogan">hogan</a>, the traditional Navajo home, is built as a shelter for either a man or a woman. Male hogans are square or conical with a distinct rectangular entrance, while a female hogan is an eight-sided house.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Hogans are made of logs and covered in mud, with the door always facing east to welcome the sun each morning. Navajos also have several types of hogans for lodging and ceremonial use. Ceremonies, such as healing ceremonies or the <a href="/wiki/Blessing_Way" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessing Way"><i>kinaaldá</i></a>, take place inside a hogan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIverson200623_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIverson200623-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kehoe, this style of housing is distinctive to the Navajos. She writes, "Even today, a solidly constructed, log-walled Hogan is preferred by many Navajo families." Most Navajo members today live in apartments and houses in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1992133_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1992133-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Those who practice the Navajo religion regard the hogan as sacred. The religious song "<a href="/wiki/The_Blessingway" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blessingway">The Blessingway</a>" (<i><span style="font-family: Aboriginal Sans, DejaVu Sans, Calibri, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;"><span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv">hózhǫ́ǫ́jí</i></span></span></i>) describes the first hogan as being built by Coyote with help from Beavers to be a house for First Man, First Woman, and Talking God. The Beaver People gave Coyote logs and instructions on how to build the first hogan. Navajos traditionally made their hogans until the 1900s, when they started to make them in hexagonal and octagonal shapes. Hogans continue to be used as dwellings, especially by older Navajos, although they tend to be made with modern construction materials and techniques. Some are maintained specifically for ceremonial purposes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs">Spiritual and religious beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spiritual and religious beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A9_Bahane%CA%BC" title="Diné Bahaneʼ">Diné Bahaneʼ (Navajo creation beliefs)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navajo_Yebichai_(Yei_Bi_Chei)_dancers._Edward_S._Curtis._USA,_1900._The_Wellcome_Collection,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Navajo_Yebichai_%28Yei_Bi_Chei%29_dancers._Edward_S._Curtis._USA%2C_1900._The_Wellcome_Collection%2C_London.jpg/220px-Navajo_Yebichai_%28Yei_Bi_Chei%29_dancers._Edward_S._Curtis._USA%2C_1900._The_Wellcome_Collection%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Navajo_Yebichai_%28Yei_Bi_Chei%29_dancers._Edward_S._Curtis._USA%2C_1900._The_Wellcome_Collection%2C_London.jpg/330px-Navajo_Yebichai_%28Yei_Bi_Chei%29_dancers._Edward_S._Curtis._USA%2C_1900._The_Wellcome_Collection%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Navajo_Yebichai_%28Yei_Bi_Chei%29_dancers._Edward_S._Curtis._USA%2C_1900._The_Wellcome_Collection%2C_London.jpg/440px-Navajo_Yebichai_%28Yei_Bi_Chei%29_dancers._Edward_S._Curtis._USA%2C_1900._The_Wellcome_Collection%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4541" data-file-height="3448" /></a><figcaption>Navajo Yebichai (Yei Bi Chei) dancers. Edward S. Curtis. USA, 1900. The Wellcome Collection, London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hastob%C3%ADga,_Navaho_Medicine_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hastob%C3%ADga%2C_Navaho_Medicine_man.jpg/170px-Hastob%C3%ADga%2C_Navaho_Medicine_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hastob%C3%ADga%2C_Navaho_Medicine_man.jpg/255px-Hastob%C3%ADga%2C_Navaho_Medicine_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Hastob%C3%ADga%2C_Navaho_Medicine_man.jpg/340px-Hastob%C3%ADga%2C_Navaho_Medicine_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="2396" /></a><figcaption>Hastobíga, a <i><a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">Hataałii</a></i> photographed in 1904 by <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Curtis" title="Edward S. Curtis">Edward S. Curtis</a></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Navajo spiritual practice is about restoring balance and harmony to a person's life to produce health and is based on the ideas of <i>Hózhóójí</i>. The Diné believed in two classes of people: Earth People and Holy People. The Navajo people believe they passed through three worlds before arriving in this world, the Fourth World or the Glittering World. As Earth People, the Diné must do everything within their power to maintain the balance between Mother Earth and man.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Diné also had the expectation of keeping a positive relationship between them and the Diyin Diné. In the <a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A9_Bahane%CA%BC" title="Diné Bahaneʼ">Diné Bahaneʼ</a> (Navajo beliefs about creation), the First, or Dark World is where the four Diyin Diné lived and where First Woman and First Man came into existence. Because the world was so dark, life could not thrive there and they had to move on. The Second, or Blue World, was inhabited by a few of the mammals' Earth People know today as well as the Swallow Chief, or Táshchózhii. The First World beings had offended him and were asked to leave. From there, they headed south and arrived in the Third World or Yellow World. The four sacred mountains were found here, but due to a great flood, First Woman, First Man, and the Holy People were forced to find another world to live in. This time, when they arrived, they stayed in the Fourth World. In the Glittering World, true death came into existence, as well as the creation of the seasons, the moon, stars, and the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Holy People, or Diyin Diné, had instructed the Earth People to view the four sacred mountains as the boundaries of the homeland (<span style="font-family: Aboriginal Sans, DejaVu Sans, Calibri, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;"><span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv"><a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A9tah" title="Dinétah">Dinétah</a></i></span></span>) they should never leave: <a href="/wiki/Blanca_Peak" title="Blanca Peak">Blanca Peak</a> (<span style="font-family: Aboriginal Sans, DejaVu Sans, Calibri, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;"><span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv">Sisnaajiní</i></span></span> — Dawn or White Shell Mountain) in Colorado; <a href="/wiki/Mount_Taylor_(New_Mexico)" title="Mount Taylor (New Mexico)">Mount Taylor</a> (<span style="font-family: Aboriginal Sans, DejaVu Sans, Calibri, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;"><span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv">Tsoodził</i></span></span> — Blue Bead or Turquoise Mountain) in New Mexico; the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peaks" title="San Francisco Peaks">San Francisco Peaks</a> (<span style="font-family: Aboriginal Sans, DejaVu Sans, Calibri, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;"><span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv">Dookʼoʼoosłííd</i></span></span> — Abalone Shell Mountain) in Arizona; and <a href="/wiki/Hesperus_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Hesperus Mountain">Hesperus Mountain</a> (<span style="font-family: Aboriginal Sans, DejaVu Sans, Calibri, Arial Unicode MS, sans-serif;"><span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv">Dibé Nitsaa</i></span></span> — Big Mountain Sheep) in Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Times of day, as well as colors, are used to represent the four sacred mountains. Throughout religions, the importance of a specific number is emphasized and in the Navajo religion, the number four appears to be sacred to their practices. For example, there were four original clans of Diné, four colors and times of day, four Diyin Diné, and for the most part, four songs sung for a ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Navajos have many different ceremonies. For the most part, their ceremonies are to prevent or cure diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corn pollen is used as a blessing and as an offering during prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One half of the major <a href="/wiki/Navajo_song_ceremonial_complex" title="Navajo song ceremonial complex">Navajo song ceremonial complex</a> is the Blessing Way (<i>Hózhǫ́ǫ́jí)</i> and the other half is the Enemy Way (<i>Anaʼí Ndááʼ</i>). The Blessing Way ceremonies are based on establishing "peace, harmony, and good things exclusively" within the Dine. The Enemy Way, or Evil Way ceremonies are concerned with counteracting influences that come from outside the Dine.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spiritual healing ceremonies are rooted in Navajo traditional stories. One of them, the Night Chant ceremony, is conducted over several days and involves up to 24 dancers. The ceremony requires the dancers to wear buckskin masks, as do many of the other Navajo ceremonies, and they all represent specific gods.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of the Night Chant is to purify the patients and heal them through prayers to the spirit beings. Each day of the ceremony entails the performance of certain rites and the creation of detailed sand paintings. One of the songs describes the home of the thunderbirds: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>In Tsegihi [White House],<br /> In the house made of the dawn,<br /> In the house made of the evening light<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandner199188_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandner199188-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div></blockquote> <p>The ceremonial leader proceeds by asking the Holy People to be present at the beginning of the ceremony, then identifying the patient with the power of the spirit-being, and describing the patient's transformation to renewed health with lines such as, "Happily I recover."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandner199190_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESandner199190-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ceremonies are used to correct curses that cause some illnesses or misfortunes. People may complain of <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft#Navajo" title="Witchcraft">witches</a> who do harm to the minds, bodies, and families of innocent people,<sup id="cite_ref-TheNavajo_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheNavajo-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though these matters are rarely discussed in detail with those outside of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Keene_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keene-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_stories/Works_of_literature"><span id="Oral_stories.2FWorks_of_literature"></span>Oral stories/Works of literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Oral stories/Works of literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A9_Bahane%CA%BC" title="Diné Bahaneʼ">Diné Bahaneʼ (Creation Story)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_God_(Navajo_mythology)" title="Black God (Navajo mythology)">Black God</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coyote_(Navajo_mythology)" title="Coyote (Navajo mythology)">Coyote (notable traditional characters)</a></div> <p>The Navajo Tribe relies on oral tradition to maintain beliefs and stories. Examples include the traditional creation story <i><a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A9_Bahane%CA%BC" title="Diné Bahaneʼ">Diné Bahaneʼ</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Navajo Indian legends are staples in literature, including The First Man and First Woman <sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as The Sun, Moon, and Stars.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First Man and Woman is the story about the creation of the world, and The Sun, Moon, and Stars is the story about the origin of heavenly bodies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Navajo_music" title="Navajo music">Navajo music</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Visual arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silverwork">Silverwork</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Silverwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squash_Blossom_Necklace_by_Annie_Eagle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Squash_Blossom_Necklace_by_Annie_Eagle.png/220px-Squash_Blossom_Necklace_by_Annie_Eagle.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Squash_Blossom_Necklace_by_Annie_Eagle.png/330px-Squash_Blossom_Necklace_by_Annie_Eagle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Squash_Blossom_Necklace_by_Annie_Eagle.png/440px-Squash_Blossom_Necklace_by_Annie_Eagle.png 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Squash Blossom Necklace by Annie Eagle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navajowithsilver1891.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Navajowithsilver1891.png/170px-Navajowithsilver1891.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Navajowithsilver1891.png/255px-Navajowithsilver1891.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/Navajowithsilver1891.png 2x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>19th-century Navajo jewelry with the popular <a href="/wiki/Concho_(ornament)" title="Concho (ornament)">concho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dragonfly" title="Dragonfly">dragonfly</a> designs</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmithing</a> is an important art form among Navajos. <a href="/wiki/Atsidi_Sani" title="Atsidi Sani">Atsidi Sani</a> (c. 1830–c. 1918) is considered to be the first Southwest Indians to learn silversmithing. He learned silversmithing from a Mexican man called <i>Nakai Tsosi</i> ("Thin Mexican") around 1878 and began teaching other Navajos how to work with silver.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdair19894_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair19894-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Navajos initially obtained silver from coins and ingots and hammered them into shape. By 1880, Navajo silversmiths were creating <a href="/wiki/Handmade_jewelry" title="Handmade jewelry">handmade jewelry</a> including bracelets, tobacco flasks, <a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">necklaces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bracer" title="Bracer">bracers</a>. Later, they added silver <a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">earrings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckle" title="Buckle">buckles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">bolos</a>, hair ornaments, pins, and squash blossom necklaces for tribal use, and to sell to tourists as a way to supplement their income.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdair1989135_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair1989135-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Navajos' hallmark jewelry piece called the "squash blossom" necklace first appeared in the 1880s. The term "squash blossom" was apparently attached to the name of the Navajo necklace at an early date, although its bud-shaped beads are thought to derive from Spanish-Mexican <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a> designs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdair198944_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair198944-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Navajo silversmiths also borrowed the "naja" (<i>najahe</i> in Navajo)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdair19899_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair19899-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> symbol to shape the silver pendant that hangs from the "squash blossom" necklace. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a> has been part of jewelry for centuries, but Navajo artists did not use inlay techniques to insert turquoise into silver designs until the late 19th century. </p><p><br /> The Navajo are also known for their concha belts. The concha belt was derived from the Southern Plains Indians.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atsidi Chon was the first to create the Concha Belt and he taught his craft to other Navajos and to the Zuni people.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weaving">Weaving</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Weaving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Navajo_weaving" title="Navajo weaving">Navajo weaving</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navajo_sheep_%26_weaver.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Navajo_sheep_%26_weaver.jpg/180px-Navajo_sheep_%26_weaver.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Navajo_sheep_%26_weaver.jpg/270px-Navajo_sheep_%26_weaver.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Navajo_sheep_%26_weaver.jpg/360px-Navajo_sheep_%26_weaver.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3315" data-file-height="4028" /></a><figcaption>Navajo weaver with sheep</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navajo_Germantown_Rug_2008.008.001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Navajo_Germantown_Rug_2008.008.001.jpg/180px-Navajo_Germantown_Rug_2008.008.001.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Navajo_Germantown_Rug_2008.008.001.jpg/270px-Navajo_Germantown_Rug_2008.008.001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Navajo_Germantown_Rug_2008.008.001.jpg/360px-Navajo_Germantown_Rug_2008.008.001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Navajo Germantown Eye Dazzler Rug, <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Probably_Bayeta-style_Blanket_with_Terrace_and_Stepped_Design,_1870-1880,_50.67.54.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Probably_Bayeta-style_Blanket_with_Terrace_and_Stepped_Design%2C_1870-1880%2C_50.67.54.jpg/220px-Probably_Bayeta-style_Blanket_with_Terrace_and_Stepped_Design%2C_1870-1880%2C_50.67.54.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Probably_Bayeta-style_Blanket_with_Terrace_and_Stepped_Design%2C_1870-1880%2C_50.67.54.jpg/330px-Probably_Bayeta-style_Blanket_with_Terrace_and_Stepped_Design%2C_1870-1880%2C_50.67.54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Probably_Bayeta-style_Blanket_with_Terrace_and_Stepped_Design%2C_1870-1880%2C_50.67.54.jpg/440px-Probably_Bayeta-style_Blanket_with_Terrace_and_Stepped_Design%2C_1870-1880%2C_50.67.54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption><i>Probably Bayeta-style Blanket with Terrace and Stepped Design</i>, 1870–1880, 50.67.54, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Navajos came to the southwest with their own weaving traditions; however, they learned to weave cotton on vertical looms from the Pueblo peoples. The first Spaniards to visit the region wrote about seeing Navajo blankets. By the 18th century, the Navajos had begun to import Bayeta red yarn to supplement local black, gray, and white wool, as well as wool dyed with <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a>. Using an upright loom, the Navajos made extremely fine utilitarian blankets that were collected by <a href="/wiki/Ute_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute tribe">Ute</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a>. These Chief's Blankets, so called because only chiefs or very wealthy individuals could afford them, were characterized by horizontal stripes and minimal patterning in red. First Phase Chief's Blankets have only horizontal stripes, Second Phase feature red rectangular designs, and Third Phase features red diamonds and partial diamond patterns. </p><p>The completion of the railroads dramatically changed Navajo weaving. Cheap blankets were imported, so Navajo weavers shifted their focus to weaving rugs for an increasingly non-Native audience. Rail service also brought in Germantown wool from <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, commercially dyed wool which greatly expanded the weavers' color palettes. </p><p>Some early European-American settlers moved in and set up trading posts, often buying <a href="/wiki/Navajo_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo rug">Navajo rugs</a> by the pound and selling them back east by the bale. The traders encouraged the locals to weave blankets and <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo Rug">rugs</a> into distinct styles. These included "Two Gray Hills" (predominantly black and white, with traditional patterns); <i>Teec Nos Pos</i> (colorful, with very extensive patterns); "Ganado" (founded by <a href="/wiki/Don_Lorenzo_Hubbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Lorenzo Hubbell">Don Lorenzo Hubbell</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), red-dominated patterns with black and white; "Crystal" (founded by J. B. Moore); oriental and <a href="/wiki/Persian_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian rug">Persian</a> styles (almost always with <a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">natural dyes</a>); "Wide Ruins", "Chinlee", banded geometric patterns; "Klagetoh", diamond-type patterns; "Red Mesa" and bold diamond patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these patterns exhibit a fourfold symmetry, which is thought to embody traditional ideas about harmony or <i>hózhǫ́</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population_history">Population history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Population history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Benavides" title="Alonso de Benavides">Alonso de Benavides</a> in year 1626 they were so numerous that "in two days over 30,000 Navajos assembled". Apparently they were not less numerous in the early 20th century - Indian Affairs 1910 counted 29,624 Navajos in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> (in addition to that the census of 1910 returned also 1,039 Navajos in <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> - for a total of at least 30,663). But the Navajos were a nomadic tribe, roaming over a very large area, so that an absolutely accurate enumeration even in year 1910 would have been an extremely difficult if not impossible task.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. census of 2020 counted 392,962 Navajos in all states and territories.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_media">In the media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000 the documentary <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_Navajo_Boy" title="The Return of Navajo Boy">The Return of Navajo Boy</a></i> was shown at the <a href="/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival" title="Sundance Film Festival">Sundance Film Festival</a>. It was written in response to an earlier film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Navajo_Boy" title="The Navajo Boy">The Navajo Boy</a></i> which was somewhat exploitative of those Navajos involved. <i>The Return of Navajo Boy</i> allowed the Navajos to be more involved in the depictions of themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-navajoboy.com_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navajoboy.com-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the final episode of the third season of the FX reality TV show <i><a href="/wiki/30_Days_(TV_series)" title="30 Days (TV series)">30 Days</a></i>, the show's producer <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Spurlock" title="Morgan Spurlock">Morgan Spurlock</a> spends thirty days living with a Navajo family on their reservation in New Mexico. The July 2008 show called "Life on an Indian Reservation", depicts the dire conditions that many Native Americans experience living on reservations in the United States.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tony_Hillerman" title="Tony Hillerman">Tony Hillerman</a> wrote a series of detective novels whose detective characters were members of the Navajo Tribal Police. The novels are noted for incorporating details about Navajo culture, and in some cases expanding the focus to include nearby <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a> characters and cultures, as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some of the novels have been adapted for film/TV, including the series <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Winds" title="Dark Winds">Dark Winds</a></i>. His daughter has continued the novel series after his death. </p><p>In 1997, Welsh author Eirug Wyn published the Welsh-language novel "I Ble'r Aeth Haul y Bore?" ("Where did the Morning Sun go?" in English) which tells the story of Carson's misdoings against the Navajo people from the point of view of a fictional young Navajo woman called "Haul y Bore" ("Morning Sun" in English).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navajo_people">Navajo people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Navajo people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Navajo_people" title="Category:Navajo people">Category:Navajo people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JEllsbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/JEllsbury.jpg/170px-JEllsbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/JEllsbury.jpg/255px-JEllsbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/JEllsbury.jpg/340px-JEllsbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3185" data-file-height="4287" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jacoby_Ellsbury" title="Jacoby Ellsbury">Jacoby Ellsbury</a>, pictured in a <a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a> uniform, is a Navajo (from his mother's side) retired <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> player</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Begay" title="Fred Begay">Fred Begay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear physicist">nuclear physicist</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> veteran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notah_Begay_III" title="Notah Begay III">Notah Begay III</a> (Navajo-Isleta-San Felipe Pueblo), American professional golfer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klee_Benally" title="Klee Benally">Klee Benally</a>, musician and documentary filmmaker<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacoby_Ellsbury" title="Jacoby Ellsbury">Jacoby Ellsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a> outfielder (enrolled <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Indian_Tribes" title="Colorado River Indian Tribes">Colorado River Indian Tribes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickie_Fowler" title="Rickie Fowler">Rickie Fowler</a>, American professional golfer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kieyoomia" title="Joe Kieyoomia">Joe Kieyoomia</a>, captured by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> after the fall of the Philippines in 1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicco_Monta%C3%B1o" title="Nicco Montaño">Nicco Montaño</a>, former women's UFC flyweight champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Nez" title="Chester Nez">Chester Nez</a>, the last original Navajo code talker who served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> during World War II.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krystal_Tsosie" title="Krystal Tsosie">Krystal Tsosie</a>, geneticist and bioethicist known for promoting Indigenous data sovereignty and studying genetics within Indigenous communities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Witherill" title="Cory Witherill">Cory Witherill</a>, first full-blooded Native American in <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Yazzie" title="Aaron Yazzie">Aaron Yazzie</a>, mechanical engineer at NASA's <a href="/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory" title="Jet Propulsion Laboratory">Jet Propulsion Laboratory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artists">Artists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Artists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Navajo_artists" title="Category:Navajo artists">Category:Navajo artists</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatien_Yazz" title="Beatien Yazz">Beatien Yazz</a> (1928–2022), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apie_Begay" title="Apie Begay">Apie Begay</a> (fl. 1902), first Navajo artist to use European drawing materials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Begay" title="Harrison Begay">Harrison Begay</a> (1914–2012), <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Indian_School#School" title="Santa Fe Indian School">Studio</a> painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Begay-Foss" title="Joyce Begay-Foss">Joyce Begay-Foss</a>, weaver, educator, and museum curator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Holiday_Black" title="Mary Holiday Black">Mary Holiday Black</a> (c. 1934–2022), basket maker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanibah_Chacon" title="Nanibah Chacon">Nanibah Chacon</a> (born 1980), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Chacon" title="Raven Chacon">Raven Chacon</a> (born 1977), conceptual artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Clayton" title="Lorenzo Clayton">Lorenzo Clayton</a> (born 1940), artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Nelson_Gorman" title="Carl Nelson Gorman">Carl Nelson Gorman</a> (also known as Kin-Ya-Onny-Beyeh; 1907–1998), painter, printmaker, illustrator, and Navajo code talker with the U.S. Marine Corp during World War II.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._C._Gorman" title="R. C. Gorman">R. C. Gorman</a> (1932–2005), painter and printmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hastiin_Klah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hastiin Klah">Hastiin Klah</a> (1867–1937), weaver and co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Wheelwright_Museum_of_the_American_Indian" title="Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian">Wheelwright Museum of the American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Johns" title="David Johns">David Johns</a> (born 1948), painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazzie_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazzie Johnson">Yazzie Johnson</a> (born 1946), contemporary silversmith</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Manygoats" title="Betty Manygoats">Betty Manygoats</a> (born 1945), Táchiiʼnii, contemporary ceramicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Nofchissey_McHorse" class="mw-redirect" title="Christine Nofchissey McHorse">Christine Nofchissey McHorse</a> (1948-2021), ceramicist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Nailor,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Gerald Nailor, Sr.">Gerald Nailor, Sr.</a> (1917–1952), studio painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Teller_Ornelas" title="Barbara Teller Ornelas">Barbara Teller Ornelas</a> (born 1954), master <a href="/wiki/Navajo_weaver" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo weaver">Navajo weaver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_ambassador" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural ambassador">cultural ambassador</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsidi_Sani" title="Atsidi Sani">Atsidi Sani</a> (c. 1828–1918), first known Navajo silversmith</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilou_Schultz" title="Marilou Schultz">Marilou Schultz</a> (born 1954), textile artist and math teacher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Nezbah_Sherman" class="mw-redirect" title="Clara Nezbah Sherman">Clara Nezbah Sherman</a> (1914–2010), weaver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Singer_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryan Singer (artist)">Ryan Singer</a> (born 1973), painter, illustrator, screen printer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Singer" title="Tommy Singer">Tommy Singer</a> (1940–2014), silversmith and jeweler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Tahoma" title="Quincy Tahoma">Quincy Tahoma</a> (1920–1956), studio painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrell_Tapaha" title="Tyrrell Tapaha">Tyrrell Tapaha</a>, 21st-century weaver and printmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klah_Tso" title="Klah Tso">Klah Tso</a> (mid-19th century — early 20th century), pioneering easel painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmi_Whitehorse" title="Emmi Whitehorse">Emmi Whitehorse</a> (born 1957), contemporary painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Yazzie" title="Melanie Yazzie">Melanie Yazzie</a> (born 1966), contemporary print maker and educator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Montoya" title="Teresa Montoya">Teresa Montoya</a>, film maker</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performers">Performers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Performers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Bitsui" title="Jeremiah Bitsui">Jeremiah Bitsui</a>, actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfire_(American_band)" title="Blackfire (American band)">Blackfire</a>, punk/alternative rock band</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raven_Chacon" title="Raven Chacon">Raven Chacon</a>, composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radmilla_Cody" title="Radmilla Cody">Radmilla Cody</a>, traditional singer and the 46th Miss Navajo Winner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_and_Ernie" class="mw-redirect" title="James and Ernie">James and Ernie</a>, comedy duo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Moore_(American_actress)" title="Carmen Moore (American actress)">Carmen Moore</a>, actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Carlos_Nakai" title="R. Carlos Nakai">R. Carlos Nakai</a>, musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_Soto" title="Jock Soto">Jock Soto</a>, ballet dancer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politicians">Politicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Politicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Deschene" title="Chris Deschene">Chris Deschene</a>, veteran, attorney, engineer, and a community leader. One of few Native Americans to be accepted into the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis. Upon graduation, he was commissioned as a 2nd Lt. in the U.S. Marine Corps. He made an unsuccessful attempt to run for Navajo Nation President.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chee_Dodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Chee Dodge">Henry Chee Dodge</a>, last head chief of the Navajo and first chairman of the Navajo Tribe, (1922–1928, 1942–1946).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a>, former Navajo Tribal Councilwoman and advocate.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dodge" title="Thomas Dodge">Thomas Dodge</a>, former chairman of the Navajo Tribe and first Diné attorney.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hale" title="Albert Hale">Albert Hale</a>, former president of the Navajo Nation. He served in the Arizona Senate from 2004 to 2011 and in the Arizona House of Representatives from 2011 to 2017.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Haswood" title="Christina Haswood">Christina Haswood</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_House_of_Representatives" title="Kansas House of Representatives">Kansas House of Representatives</a> since 2021.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_MacDonald_(Navajo_leader)" title="Peter MacDonald (Navajo leader)">Peter MacDonald</a>, Navajo Code Talker and former chairman of the Navajo Tribe.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Maryboy" title="Mark Maryboy">Mark Maryboy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aneth,_Utah" title="Aneth, Utah">Aneth</a>/<a href="/wiki/Red_Mesa,_Arizona" title="Red Mesa, Arizona">Red Mesa</a>/Mexican Water), former Navajo Nation Council Delegate, working in Utah Navajo Investments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilakai_Julian_Neil" title="Lilakai Julian Neil">Lilakai Julian Neil</a>, the first woman elected to Navajo Tribal Council.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Nez" title="Jonathan Nez">Jonathan Nez</a>, former president of the Navajo Nation. He served three terms as Navajo Council delegate representing the chapters of Shonto, Oljato, Tsah Bi Kin and Navajo Mountain. Served two terms as Navajo County Board of Supervisors for District 1.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buu_Nygren" title="Buu Nygren">Buu Nygren</a>, current president of the Navajo Nation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shelly" title="Ben Shelly">Ben Shelly</a>, former president of the Navajo Nation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Shirley,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Shirley, Jr.">Joe Shirley, Jr.</a>, former president of the Navajo Nation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Stearns" title="Chris Stearns">Chris Stearns</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Washington_House_of_Representatives" title="Washington House of Representatives">Washington House of Representatives</a> since 2022.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterson_Zah" title="Peterson Zah">Peterson Zah</a>, first president of the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a> and last chairman of the Navajo Tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writers">Writers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Writers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Bitsoie" title="Freddie Bitsoie">Freddie Bitsoie</a>, author and chef</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherwin_Bitsui" title="Sherwin Bitsui">Sherwin Bitsui</a>, author and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luci_Tapahonso" title="Luci Tapahonso">Luci Tapahonso</a>, poet and lecturer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woody" title="Elizabeth Woody">Elizabeth Woody</a>, author, educator, and environmentalist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navajo-Churro_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo-Churro sheep">Navajo-Churro sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Navajo pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_of_the_Navajo" title="Long Walk of the Navajo">Long Walk of the Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajoceratops" title="Navajoceratops">Navajoceratops</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NAV</span>-ə-hoh, <span style="font-size:90%">NAH</span>-və-</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also spelled <b>Navaho</b>; <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>: <i lang="nv"><b>Diné</b></i> or <i><span title="Navajo-language text"><i lang="nv"><b>Naabeehó</b></i></span></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-enroll-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-enroll_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enroll_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-enroll_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Becenti, Arlyssa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://navajotimes.com/reznews/dine-enrolled-population-increases-to-399494/">Diné enrolled population increases to 399,494</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210512022246/https://navajotimes.com/reznews/dine-enrolled-population-increases-to-399494/">Archived</a> 2021-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Navajo Times</i>, 26 April 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/abpopprof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&B1=All&C1=All&SEX_ID=1&AGE_ID=1&RESGEO_ID=1">"Aboriginal Population Profile, 2016 Census"</a>. <i>www12.statcan.gc.ca/</i>. Statistics Canada. 21 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220130040007/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/abpopprof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&B1=All&C1=All&SEX_ID=1&AGE_ID=1&RESGEO_ID=1">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www12.statcan.gc.ca%2F&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+Population+Profile%2C+2016+Census&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww12.statcan.gc.ca%2Fcensus-recensement%2F2016%2Fdp-pd%2Fabpopprof%2Fdetails%2Fpage.cfm%3FLang%3DE%26Geo1%3DPR%26Code1%3D01%26Data%3DCount%26SearchText%3DCanada%26SearchType%3DBegins%26B1%3DAll%26C1%3DAll%26SEX_ID%3D1%26AGE_ID%3D1%26RESGEO_ID%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), <i>English Pronouncing Dictionary</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-12-539683-2"><bdi>3-12-539683-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-12-539683-2&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edrp.arid.arizona.edu/tribes.html">"Arizona's Native American Tribes: Navajo Nation"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120101153827/http://edrp.arid.arizona.edu/tribes.html">Archived</a> 2012-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>University of Arizona, Tucson Economic Development Research Program</i> (retrieved: 19 January 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S._Census-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Census_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20150112190311/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t">American Factfinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaile1949" class="citation journal cs1">Haile, Berard (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/977783">"Navaho or Navajo?"</a>. <i>The Americas</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 85–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F977783">10.2307/977783</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-1615">0003-1615</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/977783">977783</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144292342">144292342</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421123335/https://www.jstor.org/stable/977783">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=Navaho+or+Navajo%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-90&rft.date=1949&rft.issn=0003-1615&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144292342%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F977783%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F977783&rft.aulast=Haile&rft.aufirst=Berard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F977783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watkins, Thayer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/navajo.htm">"Discovery of the Athabascan Origin of the Apache and Navajo Language"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112211856/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/navajo.htm">Archived</a> 2014-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>San Jose State University</i> (retrieved: 28 November 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Supalla-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Supalla_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel J. Supalla (1992). <i>The Book of Name Signs</i>, p. 22 (retrieved: 28 November 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoeringEsdaleReutherCatenacci2020" class="citation journal cs1">Doering, Briana N.; Esdale, Julie A.; Reuther, Joshua D.; Catenacci, Senna D. (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0002731620000347/type/journal_article">"A Multiscalar Consideration of the Athabascan Migration"</a>. <i>American Antiquity</i>. <b>85</b> (3): 470–491. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Faaq.2020.34">10.1017/aaq.2020.34</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7316">0002-7316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=A+Multiscalar+Consideration+of+the+Athabascan+Migration&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=470-491&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Faaq.2020.34&rft.issn=0002-7316&rft.aulast=Doering&rft.aufirst=Briana+N.&rft.au=Esdale%2C+Julie+A.&rft.au=Reuther%2C+Joshua+D.&rft.au=Catenacci%2C+Senna+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0002731620000347%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewandowska2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lewandowska, Magdalena (2020). "Athapaskan Migration to the North American Southwest". <i>Contributions in New World Archeology</i>. <b>12</b>: 139–164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contributions+in+New+World+Archeology&rft.atitle=Athapaskan+Migration+to+the+North+American+Southwest&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=139-164&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Lewandowska&rft.aufirst=Magdalena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour2012" class="citation journal cs1">Seymour, Deni (2012). "Gateways for Athabascan Migration to the American Southwest". <i>Plains Anthropologist</i>. <b>57</b>: 149–161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plains+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Gateways+for+Athabascan+Migration+to+the+American+Southwest&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=149-161&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=Deni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIverson200619,_62-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIverson200619,_62_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIverson2006">Iverson 2006</a>, p. 19, 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hosteen Klah, page 102 and others</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Correll1976-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Correll1976_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Correll1976_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Correll1976_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Correll1976_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorrell1976" class="citation book cs1">Correll, J. Lee (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhANAQAAMAAJ"><i>Through White Men's Eyes: A contribution to Navajo History</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(Book)</span>. Window Rock, AZ: The Navajo Times Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780894172922" title="Special:BookSources/9780894172922"><bdi>9780894172922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+White+Men%27s+Eyes%3A+A+contribution+to+Navajo+History&rft.place=Window+Rock%2C+AZ&rft.pub=The+Navajo+Times+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780894172922&rft.aulast=Correll&rft.aufirst=J.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhANAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESides2006133–140,_152–154-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESides2006133–140,_152–154_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSides2006">Sides 2006</a>, p. 133–140, 152–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">9 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-9-974">974</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_H._Simpson" title="James H. Simpson">Simpson, James H</a>, edited and annotated by Frank McNitt, foreword by Durwood Ball, <i>Navaho Expedition: Journal of a Military Reconnaissance from Santa Fe, New Mexico, to the Navajo Country, Made in 1849</i>, University of Oklahoma Press (1964), trade paperback (2003), 296 pages, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3570-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-3570-0">0-8061-3570-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_Gerald1976" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Gerald (1976). <i>The Army and the Navajo: The Bosque Redondo Reservation Experiment 1863–1868</i>. Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816504954" title="Special:BookSources/9780816504954"><bdi>9780816504954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Army+and+the+Navajo%3A+The+Bosque+Redondo+Reservation+Experiment+1863%E2%80%931868&rft.place=Tucson%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=The+University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780816504954&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longwalk-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Longwalk_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Longwalk_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompiled1973" class="citation book cs1">Compiled (1973). Roessel, Ruth (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/navajostoriesofl0000unse"><i>Navajo Stories of the Long Walk Period</i></a></span>. Tsaile, Arizona: Navajo Community College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912586-16-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-912586-16-8"><bdi>0-912586-16-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navajo+Stories+of+the+Long+Walk+Period&rft.place=Tsaile%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=Navajo+Community+College+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-912586-16-8&rft.au=Compiled&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnavajostoriesofl0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Bornstein, "The Fearing Time: Telling the tales of Indian slavery in American history", <i>Times Literary Supplement</i>, 20 October 2017 p. 29 (review of Andrés Reséndez, <i>The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America</i>, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780547640983" title="Special:BookSources/9780547640983">9780547640983</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marei Bouknight and others, <i>Guide to Records in the Military Archives Division Pertaining to Indian-White Relations,</i> GSA National Archives, 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ford, "September 30, 1887 Letter to Acting Assistant General," District of New Mexico, National Archive Materials, Navajo Tribal Museum, Window Rock, Arizona</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerr, "February 18, 1887 letter to Acting Assistant General," District of New Mexico, National Archive Materials, Navajo Tribal Museum, Window Rock, Arizona.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott," June 22, 1887 letter to Acting Assistant General," District of New Mexico, National Archive Materials, Navajo Tribal Museum, Window Rock, Arizona</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ftdefiance.navajochapters.org/">"Fort Defiance Chapter"</a>. <i>FORT DEFIANCE CHAPTER</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170523093147/http://ftdefiance.navajochapters.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FORT+DEFIANCE+CHAPTER&rft.atitle=Fort+Defiance+Chapter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fftdefiance.navajochapters.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawrence_Erlbaum_Associates-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_Erlbaum_Associates_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lawrence_Erlbaum_Associates_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCartyBia2002" class="citation book cs1">McCarty, T.L.; Bia, Fred (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placetobenavajor00mcca"><i>A Place to be Navajo: Rough Rock and the Struggle for Self-Determination in Indigenous Schooling</i></a></span>. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placetobenavajor00mcca/page/n64">42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-3760-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-3760-4"><bdi>0-8058-3760-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Place+to+be+Navajo%3A+Rough+Rock+and+the+Struggle+for+Self-Determination+in+Indigenous+Schooling&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8058-3760-4&rft.aulast=McCarty&rft.aufirst=T.L.&rft.au=Bia%2C+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplacetobenavajor00mcca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCartyBia2002" class="citation book cs1">McCarty, T.L.; Bia, Fred (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placetobenavajor00mcca"><i>A Place to be Navajo: Rough Rock and the Struggle for Self-Determination in Indigenous Schooling</i></a></span>. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placetobenavajor00mcca/page/n66">44</a>–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-3760-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-3760-4"><bdi>0-8058-3760-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Place+to+be+Navajo%3A+Rough+Rock+and+the+Struggle+for+Self-Determination+in+Indigenous+Schooling&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pages=44-5&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8058-3760-4&rft.aulast=McCarty&rft.aufirst=T.L.&rft.au=Bia%2C+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplacetobenavajor00mcca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCartyBia2002" class="citation book cs1">McCarty, T.L.; Bia, Fred (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placetobenavajor00mcca"><i>A Place to be Navajo: Rough Rock and the Struggle for Self-Determination in Indigenous Schooling</i></a></span>. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placetobenavajor00mcca/page/n70">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-3760-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-3760-4"><bdi>0-8058-3760-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Place+to+be+Navajo%3A+Rough+Rock+and+the+Struggle+for+Self-Determination+in+Indigenous+Schooling&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8058-3760-4&rft.aulast=McCarty&rft.aufirst=T.L.&rft.au=Bia%2C+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplacetobenavajor00mcca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCartyBia2002" class="citation book cs1">McCarty, T.L.; Bia, Fred (2002). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placetobenavajor00mcca"><i>A Place to be Navajo: Rough Rock and the Struggle for Self-Determination in Indigenous Schooling</i></a></span>. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/placetobenavajor00mcca/page/n72">50</a>–1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8058-3760-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8058-3760-4"><bdi>0-8058-3760-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Place+to+be+Navajo%3A+Rough+Rock+and+the+Struggle+for+Self-Determination+in+Indigenous+Schooling&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pages=50-1&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8058-3760-4&rft.aulast=McCarty&rft.aufirst=T.L.&rft.au=Bia%2C+Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplacetobenavajor00mcca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpolsky2014" class="citation web cs1">Spolsky, Bernard (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/06/ldd06_06.pdf">"Language Documentation and Description"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25894%2Fldd241">10.25894/ldd241</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112035033/http://www.elpublishing.org/docs/1/06/ldd06_06.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Language+Documentation+and+Description&rft.pages=117&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25894%2Fldd241&rft.aulast=Spolsky&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elpublishing.org%2Fdocs%2F1%2F06%2Fldd06_06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Iverson, <i>Dine: A History of the Navajos,</i> 2002, University of New Mexico Press, Chapter 5, "our People Cried": 1923–1941.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reduction-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reduction_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reduction_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompiled1974" class="citation book cs1">Compiled (1974). Roessel, Ruth (ed.). <i>Navajo Livestock Reduction: A National Disgrace</i>. Tsaile, Arizona: Navajo Community College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912586-18-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-912586-18-4"><bdi>0-912586-18-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navajo+Livestock+Reduction%3A+A+National+Disgrace&rft.place=Tsaile%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=Navajo+Community+College+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-912586-18-4&rft.au=Compiled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Iverson2002" class="citation book cs1">Peter Iverson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dU2_8WAkD4EC&pg=PA250"><i>"For Our Navajo People": Diné Letters, Speeches & Petitions, 1900-1960</i></a>. U of New Mexico Press. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826327185" title="Special:BookSources/9780826327185"><bdi>9780826327185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22For+Our+Navajo+People%22%3A+Din%C3%A9+Letters%2C+Speeches+%26+Petitions%2C+1900-1960&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=U+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780826327185&rft.au=Peter+Iverson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdU2_8WAkD4EC%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisiger2007" class="citation journal cs1">Weisiger, Marsha (2007). "Gendered Injustice: Navajo Livestock Reduction in the New Deal Era". <i>Western Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>38</b> (4): 437–455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25443605">10.2307/25443605</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25443605">25443605</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147597303">147597303</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Gendered+Injustice%3A+Navajo+Livestock+Reduction+in+the+New+Deal+Era&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=437-455&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147597303%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25443605%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25443605&rft.aulast=Weisiger&rft.aufirst=Marsha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_White,_ch_13:_"The_Navajos_become_Dependent"1988" class="citation book cs1">Richard White, ch 13: "The Navajos become Dependent" (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_be-2k1oScC&pg=PA300"><i>The Roots of Dependency: Subsistence, Environment, and Social Change Among the Choctaws, Pawnees, and Navajos</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. pp. 300ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803297246" title="Special:BookSources/0803297246"><bdi>0803297246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Dependency%3A+Subsistence%2C+Environment%2C+and+Social+Change+Among+the+Choctaws%2C+Pawnees%2C+and+Navajos&rft.pages=300ff&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0803297246&rft.au=Richard+White%2C+ch+13%3A+%22The+Navajos+become+Dependent%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_be-2k1oScC%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian W. Dippie, <i>The Vanishing American: White Attitudes and U.S. Indian Policy</i> (1991) pp 333–336, quote p 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald A. Grinde Jr, "Navajo Opposition to the Indian New Deal." <i>Integrated Education</i> (1981) 19#3–6 pp: 79–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alison R. Bernstein, <i>American Indians and World War II: Toward a New Era in Indian Affairs,</i> (University of Oklahoma Press, 1999) pp 40, 67, 132, 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernstein, <i>American Indians and World War II</i> pp 46–49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judy Pasternak, <i>Yellow Dirt- An American Story of a Poisoned Land and a People Betrayed,</i> Free Press, New York, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marine Corps. University, <i>NAVAJO CODE TALKERS IN WORLD WAR II,</i> USMC History Division, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheNavajo-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TheNavajo_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheNavajo_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TheNavajo_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKluckhohn,_ClydeLeighton,_Dorothea1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kluckhohn" title="Clyde Kluckhohn">Kluckhohn, Clyde</a>; Leighton, Dorothea (1974). <i>The Navaho</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-6060-3-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-6060-3-5"><bdi>0-674-6060-3-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Navaho&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-674-6060-3-5&rft.au=Kluckhohn%2C+Clyde&rft.au=Leighton%2C+Dorothea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lauren Del Carlo, <i>Between the Sacred Mountains: A Cultural History of the Dineh,</i> Essai, Volume 5: Article 15, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIverson200623-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIverson200623_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIverson2006">Iverson 2006</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKehoe1992133-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKehoe1992133_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKehoe1992">Kehoe 1992</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160418171730/http://www.navajovalues.com/natani/navajovalues.htm#navajobeliefs">"Navajo Cultural History and Legends"</a>. <i>Coastal Web Weaver</i>. November 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navajovalues.com/natani/navajovalues.htm#navajobeliefs">the original</a> on 2016-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coastal+Web+Weaver&rft.atitle=Navajo+Cultural+History+and+Legends&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navajovalues.com%2Fnatani%2Fnavajovalues.htm%23navajobeliefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlah1942" class="citation web cs1">Klah, Hasteen (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/nav/ncm/ncm4.htm">"The Story of the Emergence"</a>. <i>Navajo Creation Myth</i>. Recorded by Wheelwright, Mary C. Internet Sacred Text Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160525202134/http://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/nav/ncm/ncm4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-05-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Navajo+Creation+Myth&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+the+Emergence&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Klah&rft.aufirst=Hasteen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fnam%2Fnav%2Fncm%2Fncm4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovernavajo.com/navajo-culture/">"Navajo Culture"</a>. <i>Discover Navajo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Navajo&rft.atitle=Navajo+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovernavajo.com%2Fnavajo-culture%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyman1983" class="citation web cs1">Wyman, Leland (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305073542/http://www.users.humboldt.edu/jwpowell/LelandWymanHONAI-NavajoCeremonialSystem,reduced.pdf">"Navajo Ceremonial System"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.users.humboldt.edu/jwpowell/LelandWymanHONAI-NavajoCeremonialSystem,reduced.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navajo+Ceremonial+System&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Wyman&rft.aufirst=Leland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.users.humboldt.edu%2Fjwpowell%2FLelandWymanHONAI-NavajoCeremonialSystem%2Creduced.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandner199188-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandner199188_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandner1991">Sandner 1991</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESandner199190-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESandner199190_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSandner1991">Sandner 1991</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keene-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Keene_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keene, Dr. Adrienne, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nativeappropriations.com/2016/03/magic-in-north-america-part-1-ugh.html">Magic in North America Part 1: Ugh.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406124236/http://nativeappropriations.com/2016/03/magic-in-north-america-part-1-ugh.html">Archived</a> 2016-04-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" at <i><a href="/wiki/Native_Appropriations" title="Native Appropriations">Native Appropriations</a>", 8 March 2016. Accessed 9 April 2016: "What happens when Rowling pulls this in, is we as Native people are now opened up to a barrage of questions about these beliefs and traditions ... but these are not things that need or should be discussed by outsiders. At all. I'm sorry if that seems "unfair," but that's how our cultures survive."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Legends/CreationofFirstManandFirstWoman-Navajo.html">"Creation of First Man and First Woman - A Navajo Legend"</a>. <i>www.firstpeople.us</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028171553/https://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Legends/CreationofFirstManandFirstWoman-Navajo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.firstpeople.us&rft.atitle=Creation+of+First+Man+and+First+Woman+-+A+Navajo+Legend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpeople.us%2FFP-Html-Legends%2FCreationofFirstManandFirstWoman-Navajo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanksville.org/voyage/stories/sunmoonandstars.php3">"The Sun, Moon and Stars"</a>. <i>www.hanksville.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210903024430/http://www.hanksville.org/voyage/stories/sunmoonandstars.php3">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hanksville.org&rft.atitle=The+Sun%2C+Moon+and+Stars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hanksville.org%2Fvoyage%2Fstories%2Fsunmoonandstars.php3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair19894-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdair19894_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdair1989">Adair 1989</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair1989135-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdair1989135_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdair1989">Adair 1989</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair198944-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdair198944_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdair1989">Adair 1989</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdair19899-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdair19899_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdair1989">Adair 1989</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdair2015" class="citation book cs1">Adair, John (2015). <i>The Navajo and Pueblo Silversmiths</i>. Pickle Partners Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Navajo+and+Pueblo+Silversmiths&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Adair&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbaughTurnbaugh2007" class="citation book cs1">Turnbaugh, William; Turnbaugh, Sarah (2007). <i>Indian Jewelry of the American Southwest</i>. Schiffer Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780764325779" title="Special:BookSources/9780764325779"><bdi>9780764325779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Jewelry+of+the+American+Southwest&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780764325779&rft.aulast=Turnbaugh&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Turnbaugh%2C+Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wmonline.com/attract/pforest/hubbell.htm">"Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100824055148/http://www.wmonline.com/attract/pforest/hubbell.htm">Archived</a> 2010-08-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>White Mountains Online.</i> (retrieved 28 Nov 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denver Art Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/6aa/6aa75.htm">"Blanket Statements"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101207124401/http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/6aa/6aa75.htm">Archived</a> 2010-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Traditional Fine Arts Organization</i> (retrieved 28 Nov 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrzywicki1934" class="citation book cs1">Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4381154&view=1up&seq=346&skin=2021"><i>Primitive society and its vital statistics</i></a>. Publications of the Polish Sociological Institute. London: Macmillan. p. 492-493.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+society+and+its+vital+statistics&rft.place=London&rft.series=Publications+of+the+Polish+Sociological+Institute&rft.pages=492-493&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Krzywicki&rft.aufirst=Ludwik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b4381154%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D346%26skin%3D2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statimetric.com/us-ethnicity/American_Indian_tribes_Navajo">"Distribution of American Indian tribes: Navajo People in the US"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distribution+of+American+Indian+tribes%3A+Navajo+People+in+the+US&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statimetric.com%2Fus-ethnicity%2FAmerican_Indian_tribes_Navajo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-navajoboy.com-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-navajoboy.com_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208005920/http://www.navajoboy.com/press.htm">"Synopsis"</a>. <i>navajoboy.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navajoboy.com/press.htm">the original</a> on February 8, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=navajoboy.com&rft.atitle=Synopsis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navajoboy.com%2Fpress.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ylolfa.com/products/9780862434359/i-bler-aeth-haul-y-bore">"I Ble'r Aeth Haul y Bore? (9780862434359) | Eirug Wyn | Y Lolfa"</a>. <i>www.ylolfa.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801141651/https://www.ylolfa.com/products/9780862434359/i-bler-aeth-haul-y-bore">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-08-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ylolfa.com&rft.atitle=I+Ble%27r+Aeth+Haul+y+Bore%3F+%289780862434359%29+%7C+Eirug+Wyn+%7C+Y+Lolfa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ylolfa.com%2Fproducts%2F9780862434359%2Fi-bler-aeth-haul-y-bore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111211185849/http://www.nativenetworks.si.edu/eng/rose/benally_k.htm">"Klee Benally"</a>. <i>Nativenetworks.si.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nativenetworks.si.edu/eng/rose/benally_k.htm">the original</a> on 2011-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nativenetworks.si.edu&rft.atitle=Klee+Benally&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nativenetworks.si.edu%2Feng%2Frose%2Fbenally_k.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biography-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biography_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/biography/peterson-zah/"><i>Peterson Zah Summary</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215847/http://www.bookrags.com/biography/peterson-zah/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-02</span></span> – via www.bookrags.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peterson+Zah+Summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookrags.com%2Fbiography%2Fpeterson-zah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdair1989" class="citation book cs1">Adair, John (1989) [1944]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfzE0q-7YT0C"><i>The Navajo and Pueblo Silversmiths</i></a> (paperback ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2215-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2215-1"><bdi>978-0-8061-2215-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Navajo+and+Pueblo+Silversmiths&rft.place=Norman&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2215-1&rft.aulast=Adair&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsfzE0q-7YT0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIverson2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Iverson" title="Peter Iverson">Iverson, Peter</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSlqFzZyNNwC"><i>The Navajo</i></a>. Jennifer Denetdale (additional text), Ada E. Deer (foreword). New York: Chelsea House Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-8595-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-8595-3"><bdi>0-7910-8595-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Navajo&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7910-8595-3&rft.aulast=Iverson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPSlqFzZyNNwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKehoe1992" class="citation book cs1">Kehoe, Alice Beck (1992). <i>North American Indians: A Comprehensive account</i> (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0136243625" title="Special:BookSources/978-0136243625"><bdi>978-0136243625</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+American+Indians%3A+A+Comprehensive+account&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River+%28NJ%29&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0136243625&rft.aulast=Kehoe&rft.aufirst=Alice+Beck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span> (3rd edition, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0131928763" title="Special:BookSources/978-0131928763">978-0131928763</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewcomb1964" class="citation book cs1">Newcomb, Franc Johnson (1964). <i>Hosteen Klah: Navajo Medicine Man and Sand Painter</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/64020759">64020759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hosteen+Klah%3A+Navajo+Medicine+Man+and+Sand+Painter&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F64020759&rft.aulast=Newcomb&rft.aufirst=Franc+Johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritzker2000" class="citation book cs1">Pritzker, Barry M. (2000). <i>A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513877-1"><bdi>978-0-19-513877-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Native+American+Encyclopedia%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Peoples&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513877-1&rft.aulast=Pritzker&rft.aufirst=Barry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandner1991" class="citation book cs1">Sandner, Donald (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oEbavbFjsOMC"><i>Navaho symbols of healing: a Jungian exploration of ritual, image, and medicine</i></a>. Rochester (VT): Healing Arts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-434-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-434-3"><bdi>978-0-89281-434-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navaho+symbols+of+healing%3A+a+Jungian+exploration+of+ritual%2C+image%2C+and+medicine&rft.place=Rochester+%28VT%29&rft.pub=Healing+Arts+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-434-3&rft.aulast=Sandner&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoEbavbFjsOMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSides2006" class="citation book cs1">Sides, Hampton (2006). <i>Blood and Thunder: An Epic of the American West</i> (2nd ed.). Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50777-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-50777-6"><bdi>978-0-385-50777-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Thunder%3A+An+Epic+of+the+American+West&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-385-50777-6&rft.aulast=Sides&rft.aufirst=Hampton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bailey, L. R. (1964). <i>The Long Walk: A History of the Navaho Wars, 1846–1868</i>.</li> <li>Bighorse, Tiana (1990). <i>Bighorse the Warrior</i>. Ed. Noel Bennett, Tucson: University of Arizona Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrugge,_David_M.1968" class="citation book cs1">Brugge, David M. (1968). <i>Navajos in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico 1694–1875</i>. Window Rock, Arizona: Research Section, The Navajo Tribe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navajos+in+the+Catholic+Church+Records+of+New+Mexico+1694%E2%80%931875&rft.place=Window+Rock%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=Research+Section%2C+The+Navajo+Tribe&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Brugge%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Clarke, Dwight L. (1961). <i>Stephen Watts Kearny: Soldier of the West</i>. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press.</li> <li>Downs, James F. (1972). <i>The Navajo</i>. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeft_Handed1967" class="citation book cs1">Left Handed (1967) [1938]. <i>Son of Old Man Hat</i>. recorded by Walter Dyk. Lincoln, Nebraska: Bison Books & University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/67004921">67004921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Son+of+Old+Man+Hat&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=Bison+Books+%26+University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F67004921&rft.au=Left+Handed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes,_Jack_D.1960" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Jack D. (1960). <i>Apache, Navajo and Spaniard</i>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/60013480">60013480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apache%2C+Navajo+and+Spaniard&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F60013480&rft.au=Forbes%2C+Jack+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hammond, George P. and Rey, Agapito (editors) (1940). <i>Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540–1542.</i> Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.</li> <li>Kelly, Lawrence (1970). <i>Navajo Roundup</i> Pruett Pub. Co., Colorado.</li> <li>Linford, Laurence D. (2000). <i>Navajo Places: History, Legend, Landscape</i>. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-624-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-624-3">978-0-87480-624-3</a></li> <li>McNitt, Frank (1972). <i>Navajo Wars</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.</li> <li>Plog, Stephen <i>Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest</i>. Thames and London, LTD, London, England, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-27939-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-27939-X">0-500-27939-X</a>.</li> <li>Roessel, Ruth (editor) (1973). <i>Navajo Stories of the Long Walk Period</i>. Tsaile, Arizona: Navajo Community College Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoessel,_Ruth1974" class="citation book cs1">Roessel, Ruth, ed. (1974). <i>Navajo Livestock Reduction: A National Disgrace</i>. Tsaile, Arizona: Navajo Community College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912586-18-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-912586-18-4"><bdi>0-912586-18-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navajo+Livestock+Reduction%3A+A+National+Disgrace&rft.place=Tsaile%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=Navajo+Community+College+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-912586-18-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Treglia, Gabriella. "Cultural Pluralism or Cultural Imposition? Examining the Bureau of Indian Affairs' Education Reforms during the Indian New Deal (1933–1945)." <i>Journal of the Southwest</i> 61.4 (2019): 821-862.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/145/article/750302/">summary</a></li> <li>Voyles, Traci Brynne (2015). <i>Wastelanding: Legacies of Uranium Mining in Navajo Country.</i> Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarren1875" class="citation news cs1">Warren (January 27, 1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/78728927/general-introduction-to-navajos/">"The Navajoes.—The Party Returning from Washington and Who They Are.—About Gov. Arny and His Views of the Indian Question.—What Kind of People the Navajoes area and What Their Country"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Journal_of_Commerce" title="Daily Journal of Commerce">Daily Journal of Commerce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>)</i>. p. 1 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Journal+of+Commerce+%28Kansas+City%2C+Missouri%29&rft.atitle=The+Navajoes.%E2%80%94The+Party+Returning+from+Washington+and+Who+They+Are.%E2%80%94About+Gov.+Arny+and+His+Views+of+the+Indian+Question.%E2%80%94What+Kind+of+People+the+Navajoes+area+and+What+Their+Country&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1875-01-27&rft.au=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F78728927%2Fgeneral-introduction-to-navajos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Witherspoon, Gary (1977). <i>Language and Art in the Navajo Universe</i>. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</li> <li>Witte, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/2008/2/8WITTE.FIN.pdf">Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice, 2008 BYU Law Review 377 The Navajo and Richard Henry Pratt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120916195033/http://lawreview.byu.edu/archives/2008/2/8WITTE.FIN.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-09-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Zaballos, Nausica (2009). <i>Le système de santé navajo</i>. Paris: L'Harmattan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navajo&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Navajo" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Navajo">Navajo</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navajo-nsn.gov/">Navajo Nation</a>, official site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovernavajo.com/">Navajo Tourism Department</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630002414/http://navajopeople.org/">Navajo people: history, culture, language, art</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122153616/http://www.unco.edu/library/gov/middle_ground/navajos.htm">Middle Ground Project</a> of Northern Colorado University with images of U.S. documents of treaties and reports 1846–1931</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/17275">Navajo Silversmiths</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Washington_Matthews" title="Washington Matthews">Washington Matthews</a>, 1883 from <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nisj.org/">Navajo Institute for Social Justice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418100448/http://www.nisj.org/">Archived</a> 2021-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://navajo-arts.com/">Navajo Arts</a> Information on authentic Navajo Art, Rugs, Jewelry, and Crafts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nativesilverjewelry.com/navajo/">The Navajo</a> Navajo expert, Doctor Sarah Davis, about the Navajo</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Navajo Indians"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Navajo_Indians">"Navajo Indians" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Navajo+Indians&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANavajo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="20px_Navajo_Nation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px_Navajo_Nation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navajo_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Navajo_flag.svg/20px-Navajo_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Navajo_flag.svg/30px-Navajo_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Navajo_flag.svg/40px-Navajo_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation_Council" title="Navajo Nation Council">Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation_Council_Chamber" title="Navajo Nation Council Chamber">Council Chamber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Navajo_Nation" title="President of the Navajo Nation">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Navajo_Nation" title="Vice President of the Navajo Nation">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Navajo_Nation" title="Flag of the Navajo Nation">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Navajo_Nation" title="Supreme Court of the Navajo Nation">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_house_(Navajo_Nation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapter house (Navajo Nation)">Chapter houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation_Police" title="Navajo Nation Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Rangers" title="Navajo Rangers">Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_Navajo" title="Miss Navajo">Miss Navajo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_ethnobotany" title="Navajo ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_music" title="Navajo music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_weaving" title="Navajo weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_dolls" title="Navajo dolls">Navajo dolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo-Churro_sheep" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo-Churro sheep">Navajo-Churro sheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation_Zoological_and_Botanical_Park" title="Navajo Nation Zoological and Botanical Park">Navajo Nation Zoological and Botanical Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81dahoon%C3%AD%C5%82%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Ádahooníłígíí">Ádahooníłígíí</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Times" title="Navajo Times">Navajo Times</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTNN" title="KTNN">KTNN Radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A9_Bahane%CA%BC" title="Diné Bahaneʼ">The Emergence</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A9tah" title="Dinétah">Dinétah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Navajo pueblitos</a> (1600s–1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Wars" title="Navajo Wars">Navajo Wars</a> (1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walk_of_the_Navajo" title="Long Walk of the Navajo">Long Walk of the Navajo</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bosque_Redondo" title="Treaty of Bosque Redondo">Treaty of Bosque Redondo</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Scouts" title="Navajo Scouts">Navajo Scouts</a> (1873–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Livestock_Reduction" title="Navajo Livestock Reduction">Livestock Reduction</a> (1930s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_talker" title="Code talker">Code talkers</a> (1940s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">District public</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Unified_School_District" title="Cedar Unified School District">Cedar USD (AZ)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Cone_High_School" title="White Cone High School">White Cone HS</a>, now closed</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Consolidated_Schools" title="Central Consolidated Schools">Central Consolidated (NM)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newcomb_High_School" title="Newcomb High School">Newcomb HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiprock_High_School" title="Shiprock High School">Shiprock HS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinle_Unified_School_District" title="Chinle Unified School District">Chinle USD (AZ)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinle_High_School" title="Chinle High School">Chinle HS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallup-McKinley_County_Schools" title="Gallup-McKinley County Schools">Gallup-McKinley County (NM)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Pine_High_School" title="Navajo Pine High School">Navajo Pine HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohatchi_High_School" title="Tohatchi High School">Tohatchi HS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganado_Unified_School_District" title="Ganado Unified School District">Ganado USD (AZ)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganado_High_School_(Arizona)" title="Ganado High School (Arizona)">Ganado HS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayenta_Unified_School_District" title="Kayenta Unified School District">Kayenta USD (AZ)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monument_Valley_High_School_(Arizona)" title="Monument Valley High School (Arizona)">Monument Valley HS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalena_Municipal_Schools" title="Magdalena Municipal Schools">Magdalena Municipal (NM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_Unified_School_District" title="Page Unified School District">Page USD (AZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Mesa_Unified_School_District" title="Red Mesa Unified School District">Red Mesa USD (AZ)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Mesa_High_School" title="Red Mesa High School">Red Mesa HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Valley/Cove_High_School" title="Red Valley/Cove High School">Red Valley/Cove HS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_City_Unified_School_District" title="Tuba City Unified School District">Tuba City USD (AZ)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_City_High_School" title="Tuba City High School">Tuba City HS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winslow_Unified_School_District" title="Winslow Unified School District">Winslow USD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Education" title="Bureau of Indian Education">BIE</a>/Tribal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greyhills_Academy_High_School" title="Greyhills Academy High School">Greyhills Acad HS</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunters_Point_Boarding_School" title="Hunters Point Boarding School">Hunters Point Boarding</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaibeto_Boarding_School" title="Kaibeto Boarding School">Kaibeto Boarding</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leupp_Schools,_Inc." title="Leupp Schools, Inc.">Leupp Schools</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many_Farms_Community_School" title="Many Farms Community School">Many Farms Community</a> (AZ, former Chinle Boarding)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Many_Farms_High_School" title="Many Farms High School">Many Farms HS</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Point_Community_School" title="Rock Point Community School">Rough Point Community</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Rock_Community_School" title="Rough Rock Community School">Rough Rock Community</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonto_Preparatory_School" title="Shonto Preparatory School">Shonto Prep</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_City_Boarding_School" title="Tuba City Boarding School">Tuba City Boarding</a> (AZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Preparatory_School" title="Navajo Preparatory School">Navajo Prep</a> (off-reservation, NM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Private</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._Michael_Indian_School" title="St. Michael Indian School">St. Michael Indian School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tertiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A9_College" title="Diné College">Diné College</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Din%C3%A9_College_Press" title="Diné College Press">Press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communities_on_the_Navajo_Nation" title="List of communities on the Navajo Nation">List of communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Arizona&#124;link=Arizona_Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Arizona" title="Template:Indigenous People of Arizona"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_People_of_Arizona" title="Template talk:Indigenous People of Arizona"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_People_of_Arizona" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous People of Arizona"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Arizona&#124;link=Arizona_Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona"><img alt="Arizona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/23px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/35px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/45px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous peoples of Arizona">Indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary peoples native to Arizona</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halchidhoma" title="Halchidhoma">Halchidhoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havasupai" title="Havasupai">Havasupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paiute">Southern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewa" title="Tewa">Tewa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hopi-Tewa" title="Hopi-Tewa">Hopi-Tewa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCodham" title="Oʼodham">Oʼodham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono Oʼodham people">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Akimel O'odham</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_Apache" title="Tonto Apache">Tonto Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Southern Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai people">Yavapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prehistoric cultures in Arizona</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancestral_Puebloan_dwellings_in_Arizona" title="List of Ancestral Puebloan dwellings in Arizona">dwellings</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salado_culture" title="Salado culture">Salado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_Arizona" title="List of Indian reservations in Arizona">List of Indian reservations in Arizona</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q108266#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4041452-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85090345">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941592s">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941592s">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Navahové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117910&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562907405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643753">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navajo&oldid=1259731991">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Navajo&oldid=1259731991</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Navajo" 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