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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description_of_superdelegates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Description of superdelegates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description_of_superdelegates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_residency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_residency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 State residency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_residency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss_of_superdelegate_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_superdelegate_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Loss of superdelegate status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_superdelegate_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_with_pledged_delegates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_with_pledged_delegates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Comparison with pledged delegates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_with_pledged_delegates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1984_and_1988" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1984_and_1988"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.2 1984 and 1988 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1984_and_1988-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2008_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2008_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.3 2008 election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2008_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2016_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2016_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.4 2016 election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2016_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_of_superdelegates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_of_superdelegates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.5 Reform of superdelegates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_of_superdelegates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-DNC_Unity_Reform_Commission_(2016–17)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DNC_Unity_Reform_Commission_(2016–17)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.5.1 DNC Unity Reform Commission (2016–17) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DNC_Unity_Reform_Commission_(2016–17)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption_of_superdelegate_reform_(2018)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_of_superdelegate_reform_(2018)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.5.2 Adoption of superdelegate reform (2018) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_of_superdelegate_reform_(2018)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.6 2020 election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2.7 2024 election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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class="vector-toc-text"> 2 In Republican National Conventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Republican_National_Conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Unpledged delegate to a presidential nominating convention</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Unpledged delegates" redirects here. For the process in which voters vote for Uncommitted delegates, see <a href="/wiki/Uncommitted_(voting_option)" title="Uncommitted (voting option)">uncommitted (voting option)</a>.</div> In <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">American politics</a>, a superdelegate is a <a href="/wiki/Delegate_(American_politics)" title="Delegate (American politics)">delegate</a> to a <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">presidential nominating convention</a> who is seated automatically. In <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Convention" title="Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Conventions</a>, superdelegates—described in formal party rules as the party leaders and elected official (PLEO) category—make up slightly under 15% of all convention delegates. Before 2018, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> superdelegates were free to support any candidate for the presidential nomination in all rounds of balloting. (This contrasts with pledged delegates, who were selected based on the <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">party</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">presidential primaries and caucuses</a> in each <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a>, in which voters choose among candidates for the party's <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">presidential</a> nomination.) In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a> reduced the influence of superdelegates by barring them from voting on the first ballot at the Democratic National Convention, allowing them to vote only in a <a href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">contested convention</a>. In 2024, the Democratic National Committee voted to adopt new rules that allowed superdelegates to vote during the signature collection and on the first ballot of a virtual roll call for the presidential nomination, even without a candidate securing a majority of the convention's delegates using only pledged delegates, which were earned by the candidate during the primary process.<a href="#cite_note-aug2cbs-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">Republican National Conventions</a>, three <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> leaders of each state, territory, and Washington D.C. are automatically seated as delegates, but they are pledged to vote according to the results of their party branch's presidential primaries at least on the first ballot.<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonExaminer20160210-4">[4]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Democratic_National_Conventions">In Democratic National Conventions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In Democratic National Conventions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Description_of_superdelegates">Description of superdelegates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description of superdelegates">edit</a>]</div> Of all the delegates to the Democratic National Convention, slightly under 15% are superdelegates.<a href="#cite_note-WhoAre-5">[5]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, superdelegates are "the embodiment of the institutional Democratic Party – everyone from former presidents, congressional leaders and big-money fundraisers to mayors, labor leaders and longtime local party functionaries."<a href="#cite_note-WhoAre-5">[5]</a> Democratic superdelegates are formally described (in Rule 9.A) as automatic (or unpledged) party leader and elected official (PLEO) delegates; each falls into one or more of the following categories based on other positions they hold:<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-2020Rules-7">[7]</a> <ol><li>Elected members of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020Rules-7">[7]</a> Elected DNC members include "the chairs and vice chairs of each state and territorial Democratic Party; 212 national committeemen and committeewomen elected to represent their states; top officials of the DNC itself and several of its auxiliary groups (such as the Democratic Attorneys General Association, the <a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Democratic_Women" title="National Federation of Democratic Women">National Federation of Democratic Women</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Young_Democrats_of_America" title="Young Democrats of America">Young Democrats of America</a>); and 75 at-large members who are nominated by the party chairman and chosen by the full DNC."<a href="#cite_note-WhoAre-5">[5]</a> Most at-large DNC members "are local party leaders, officeholders and donors or representatives of important Democratic constituencies, such as <a href="/wiki/Organized_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized labor">organized labor</a>."<a href="#cite_note-WhoAre-5">[5]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 Democratic National Convention</a>, there were 437 DNC members (with 433 votes) who were superdelegates.<a href="#cite_note-WhoAre-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Democratic governors (including territorial governors and the <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Mayor of the District of Columbia">mayor of the District of Columbia</a>).<a href="#cite_note-2020Rules-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhoAre-5">[5]</a> There were 21 Democratic governors who were superdelegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.<a href="#cite_note-WhoAre-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Democratic members of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020Rules-7">[7]</a> There were 191 U.S. representatives (including <a href="/wiki/Non-voting_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives">non-voting delegates</a> from <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, and territories) and 47 U.S. senators (including <a href="/wiki/Shadow_congressperson" title="Shadow congressperson">Washington, D.C., shadow senators</a>) who were superdelegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.<a href="#cite_note-WhoAre-5">[5]</a></li> <li>Any sitting Democratic president or vice president, if applicable.<a href="#cite_note-2020Rules-7">[7]</a></li> <li>Distinguished party leaders: consisting of all former Democratic presidents, vice presidents, congressional leaders (Democratic speakers of the U.S. House of Representatives, Democratic minority leaders of the House, and Democratic leaders of the Senate, and DNC chairs).<a href="#cite_note-2020Rules-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-WhoAre-5">[5]</a> There were 20 of these who were superdelegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention.<a href="#cite_note-WhoAre-5">[5]</a></li></ol> Because the number of superdelegates depends on the number of Democratic members of Congress and Democratic governors, the exact number of superdelegates may change during the primary season (ahead of the convention) due to officials' deaths, resignations, or <a href="/wiki/Special_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Special election">special elections</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Not all superdelegates attend the convention.<a href="#cite_note-DavidsonBernick-10">[10]</a> For example, during his time in Congress, Democratic U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Jim_Matheson" title="Jim Matheson">Jim Matheson</a> skipped every convention.<a href="#cite_note-DavidsonBernick-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Former Vice President <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> skipped the 2016 Convention.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_residency">State residency</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: State residency">edit</a>]</div> Under party rules, automatic delegates shall "legally reside in their respective state and ... shall be recognized as part of their state's delegation" (Rule 9.E).<a href="#cite_note-2020Rules-7">[7]</a> For example, in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 convention</a>, former Maine Governor <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_M._Curtis" title="Kenneth M. Curtis">Kenneth M. Curtis</a> was a superdelegate (by virtue of his position as a past DNC chair), but because he had moved to Florida in 2006, he was counted as part of the Florida delegation, not the Maine delegation.<a href="#cite_note-Ambinder-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Loss_of_superdelegate_status">Loss of superdelegate status</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Loss of superdelegate status">edit</a>]</div> Additionally, under party rules, automatic delegates are automatically disqualified if they have "publicly expressed support for the election of, or has endorsed, a presidential candidate of another political party" (Rule 9.E) and no delegate "shall participate or vote in the nominating process for a Democratic presidential candidate who also participates in the nominating processes of any other party for the corresponding elections" (Rule 2.E).<a href="#cite_note-2020Rules-7">[7]</a> Thus, a person who would otherwise qualify as a superdelegate loses his or her superdelegate status by endorsing another party's presidential candidate. In 2008, Senator <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Joe Lieberman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> endorsed Republican <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a>, which, according to the chairwoman of the Connecticut Democratic Party, resulted in his disqualification as a superdelegate.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Lieberman's status had, however, previously been questioned because, although he was a registered Democratic voter and caucused with the Democrats, he won re-election as the candidate of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_for_Lieberman" title="Connecticut for Lieberman">Connecticut for Lieberman</a> Party and was listed as an "<a href="/wiki/Independent_Democrat" title="Independent Democrat">Independent Democrat</a>" on the ballot.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Lieberman did not attend the Democratic Convention; he was instead a speaker at the Republican Convention.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparison_with_pledged_delegates">Comparison with pledged delegates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Comparison with pledged delegates">edit</a>]</div> The remaining 85% of delegates are pledged to a candidate and chosen in primaries and caucuses.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Unlike the Republican primary process (in which many states have a "winner-take-all" process, awarding all or most votes to the candidate who wins a plurality of the vote), Democrats follow a proportionality rule.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> All candidates who received at least 15% of the vote are awarded delegates in proportion to their share of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-Prokop-21">[21]</a> Most pledged delegates are allotted based on candidates' proportions of the vote at the district level (these generally correspond to <a href="/wiki/Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">congressional districts</a>, but in some states correspond to <a href="/wiki/State_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="State senate">state senate</a> districts or specially designated "delegate districts").<a href="#cite_note-Prokop-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-DelegateTypes-22">[22]</a> Additional delegates (the "<a href="/wiki/At-large" title="At-large">at-large</a>" delegates) are awarded to candidates based on statewide results.<a href="#cite_note-Prokop-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-DelegateTypes-22">[22]</a> Finally, there are pledged "party leader and elected official" (PLEO) delegates.<a href="#cite_note-Prokop-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-DelegateTypes-22">[22]</a> These are large city mayors, state legislative leaders, and county party officials who are pledged to a certain candidate; like the statewide at-large delegates, pledged PLEO delegates are allocated proportionally to presidential candidates based on the statewide primary or caucus vote.<a href="#cite_note-DelegateTypes-22">[22]</a> The district, at-large, and PLEO delegates collectively constitute a state or territory's pledged delegation.<a href="#cite_note-DelegateTypes-22">[22]</a> Unlike superdelegates, who may support a candidate of their choice,<a href="#cite_note-UpGrabs-23">[23]</a> pledged delegates generally must support the candidate to whom they are pledged.<a href="#cite_note-UpGrabs-23">[23]</a> Since 1982, the party rules have stated that: "Delegates elected to the national convention pledged to a presidential candidate shall in all good conscience reflect the sentiments of those who elected them."<a href="#cite_note-UpGrabs-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-2020Rules-7">[7]</a> If a candidate who has earned pledged delegates drops out before the national convention, then that candidate's delegates who were elected at the district level are released from their obligation to the dropped-out candidate.<a href="#cite_note-Montellaro-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhouli-25">[25]</a> Pledged delegates who are allocated at the district level to a candidate who subsequently drops out of the race become "free agents": they often support the candidate whom the dropped-out candidate endorses, but are not obligated to do so.<a href="#cite_note-Montellaro-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhouli-25">[25]</a> By contrast, statewide pledged delegates are usually proportionally reallocated to candidates still in the race at the time when the states formally elect their delegates: this typically takes place at a statewide convention held after the primary or caucus, but before the national convention in mid-summer.<a href="#cite_note-Montellaro-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhouli-25">[25]</a> By contrast, many superdelegates choose to announce endorsements, but they are not bound to those preferences, and may support any candidate they wish, including a candidate who has dropped out of the presidential race.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins">Origins</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> In the aftermath of the chaotic <a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1968 Democratic National Convention">1968 Democratic National Convention</a>, the Democratic Party sought to shift the balance of power in the selection of the party's presidential candidate to primary elections and caucuses, mandating that all delegates be chosen via mechanisms open to all party members; these rules were implemented following the recommendations of the <a href="/wiki/McGovern-Fraser_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="McGovern-Fraser Commission">McGovern-Fraser Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roller-27">[27]</a> This increased <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> control of Democratic conventions.<a href="#cite_note-wpdsbj82-28">[28]</a> However, after Democratic nominee <a href="/wiki/George_McGovern" title="George McGovern">George McGovern</a> lost in a landslide to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> in <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Roller-27">[27]</a> and after a decisive fight over the rules at the <a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1980 Democratic National Convention">1980 convention</a> between supporters of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and supporters of <a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward M. Kennedy">Edward M. Kennedy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-cqweekly-29">[29]</a> followed by Carter's defeat by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> in <a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Roller-27">[27]</a> the party changed its nominating rules again.<a href="#cite_note-Roller-27">[27]</a> A commission headed by <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_North_Carolina" title="Governor of North Carolina">North Carolina Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hunt" title="Jim Hunt">Jim Hunt</a> issued a report in 1982, on a 47–6 vote, to set aside 550 unpledged delegate seats held by party officials, to vote alongside the 3,300 Democratic pledged votes.<a href="#cite_note-wpdsbj82-28">[28]</a> This partial reversal of the trend toward grassroots control was supported by mainstream party leaders in Congress, as well as organized labor.<a href="#cite_note-wpdsbj82-28">[28]</a> It increases the power of the institutional party "regulars" against insurgent "outsider" maverick candidates.<a href="#cite_note-Roller-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-cqweekly-29">[29]</a> Their initial proposal to have superdelegates represent 30% of all delegates to the national convention was defeated in favor of a compromise proposal by <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_A._Ferraro" class="mw-redirect" title="Geraldine A. Ferraro">Geraldine A. Ferraro</a>, in which superdelegates made up about 14% of delegates.<a href="#cite_note-wpdsbj82-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-cqweekly-29">[29]</a> The proportion of superdelegates eventually expanded over time, reaching about 20% at the 2008 convention.<a href="#cite_note-cqweekly-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1984_and_1988">1984 and 1988</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1984 and 1988">edit</a>]</div> In 1984, only state party chairs and vice chairs were guaranteed superdelegate status. The remaining spots were divided two ways. Democratic members of Congress were allowed to select up to 60% of their members to fill some of these spots. The remaining positions were left to the state parties to fill with priority given to governors and big-city mayors, led by Democrats and based on population. In the <a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984 election</a>, the major contenders for the presidential nomination were <a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a>. Entering the final handful of primaries on June 5, Mondale was leading Hart in the delegate count, with Jackson far behind. The battle for delegates became more dramatic that night when Hart won three primaries, including the big prize of California in a cliffhanger. The Mondale campaign said, and some news reports agreed, that Mondale secured the needed 1,967 delegates to clinch the nomination that night in spite of losing California. But the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> concluded he was "barely short of the magic majority." Mondale wanted to make it indisputable that he had enough delegate votes, and his campaign set a deadline of one minute before noon; he made 50 calls in three hours to nail down an additional 40 superdelegates and declared at a press conference that he had 2,008 delegate votes. At <a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">the convention</a> in July, Mondale won on the first ballot.<a href="#cite_note-Berman-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1988, this process was simplified. Democrats in Congress were now allowed to select up to 80% of their members. All Democratic National Committee members and all Democratic governors were given superdelegate status. This year also saw the addition of the distinguished party leader category (although former DNC chairs were not added to this category until 1996, and former House and Senate minority leaders were not added until 2000). In 1992 was the addition of a category of unpledged "add-ons", a fixed number of spots allocated to the states, intended for other party leaders and elected officials not already covered by the previous categories. Finally, beginning in 1996, all Democratic members of Congress were given superdelegate status.<a href="#cite_note-TerryMichael-35">[35]</a> The superdelegates have not always prevailed, however. <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a> took an early lead in delegate counts before the first primaries in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Democratic Party presidential primaries">2004 Democratic presidential primaries</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> but was later defeated by <a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a>, who won a succession of primaries and caucuses and, ultimately, the nomination. In 1988, a study found that delegates selected through the primary and caucus process were not substantively different from superdelegates in terms of issue viewpoints. However, superdelegates are more likely to prefer candidates with Washington experience than outsider candidates.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2008_election">2008 election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 2008 election">edit</a>]</div> At the <a href="/wiki/2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2008 Democratic National Convention">2008 Democratic National Convention</a>, the superdelegates made up approximately one-fifth of the total number of delegates. The closeness of the race between the leading contenders, <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, led to speculation that the superdelegates would play a decisive role in selecting the nominee, a prospect that caused unease among some Democratic Party leaders.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Obama led in pledged delegates at the end of voting in the state contests while not winning enough to secure the nomination without the superdelegates.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In May 2008, however, Obama took the lead in superdelegate endorsements for the first time;<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Clinton dropped out four days after Obama clinched the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Pledged delegates from state caucuses and primaries eventually numbered 3,573, casting 3,566 votes, resulting in a total number of delegate votes of 4,419. A candidate needed a majority of that total, or 2,209, to win the nomination. Superdelegates accounted for 19.6% of convention delegates, while delegates chosen in the Democratic caucuses and primaries accounted for approximately four-fifths (80.4%) of the Democratic convention delegates.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnnscorecard-43">[43]</a> At the convention, Obama won 3,188.5 delegate votes and Clinton won 1,010.5 with 1 abstention and 218 delegates not voting.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2016_election">2016 election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2016 election">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, a campaign for superdelegates was a feature of the campaign between former Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Rodham_Clinton" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillary Rodham Clinton">Hillary Rodham Clinton</a> and U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> for the Democratic nomination; Sanders' campaigns and his supporters initially criticized the role of superdelegates, the majority of whom favored Clinton.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rieger-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Several mainstream media outlets included superdelegates in the candidate delegate totals during the primary elections although superdelegates do not vote until the convention and may change their minds on whom they are planning to vote for anytime before the convention. The DNC asked media outlets to not include superdelegate pledges in delegate totals,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> but many outlets, including the Associated Press, NBC, CBS, and Politico, continued to report total pledged delegates, lumping together superdelegates and pledged delegates. Sanders supporters objected to this practice, argued that it inflated Clinton's lead and discouraged Sanders supporters.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Sanders initially said that the candidate with the majority of pledged delegates should be the nominee; in May 2016, after falling behind in the elected delegate count, he shifted, pushed for a contested convention and arguing that, "The responsibility that superdelegates have is to decide what is best for this country and what is best for the Democratic Party."<a href="#cite_note-Rieger-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yen-54">[54]</a> Ultimately, Clinton won the nomination without relying on the votes of superdelegates; she led Sanders by a substantial number of elected delegates (from primary and caucus votes), as well by a substantial margin in the popular vote.<a href="#cite_note-Yen-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> She became the <a href="/wiki/Presumptive_nominee" class="mw-redirect" title="Presumptive nominee">presumptive nominee</a> in early June 2016, after the <a href="/wiki/2016_California_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="2016 California Democratic presidential primary">California primary</a>; at the time, Clinton had 1812 pledged delegates and 572 superdelegates, and Sanders had 1520 pledged delegates and 46 superdelegates.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Sanders continued to campaign after the last Democratic primary, unsuccessfully seeking to persuade superdelegates to switch their allegiance to him;<a href="#cite_note-Rieger-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> ultimately, he conceded the race and endorsed Clinton on July 12, 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Rieger-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reform_of_superdelegates">Reform of superdelegates</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reform of superdelegates">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="DNC_Unity_Reform_Commission_(2016–17)">DNC Unity Reform Commission (2016–17)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: DNC Unity Reform Commission (2016–17)">edit</a>]</div> On July 23, 2016, ahead of the <a href="/wiki/2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="2016 Democratic National Convention">2016 Democratic National Convention</a>, the 2016 DNC Rules Committee voted overwhelmingly (158–6) to adopt a superdelegate reform package. The new rules were the result of a compromise between the <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> presidential campaigns; in the past, Sanders had pressed for the complete elimination of superdelegates.<a href="#cite_note-Weigel-58">[58]</a> Under the reform package, a 21-member unity commission, chaired by Clinton supporter <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_O%27Malley_Dillon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jennifer O'Malley Dillon">Jennifer O'Malley Dillon</a> and vice-chaired by Sanders supporter <a href="/wiki/Larry_Cohen_(union_leader)" title="Larry Cohen (union leader)">Larry Cohen</a>, was appointed after the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 general election</a>. The commission's recommendations would be voted on at the next Democratic National Committee meeting, well before the beginning of the 2020 Democratic primaries.<a href="#cite_note-Weigel-58">[58]</a> The commission was to consider "a mix of Clinton and Sanders ideas": expanding the ability of eligible voters to participate in caucuses (an idea supported by Clinton) and expanding the ability of unaffiliated or new voters to join the Democratic Party and vote in Democratic primaries via <a href="/wiki/Same-day_voter_registration" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-day voter registration">same-day registration and re-registration</a> (an idea supported by Sanders).<a href="#cite_note-Weigel-58">[58]</a> The commission drew comparisons to the <a href="/wiki/McGovern%E2%80%93Fraser_Commission" title="McGovern–Fraser Commission">McGovern–Fraser Commission</a>, which established party primary reforms before the <a href="/wiki/1972_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1972 Democratic National Convention">1972 Democratic National Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Weigel-58">[58]</a> By April 2017, the complete commission had been appointed. In accordance with the compromise agreement, the 21 members include, in addition to O'Malley Dillon and Cohen; nine members selected by Clinton, seven selected by Sanders, and three selected by the DNC chair (<a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Tom Perez</a>).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> By May 2017, the DNC Unity Reform Commission had begun to meet to begin drafting reforms, including superdelegate reform as well as primary calendar and caucus reform.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The commission met in the summer and fall of 2017.<a href="#cite_note-Debenedetti-61">[61]</a> Different proposals on superdelegates were considered by the party. One proposal was to bind all or some superdelegates to the results of state primaries and caucuses.<a href="#cite_note-Weigel-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Debenedetti-61">[61]</a> Whether to abolish superdelegates altogether remained controversial within the party.<a href="#cite_note-Debenedetti-61">[61]</a> In December 2017, the Unity Commission's recommendations <a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> were delivered to the DNC Rules and Bylaws Committee.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Perez and Deputy DNC Chair <a href="/wiki/Keith_Ellison" title="Keith Ellison">Keith Ellison</a> co-authored an <a href="/wiki/Op-ed" title="Op-ed">op-ed</a> for CNN, announcing that the party would make a "significant" cut in the number of superdelegates who vote to decide on the presidential nominee.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Adoption_of_superdelegate_reform_(2018)">Adoption of superdelegate reform (2018)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Adoption of superdelegate reform (2018)">edit</a>]</div> Ultimately, the DNC decided to prevent superdelegates from voting on the first ballot, instead of reducing their numbers.<a href="#cite_note-Herndon-65">[65]</a> On August 25, 2018, the DNC approved a plan to reduce the influence of superdelegates by barring them from voting on the first ballot at the Democratic National Convention, allowing them to vote only in a <a href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">contested convention</a> (i.e., if a Democratic National Convention did not choose the nominee on the first ballot, because no candidate received an absolute majority [more than 50%] of the pledged delegates elected from the outcome of primaries and caucuses).<a href="#cite_note-Herndon-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-GPdelegates-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-ConventionVotes-67">[67]</a> This does not preclude superdelegates from publicly endorsing a candidate of their choosing before the convention.<a href="#cite_note-GPdelegates-66">[66]</a> The plan, which was endorsed by DNC chair <a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Tom Perez</a>, former DNC chair <a href="/wiki/Howard_Dean" title="Howard Dean">Howard Dean</a>, and other party leaders, passed by an overwhelming margin; the New York Times noted that the compromise was a "rare <a href="/wiki/Mind_meld" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind meld">mind meld</a> between the Democratic establishment and progressive activists who have often chided the party's elite."<a href="#cite_note-Herndon-65">[65]</a> The only dissenter on the DNC Rules Committee was former DNC chairman <a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald L. Fowler">Donald L. Fowler</a>, who argued that the existing system worked.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020_election">2020 election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2020 election">edit</a>]</div> The first Democratic presidential primaries cycle under the new 2016–2018 superdelegate reform measures took place in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-GPdelegates-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-ConventionVotes-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2024_election">2024 election</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2024 election">edit</a>]</div> The Democratic National Committee held a virtual nomination vote in the first week of August 2024 to select its nominee for president.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The virtual nomination rules allowed superdelegates to vote for a presidential candidate during the first ballot of the virtual roll call even though no candidate secured an overwhelming majority of pledged delegates earned during the primaries.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_and_defenses">Criticism and defenses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism and defenses">edit</a>]</div> The votes of superdelegates have never actually determined the Democratic nominee,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> although in 1984 they may have helped Walter Mondale win on the first ballot at the convention.<a href="#cite_note-74">[a]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Critics">Critics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Critics">edit</a>]</div> Critics have assailed superdelegates' role in Democratic National Conventions both before and after the 2017 reforms. <a href="/wiki/Susan_Estrich" title="Susan Estrich">Susan Estrich</a> argued in 2008 that superdelegates have more power than other delegates because of their greater freedom to vote as they wish beginning with the first ballot. (Superdelegates' ability to vote on the first ballot was eliminated after the 2017 reform.)<a href="#cite_note-Karmack-75">[74]</a> U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Tim Kaine</a>, Hillary Clinton's former running mate, said in 2017 that he agreed with <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> that superdelegates should be eliminated from the process: "I have long believed there should be no superdelegates. These positions are given undue influence in the popular nominating contest and make the process less democratic."<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Prominent Democratic strategists <a href="/wiki/Bob_Shrum" title="Bob Shrum">Bob Shrum</a> and Bill Carrick have also opposed superdelegates, and called for them to be dropped from the nominating process.<a href="#cite_note-Roller-27">[27]</a> The role of superdelegates in the nominating process has also been criticized as unrepresentative. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a> found that about half of the superdelegates were white men, compared to 28% of the Democratic primary electorate.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> Of the superdelegates at the 2016 Convention, 58% were male and 62% were non-Hispanic white (20% were black and 11% were <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a>). The average age was about 60.<a href="#cite_note-WhoAre-5">[5]</a> There is no bar on <a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_the_United_States" title="Lobbying in the United States">lobbyists</a> serving as DNC members (and thus superdelegates); ABC News found that about 9% of superdelegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention (67 people in all) were former or current lobbyists registered on the federal and state level.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Defenders">Defenders</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Defenders">edit</a>]</div> Author <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Rauch" title="Jonathan Rauch">Jonathan Rauch</a> and political scientist Ray La Raja argued in 2019 that the U.S. has given too much power to primary voters, and that this inflicts harms to democracy. They argue that "the role of superdelegates in the Democratic nomination process could be strengthened instead of weakened" and that this form of early vetting was positive, suggesting that this formal form of the "<a href="/wiki/Invisible_primary" title="Invisible primary">invisible primary</a>" can be a positive force to counter-balance <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populism</a> "by restoring the <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madisonian</a> pillars of pluralism, checks on power, and deliberative institutions."<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> In February 2016, U.S. Representative <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Wasserman_Schultz" title="Debbie Wasserman Schultz">Debbie Wasserman Schultz</a>, chair of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Committee" title="Democratic National Committee">Democratic National Committee</a>, defended the role of superdelegates in an interview with <a href="/wiki/Jake_Tapper" title="Jake Tapper">Jake Tapper</a>, arguing that unpledged delegates ensure "that party leaders and elected officials don't have to be in a position where they are running against grass-roots activists" and minimizes competition between the two groups.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Republican_National_Conventions">In Republican National Conventions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: In Republican National Conventions">edit</a>]</div> In the Republican Party, as in the Democratic Party, members of the party's national committee automatically become delegates. There are three <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> delegates (the national committeeman, national committeewoman, and party chair) for each state, territory, and Washington, D.C..<a href="#cite_note-RNC2008-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[b]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 Republican National Convention</a>, convention rules were amended to obligate unpledged RNC members (the "superdelegates") to vote according to the result of the primaries held in their states.<a href="#cite_note-WashingtonExaminer20160210-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Millstein-84">[82]</a> Pledged delegates selected by Republican primaries are assigned either on a proportional or a "winner-take-all" basis.<a href="#cite_note-Millstein-84">[82]</a> However, if a candidate does not win the party's nomination on the first ballot (i.e., by securing a majority—more than 50%), then some delegates become "unbound" free agents, depending on rules specific to state parties.<a href="#cite_note-Millstein-84">[82]</a> For most states, delegates are "unbound" as soon as a first ballot concludes without a nominee being selected; for other states (including <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>) delegates are not unbound until a second ballot also fails to produce a majority for a candidate; and delegates from some other states (including <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>) remain bound to their candidate until the candidate releases them.<a href="#cite_note-Millstein-84">[82]</a> These rules apply to both pledged delegates and superdelegates, meaning that superdelegates would play a role in selecting the nominee at a contested convention.<a href="#cite_note-Millstein-84">[82]</a> Superdelegates make up about 7% of all delegates to Republican national conventions.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 Republican National Convention</a>, 123 RNC delegates among the 2,380 total delegates were not pledged to any candidate.<a href="#cite_note-cnnpolitics-86">[84]</a> In the 2016 Republican National Convention, 168 delegates among the 2,472 total delegates were "super" (unbound).<a href="#cite_note-Millstein-84">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superdelegates_at_the_2008_Democratic_National_Convention" title="List of superdelegates at the 2008 Democratic National Convention">List of superdelegates at the 2008 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superdelegates_at_the_2016_Democratic_National_Convention" title="List of superdelegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention">List of superdelegates at the 2016 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_automatic_delegates_at_the_2020_Democratic_National_Convention" title="List of automatic delegates at the 2020 Democratic National Convention">List of automatic delegates at the 2020 Democratic National Convention</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-aug2cbs-1"><a href="#cite_ref-aug2cbs_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Superdelegates%3A+Why+they+matter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FPOLITICS%2F02%2F11%2Fdelegates.explainer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuperdelegate" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Superdelegate&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1984 Democratic Party presidential primaries</a> ended with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Mondale" title="Walter Mondale">Walter Mondale</a> winning a plurality of delegates, leading the Senator <a href="/wiki/Gary_Hart" title="Gary Hart">Gary Hart</a> in the count of elected delegates, with <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> far behind. It was unclear whether Mondale had secured the absolute majority of 1,967 delegates to clinch the nomination, despite Hart's victory in California. Some press reports suggested that Mondale had clinched the nomination, but the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> reported that he was "barely short of" a majority. Mondale made dozens of phone calls to superdelegates, securing the pledges of 40 of them, thus placing his status as the <a href="/wiki/Presumptive_nominee" class="mw-redirect" title="Presumptive nominee">presumptive nominee</a> beyond doubt. Experts differ on whether superdelegates were "decisive" to Mondale's nomination on the first ballot at the <a href="/wiki/1984_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1984 Democratic National Convention">1984 Democratic National Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Although the term superdelegate was originally coined to describe a type of Democratic delegate, the term has become widely used to describe these delegates in both parties.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_presidential_elections" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Template:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Template talk:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_presidential_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States presidential elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_presidential_elections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">United States presidential elections</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections by year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_United_States_presidential_election" title="1836 United States presidential election">1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election" title="1844 United States presidential election">1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1848_United_States_presidential_election" title="1848 United States presidential election">1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election" title="1852 United States presidential election">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election" title="1856 United States presidential election">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election" title="1868 United States presidential election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election" title="1872 United States presidential election">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election" title="1888 United States presidential election">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election" title="1892 United States presidential election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election" title="1896 United States presidential election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election" title="1900 United States presidential election">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election" title="1904 United States presidential election">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election" title="1908 United States presidential election">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election" title="1912 United States presidential election">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election" title="1916 United States presidential election">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election" title="1924 United States presidential election">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election" title="1928 United States presidential election">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election" title="1940 United States presidential election">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election" title="1944 United States presidential election">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election" title="1948 United States presidential election">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_United_States_presidential_election" title="2028 United States presidential election">2028</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_by_participation_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="List of states by participation in United States presidential elections">Elections by state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alabama" title="United States presidential elections in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Alaska" title="United States presidential elections in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arizona" title="United States presidential elections in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Arkansas" title="United States presidential elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_California" title="United States presidential elections in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Colorado" title="United States presidential elections in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Connecticut" title="United States presidential elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Delaware" title="United States presidential elections in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States presidential elections in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Florida" title="United States presidential elections in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Georgia" title="United States presidential elections in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Hawaii" title="United States presidential elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Idaho" title="United States presidential elections in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Illinois" title="United States presidential elections in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Indiana" title="United States presidential elections in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Iowa" title="United States presidential elections in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kansas" title="United States presidential elections in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Kentucky" title="United States presidential elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Louisiana" title="United States presidential elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maine" title="United States presidential elections in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Maryland" title="United States presidential elections in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="United States presidential elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Michigan" title="United States presidential elections in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Minnesota" title="United States presidential elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Mississippi" title="United States presidential elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Missouri" title="United States presidential elections in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Montana" title="United States presidential elections in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nebraska" title="United States presidential elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Nevada" title="United States presidential elections in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="United States presidential elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Jersey" title="United States presidential elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_Mexico" title="United States presidential elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_New_York" title="United States presidential elections in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_North_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Ohio" title="United States presidential elections in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oklahoma" title="United States presidential elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Oregon" title="United States presidential elections in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="United States presidential elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Rhode_Island" title="United States presidential elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="United States presidential elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_South_Dakota" title="United States presidential elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Tennessee" title="United States presidential elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Texas" title="United States presidential elections in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Utah" title="United States presidential elections in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Vermont" title="United States presidential elections in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Washington_(state)" title="United States presidential elections in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_West_Virginia" title="United States presidential elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wisconsin" title="United States presidential elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_Wyoming" title="United States presidential elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_primary" title="United States presidential primary">Primaries and caucuses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_caucuses" title="Iowa caucuses">Iowa caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_presidential_primary" title="New Hampshire presidential primary">New Hampshire presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_presidential_caucuses" title="Nevada presidential caucuses">Nevada presidential caucuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_presidential_primary" title="South Carolina presidential primary">South Carolina presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Tuesday" title="Super Tuesday">Super Tuesday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_nominating_convention" title="United States presidential nominating convention">Nominating conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidential_nominating_conventions_in_the_United_States" title="List of presidential nominating conventions in the United States">List of nominating conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokered_convention" title="Brokered convention">Brokered convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_bounce" title="Convention bounce">Convention bounce</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Superdelegate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> and popular vote</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Results <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election_summary" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election summary">summary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_in_which_the_winner_lost_the_popular_vote" title="List of United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote">elections in which the winner lost the popular vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_Electoral_College_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin">Electoral College margins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_election_results_by_state" title="List of United States presidential election results by state">Electoral College results by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_vote_changes_between_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Electoral vote changes between United States presidential elections">electoral vote changes between elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_received_an_electoral_vote_in_the_United_States_Electoral_College" title="List of people who received an electoral vote in the United States Electoral College">electoral vote recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_candidates_by_number_of_votes_received" title="List of United States presidential candidates by number of votes received">popular votes received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_elections_by_popular_vote_margin" title="List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin">popular-vote margins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Count_Act" title="Electoral Count Act">Electoral Count Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_ascertainment" title="Certificate of ascertainment">Certificate of ascertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Certificate of vote">Certificate of vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithless_elector" title="Faithless elector">Faithless elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">Unpledged elector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_turnout_in_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Voter turnout in United States presidential elections">Voter turnout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._presidential_campaign_slogans" title="List of U.S. presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polling_for_United_States_presidential_elections" title="Polling for United States presidential elections">Historical election polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(United_States)" title="Election Day (United States)">Election Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_major_party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States major party presidential tickets">Major party tickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unsuccessful_major_party_candidates_for_President_of_the_United_States" title="List of unsuccessful major party candidates for President of the United States">Major party losers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_debates" title="United States presidential debates">Presidential debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_surprise" title="October surprise">October surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">Swing state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipping-point_state" title="Tipping-point state">Tipping-point state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_recount" title="Election recount">Election recount</a> (<a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_recount_in_Florida" title="2000 United States presidential election recount in Florida">2000</a>)</li> <li><a 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