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Thorp</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Edward_O._Thorp" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Edward_O._Thorp" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Edward+O.+Thorp" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_O._Thorp&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Edward Oakley Thorp</b> (born August 14, 1932) is an American mathematics professor, author, <a href="/wiki/Hedge_fund" title="Hedge fund">hedge fund</a> manager, and <a href="/wiki/Blackjack" title="Blackjack">blackjack</a> researcher. He pioneered the modern applications of <a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability theory</a>, including the harnessing of very small <a href="/wiki/Correlation" title="Correlation">correlations</a> for reliable financial gain. </p><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Edward O. Thorp</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1932-08-14</span>) </span>August 14, 1932<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 92)</span><br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">Probability theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operator_(mathematics)" title="Operator (mathematics)">Linear operators</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">UC Irvine</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University" title="New Mexico State University">New Mexico State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Compact Linear Operators in Normed Spaces </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1958)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Angus_E._Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Angus E. Taylor">Angus E. Taylor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Elton_Lacey" title="Howard Elton Lacey">Howard Elton Lacey</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Thorp is the author of <i>Beat the Dealer</i>, which mathematically proved that the <a href="/wiki/House_advantage" class="mw-redirect" title="House advantage">house advantage</a> in blackjack could be overcome by <a href="/wiki/Card_counting" title="Card counting">card counting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also developed and applied effective hedge fund techniques in the <a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">financial markets</a>, and collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a> in creating the first <a href="/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">wearable computer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wearcomp1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wearcomp1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thorp received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> in 1958, and worked at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> (MIT) from 1959 to 1961. He was a professor of mathematics from 1961 to 1965 at <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_University" title="New Mexico State University">New Mexico State University</a>, and then joined the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine</a> where he was a professor of mathematics from 1965 to 1977 and a professor of mathematics and finance from 1977 to 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Computer-aided_research_in_blackjack"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Computer-aided research in blackjack</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Applied_research_in_casinos"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Applied research in casinos</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Stock_market"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Stock market</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sources"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Sources</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_O._Thorp&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Thorp was born in Chicago, but moved to southern California in his childhood. He had an early aptitude for science, and often tinkered with experiments of his own creation. He was one of the youngest amateur radio operators when he was certified at age 12. Thorp went on to win scholarships by doing well in chemistry and physics competitions (one instance led him to meeting President Truman), ultimately electing to go to UC Berkeley for his undergraduate degree. However, he transferred to UCLA after one year, majoring in physics. This was eventually followed by a PhD in Mathematics at UCLA. He met his future wife Vivian during his first year at UCLA. They married in January 1956. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Computer-aided_research_in_blackjack">Computer-aided research in blackjack</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_O._Thorp&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Computer-aided research in blackjack" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Thorp used the <a href="/wiki/IBM_704" title="IBM 704">IBM 704</a> as a research tool in order to investigate the probabilities of winning while developing his <a href="/wiki/Blackjack" title="Blackjack">blackjack</a> game theory, which was based on the <a href="/wiki/Kelly_criterion" title="Kelly criterion">Kelly criterion</a>, which he learned about from the 1956 paper by Kelly.<sup id="cite_ref-Understanding_the_formula_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Understanding_the_formula-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Conf_Paper_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conf_Paper-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_channel_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery_channel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MIT_the_Tech_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIT_the_Tech-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He learned <a href="/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a> in order to program the equations needed for his theoretical research model on the probabilities of winning at blackjack. Thorp analyzed the game of blackjack to a great extent this way, while devising <a href="/wiki/Card_counting" title="Card counting">card counting</a> schemes with the aid of the IBM 704 in order to improve his odds,<sup id="cite_ref-Elwyn_article_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elwyn_article-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially near the end of a <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">card deck</a> that is not being reshuffled after every deal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applied_research_in_casinos">Applied research in casinos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_O._Thorp&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applied research in casinos" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Thorp decided to test his theory in practice in <a href="/wiki/Reno" class="mw-redirect" title="Reno">Reno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_channel_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery_channel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elwyn_article_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elwyn_article-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SI_Vault_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_Vault-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thorp started his applied research using $10,000, with <a href="/wiki/Manny_Kimmel" title="Manny Kimmel">Manny Kimmel</a>, a wealthy professional gambler and former bookmaker,<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_channel_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography_channel-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> providing the venture capital. First they visited Reno and Lake Tahoe establishments where they tested Thorp's theory at the local blackjack tables.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_Vault_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_Vault-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The experimental results proved successful and his theory was verified since he won $11,000 in a single weekend.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_channel_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery_channel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a countermeasure to his methods, casinos now shuffle long before the end of the deck is reached. During his Las Vegas casino visits Thorp frequently used disguises such as wraparound glasses and false beards.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_Vault_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_Vault-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the blackjack activities, Thorp had assembled a <a href="/wiki/Baccarat_(card_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baccarat (card game)">baccarat</a> team which was also winning.<sup id="cite_ref-SI_Vault_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_Vault-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>News quickly spread throughout the gambling community, which was eager for new methods of winning, while Thorp became an instant celebrity among blackjack aficionados. Due to the great demand generated about disseminating his research results to a wider gambling audience, he wrote the book <i>Beat the Dealer</i> in 1962 (substantially updated in 1966), widely considered the original guide to card counting,<sup id="cite_ref-Hero_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hero-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which sold over 700,000 copies, a huge number for a specialty title which earned it a place in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times_bestseller_list" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times bestseller list"><i>New York Times</i> bestseller list</a>, much to the chagrin of Kimmel whose identity was thinly disguised in the book as Mr. X.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_channel_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery_channel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thorp's blackjack research<sup id="cite_ref-NAS_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAS-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the very few examples where results from such research reached the public directly, completely bypassing the usual academic <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> process cycle. He has also stated that he considered the whole experiment an academic exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-Discovery_channel_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Discovery_channel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, Thorp, while a professor of mathematics at MIT, met <a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a>, and took him and his wife Betty Shannon as partners on weekend forays to Las Vegas to play <a href="/wiki/Roulette" title="Roulette">roulette</a> and blackjack, at which Thorp was very successful.<sup id="cite_ref-Poundstone_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poundstone-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His team's roulette play was the first instance of using a wearable computer in a casino — something which is now illegal, as of May 30, 1985, when the Nevada devices law came into effect as an emergency measure targeting blackjack and roulette devices.<sup id="cite_ref-wearcomp1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wearcomp1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Poundstone_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poundstone-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wearable computer was co-developed with Claude Shannon between 1960 and 1961. It relied on a pair of operators, where one would watch the wheel and use his toe to input the cadence of the wheel, and the other would receive a message in the form of musical tones through a hidden earpiece. By betting on groups of neighboring numbers on the wheel they could gain a sufficient advantage to make a profit. The final operating version of the device was tested in Shannon's home lab at his basement in June 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-wearcomp1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wearcomp1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on his achievements, Thorp was an inaugural member of the <a href="/wiki/Blackjack_Hall_of_Fame" title="Blackjack Hall of Fame">Blackjack Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Las_Vegas_Advisor_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Las_Vegas_Advisor-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also devised the "Thorp count", a method for calculating the likelihood of winning in certain endgame positions in <a href="/wiki/Backgammon" title="Backgammon">backgammon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Edward O. Thorp's Real Blackjack</i> was published by Villa Crespo Software in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-CGW82_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CGW82-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Stock_market">Stock market</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_O._Thorp&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stock market" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>Since the late 1960s, Thorp has used his knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> in the stock market by discovering and exploiting a number of pricing <a href="/wiki/Market_anomaly" title="Market anomaly">anomalies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Securities_market" title="Securities market">securities markets</a> and has made a significant fortune.<sup id="cite_ref-Conf_Paper_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conf_Paper-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thorp's first hedge fund was <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Newport_Partners" title="Princeton Newport Partners">Princeton/Newport Partners</a> from 1969 to 1989 based on <a href="/wiki/Market_neutral" title="Market neutral">Market Neutral</a> Derivatives Hedging. His second hedge fund was called Ridgeline Partners and it ran from August 1994 through September 2002 based on <a href="/wiki/Statistical_arbitrage" title="Statistical arbitrage">statistical arbitrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poundstone_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poundstone-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This hedge fund was closed largely because the return of the statistical arbitrage strategies had been low since 2002. He is currently the President of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_O._Thorp_%26_Associates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward O. Thorp & Associates (page does not exist)">Edward O. Thorp & Associates</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Newport_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Newport Beach">Newport Beach</a>, California. In May 1998, Thorp reported that his personal investments yielded an annualized 20 percent rate of return averaged over 28.5 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Market_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Market-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ed Thorp wrote many articles about option pricing, <a href="/wiki/Kelly_criterion" title="Kelly criterion">Kelly criterion</a>, statistical arbitrage strategies (6-parts series),<sup id="cite_ref-StatArb6_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatArb6-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inefficient markets.<sup id="cite_ref-IneffMarkets_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IneffMarkets-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, Thorp was an early skeptic of <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Madoff" title="Bernie Madoff">Bernie Madoff</a>'s supposedly stellar investing returns which were proved to be fraudulent in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_O._Thorp&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li>Edward Thorp, (1964) <i>Beat the Dealer: A Winning Strategy for the Game of Twenty-One</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-70310-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-70310-3">0-394-70310-3</a></li> <li>Edward O. Thorp, <a href="/wiki/Sheen_T._Kassouf" title="Sheen T. Kassouf">Sheen T. Kassouf</a>, (1967) <i>Beat the Market: A Scientific Stock Market System</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-42439-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-42439-5">0-394-42439-5</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112201/http://accountingpdf.com/beat-the-market-by-edward-o-thorp/">online pdf</a>, retrieved 22 Nov 2017)</li> <li>Edward O. Thorp, <i>Elementary Probability</i>, 1977, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88275-389-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88275-389-4">0-88275-389-4</a></li> <li>Edward O. Thorp, <i>The Mathematics of Gambling</i>, 1984, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89746-019-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89746-019-7">0-89746-019-7</a> (online version <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204836/http://edwardothorp.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/tog1.pdf">part 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114174038/http://www.edwardothorp.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/tog2.pdf">part 2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114174045/http://www.edwardothorp.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/tog3.pdf">part 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114174051/http://www.edwardothorp.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/tog4.pdf">part 4</a>)</li> <li>The Kelly Capital Growth Investment Criterion: Theory and Practice (World Scientific Handbook in Financial Economic Series), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9814293495" title="Special:BookSources/978-9814293495">978-9814293495</a>, February 10, 2011 by Leonard C. MacLean (Editor), Edward O. Thorp (Editor), William T. Ziemba (Editor)</li> <li>(Autobiography) Edward O. Thorp, (2017) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edwardothorp.com/id32.html">A Man for All Markets: From Las Vegas to Wall Street, How I Beat the Dealer and the Market</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Poundstone" title="William Poundstone">William Poundstone</a> (2005) <i>Fortune's Formula: The Untold Story of the Scientific Betting System That Beat the Casinos and Wall Street</i></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_O._Thorp&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black%E2%80%93Scholes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black–Scholes">Black–Scholes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse_(blackjack)" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (blackjack)">Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse</a> - who derived <a href="/wiki/Blackjack#Basic_strategy" title="Blackjack">Basic strategy</a> for blackjack</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming mathematics">Gaming mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_criterion" title="Kelly criterion">Kelly criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proebsting%27s_paradox" title="Proebsting's paradox">Proebsting's paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Arnold_Epstein" title="Richard Arnold Epstein">Richard A. Epstein</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_O._Thorp&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_A._Griffin" title="Peter A. Griffin">Peter A. Griffin</a> (1979) <i>The Theory of Blackjack</i>, Huntington Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0929712130" title="Special:BookSources/978-0929712130">978-0929712130</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wearcomp1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wearcomp1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wearcomp1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wearcomp1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_O._Thorp" class="citation web cs1">Edward O. Thorp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528182202/http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/graphics/courses/mobwear/resources/thorp-iswc98.pdf">"The Invention of the First Wearable Computer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Edward O. Thorp & Associates. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/graphics/courses/mobwear/resources/thorp-iswc98.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 28, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+the+First+Wearable+Computer&rft.pub=Edward+O.+Thorp+%26+Associates&rft.au=Edward+O.+Thorp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.cs.columbia.edu%2Fgraphics%2Fcourses%2Fmobwear%2Fresources%2Fthorp-iswc98.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+O.+Thorp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.uci.edu/2018/06/12/founding-professor-of-math-donates-personal-professional-papers-to-uci-libraries/">"Founding professor of math donates personal, professional papers to UCI Libraries"</a>. <i>UCI News</i>. UC Irvine. June 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCI+News&rft.atitle=Founding+professor+of+math+donates+personal%2C+professional+papers+to+UCI+Libraries&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.uci.edu%2F2018%2F06%2F12%2Ffounding-professor-of-math-donates-personal-professional-papers-to-uci-libraries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+O.+Thorp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Understanding_the_formula-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Understanding_the_formula_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090320125957/http://www.edwardothorp.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/understandingfortunesformula.doc.doc">Understanding Fortune’s Formula by Edward O. Thorp Copyright 2007</a> Quote: "My 1962 book Beat the Dealer explained the detailed theory and practice. The “optimal” way to bet in favorable situations was an important feature. In Beat the Dealer I called this, naturally enough, “The Kelly gambling system,” since I learned about it from the 1956 paper by John L. Kelly."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conf_Paper-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Conf_Paper_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Conf_Paper_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20090320125959/http://www.edwardothorp.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/KellyCriterion2007.pdf">THE KELLY CRITERION IN BLACKJACK, SPORTS BETTING, AND THE STOCK MARKET by Edward O. Thorp Paper presented at: The 10th International Conference on Gambling and Risk Taking Montreal, June 1997</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Discovery_channel-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_channel_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_channel_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_channel_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_channel_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_channel_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Discovery channel documentary series: <i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Vegas" title="Breaking Vegas">Breaking Vegas</a>,</i> Episode: "Professor Blackjack" with interviews by Ed and Vivian Thorp</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIT_the_Tech-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MIT_the_Tech_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_081/TECH_V081_S0000_P001.pdf">The Tech (MIT)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150716054438/http://tech.mit.edu/archives/VOL_081/TECH_V081_S0000_P001.pdf">Archived</a> July 16, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Thorpe, 704 Beat Blackjack" Vol. 81 No. I Cambridge, Mass., Friday, February 10, 1961</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elwyn_article-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elwyn_article_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elwyn_article_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070423023948/http://www.americanscientist.org/template/BookReviewTypeDetail/assetid/47321%3Bjsessionid%3Daaa9har2OmrE7K#47646">"American Scientist online: Bettor Math, article and book review by Elwyn Berlekamp"</a>. Archived from the original on April 23, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Scientist+online%3A+Bettor+Math%2C+article+and+book+review+by+Elwyn+Berlekamp&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Ftemplate%2FBookReviewTypeDetail%2Fassetid%2F47321%253Bjsessionid%253Daaa9har2OmrE7K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+O.+Thorp" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI_Vault-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SI_Vault_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI_Vault_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI_Vault_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI_Vault_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1075542/3/index.htm">It's Bye! Bye! Blackjack</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090428121333/http://vault.sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1075542/3/index.htm">Archived</a> April 28, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Edward Thorp, the pensive professor above, is shaking the gambling world with a system for beating a great card game. He published it a year ago, and now the proof is in: it works David E. Scherman January 13, 1964 pp. 1–3 from SI Vault (beta)(CNN) Quotes: "The unlikely trio was soon on its way to Reno and Lake Tahoe, where Thorp's horn-rimmed glasses, dark hair and fresh, scrubbed face hardly struck terror into the pit bosses. (p. 1)", "But Edward Thorp and his computer are not done with Nevada yet. The classiest gambling game of all—just ask James Bond—is that enticing thing called baccarat, or chemin de fer. Its rules prevent a fast shuffle, and there is very little opportunity for hanky-panky. Thorp has now come up with a system to beat it, and the system seems to work. He has a baccarat team, and it is over $5,000 ahead. It has also been spotted and barred from play in two casinos. Could it be bye-bye to baccarat, too? (p. 1)" and "But disguises frequently work. Thorp himself now uses a combination of wraparound glasses and a beard to change his appearance on successive Las Vegas visits. (p. 3)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biography_channel-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Biography_channel_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/listings/episode_details.do?episodeid=279192&airingid=333532">Breaking Vegas “Professor Blackjack.”</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081221102029/http://www.biography.com/listings/episode_details.do?episodeid=279192&airingid=333532">Archived</a> December 21, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Biography channel Rated: TVPG Running Time: 60 Minutes Quote: "In 1961, lifelong gambler Manny Kimmel, a "connected" New York businessman, read an article by MIT math professor Ed Thorp claiming that anyone could make a fortune at blackjack by using math theory to count cards. The mob-connected sharpie offered the young professor a deal: he would put up the money, if Thorp would put his theory to action and card-count their way to millions. From Thorp's initial research to the partnership's explosive effect on the blackjack landscape, this episode boasts fascinating facts about the game's history, colorful interviews (including with Thorp), and archival footage that evokes the timeless allure and excitement of the thriving casinos in the early `60s. "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hero-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hero_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackjackhero.com/blackjack/players/edward-thorp/">"Blackjack Hero profile"</a>. Blackjackhero.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blackjack+Hero+profile&rft.pub=Blackjackhero.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blackjackhero.com%2Fblackjack%2Fplayers%2Fedward-thorp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+O.+Thorp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAS-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAS_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A favorable strategy for twenty-one. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 47 (1961), 110-112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Poundstone-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poundstone_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poundstone_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poundstone_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoundstone2005" class="citation book cs1">Poundstone, William (2005). <i>Fortune's Formula: The Untold Story of the Scientific Betting System That Beat the Casinos and Wall Street</i>. Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809046379" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809046379"><bdi>978-0809046379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortune%27s+Formula%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Scientific+Betting+System+That+Beat+the+Casinos+and+Wall+Street&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0809046379&rft.aulast=Poundstone&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+O.+Thorp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Las_Vegas_Advisor-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Las_Vegas_Advisor_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Curtis" class="citation web cs1">Anthony Curtis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasvegasadvisor.com/QODcontributordetail.cfm?authorID=161">"Las Vegas Advisor on Ed Thorp"</a>. Lasvegasadvisor.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Las+Vegas+Advisor+on+Ed+Thorp&rft.pub=Lasvegasadvisor.com&rft.au=Anthony+Curtis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasvegasadvisor.com%2FQODcontributordetail.cfm%3FauthorID%3D161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+O.+Thorp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuck_Bower1997" class="citation web cs1">Chuck Bower (January 23, 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bkgm.com/rgb/rgb.cgi?view+158">"Cube Handling in Races: Thorpe count"</a>. <i>bkgm.com</i>. Backgammon Galore<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bkgm.com&rft.atitle=Cube+Handling+in+Races%3A+Thorpe+count&rft.date=1997-01-23&rft.au=Chuck+Bower&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bkgm.com%2Frgb%2Frgb.cgi%3Fview%2B158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+O.+Thorp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CGW82-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CGW82_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLasky1991" class="citation magazine cs1">Lasky, Michael S. (May 1991). "New Deal Makes Cut at 21". <i>Computer Gaming World</i>. Vol. 1, no. 82. pp. 53–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Gaming+World&rft.atitle=New+Deal+Makes+Cut+at+21&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=82&rft.pages=53-54&rft.date=1991-05&rft.aulast=Lasky&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+O.+Thorp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Market-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Market_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031090504/http://webhome.idirect.com/~blakjack/edthorp.htm">"Thorp's market activities"</a>. Webhome.idirect.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webhome.idirect.com/~blakjack/edthorp.htm">the original</a> on October 31, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thorp%27s+market+activities&rft.pub=Webhome.idirect.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebhome.idirect.com%2F~blakjack%2Fedthorp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+O.+Thorp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StatArb6-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StatArb6_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntuzov.com/Nik_Site/Niks_files/Research/papers/stat_arb/Thorp_Part6.pdf">Statistical Arbitrage - part 6 by Edward O. Thorp</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IneffMarkets-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IneffMarkets_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowen-production.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/attachment/file/2094/101229_thorp%2Binefficient%2Bmarkets.pdf">Inefficient Markets by Edward O. Thorp</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenzner" class="citation web cs1">Lenzner, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/streettalk/2010/04/06/the-card-sharp-who-cottoned-onto-madoffs-fraud-in-1991/">"The Card Sharp Who Cottoned Onto Madoff's Fraud In 1991"</a>. <i>Forbes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes.com&rft.atitle=The+Card+Sharp+Who+Cottoned+Onto+Madoff%27s+Fraud+In+1991&rft.aulast=Lenzner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fstreettalk%2F2010%2F04%2F06%2Fthe-card-sharp-who-cottoned-onto-madoffs-fraud-in-1991%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+O.+Thorp" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_O._Thorp&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Patterson_(author)" title="Scott Patterson (author)">Patterson, Scott D.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quants" title="The Quants">The Quants</a>: How a New Breed of Math Whizzes Conquered Wall Street and Nearly Destroyed It</i>, Crown Business, 352 pages, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-307-45337-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-307-45337-5">0-307-45337-5</a> via <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=123209339">Patterson and Thorp interview</a> on <a href="/wiki/Fresh_Air" title="Fresh Air">Fresh Air</a>, February 1, 2010, including excerpt "Chapter 2: The Godfather: Ed Thorp"</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_O._Thorp&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=9739">Edward O. Thorp</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edwardothorp.com/">Edward O. Thorp official site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilmottwiki.com/wiki/index.php?title=Thorp%2C_Edward">Thorp, Edward entry, Wilmott Wiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fortunesformula.com/">Edward O. Thorp & Fortune's Formula</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_O._Thorp&oldid=1244301392">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_O._Thorp&oldid=1244301392</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_O._Thorp&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="David Eppstein" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1725606842"> <span>Last edited on 6 September 2024, at 07:14</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88._%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="ادوارد او. تورپ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادوارد او. تورپ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF" title="Едуард Оукли Торп – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Едуард Оукли Торп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_O._Thorp" title="Edward O. Thorp – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edward O. Thorp" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_O._Thorp" title="Edward O. Thorp – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edward O. Thorp" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7._%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="ادوارد ا. تورپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد ا. تورپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_O._Thorp" title="Edward O. Thorp – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edward O. Thorp" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_O._Thorp" title="Edward O. Thorp – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edward O. Thorp" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thorp" title="Edward Thorp – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Edward Thorp" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8" title="ادوارد ثورب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد ثورب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thorp" title="Edward Thorp – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edward Thorp" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%97" title="エドワード・オークリー・ソープ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード・オークリー・ソープ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Thorp" title="Edward Thorp – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edward Thorp" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Торп, Эдвард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Торп, Эдвард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_O._Thorp" title="Edward O. Thorp – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Edward O. Thorp" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E6%99%AE" title="愛德華·索普 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="愛德華·索普" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 September 2024, at 07:14<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edward_O._Thorp&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-87b8b8f58-cpv6p","wgBackendResponseTime":185,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.484","walltime":"0.687","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4270,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":50259,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3839,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":77242,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 624.320 1 -total"," 37.16% 232.019 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 20.14% 125.728 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.68% 79.186 1 Template:Blackjack"," 12.12% 75.687 1 Template:Navbox"," 11.83% 73.836 8 Template:Cite_web"," 10.67% 66.597 7 Template:ISBN"," 10.37% 64.771 1 Template:Infobox"," 10.06% 62.837 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.46% 59.050 1 Template:Wikidata_image"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.305","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7544933,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-87b8b8f58-w845g","timestamp":"20241204120910","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Edward O. 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