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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology and meaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pancha_Prakriti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pancha_Prakriti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span><i>Pancha Prakriti</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pancha_Prakriti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_in_Indian_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_in_Indian_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Application in Indian philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_in_Indian_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhagavad_Gita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhagavad_Gita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bhagavad Gita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bhagavad_Gita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoga_Sutras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga_Sutras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Yoga Sutras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga_Sutras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_Cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_Cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Works Cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_Cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="براكريتي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="براكريتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8)" title="প্রকৃতি (হিন্দু দর্শন) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রকৃতি (হিন্দু দর্শন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakriti" title="Prakriti – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Prakriti" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Пракрити – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пракрити" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakriti" title="Prakriti – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Prakriti" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakriti" title="Prakriti – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prakriti" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="پراکریتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پراکریتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakriti" title="Prakriti – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prakriti" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%8B%B0" title="프라크리티 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프라크리티" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պրակրիտներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պրակրիտներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE)" title="प्रकृति (धर्म) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकृति (धर्म)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prakṛti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prakṛti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪ್ರಕೃತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಕೃತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პრაკრიტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პრაკრიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Пракрити (философия) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пракрити (философия)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit%C4%97" title="Prakritė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Prakritė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakriti" title="Prakriti – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Prakriti" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="प्रकृती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रकृती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პრაკრიტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პრაკრიტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrti" title="Prakrti – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Prakrti" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3" title="プラクリティ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラクリティ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakryti" title="Prakryti – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Prakryti" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakriti" title="Prakriti – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prakriti" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Пракрити – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пракрити" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrti" title="Prakrti – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Prakrti" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Пракрти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пракрти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakriti" title="Prakriti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Prakriti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="பிரகிருதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரகிருதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%96%D1%82%D1%96" title="Пракріті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пракріті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%B4%A8" title="原质 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原质" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q920021#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Nature in Hinduism</div> <p> <b>Prakriti</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">प्रकृति</span> <a href="/wiki/IAST" class="mw-redirect" title="IAST">IAST</a>: <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Prakṛti</i></span>) is "the original or natural form or condition of anything, original or primary substance".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a key concept in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, formulated by its <i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Sāṅkhya</a></i> school, where it does not refer to matter or nature, but "includes all the cognitive, moral, psychological, emotional, sensorial and physical aspects of reality", stressing "<i>Prakṛti</i>'s cognitive, mental, psychological and sensorial activities".<sup id="cite_ref-Lusthaus_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lusthaus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Prakriti</i> has three different innate qualities (<i>guṇas</i>), whose equilibrium is the basis of all observed empirical reality as the five <a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">panchamahabhootas</a> namely <a href="/wiki/Akasha" title="Akasha">Akasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_(element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (element)">Jala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earth_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth element">Pruthvi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lochtefeldprakriti_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochtefeldprakriti-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Prakriti</i>, in this school, contrasts with <i><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></i>, which is pure awareness and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-lochtefeldprakriti_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lochtefeldprakriti-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is also found in the texts of other Indian religions such as <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_meaning">Etymology and meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prak%E1%B9%9Bti&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Prakriti</i> (Sanskrit: प्रकृति) is an early Indic concept meaning "making or placing before or at first, the original or natural form or condition of anything, original or primary substance".<sup id="cite_ref-mmwprakriti_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwprakriti-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is discussed by <a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81ska" title="Yāska">Yāska</a> (~600 BCE) in <i><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></i>, and is found in numerous <a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mmwprakriti_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmwprakriti-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It connotes "nature, body, matter, phenomenal universe" in Hindu texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2008p1300_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2008p1300-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p332_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JonesRyan2006p332-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Dan Lusthaus, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Sāṃkhya puruṣa signifies the observer, the 'witness'. Prakṛti includes all the cognitive, moral, psychological, emotional, sensorial and physical aspects of reality. It is often mistranslated as 'matter' or 'nature' – in non-Sāṃkhyan usage it does mean 'essential nature' – but that distracts from the heavy Sāṃkhyan stress on prakṛti's cognitive, mental, psychological and sensorial activities. Moreover, subtle and gross matter are its most derivative byproducts, not its core. Only prakṛti acts.<sup id="cite_ref-Lusthaus_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lusthaus-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pancha_Prakriti"><i>Pancha Prakriti</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prak%E1%B9%9Bti&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pancha Prakriti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Indian languages derived from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> roots, <i>Prakriti</i> refers to the feminine aspect of all life forms, and more specifically a woman is seen as a symbol of <i>Prakriti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2008p1300_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2008p1300-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Hinduism, the concept of <i>Prakriti</i> is thoroughly mentioned. According to Sanskrit scriptures, <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a>, five Hindu goddesses are considered as the complete feminine personification of <i>Prakriti</i> – <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gayatri" title="Gayatri">Gayatri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>. Together these five goddesses are worshiped as <i>Pancha Prakriti</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Application_in_Indian_philosophy">Application in Indian philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prak%E1%B9%9Bti&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Application in Indian philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_in_Samkhya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Evolution_in_Samkhya.svg/220px-Evolution_in_Samkhya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Evolution_in_Samkhya.svg/330px-Evolution_in_Samkhya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Evolution_in_Samkhya.svg/440px-Evolution_in_Samkhya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Elements in Samkhya philosophy</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Sāṅkhya</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> philosophical literatures, it is contrasted with <i>Purusha</i> (spirit, consciousness), and <i>Prakriti</i> refers to "the material world, nature, matter, physical and psychological character, constitution, temper, disposition". According to <a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" class="extiw" title="no:Knut A. Jacobsen">Knut Jacobsen</a>, in the dualistic system of the Samkhya school, "<i>Purusha</i> is the principle of pure consciousness, while <i>Prakriti</i> is the principle of matter", where <i>Purusha</i> is the conscious witness in every living being, while <i>Prakriti</i> is the manifest world. </p><p>In Hindu cosmology, <i>Prakṛti</i> is the feminine aspect of existence, the personified will and energy of the Supreme (Brahman); while in <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddess</a> is presented as both the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> and the <i>Prakṛti</i>. In Samkhya-Yoga texts, <i>Prakriti</i> is the potency that brings about evolution and change in the empirical universe. It is described in <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i> as the "primal motive force".<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston2014p159_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston2014p159-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the essential constituent of the universe and is at the basis of all the activity of the creation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita Vedanta</a>, <i>Prakṛti</i> is one of the six substances <i>(<a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">dravya</a>)</i>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">guṇas</a></i> (qualities) are the attributes of primordial Nature (<i>Prakṛti</i>), and not its constituents, unlike <i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Sāṅkhya</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996236_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996236-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These qualities are inseparable from <i>Prakṛti</i>, but not identical with it and inextricably related to <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>. <i>Prakṛti</i> in Vishishtadvaita Vedanta is limited above by the eternal manifestation (<i>nityavibhuti</i>) whereas it's infinite in <i>Sāṅkhya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996236-237_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996236-237-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita Vedanta</a>, <i>Prakṛti</i> is the material cause (<a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a>) of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996236_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996236-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prakriti is closely associated with the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></i> within Hindu texts.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Jainism the term "<i>Prakriti</i>" is used in its theory of <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a>, and is considered "that form of matter which covers the perfections of the soul (jiva) and prevents its liberation".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Samkhya and the Bhagavad Gita Prakrti or Nature is composed of the three <i>guṇas</i> which are tendencies or modes of operation, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Rajas" title="Rajas">rajas</a></i> (creation), <i><a href="/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">sattva</a></i> (preservation), and <i><a href="/wiki/Tamas_(philosophy)" title="Tamas (philosophy)">tamas</a></i> (destruction). <i>Sattva</i> encompasses qualities of goodness, light, and harmony.<sup id="cite_ref-Easwaran2007_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easwaran2007-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rajas</i> is associated with concepts of energy, activity, and passion; so that, depending on how it is used, it can either have a supportive or hindering effect on the evolution of the soul.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tamas</i> is commonly associated with inertia, darkness, insensitivity. Souls who are more Tamasic are considered imbued in darkness and take the longest to reach liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Samkhya, <i>prakriti</i>, comprising the three <i>gunas</i>, exists in equilibrium before the cosmos manifests, neutralizing each other's properties. Samkhya argues that the complex and purposeful nature of the world suggests that it exists for the sake of something else, particularly the conscious souls. This view suggests that <i>prakriti</i>, though unconscious, serves to aid the liberation of the soul, similar to how milk nourishes a calf.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bhagavad_Gita">Bhagavad Gita</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prak%E1%B9%9Bti&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bhagavad Gita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bhagavad Gita emphasize the role of <i>prakriti</i> as the material energy of the universe, created and controlled by God (Krishna), and its distinction from <i>purusha</i> in different verses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton201670,_114,_201_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton201670,_114,_201-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chapter 4 verse 6, Krishna describes <i>prakriti</i> as His own power, through which He manifests in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton201670_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton201670-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Chapter 7 verse 4 and 5, Krishna mentions two types of <i>prakriti</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Earth, water, fire, air, space, mind, intellect, and the sense of ego comprise the eight component parts of my energy known as <i>prakriti</i>. This is the inferior <i>prakriti</i>, but you should also know about my higher <i>prakriti</i>, which is distinct from it. This is the element of life, O mighty one, the <i>jiva bhuta</i>, by means of which this world is held in place.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 7, verse 4-5<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton2016114_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2016114-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p>In Chapter 13 verses 19–23, Krishna discusses the eternal nature of both <i>prakriti</i> and <i>purusha,</i> as well as their distinction. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You should understand that both <i>prakriti</i> (matter) and <i>purusha</i> (spirit) have no beginning. You should also know that all transformations and the <i>gunas</i> have their origin in <i>prakriti</i>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bhagavad Gita, Chapter 13, verse 19<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton2016201_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2016201-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yoga_Sutras">Yoga Sutras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prak%E1%B9%9Bti&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Yoga Sutras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a>, <i>prakriti</i> is described as encompassing the entire cosmos including its physical aspects. It is characterized by the three <i>gunas</i> - sattva, rajas, and tamas. However, the emphasis within the text primarily is on the psychological manifestations of these guṇas. <i>Sattva</i>, the purest <i>guna</i>, is associated with qualities like lucidity, tranquility, wisdom, discrimination, detachment, happiness, and peacefulness when expressed in the mind (citta). Rajas is characterized by traits like hankering, power, and various forms of movement and creative activity. Tamas is marked by qualities such as ignorance, delusion, lethargy, and disinclination toward constructive activity. These psychological attributes reveal the nature of the <i>gunas</i> in Yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200917-18_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200917-18-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prak%E1%B9%9Bti&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akasha" title="Akasha">Akasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammavaru" title="Ammavaru">Ammavaru</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prak%E1%B9%9Bti&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prak%E1%B9%9Bti&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMonier-Williams1899" class="citation book cs1">Monier-Williams, Monier (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/704040338"><i>A Sanskrit-English dictionary: with special reference to cognate Indo-European languages</i></a>. Ocford, England: Oxford. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/704040338">704040338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sanskrit-English+dictionary%3A+with+special+reference+to+cognate+Indo-European+languages&rft.place=Ocford%2C+England&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F704040338&rft.aulast=Monier-Williams&rft.aufirst=Monier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F704040338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lusthaus-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lusthaus_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lusthaus_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dan Lusthaus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acmuller.net/yogacara/schools/samkhya.html">Samkhya</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lochtefeldprakriti-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeldprakriti_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lochtefeldprakriti_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James G. Lochtefeld (2001), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M, Rosen Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823931798" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823931798">978-0823931798</a>, Pages 224, 265, 520</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/prakriti">Prakriti: Indian philosophy</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ_Jaini1940" class="citation book cs1">J Jaini (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=54A9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA32"><i>Outlines Of Jainism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>33. GGKEY:B0FNE81JRLY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outlines+Of+Jainism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1940&rft.au=J+Jaini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D54A9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Williams2005" class="citation book cs1">Paul Williams (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eEpzDpRJBQ0C&pg=PA20"><i>Buddhism: Yogācāra, the epistemological tradition and Tathāgatagarbha</i></a>. Routledge. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33231-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-33231-6"><bdi>978-0-415-33231-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra%2C+the+epistemological+tradition+and+Tath%C4%81gatagarbha&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-33231-6&rft.au=Paul+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeEpzDpRJBQ0C%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmwprakriti-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmwprakriti_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmwprakriti_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Monier Monier-Williams (1899), Monier William's Sanskrit-English Dictionary, 2nd Ed., Oxford University Press, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0600/mw__0687.html">Prakriti प्रकृति</a>, page 654</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor2008p1300-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2008p1300_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2008p1300_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnut_A._Jacobsen2008" class="citation book cs1">Knut A. Jacobsen (2008). Bron Taylor (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4mvAwAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">1299–</span>1300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2278-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2278-0"><bdi>978-1-4411-2278-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Nature&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1299-%3C%2Fspan%3E1300&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-2278-0&rft.au=Knut+A.+Jacobsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4mvAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JonesRyan2006p332-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JonesRyan2006p332_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstance_JonesJames_D._Ryan2006" class="citation book cs1">Constance Jones; James D. Ryan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PA332"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">332–</span>333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E332-%3C%2Fspan%3E333&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.au=Constance+Jones&rft.au=James+D.+Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOgMmceadQ3gC%26pg%3DPA332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1988" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, John D. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26399308">"Ludo Rocher: The Purā as. (A History of Indian Literature. Vol. ii, fasc. 3.) [vii], 282 pp. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1986. DM 120"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies</i>. <b>51</b> (2): 355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0041977X00114958">10.1017/S0041977X00114958</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X">0041-977X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161845090">161845090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Ludo+Rocher%3A+The+Pur%C4%81+as.+%28A+History+of+Indian+Literature.+Vol.+ii%2C+fasc.+3.%29+%5Bvii%5D%2C+282+pp.+Wiesbaden%3A+Otto+Harrassowitz%2C+1986.+DM+120.&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=355&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161845090%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0041-977X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0041977X00114958&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26399308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaturvedi1900" class="citation book cs1">Chaturvedi, B. K. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M7SeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9">"Prakriti Khanda"</a>. <i>Brahmavaivarta Purana</i>. Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5296-763-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5296-763-6"><bdi>978-93-5296-763-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prakriti+Khanda&rft.btitle=Brahmavaivarta+Purana&rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=1900&rft.isbn=978-93-5296-763-6&rft.aulast=Chaturvedi&rft.aufirst=B.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM7SeDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=Radha"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin Books India. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341421-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341421-6&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC%26q%3DRadha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston2014p159-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston2014p159_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Johnston" class="citation book cs1">Charles Johnston. <i>The Bhagavad Gita: Songs of the Master</i>. pp. 159 footnote 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita%3A+Songs+of+the+Master&rft.pages=159+footnote+36&rft.au=Charles+Johnston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi on the Bhagavad-Gita, a New Translation and Commentary, Chapter 1-6. Penguin Books, 1969, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996236-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996236_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996236_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimes1996">Grimes 1996</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996236-237-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996236-237_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimes1996">Grimes 1996</a>, p. 236-237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rAorcEA7j4QC&dq=Prakriti++maia&pg=PA40"><i>Preceptos de Perfección</i></a>. Editorial Kier. 1987. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789501701463" title="Special:BookSources/9789501701463"><bdi>9789501701463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preceptos+de+Perfecci%C3%B3n&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Editorial+Kier&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9789501701463&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrAorcEA7j4QC%26dq%3DPrakriti%2B%2Bmaia%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnut_A._Jacobsen1999" class="citation book cs1">Knut A. Jacobsen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-zsAAAAIAAJ"><i>Prakr̥ti in Samkhya-yoga: Material Principle, Religious Experience, Ethical Implications</i></a>. Peter Lang. pp. <span class="nowrap">151–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-3465-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-3465-0"><bdi>978-0-8204-3465-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prakr%CC%A5ti+in+Samkhya-yoga%3A+Material+Principle%2C+Religious+Experience%2C+Ethical+Implications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-3465-0&rft.au=Knut+A.+Jacobsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da-zsAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Easwaran2007-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Easwaran2007_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEknath_Easwaran2007" class="citation book cs1">Eknath Easwaran (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-Oh_-rK5SQC&pg=PA221"><i>The Bhagavad Gita</i></a>. Nilgiri Press. pp. 221–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58638-023-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58638-023-6"><bdi>978-1-58638-023-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita&rft.pages=221-&rft.pub=Nilgiri+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58638-023-6&rft.au=Eknath+Easwaran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da-Oh_-rK5SQC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaswaran2007" class="citation book cs1">Easwaran, Eknath (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a-Oh_-rK5SQC&dq=prakriti&pg=PA221"><i>The Bhagavad Gita</i></a>. Nilgiri Press. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781586380236" title="Special:BookSources/9781586380236"><bdi>9781586380236</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bhagavad+Gita&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Nilgiri+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781586380236&rft.aulast=Easwaran&rft.aufirst=Eknath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da-Oh_-rK5SQC%26dq%3Dprakriti%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Concise Yoga Vāsiṣṭha, Swami Venkatesananda, 1984, p.94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartley2011" class="citation book cs1">Bartley, C. J. (2011). <i>An introduction to Indian philosophy</i>. London; New York: Continuum. pp. <span class="nowrap">83–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-448-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-448-6"><bdi>978-1-84706-448-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+Indian+philosophy&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E83-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84706-448-6&rft.aulast=Bartley&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton201670,_114,_201-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton201670,_114,_201_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutton2016">Sutton 2016</a>, pp. 70, 114, 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton201670-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton201670_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutton2016">Sutton 2016</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2016114-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton2016114_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutton2016">Sutton 2016</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESutton2016201-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESutton2016201_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSutton2016">Sutton 2016</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBryant200917-18-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBryant200917-18_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBryant2009">Bryant 2009</a>, p. 17-18.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_Cited">Works Cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prak%E1%B9%9Bti&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works Cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2009" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Edwin F. (2009). <i>The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali: A New Edition, Translation and Commentary</i>. New York: North Point Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865477360" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865477360"><bdi>978-0865477360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+S%C5%ABtras+of+Pata%C3%B1jali%3A+A+New+Edition%2C+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0865477360&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Edwin+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimes1996" class="citation book cs1">Grimes, John A. (1996). <i>A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791430677" title="Special:BookSources/0791430677"><bdi>0791430677</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Indian+Philosophy%3A+Sanskrit+Terms+Defined+in+English&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0791430677&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2016" class="citation book cs1">Sutton, Nicholas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eNzUnQAACAAJ"><i>Bhagavad-Gita</i></a>. Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-366-61059-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-366-61059-1"><bdi>978-1-366-61059-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bhagavad-Gita&rft.pub=Oxford+Centre+for+Hindu+Studies&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-366-61059-1&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeNzUnQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrak%E1%B9%9Bti" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prak%E1%B9%9Bti&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy73" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras"><i>Brahma Sutra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a 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