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href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%98%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&returnto=%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85" title="تۆ ھان دەدرێیت کە ھەژمارێک دروست بکەیت و بچیتە ژوورەوە، ئەمە سەرەکی نییە بەھەرحاڵ" class=""><span>ھەژمار دروست بکە</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1&returnto=%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85" title="پێشنیارت پێدەکرێ بچیتە ژوورەوە؛ ھەرچەندە زۆرت لێناکرێ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>بچۆ ژوورەوە</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="ھەڵبژاردەی زیاتر" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ئامڕازە تاکەکەسییەکان" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ئامڕازە تاکەکەسییەکان</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ckb.wikipedia.org&uselang=ckb"><span>بەخشین بە ویکیپیدیا</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%98%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1&returnto=%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85" title="تۆ ھان دەدرێیت کە ھەژمارێک دروست بکەیت و بچیتە ژوورەوە، ئەمە سەرەکی نییە بەھەرحاڵ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ھەژمار دروست بکە</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%DA%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%95%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1&returnto=%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85" title="پێشنیارت پێدەکرێ بچیتە ژوورەوە؛ ھەرچەندە زۆرت لێناکرێ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>بچۆ ژوورەوە</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> ئەو پەڕانەی بۆ ئەو دەستکاریکەرانەن کە لەدەرەوەن <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7:%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86" aria-label="زیاتر لەسەر دەستکاریکردن فێر بە"><span>زیاتر فێر بە</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85" title="پێڕستی ئەو دەستکارییانەی لەم ناونیشانی ئای-پییەوە کراوە [y]" accesskey="y"><span>بەشدارییەکان</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85" title="لێدوان لەسەر دەستکارییەکان لەم ئایپی ئەدرەسەوە [n]" accesskey="n"><span>لێدوان</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="پێگە"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="ناوەڕۆکەکان" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ناوەڕۆکەکان</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">بخە لاتەنیشت</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">بشارەوە</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">دەستپێک</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-سەرچاوەکان" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سەرچاوەکان"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">١</span> <span>سەرچاوەکان</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سەرچاوەکان-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ناوەڕۆکەکان" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="خشتەی ناوەڕۆکەکان بگۆڕە" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">خشتەی ناوەڕۆکەکان بگۆڕە</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">چەرم</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="بڕۆ بۆ وتارێک بە زمانێکی تر. بە ٩١ زمان بەردەستە" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">٩١ زمان</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postevan" title="Postevan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Postevan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leer_(stof)" title="Leer (stof) – ئەفریکانس" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leer (stof)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="ئەفریکانس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuiro" title="Cuiro – ئاراگۆنی" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cuiro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="ئاراگۆنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AF_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AC)" title="جلد (منتج) – عەرەبی" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جلد (منتج)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عەرەبی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueru" title="Cueru – ئاستۆری" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cueru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="ئاستۆری" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakekan" title="Pakekan – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Pakekan" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anit" title="Anit – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Anit" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0_(%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Кожа (суровина) – بۆلگاری" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кожа (суровина)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بۆلگاری" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="পাকাচামড়া – بەنگلادێشی" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাকাচামড়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بەنگلادێشی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAr" title="Lêr – برێتونی" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lêr" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="برێتونی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa_(materijal)" title="Koža (materijal) – بۆسنی" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Koža (materijal)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بۆسنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuir" title="Cuir – كاتالۆنی" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cuir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="كاتالۆنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%A5" title="ᎦᏃᏥ – چێرۆکی" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎦᏃᏥ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="چێرۆکی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use%C5%88" title="Useň – چێکی" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Useň" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چێکی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сăран – چووڤاشی" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="چووڤاشی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lledr" title="Lledr – وێلزی" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lledr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="وێلزی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6der" title="Læder – دانماركی" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Læder" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="دانماركی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gb%C9%94%C5%8B" title="Gbɔŋ – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Gbɔŋ" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leder" title="Leder – ئەڵمانی" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ئەڵمانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CF%89%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ζωικό δέρμα – یۆنانی" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζωικό δέρμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یۆنانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather" title="Leather – ئینگلیزی" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Leather" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ئینگلیزی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledo" title="Ledo – ئێسپیرانتۆ" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ledo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ئێسپیرانتۆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuero" title="Cuero – ئیسپانی" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ئیسپانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahk_(materjal)" title="Nahk (materjal) – ئیستۆنی" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nahk (materjal)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ئیستۆنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larru" title="Larru – باسکی" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Larru" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D9%85" title="چرم – فارسی" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahka" title="Nahka – فینلەندی" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nahka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلەندی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuir" title="Cuir – فەرەنسی" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuir" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فەرەنسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leathar" title="Leathar – ئیرلەندی" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Leathar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ئیرلەندی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coiro" title="Coiro – گالیسی" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Coiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="گالیسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakapi" title="Vakapi – گووارانی" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vakapi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="گووارانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A8_(%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%9D)" title="עור (חומר גלם) – عیبری" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עור (חומר גלם)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عیبری" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE" title="चमड़ा – هیندی" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चमड़ा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هیندی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa_(materijal)" title="Koža (materijal) – كرواتی" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Koža (materijal)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="كرواتی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwi" title="Kwi – کریولی هائیتی" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kwi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="کریولی هائیتی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%91r_(anyag)" title="Bőr (anyag) – هەنگاری" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bőr (anyag)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هەنگاری" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB" title="Կաշի – ئەرمەنی" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաշի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ئەرمەنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumping" title="Lumping – ئیندۆنیزی" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lumping" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="ئیندۆنیزی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledro" title="Ledro – ئیدۆ" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ledro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ئیدۆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B0ur" title="Leður – ئیسلەندی" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Leður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ئیسلەندی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuoio" title="Cuoio – ئیتالی" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cuoio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ئیتالی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E9%9D%A9" title="皮革 – ژاپۆنی" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="皮革" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ژاپۆنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kp%C9%A9n%C9%9B_t%C9%94n%CA%8B%CA%8B" title="Kpɩnɛ tɔnʋʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kpɩnɛ tɔnʋʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%98%81" title="피혁 – كۆری" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피혁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="كۆری" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Булгаары – كرگیزی" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Булгаары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="كرگیزی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corium" title="Corium – لاتینی" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Corium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتینی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieder" title="Lieder – لوکسەمبورگی" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lieder" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="لوکسەمبورگی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laer" title="Laer – لیمبورگی" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Laer" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="لیمبورگی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coramm" title="Coramm – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Coramm" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oda_(med%C5%BEiaga)" title="Oda (medžiaga) – لیتوانی" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oda (medžiaga)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="لیتوانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80da_(materi%C4%81ls)" title="Āda (materiāls) – لێتۆنی" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Āda (materiāls)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لێتۆنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD" title="തുകൽ – مالایالام" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുകൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالایالام" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87" title="चामडे – ماراتی" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चामडे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="ماراتی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulit_(produk_haiwan)" title="Kulit (produk haiwan) – مالیزی" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kulit (produk haiwan)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="مالیزی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1" title="သားရေ – میانماری" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သားရေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="میانماری" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leer_(stof)" title="Leer (stof) – هۆڵەندی" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leer (stof)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هۆڵەندی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AAr" title="Lêr – نەرویژیی نینۆرسک" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lêr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="نەرویژیی نینۆرسک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6r" title="Lær – نەرویژیی بۆکمال" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="نەرویژیی بۆکمال" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuer" title="Cuer – ئۆکسیتانی" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cuer" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="ئۆکسیتانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE" title="ਚਮੜਾ – پەنجابی" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਮੜਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پەنجابی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leder" title="Leder – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Leder" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%B3ra_(surowiec)" title="Skóra (surowiec) – پۆڵەندی" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Skóra (surowiec)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پۆڵەندی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%DA%91%D8%A7" title="چمڑا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چمڑا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couro" title="Couro – پورتوگالی" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Couro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتوگالی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piele_(material)" title="Piele (material) – ڕۆمانی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piele (material)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="ڕۆمانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Кожа (материал) – ڕووسی" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кожа (материал)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ڕووسی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coriu" title="Coriu – سیسیلی" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Coriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="سیسیلی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laither" title="Laither – سکۆتس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Laither" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="سکۆتس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85" title="چم – سيندی" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="سيندی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa_(materijal)" title="Koža (materijal) – سێربۆكرواتی" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Koža (materijal)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سێربۆكرواتی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="පදම්කළ සම් – سینهالی" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පදම්කළ සම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سینهالی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather" title="Leather – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leather" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usnje" title="Usnje – سلۆڤێنی" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Usnje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلۆڤێنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehwe" title="Dehwe – شۆنا" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Dehwe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="شۆنا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ABkura_(material)" title="Lëkura (material) – ئەڵبانی" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lëkura (material)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="ئەڵبانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%BEa_(materijal)" title="Koža (materijal) – سربی" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Koža (materijal)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4der" title="Läder – سویدی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Läder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویدی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="தோல்சரக்கு நுட்பியல் – تامیلی" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோல்சரக்கு நுட்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامیلی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC" title="Чарм – تاجیکی" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чарм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجیکی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagana_%C3%B6n%C3%BCm%C3%A7iligi" title="Bagana önümçiligi – تورکمانی" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Bagana önümçiligi" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="تورکمانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katad" title="Katad – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deri_(malzeme)" title="Deri (malzeme) – تورکی" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Deri (malzeme)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="تورکی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Күн – تاتاری" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Күн" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتاری" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Шкіра (матеріал) – ئۆكراینی" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шкіра (матеріал)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ئۆكراینی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%85%DA%91%DB%81" title="چمڑہ – ئۆردوو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چمڑہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ئۆردوو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charm" title="Charm – ئوزبەکی" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Charm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ئوزبەکی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_thu%E1%BB%99c" title="Da thuộc – ڤیەتنامی" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Da thuộc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ڤیەتنامی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwero" title="Kwero – وارای" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kwero" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="وارای" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E9%9D%A9" title="皮革 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="皮革" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E9%9D%A9" title="皮革 – چینی" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="皮革" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چینی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%9A%AE_(%E6%96%99)" title="真皮 (料) – کانتۆنی" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="真皮 (料)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانتۆنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q286#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="بەستەرەکانی نێوانویکی دەستکاری بکە" class="wbc-editpage">دەستکاریی گرێدانەکان</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="شوێنناوەکان"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85" title="بینینی پەڕەی ناوەڕۆک [c]" accesskey="c"><span>وتار</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98:%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="وتووێژ سەبارەت بە پەڕەی ناوەڕۆک (ئەم پەڕەیە نییە) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>وتووێژ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">کوردی</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="بینینەکان"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85"><span>خوێندنەوە</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85&action=edit" title="کۆدی سەرچاوەی ئەم پەڕەیە دەستکاری بکە [e]" accesskey="e"><span>دەستکاری</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85&action=history" title="وەشانەکانی پێشووی ئەم پەڕەیە [h]" accesskey="h"><span>مێژوو</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ئامرازەکانی پەڕە"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ئامرازەکان" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ئامرازەکان</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ئامرازەکان</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">بخە لاتەنیشت</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">بشارەوە</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> کردەوەکان </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85"><span>خوێندنەوە</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85&action=edit" title="کۆدی سەرچاوەی ئەم پەڕەیە دەستکاری بکە [e]" accesskey="e"><span>دەستکاری</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85&action=history"><span>مێژوو</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> گشتی </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%DA%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95_%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95/%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85" title="پێڕستی ھەموو پەڕەکانی ویکی کە بەستەر دراون بۆ ئێرە [j]" accesskey="j"><span>بەستەرەکان بە ئێرەوە</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:RecentChangesLinked/%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85" rel="nofollow" title="دوایین گۆڕانکارییەکان لەو پەڕانە کە بەگرەوە گرێ دراون [k]" accesskey="k"><span>گۆڕانکارییە پەیوەندیدارەکان</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ckb" title="پەڕگەکان بار بکە [u]" accesskey="u"><span>پەڕگەیەک بار بکە</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%D9%BE%DB%95%DA%95%DB%95_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پێڕستی ھەموو پەڕە تایبەتەکان [q]" accesskey="q"><span>پەڕە تایبەتەکان</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85&oldid=1367560" title="بەستەری ھەمیشەیی بۆ ئەم پێداچوونەوەیەی ئەم پەڕەیە"><span>بەستەری ھەمیشەیی</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85&action=info" title="زانیاری زیاتر لەبارەی ئەم پەڕەیەوە"><span>زانیاریی پەڕە</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:CiteThisPage&page=%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85&id=1367560&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="زانیاری سەبارەت بە چۆنیەتیی بە ژێدەر کردنی ئەم پەڕە"><span>ئەم پەڕەیە بکە بە ژێدەر</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fckb.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25DA%2586%25DB%2595%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585"><span>بەستەری کورتکراوە بەدەست بێنە</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fckb.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25DA%2586%25DB%2595%25D8%25B1%25D9%2585"><span>کۆدی کیوئاڕ داگرە</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> چاپکردن/ھەناردەکردن </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85"><span>دروستکردنی کتێبێک</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:DownloadAsPdf&page=%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85&action=show-download-screen"><span>داگرتن بە PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85&printable=yes" title="وەشانی چاپی ئەم پەڕەیە [p]" accesskey="p"><span>وەشانی ئامادەی چاپ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> لە پڕۆژەکانی تر </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leather" hreflang="en"><span>ویکیمیدیا کۆمنز</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q286" title="بەستەر بۆ بەندی خەزێنەی دراوەی پەیوەندیدار [g]" accesskey="g"><span>بەندی ویکیدراوە</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="ئامرازەکانی پەڕە"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ڕواڵەت"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ڕواڵەت</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">بخە لاتەنیشت</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">بشارەوە</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">لە ئینسایکڵۆپیدیای ئازادی ویکیپیدیاوە</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ckb" dir="rtl"><p><b>چەرم</b> (ھەروەھا ناسراوە بە <b>پێستە</b> - بە <a href="/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="زمانی ئینگلیزی">ئینگلیزی</a>: <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Leather</span>) پێکھاتووە لە <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="پێست">پێستی</a> ئاژەڵ کە دوای کوشتنیان لێدەکرێتەوە بۆ بەرھەمھێنانی شتومەکی وەک <a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%88" title="پێڵاو">پێڵاو</a>، <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%82%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="قاییش (ئەم پەڕەیە نییە)">قاییش</a>، کوشنی <a href="/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ئۆتۆمۆبیل">ئۆتۆمۆبیل</a> و ھتد… زۆرجار ئەم ئاژەڵانە ھەر بۆ چەرمەکەیان دەکوژرێن. </p><p>چەرم ماددەیەکی بەھێز و نەرم و خۆڕاگرە کە لە برانچی، یان چارەسەری کیمیایی، پێستی ئاژەڵەکان و شاردنەوەکان بۆ ڕێگەگرتن لە پوکانەوە بەدەست دەھێنرێت. باوترین چەرمەکان لە ماڵات و مەڕ و بزن و ئاژەڵی کەرە و گامێش و بەراز و ھەوەس و ئاژەڵە ئاوییەکان وەک مۆر و تیمساح دێن.<sup id="cite_ref-gillan2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gillan2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>١<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>٢<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>چەرم دەتوانرێت بەکار بھێنرێت بۆ دروستکردنی جۆرەھا کەرەستە، لەوانە جل و بەرگ، پێڵاو، جانتای دەست، کەلوپەل، کەرەستە و کەلوپەلی وەرزشی، و بۆ دەیان ساڵ دەخایەنێت. دروستکردنی چەرم بۆ ماوەی زیاتر لە ٧٠٠٠ ساڵ پراکتیزە کراوە و بەرھەمھێنەرە پێشەنگەکانی پێستی ئەمڕۆ چین و ھیندستانن.<sup id="cite_ref-gillan2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gillan2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>١<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>٢<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>٣<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>گرووپەکانی مافی ئاژەڵان بانگەشەی ئەوە دەکەن کە دروستکردنی پێستی بازرگانی مۆدێرن و بەکارھێنانی بەرھەمەکانی بە شێوەیەکی ناڕەوشتی کوشتنی ئاژەڵە<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>٤<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> بەپێی ڕاپۆرتی ھەڵسەنگاندنی بازنەی ژیان (LCA) بۆ ڕێکخراوی گەشەپێدانی پیشەسازی نەتەوە یەکگرتووەکان، لە ٩٩٪ی ئەو شاردنەوە و پێستە خاوانەی کە لە بەرھەمھێنانی چەرم لە ئاژەڵی بەخێوکراو بۆ گۆشت و/یان بەرھەمھێنانی شیرەمەنی بەکار دەھێنرێت. </p><p>ڕەخنەگرانی تاینرییەکان بانگەشەی ئەوە دەکەن کە ئەوان دەست دەکەن بە ڕاھێنانی ناجێگیر کە مەترسی تەندروستی بۆ خەڵک و ژینگەی نزیکیان دروست دەکات.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>٥<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> قۆناغەکانی پڕکردنەوەی تەوێڵەکان ھەزاران لیتر ئاو بۆ یەک پێستی شاردنەوە یان ئاژەڵێک بەکاردێنن و پاشەڕۆی ژەھراوی شلە لەناو ژینگەدا دەربھێنن کە دەبێتە ھۆی کەمبوونەوەی خاک و کێشەکانی تەندروستی پەیوەست بە پێستی مرۆڤ و سیستەمی ھەناسەدان و زیاتر ھەرچۆنێک بێت پێشکەوتنەکان لە بڕی ئەو ئاو و چارەسەرەی کە لەلایەن تاینرییەکانەوە بەکاردێت بۆ کەمکردنەوەی ئیمپاک دروست کراوە.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>٦<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سەرچاوەکان"><span id=".D8.B3.DB.95.D8.B1.DA.86.D8.A7.D9.88.DB.95.DA.A9.D8.A7.D9.86"></span>سەرچاوەکان</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85&action=edit&section=1" title="دەستکاریکردنی بەش: سەرچاوەکان"><span>دەستکاری</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215796">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gillan2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gillan2_1-0"><sup><i><b>ئ</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gillan2_1-1"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1314163">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Comprehensive_Guide_to_Leather_Repair_an/SSOsDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0"><i>Comprehensive Guide to Leather Repair and Restoration: Leather Repair Training Manual</i></a>. Advanced Leather Solutions, Inc. May 2019. p. 16<span class="reference-accessdate">. لە <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2021 ھێنراوە</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Guide+to+Leather+Repair+and+Restoration%3A+Leather+Repair+Training+Manual&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Advanced+Leather+Solutions%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FComprehensive_Guide_to_Leather_Repair_an%2FSSOsDwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fckb.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95:Cite_book" title="داڕێژە:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە: <code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">یارمەتی</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_2-0"><sup><i><b>ئ</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_2-1"><sup><i><b>ا</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1314163"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/leather">«Leather»</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. March 5, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. لە <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2021 ھێنراوە</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leather&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fleather&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fckb.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95:Cite_encyclopedia" title="داڕێژە:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە: <code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> و <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">یارمەتی</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1314163"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Putting_on_the_Dog/PfKADwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0"><i>Putting on the Dog: The Animal Origins of What We Wear</i></a>. The University Press. April 17, 2019. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ئەم پەڕەیە نییە)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%A8/978-1-59534-865-4" title="تایبەت:سەرچاوەکانی کتێب/978-1-59534-865-4"><bdi>978-1-59534-865-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. لە <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2021 ھێنراوە</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Putting+on+the+Dog%3A+The+Animal+Origins+of+What+We+Wear&rft.pub=The+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-1-59534-865-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FPutting_on_the_Dog%2FPfKADwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fckb.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95:Cite_book" title="داڕێژە:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە: <code class="cs1-code">|access-date=</code> و <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">یارمەتی</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1314163"><cite id="CITEREFRegan,_Tom2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Regan, Tom (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PUDXwO22eqgC"><i>Empty Cages: Facing the Challenge of Animal Rights</i></a> (بە ئینگلیزی). Rowman & Littlefield. p. 120. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ئەم پەڕەیە نییە)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%A8/978-0-7425-4993-7" title="تایبەت:سەرچاوەکانی کتێب/978-0-7425-4993-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-4993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empty+Cages%3A+Facing+the+Challenge+of+Animal+Rights&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4993-7&rft.au=Regan%2C+Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPUDXwO22eqgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fckb.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1314163"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-clothing/animals-used-clothing-factsheets/leather-animals-abused-killed-skins/">«Leather: Animals Abused And Killed for Their Skins»</a>. <i>PETA</i>. ١٥ی کانوونی یەکەمی ٢٠٠٣<span class="reference-accessdate">. لە ١٠ی حوزەیرانی ٢٠٢١ ھێنراوە</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PETA&rft.atitle=Leather%3A+Animals+Abused+And+Killed+for+Their+Skins&rft.date=2003-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peta.org%2Fissues%2Fanimals-used-for-clothing%2Fanimals-used-clothing-factsheets%2Fleather-animals-abused-killed-skins%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fckb.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1314163"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Leather_and_Footwear_Sustainability/Qbb1DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1"><i>Leather and Footwear Sustainability: Manufacturing, Supply Chain, and Product Level Issues</i></a>. Springer Singapore. August 5, 2020. pp. 1–10. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (ئەم پەڕەیە نییە)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AA:%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%A8/9789811562969" title="تایبەت:سەرچاوەکانی کتێب/9789811562969"><bdi>9789811562969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leather+and+Footwear+Sustainability%3A+Manufacturing%2C+Supply+Chain%2C+and+Product+Level+Issues&rft.pages=1-10&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft.isbn=9789811562969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FLeather_and_Footwear_Sustainability%2FQbb1DwAAQBAJ%3Fhl%3Den%26gbpv%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fckb.wikipedia.org%3A%DA%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%85" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95:Cite_book" title="داڕێژە:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">نرخەکانی ڕێکەوت بپشکنە لە: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_date" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">یارمەتی</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>بەشداربووانی ویکیپیدیا، «<bdi><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather">Leather</a></span></bdi>»، <a href="/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ویکیپیدیای ئینگلیزی">ویکیپیدیای ئینگلیزی</a>. سەردان لە ١٥ی تشرینی دووەمی ٢٠١٧.</li></ul> <table class="metadata plainlinks stub" role="presentation" style="background:transparent"><tbody><tr><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DA%95%DA%AF%DB%95:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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.navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-left:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-right:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:right;text-align:right;margin-left:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="position: absolute; right: 15px; display: none;"><ul><li class="nv-بینین"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95:%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%95" title="داڕێژە:کۆلکە"><abbr title="بینینی ئەم داڕێژە">ب</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-وتووێژ"><a href="/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95:%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%95" title="وتووێژی داڕێژە:کۆلکە"><abbr title="وتووێژی ئەم داڕێژە">و</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-دەستکاری"><a class="external text" href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95:%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%95&action=edit"><abbr title="دەستکاریکردنی ئەم داڕێژە">د</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">کۆمنزی ویکیمیدیا، میدیای پەیوەندیدار بە <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Leather" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Leather">چەرم</a></b></i> تێدایە.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul class="bandeau-portail وێنۆچکەکان" id="bandeau-portail"> <li class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone" style="margin-right:1em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%95:%D8%A6%DB%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84" title="دەروازە:ئۆتۆمۆبیل"><img alt="ھێمای دەروازە" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/P_f1_car.png/31px-P_f1_car.png" decoding="async" width="31" 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