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id="toc-Indigenous_Australian_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_Australian_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Indigenous Australian religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_Australian_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Census_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Census_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Census data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Census_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Line_and_bar_charts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Line_and_bar_charts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Line and bar charts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Line_and_bar_charts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Total_fertility_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_fertility_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Total fertility rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_fertility_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other Abrahamic religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian/Dharmic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian/Dharmic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Indian/Dharmic religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indian/Dharmic_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indian/Dharmic religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indian/Dharmic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_Australian_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_Australian_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Indigenous Australian traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indigenous_Australian_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indigenous Australian traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_Australian_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Since_British_settlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_British_settlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Since British settlement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_British_settlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irreligion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irreligion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Irreligion</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Irreligion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Irreligion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Irreligion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Non-religious</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Atheism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_religions_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_religions_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Paganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_the_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_the_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Religion and the law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religion_and_the_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religion and the law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_the_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitutional_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Constitutional status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Other interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interfaith_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interfaith_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Interfaith efforts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interfaith_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglicans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Anglicans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Catholics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>Protestants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الدين في أستراليا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدين في أستراليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstraliyada_din" title="Avstraliyada din – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avstraliyada din" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="অস্ট্রেলিয়ার ধর্মবিশ্বাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অস্ট্রেলিয়ার ধর্মবিশ্বাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_en_Australia" title="Religión en Australia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión en Australia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_en_Australie" title="Religion en Australie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion en Australie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կրոնն Ավստրալիայում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կրոնն Ավստրալիայում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Australia" title="Agama di Australia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agama di Australia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_in_Australia" title="Religioni in Australia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni in Australia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_w_Australii" title="Religia w Australii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia w Australii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_na_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Religião na Austrália – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Religião na Austrália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Религия в Австралии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия в Австралии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq 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transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 53.350177136782px; border-left-color:Beige"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Beige"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Beige"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 248.00703903113px 100px 0; border-right-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Australia (<a href="/wiki/2021_Australian_census" title="2021 Australian census">2021 census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-religion2021_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia">Christianity</a> (43.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Beige; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">No religion</a> (38.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Australia" title="Islam in Australia">Islam</a> (3.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:coral; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Australia" title="Hinduism in Australia">Hinduism</a> (2.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Yellow; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Buddhism</a> (2.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:goldenrod; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Sikhism</a> (0.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:aqua; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Australia">Judaism</a> (0.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DeepPink; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Other religions (0.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:black; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Not stated (7.3%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park,_Sydney_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_b.jpg/250px-St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_b.jpg/375px-St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_b.jpg/500px-St_Mary%27s_Cathedral_as_viewed_from_Hyde_Park%2C_Sydney_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2467" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney">St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Religions_by_country" title="Religions by country">Religion by country</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Timor-Leste" title="Religion in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greenland" title="Religion in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religions_by_country_sidebar" title="Template:Religions by country sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religions_by_country_sidebar" title="Template talk:Religions by country sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religions_by_country_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religions by country sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Religion in Australia </b> is diverse. In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Australian_census" title="2021 Australian census">2021 national census</a>, 43.9% of <a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australians</a> identified with <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and 38.9% declared "<a href="/wiki/Non_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Non religion">no religion</a>". </p><p>Australia has no <a href="/wiki/Official_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Official religion">official religion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Section_116_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia</a> states: "The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth." </p><p>The Christian festivals of <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> are <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holidays">public holidays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> traditionally followed a set of beliefs known as <a href="/wiki/The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">The Dreaming</a>; some of the earliest evidence on earth for religious practices among humans has been found in the archaeological record of their ancestors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islander" class="mw-redirect" title="Torres Strait Islander">Torres Strait Islander</a> religion bore similarities to broader <a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a> spirituality. </p><p>Christianity came to Australia in 1788 with British colonial settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-hsight1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsight1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the convicts and free settlers, most were members of the established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with lesser numbers of <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist Protestants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> and other faiths. The first religious census in 1828 divided the early colony into four groups: Protestants, Catholics, Jews and <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Pagans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other smaller groups also arrived and established their churches. Jews started arriving in the early 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a> brought in workers from China and the Pacific islands, as well as specialised workers from <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>, such as the mainly Muslim "<a href="/wiki/Afghan_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan (Australia)">Afghan Cameleers</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_Australian_religion">Indigenous Australian religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Indigenous Australian religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolaia_man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kolaia_man.jpg/220px-Kolaia_man.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kolaia_man.jpg/330px-Kolaia_man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Kolaia_man.jpg/440px-Kolaia_man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="1138" /></a><figcaption>Kolaia man wearing a headdress worn in a fire ceremony, Forrest River, Western Australia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dreaming_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreaming (spirituality)">Dreaming (spirituality)</a> has been practised for tens of thousands of years. It is at once a collection of stories of an ancient view of creation and present day spirituality. It places significant emphasis on belonging to the land. It shaped and continues to shape Aboriginal law and customs; and Aboriginal art, story and dance continue to draw on these spiritual traditions. </p><p>There is evidence of contact between indigenous Australians with colonisers, fishermen, and survivors of numerous shipwrecks from peoples of various non-Indigenous cultures and faiths prior to British colonisation. Indigenous Australians of (<a href="/wiki/Arnhem_Land" title="Arnhem Land">Arnhem Land</a>) (in Northern Australia) retain stories, songs and paintings of trade and cultural interaction with sea-faring peoples from the north, generally regarded as being from the east <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is some evidence of Islamic terms and concepts entering northern Aboriginal cultures via these interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See: <a href="/wiki/Macassan_contact_with_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Macassan contact with Australia">Macassan contact with Australia</a>.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermannsburg_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hermannsburg_NT.jpg/170px-Hermannsburg_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hermannsburg_NT.jpg/255px-Hermannsburg_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hermannsburg_NT.jpg/340px-Hermannsburg_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hermannsburg,_Northern_Territory" title="Hermannsburg, Northern Territory">Hermannsburg Aboriginal Mission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Johnson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Richard_Johnson.jpg/170px-Richard_Johnson.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Richard_Johnson.jpg/255px-Richard_Johnson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Richard_Johnson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Johnson_(chaplain)" title="Richard Johnson (chaplain)">Richard Johnson</a>, Anglican priest and chaplain to the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While the Church of England originally held a position of privilege in early colonial Australia, a legal framework guaranteeing religious equality evolved within a few decades,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially when the Church of England was <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disestablish" class="extiw" title="wikt:disestablish">disestablished</a> in the colony of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> by the <i><a href="/wiki/Church_Act_1836" title="Church Act 1836">Church Act 1836</a></i>. Drafted by the reformist attorney-general <a href="/wiki/John_Plunkett" title="John Plunkett">John Plunkett</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the act established legal equality for Anglicans, Catholics and Presbyterians, and was later extended to Methodists. British Nonconformist Methodist, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and Baptists set up their own churches in the 19th century, as did <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_of_Australia" title="Lutheran Church of Australia">Lutherans from Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large numbers of Irish Catholics were transported to Australia through the British criminal justice system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious tensions, largely fuelled by historical grievances between Catholics and other Christians, continued into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scot%27s_Church,_Melbourne_ca.1880_Charles_Nettleton_State_Library_Victoria_H24075.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Scot%27s_Church%2C_Melbourne_ca.1880_Charles_Nettleton_State_Library_Victoria_H24075.jpg/170px-Scot%27s_Church%2C_Melbourne_ca.1880_Charles_Nettleton_State_Library_Victoria_H24075.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Scot%27s_Church%2C_Melbourne_ca.1880_Charles_Nettleton_State_Library_Victoria_H24075.jpg/255px-Scot%27s_Church%2C_Melbourne_ca.1880_Charles_Nettleton_State_Library_Victoria_H24075.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Scot%27s_Church%2C_Melbourne_ca.1880_Charles_Nettleton_State_Library_Victoria_H24075.jpg/340px-Scot%27s_Church%2C_Melbourne_ca.1880_Charles_Nettleton_State_Library_Victoria_H24075.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scot%27s_Church,_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Scot's Church, Melbourne">Scot's Church, Melbourne</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1880</span></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">gold rush of the 1850s</a> led to significantly increased immigration and diversity of religious traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Irish Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Presbyterian">Scottish Presbyterianism</a>, and more English <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, among other religious traditions. </p><p>Australian Aboriginal peoples suffered a decline during this period as they were dispossessed of their lands; and diseases spread among their populations. Christian churches organised missions during this period, intended to "civilise" Aboriginal communities and spread Christianity. The overall consequences of this activity contributed to the decline of indigenous languages and beliefs, the extent to which are still being determined and recorded. </p><p>By 1901, apart from the indigenous population and descendants of <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">gold rush</a> migrants, Australian society was predominantly Anglo-Celtic, with 40% of the population being Anglican, 23% Catholic, 34% other Christian and about 1% professing non-Christian religions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a Lutheran population of German descent in South Australia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of Religion">Freedom of Religion</a> was enshrined in <a href="/wiki/Section_116_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia</a> of 1901. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perth_sivan_koyil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Perth_sivan_koyil.jpg/170px-Perth_sivan_koyil.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Perth_sivan_koyil.jpg/255px-Perth_sivan_koyil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Perth_sivan_koyil.jpg/340px-Perth_sivan_koyil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3103" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Perth_Shiva_Temple" title="Perth Shiva Temple">Perth Shiva Temple</a>, Perth, Western Australia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_in_bourke_cemetery_nsw_australia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mosque_in_bourke_cemetery_nsw_australia.jpg/170px-Mosque_in_bourke_cemetery_nsw_australia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mosque_in_bourke_cemetery_nsw_australia.jpg/255px-Mosque_in_bourke_cemetery_nsw_australia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Mosque_in_bourke_cemetery_nsw_australia.jpg/340px-Mosque_in_bourke_cemetery_nsw_australia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>19th century <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourke,_New_South_Wales" title="Bourke, New South Wales">Bourke, New South Wales</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phap_hoa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Phap_hoa.jpg/170px-Phap_hoa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Phap_hoa.jpg/255px-Phap_hoa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Phap_hoa.jpg/340px-Phap_hoa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phap_Hoa_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Phap Hoa Temple">Phap Hoa Vietnamese Buddhist temple</a>, Adelaide, South Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>There were at least 15 Jews in the First Fleet, 14 convicts and one "free" child.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tolpuddle_Martyrs" title="Tolpuddle Martyrs">Tolpuddle Martyrs</a> were sentenced to <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">penal transportation</a> to Australia because friendly societies had strong elements of what are now considered to be the predominant role of trade unions.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As noted above, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a> brought in workers from China and the Pacific islands, as well as specialised workers from <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> such as, from the 1860s onwards, the mainly Muslim "<a href="/wiki/Afghan_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan (Australia)">Afghan Cameleers</a>". From the 1870s <a href="/wiki/Malay_race" title="Malay race">Malay</a> divers were recruited (with most subsequently repatriated). Before 1901, some Muslim sailors and prisoners came to Australia on convict ships. </p><p>In 1901, the government passed an act limiting immigration to those of European descent in what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="White Australia Policy">White Australia Policy</a>. By effectively limiting the immigration of practitioners of different faiths, this policy ensured that Christianity remained the religion of the overwhelming majority of Australians for the foreseeable future and, indeed, to the present day. The first census in 1911 showed 96% identified themselves as Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-ABS_Trends_in_Religious_Affiliation_2006_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABS_Trends_in_Religious_Affiliation_2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sectarian tensions continued into the 1960s; e.g. job vacancy advertisements sometimes stated "Protestant preferred" or that "Catholics need not apply".<sup id="cite_ref-hsight1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsight1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, Australia elected its first Catholic <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">prime minister</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Scullin" title="James Scullin">James Scullin</a>, in 1929, and in 1930 Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Isaacs" title="Isaac Isaacs">Isaac Isaacs</a>, an Australian-born Jew, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Australia">Demography of Australia</a></div> <p>A question on religion has been asked in every census taken in Australia, with the voluntary nature of this question having been specifically stated since 1933. In 1971, the instruction "if no religion, write none" was introduced. This saw a sevenfold increase from the previous census year in the percentage of Australians stating they had no religion. Since 1971, this percentage has progressively increased to 38.9% in 2021. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a> (ABS) 2006 Census Dictionary statement on religious affiliation states the purpose for gathering such information: </p> <blockquote><p>Data on religious affiliation are used for such purposes as planning educational facilities, aged persons' care and other social services provided by religion-based organisations; the location of church buildings; the assigning of chaplains to hospitals, prisons, armed services and universities; the allocation of time on public radio and other media; and sociological research.</p></blockquote> <p>The census question about religion is optional, and asks "What is the person's religion?", giving respondents a choice of nine religions, "Other" and "No religion".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_census" title="2016 Australian census">2016 census</a> 9.6% of people declined to answer, or they did not give a response adequate for interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-abs-2016_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs-2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This figure dropped to 7.2% in 2021. </p><p>The 2021 Australian census data showed that 43.9% of Australians classify themselves Christian, 8.2% less in real terms than five years prior,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second-largest classification was the 38.9% who identified as "no religion". </p><p>As in many Western countries, the level of active participation in church worship is much lower than this; weekly attendance at church services is likely to be under 1 million, about 4% of the population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The fastest growing religious classifications over the fifteen years between 2006 and 2021 were: </p> <ul><li>No religion – up from 18.7% to 38.9%</li> <li>Islam – up from 1.7% to 3.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Australia" title="Hinduism in Australia">Hinduism</a> – up from 0.7% to 2.7%</li> <li>Sikhism – up from 0.1% to 0.8%</li> <li>Buddhism - from 2.1% to 2.4%</li></ul> <p>Meanwhile, all Christian denominations combined decreased from 63.9% to 43.9%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Census_data">Census data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Census data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religious declarations of Australians according to the censuses of 1986 to 2021<sup id="cite_ref-abs_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yearbook2009_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yearbook2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Census2011_TSP_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2011_TSP-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-abs-2016_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs-2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Affiliation </th> <th colspan="2">1986 </th> <th colspan="2">1996 </th> <th colspan="2">2006 </th> <th colspan="2">2011 </th> <th colspan="2">2016 </th> <th colspan="2">2021 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col"><small>Count ('000)</small> </th> <th scope="col">% </th> <th scope="col"><small>Count ('000)</small> </th> <th scope="col">% </th> <th scope="col"><small>Count ('000)</small> </th> <th scope="col">% </th> <th scope="col"><small>Count ('000)</small> </th> <th scope="col">% </th> <th scope="col"><small>Count ('000)</small> </th> <th scope="col">% </th> <th scope="col"><small>Count ('000)</small> </th> <th scope="col">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><span style="display:none">10</span> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,723.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,903.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,718.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,680.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,101.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,496.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><span style="display:none">10</span> <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">196.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">295.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">316.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">352.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">345.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">347.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><span style="display:none">10 Catholic</span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Australia" title="Catholic Church in Australia">Catholic</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,064.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,799.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">27.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,126.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,439.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,291.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,075.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><span style="display:none">10</span> <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">88.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">75.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">54.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">39.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><span style="display:none">10</span> <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">66.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">83.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">80.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">85.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">82.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><span style="display:none">10</span> <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter Day Saints">Latter Day Saints</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">53.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">59.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">57.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><span style="display:none">10</span> <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">208.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">250.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">251.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">251.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">174 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">145.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><span style="display:none">10</span> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">427.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">497.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">544.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">563.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">582.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">535.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><span style="display:none">10</span> <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">107.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">174.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">219.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">238.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">260.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">259.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><span style="display:none">10</span> <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> & <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed Churches">Reformed</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">560.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">675.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">596.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">599.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">526.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">414.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><span style="display:none">10</span> <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">77.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">74.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">64.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><span style="display:none">10</span> <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">52.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">63.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">62.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">63.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><span style="display:none">10</span> <a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia" title="Uniting Church in Australia">Uniting Church</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,182.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,334.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,135.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,065.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">870.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">673.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><span style="display:none">12</span> Other Christian </td> <td style="text-align:right;">596.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">322.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">468.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">642.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">833.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">926.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0F0FF;"><span style="display:none">15</span> <b>Christian total</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>11,381.9</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>73.0</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>12,582.9</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>70.9</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>12,685.9</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>63.9</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>13,150.6</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>61.1</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>12,201.6</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>52.1</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>11,148.8</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>43.9</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#FFFFC0;"><span style="display:none">20</span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">80.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">199.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">418.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">529.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">563.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">615.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#FFE0C0;"><span style="display:none">20</span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Australia" title="Hinduism in Australia">Hinduism</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">21.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">67.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">148.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">275.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">440.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">684.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background: #ff4d4d;"><span style="display:none">20</span> <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">72.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">125.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">210.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0FFD0;"><span style="display:none">20</span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">109.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">200.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">340.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">476.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">604.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">813.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#E0E0FF;"><span style="display:none">20</span> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">69.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">79.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">88.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">97.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">91 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#F0E0F0;"><span style="display:none">20</span> Other non-Christian </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">56.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">82.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">95.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">95.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">115.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left; background:#DCDCDC;"><span style="display:none">25</span> <b>Non-Christian total</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>316.2</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>2.0</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>616.4</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>3.5</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>1,105.1</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>5.6</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>1,546.3</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>7.2</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>1,920.8</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>8.2</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>2,538.6</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>10.0</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="display:none"><b>30</b></span> <b>No religion<sup>1</sup></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>1,977.5</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>12.7</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>2,948.9</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>16.6</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>3,706.5</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>18.7</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>4,796.8</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>22.3</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>7,040.7</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>30.1</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>9,887.0</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>38.9</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><span style="display:none"><b>40</b></span> Not stated<b><sup>2</sup></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,926.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,604.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,357.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,014.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,345.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,751.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7.3 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>Totals<sup>3</sup></b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>15,602.1</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100.0</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>17,753.0</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100.0</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>19,855.3</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100.0</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>21,507.7</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100.0</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>23,401.4</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100.0</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>25,422.8</b> </td> <td style="text-align:right;"><b>100.0</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>1: Includes relatively small numbers declaring "secular beliefs", such as atheism, agnosticism, humanism and rationalism, and spiritual beliefs such as New Age, "own spiritual beliefs", theism(!), etc. See 7<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </p><p><small>2: Includes "inadequately described"</small> </p><p><small>3: Due to rounding, figures may not add up to the totals shown.</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Line_and_bar_charts">Line and bar charts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Line and bar charts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religious_affiliation_in_Australia,_1971-2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Religious_affiliation_in_Australia%2C_1971-2021.png/220px-Religious_affiliation_in_Australia%2C_1971-2021.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Religious_affiliation_in_Australia%2C_1971-2021.png/330px-Religious_affiliation_in_Australia%2C_1971-2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Religious_affiliation_in_Australia%2C_1971-2021.png/440px-Religious_affiliation_in_Australia%2C_1971-2021.png 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption>Religious affiliation in Australia, 1971-2021</figcaption></figure> <p>"Over the past 50 years, there has been a steady decline in the proportion of Australians who reported an affiliation with Christianity. The same period has seen a consistent rise in Other religions and No religion, particularly in the last 20 years".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_fertility_rates">Total fertility rates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Total fertility rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhists" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhists">Buddhists</a> (1.68), <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> (1.81) and the <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">non-religious</a> (1.84) had the lowest fertility rates. <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> (2.11) and <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jews</a> (2.17) had moderate fertility rates, and <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> had the highest rate at 3.03.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity_2">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia">Christianity in Australia</a></div> <p>After the arrival of the first Christian settlers on the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> of British ships in 1788, Christianity quickly became the major religion in Australia. Consequently, the Christian festivals of <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> are public holidays, the skylines of Australian cities and towns are marked by church and cathedral spires. Christian churches played a significant role in the development of early education, health and welfare services in Australia. </p><p>The churches with the largest number of members are the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Australia" title="Catholic Church in Australia">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican Church of Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia" title="Uniting Church in Australia">Uniting Church in Australia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches_in_Australia" title="National Council of Churches in Australia">National Council of Churches in Australia</a> has been the main <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Christian ecumenical body</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_NSW_2000,_Australia_-_panoramio_(291)_adj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sydney_NSW_2000%2C_Australia_-_panoramio_%28291%29_adj.jpg/250px-Sydney_NSW_2000%2C_Australia_-_panoramio_%28291%29_adj.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sydney_NSW_2000%2C_Australia_-_panoramio_%28291%29_adj.jpg/375px-Sydney_NSW_2000%2C_Australia_-_panoramio_%28291%29_adj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sydney_NSW_2000%2C_Australia_-_panoramio_%28291%29_adj.jpg/500px-Sydney_NSW_2000%2C_Australia_-_panoramio_%28291%29_adj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="3157" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_Andrew%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney">St. Andrew's Anglican Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Christian churches played an integral role in the development and provision of welfare services in Australia. The first chaplain, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Johnson_(chaplain)" title="Richard Johnson (chaplain)">Richard Johnson</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> cleric, was charged by Governor <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Phillip" title="Arthur Phillip">Arthur Phillip</a> with improving "public morality" in the colony, and he was also heavily involved in health and education.<sup id="cite_ref-adbonline.anu.edu.au_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adbonline.anu.edu.au-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For much of Australian history, the Church of England in Australia, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican Church of Australia</a>, was the largest religious affiliation. However its relative position has declined, with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Australia" title="Catholic Church in Australia">Catholic Church</a>, benefiting from post-war Australia multicultural immigration, among other factors, to become the largest single religious group. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Australia" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia</a> and other congregations associated with non-British cultures have also expanded. </p><p>Today, the <a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_Catholic_schools_in_Australia" title="Category:Roman Catholic schools in Australia">Catholic education system</a> is the second biggest sector after government schools, with more than 750,000 students in 2018 (and around 21 per cent of all secondary school enrolments).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Category:Anglican_schools_in_Australia" title="Category:Anglican schools in Australia">Anglican Church educates</a> around 105,000 students and the Uniting Church has around 48 schools.<sup id="cite_ref-dfat.gov.au_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfat.gov.au-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smaller denominations, including the <a href="/wiki/Category:Lutheran_schools_in_Australia" title="Category:Lutheran schools in Australia">Lutheran Church also have a number of schools</a> in Australia. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Australia" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia</a> also has 8 schools across the country. There are two Catholic universities in Australia: the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Catholic_University" title="Australian Catholic University">Australian Catholic University</a> which opened in 1991 following the amalgamation of four Catholic tertiary institutions in eastern Australia, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame_Australia" title="University of Notre Dame Australia">University of Notre Dame Australia</a> based in Perth. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Social_Services_Australia" title="Catholic Social Services Australia">Catholic Social Services Australia</a>'s 63 member organisations help more than a million Australians every year. Anglican organisations work in health, missionary work, social welfare and communications; and the Uniting Church does extensive community work, in aged care, hospitals, nursing, family support services, youth services and with the homeless, and especially throughout inland Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-dfat.gov.au_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfat.gov.au-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christian charities such as the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_de_Paul_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent de Paul Society">Saint Vincent de Paul Society</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a>, Anglicare, and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Riley_(priest)" title="Chris Riley (priest)">Youth Off the Streets</a> receive considerable national support. Religious orders founded many of Australia's hospitals, such as <a href="/wiki/St_Vincent%27s_Hospital,_Sydney" title="St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney">St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney</a>, which was opened as a free hospital in 1857 by the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Australia" title="Sisters of Charity of Australia">Sisters of Charity</a> and is now Australia's largest not-for-profit health provider and has trained prominent Australian surgeons such as <a href="/wiki/Victor_Chang" title="Victor Chang">Victor Chang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_MacKillop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mary_MacKillop.jpg/140px-Mary_MacKillop.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mary_MacKillop.jpg/210px-Mary_MacKillop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Mary_MacKillop.jpg/280px-Mary_MacKillop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary_MacKillop" title="Mary MacKillop">Mary MacKillop</a> became the first Australian to be canonised as a saint of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Notable Australian Christians<sup id="cite_ref-influential_christians_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-influential_christians-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have included: <a href="/wiki/Mary_MacKillop" title="Mary MacKillop">Mary MacKillop</a> – educator, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St_Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart</a> and the first Australian to be recognised as a saint by the Catholic Church;<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Unaipon" title="David Unaipon">David Unaipon</a> – an Aboriginal writer, inventor and Christian preacher currently featured on the Australian $50 note;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Mannix" title="Daniel Mannix">Daniel Mannix</a> of Melbourne – a controversial voice against <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Conscription</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and against British policy in Ireland;<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Reverend <a href="/wiki/John_Flynn_(minister)" title="John Flynn (minister)">John Flynn</a> – founder of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Doctor_Service" title="Royal Flying Doctor Service">Royal Flying Doctor Service</a>, currently featured on the Australian $20 note;<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Douglas Nicholls</a> – Aboriginal rights activist, athlete, pastor and former Governor of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stylianos_Harkianakis" title="Stylianos Harkianakis">Archbishop Stylianos Harkianakis</a> – Archbishop and primate of the Greek Orthodox church in Australia from 1975 to 2019 </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a> in Australia tended to reflect the political inheritance of Britain and Ireland. Until 1945, the vast majority of Catholics in Australia were of Irish descent, causing the British majority to question their loyalty to the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. The first Catholic priests arrived in Australia as convicts in 1800, but the <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Hill Rebellion">Castle Hill Rebellion</a> of 1804 alarmed the British authorities and no further priests were allowed in the colony until 1820, when London sent <a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Therry" title="John Joseph Therry">John Joseph Therry</a> and Philip Connolly.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1901, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Constitution">Australian Constitution</a> guaranteed <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_Church_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of Church and State">Separation of Church and State</a>. A notable period of sectarianism re-emerged during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> and the 1916 <a href="/wiki/Easter_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Uprising">Easter Uprising</a> in Ireland,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but sectarian division declined after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. There was a diversification of Christian churches (especially with the growth of Greek, Macedonian, Serbian and Russian Orthodox churches), together with an increase in <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenism</a> among Christians through organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches_in_Australia" title="National Council of Churches in Australia">National Council of Churches in Australia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as an increase in non-religious adherence. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_John_the_Baptist_Church_April_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St_John_the_Baptist_Church_April_2013.jpg/220px-St_John_the_Baptist_Church_April_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St_John_the_Baptist_Church_April_2013.jpg/330px-St_John_the_Baptist_Church_April_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/St_John_the_Baptist_Church_April_2013.jpg/440px-St_John_the_Baptist_Church_April_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_John_the_Baptist_Church,_Reid" title="St John the Baptist Church, Reid">St John's Anglican Church</a>, the oldest church in Australia's capital city, <a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, was consecrated in 1845</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most visible signs of the historical importance of Christianity to Australia is the prominence of churches in most Australian towns and cities. Among Australia's oldest are Ebenezer Chapel and the Anglican St Matthew's, Windsor, St Luke's, Liverpool, St Peter's, Campbelltown and <a href="/wiki/St_James_Church,_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="St James Church, Sydney">St James Church, Sydney</a>, built between 1819 and 1824 by Governor <a href="/wiki/Lachlan_Macquarie" title="Lachlan Macquarie">Macquarie</a>'s architect, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Greenway" title="Francis Greenway">Francis Greenway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney">St Mary's Cathedral, Sydney</a>, was built to a design by <a href="/wiki/William_Wardell" title="William Wardell">William Wardell</a> from a foundation stone laid in 1868; the spires of the cathedral were not finally added until the year 2000. Wardell also worked on the design of <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Melbourne" title="St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne">St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne</a> – among the finest examples of <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical architecture">ecclesiastical architecture</a> in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Anglican <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral,_Melbourne" title="St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne">St Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne</a>, in the iconic hub of the city opposite <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Street_railway_station" title="Flinders Street railway station">Flinders Street station</a>. <a href="/wiki/Adelaide" title="Adelaide">Adelaide</a> is known as the "City of Churches", but churches extend far into the Australian <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">Outback</a>, as at the historic Lutheran Mission Chapel at <a href="/wiki/Hermannsburg,_Northern_Territory" title="Hermannsburg, Northern Territory">Hermannsburg, Northern Territory</a>. Along with community attitudes to religion, church architecture changed significantly during the 20th century. Urban churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wayside_Chapel" title="Wayside Chapel">Wayside Chapel</a> (1964) in Sydney, differed markedly from traditional ecclesiastical designs. In the later 20th century, distinctly Australian approaches were applied at places such as Jambaroo Benedictine Abbey, where natural materials were chosen to "harmonise with the local environment" and the chapel sanctuary is of glass overlooking rainforest.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar design principles were applied at Thredbo Ecumenical Chapel built in the <a href="/wiki/Snowy_Mountains" title="Snowy Mountains">Snowy Mountains</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Christian festivals of Christmas and Easter are national public holidays in Australia. Christmas, which recalls the birth of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>, is celebrated on 25 December during the Australian summer (although on 7 January by some Eastern Orthodox) and is an important cultural festival even for many non-religious Australians. The European traditions of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas trees</a>, roast dinners, <a href="/wiki/Carols" class="mw-redirect" title="Carols">carols</a> and gift giving are all continued in Australia, but they might be conducted between visits to the beach.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here are some Christian denominations with Australian articles: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican Church of Australia</a> (formerly the Church of England in Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_All_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand, and All Oceania">Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Christian_Churches" title="Australian Christian Churches">Australian Christian Churches</a> (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a> in Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Union_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists" title="Australian Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists">Australian Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Union of Australia">Baptist Union of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_City_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian City Churches">Christian City Churches</a>, started in Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ_in_Australia" title="Churches of Christ in Australia">Churches of Christ in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Australia" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Australia">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Congregational_Churches" title="Fellowship of Congregational Churches">Fellowship of Congregational Churches</a>, Australian only</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Australia" title="Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia">Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRC_Churches_International" title="CRC Churches International">CRC Churches International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_of_Australia" title="Lutheran Church of Australia">Lutheran Church of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Australia" title="Presbyterian Church of Australia">Presbyterian Church of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Eastern_Australia" title="Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia">Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Reformed_Church_(Australia)" title="Presbyterian Reformed Church (Australia)">Presbyterian Reformed Church (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Australia" title="Catholic Church in Australia">Catholic Church in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia" title="Uniting Church in Australia">Uniting Church in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_by_Twos" title="Two by Twos">Two by Twos</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Abrahamic_religions">Other Abrahamic religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Australia" title="Islam in Australia">Islam in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Afghan_grave_bourke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Afghan_grave_bourke.jpg/170px-Afghan_grave_bourke.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Afghan_grave_bourke.jpg/255px-Afghan_grave_bourke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Afghan_grave_bourke.jpg/340px-Afghan_grave_bourke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="2954" /></a><figcaption>Grave of <a href="/wiki/Afghan_camaleer" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan camaleer">Afghan camel driver</a> Zeriph Khan (1871–1903) at <a href="/wiki/Bourke,_New_South_Wales" title="Bourke, New South Wales">Bourke</a> Cemetery, New South Wales Australia. Muslims from <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> formed some of Australia's earliest Islamic communities.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque.JPG/170px-Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque.JPG/255px-Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque.JPG/340px-Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="1897" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque" title="Auburn Gallipoli Mosque">Auburn Gallipoli Mosque</a> was built in the classical Ottoman style by Sydney's Turkish Muslim community.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hazem_el_Masri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hazem_el_Masri.jpg/170px-Hazem_el_Masri.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hazem_el_Masri.jpg/255px-Hazem_el_Masri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hazem_el_Masri.jpg/340px-Hazem_el_Masri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Rugby League player <a href="/wiki/Hazem_El_Masri" title="Hazem El Masri">Hazem El Masri</a> is a member of Australia's large Lebanese-Australian Muslim community.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first contacts that Islam had with Australia was when Muslim fishermen native to <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>, which is today a part of Indonesia, visited North-Western Australia long before British settlement in 1788. This contact of South East Asian ethnic groups of Islamic faith can be identified from the graves they dug for their comrades who died on the journey, being that they face <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>), in accordance with Islamic regulations concerning burial, as well as evidence from Aboriginal cave paintings and religious ceremonies which depict and incorporate the adoption of Makassan canoe designs and words.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later history, throughout the 19th century following British settlement, other Muslims came to Australia including the Muslim 'Afghan' cameleers, who used their camels to transport goods and people through the otherwise unnavigable desert and pioneered a network of camel tracks that later became roads across the <a href="/wiki/Outback" title="Outback">Outback</a>. Australia's first mosque was built for them at <a href="/wiki/Marree,_South_Australia" title="Marree, South Australia">Marree</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-dfat.gov.au_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfat.gov.au-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 1860s and 1920s around 2000 cameleers were brought from Afghanistan and the north west of British India (now Pakistan) and perhaps 100 families remained in Australia. Other outback mosques were established at places like <a href="/wiki/Coolgardie" class="mw-redirect" title="Coolgardie">Coolgardie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloncurry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloncurry">Cloncurry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Broken_Hill" title="Broken Hill">Broken Hill</a> – and more permanent mosques in Adelaide, Perth and later Brisbane. A legacy of this pioneer era is the presence of wild camels in Outback and the oldest Islamic structure in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern hemisphere">southern hemisphere</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Central_Adelaide_Mosque" title="Central Adelaide Mosque">Central Adelaide Mosque</a>. Nonetheless, despite their significant role in Australia prior to the establishment of rail and road networks, the formulation of the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="White Australia">White Australia</a> policy at the time of Federation made immigration difficult for the 'Afghans' and their memory slowly faded during the 20th century, until a revival of interest began in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Successive Australian governments dismantled the White Australia Policy in the Post-WW2 period. From the 1970s onwards, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Fraser" title="Malcolm Fraser">Malcolm Fraser</a>, Australia began to pursue <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia in the later 20th century became a refuge for many Muslims fleeing conflicts including those in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General immigration, combined with religious conversion to Islam by Christians and other Australians, as well as Australia's participation in UN refugee efforts has increased the overall Muslim population. Around 36% of Muslims are Australian born. Overseas born Muslims come from a great variety of nations and ethnic groups – with large Lebanese and Turkish communities. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/11_September_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September attacks">11 September attacks</a> in the USA, attempts to associate the ideology/ies of <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> and the religion of Islam stirred some debate in some quarters in Australia about Islam's relationship with the wider community. The deaths of Australians in bombings by militant Islamic fundamentalists in New York in 2001, <a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">Bali</a> in 2002–5 and <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">London</a> in 2005; as well as the sending of Australian troops to <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> in 1999, Afghanistan in 2001 and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> in 2003; the arrest of bomb plotters in Australia; and concerns about certain cultural practices such as the wearing of the <a href="/wiki/Burkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkha">Burkha</a> all contributed to a degree of tension.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A series of comments by a senior Sydney cleric, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Taj_El-Din_Hilaly" title="Taj El-Din Hilaly">Taj El-Din Hilaly</a> also stirred controversy, particularly his remarks regarding "female modesty" following an incident of <a href="/wiki/Sydney_gang_rapes" title="Sydney gang rapes">gang rape in Sydney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-theage.com.au_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theage.com.au-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australians were among the targets of Islamic Fundamentalists in the <a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">Bali bombings</a> in Indonesia and an attack on the Australian Embassy in Jakarta; and the <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asian</a> militant group <a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a> has been of particular concern to Australians.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Australian government's <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_detention_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory detention in Australia">mandatory detention</a> processing system for <a href="/wiki/Asylum_seekers" class="mw-redirect" title="Asylum seekers">asylum seekers</a> became increasingly controversial after the 11 September attacks. A significant proportion of recent Asylum seekers arriving by boat have been Muslims fleeing the conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan and elsewhere. Some Islamic leaders and social commentators claim that Islam has suffered from unfair stereotyping<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violence and intimidation was directed against Muslims and people of Middle Eastern appearance during southern Sydney's <a href="/wiki/Cronulla_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Cronulla riots">Cronulla riots</a> in 2005. In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Howard_government" title="Howard government">Howard government</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Community_Reference_Group" title="Muslim Community Reference Group">Muslim Community Reference Group</a> to advise on Muslim community issues for one year, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Ameer_Ali_(academic)" title="Ameer Ali (academic)">Ameer Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inter-faith dialogues were also established by Christian and Muslim groups such as The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Federation_of_Islamic_Councils" title="Australian Federation of Islamic Councils">Australian Federation of Islamic Councils</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches_in_Australia" title="National Council of Churches in Australia">National Council of Churches in Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia and Indonesia co-operated closely following the Bali-bombings, not only in law-enforcement but in improving education and cross-cultural understanding, leading to a marked improvement in relations.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a series of controversies, Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Taj_El-Din_Hilaly" title="Taj El-Din Hilaly">Taj El-Din Hilaly</a> retired as <a href="/wiki/Grand_mufti" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand mufti">Grand mufti</a> of Australia in 2007 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Fehmi_Naji_El-Imam" class="mw-redirect" title="Fehmi Naji El-Imam">Fehmi Naji El-Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Australia" title="Order of Australia">AM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-theage.com.au_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theage.com.au-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, over 604,000 people in Australia identify as Muslim, with diverse communities concentrated mainly in Sydney and Melbourne. More than half are non-practising<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (December 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">cultural Muslims</a>. Since the 1970s Islamic schools have been established as well as more than 100 mosques and prayer centres.<sup id="cite_ref-dfat.gov.au_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfat.gov.au-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many notable Muslim places of worship are to be found in large Australian cities, including the <a href="/wiki/Central_Adelaide_Mosque" title="Central Adelaide Mosque">Central Adelaide Mosque</a>, which was constructed during the 1880s; and Sydney's Classical Ottoman style <a href="/wiki/Auburn_Gallipoli_Mosque" title="Auburn Gallipoli Mosque">Auburn Gallipoli Mosque</a>, which was largely funded by the Turkish community and the name of which recalls the shared heritage of the foundation of modern Turkey and the story of the <a href="/wiki/ANZAC" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZAC">ANZACs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1,140 people identified as <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Australia#Aboriginal_Muslims" title="Islam in Australia">Aboriginal Muslims</a> in the 2011 census, almost double the number recorded in the 2001 census.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable Australian Muslims include boxer <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Mundine" title="Anthony Mundine">Anthony Mundine</a>; community worker and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> star <a href="/wiki/Hazem_El_Masri" title="Hazem El Masri">Hazem El Masri</a>; cricketer <a href="/wiki/Usman_Khawaja" title="Usman Khawaja">Usman Khawaja</a> and academic <a href="/wiki/Waleed_Aly" title="Waleed Aly">Waleed Aly</a>. In 2013, Labor MP <a href="/wiki/Ed_Husic" title="Ed Husic">Ed Husic</a> became Australia's first Muslim member of <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a>, briefly serving as Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister and for Broadband in the short lived <a href="/wiki/Rudd_government_(2013)" title="Rudd government (2013)">Second Rudd government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism in Australia">Judaism in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">History of the Jews in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Great_Synagogue_Sydney.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_Great_Synagogue_Sydney.JPG/170px-The_Great_Synagogue_Sydney.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_Great_Synagogue_Sydney.JPG/255px-The_Great_Synagogue_Sydney.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_Great_Synagogue_Sydney.JPG/340px-The_Great_Synagogue_Sydney.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Great Synagogue, Sydney</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ac.isaacs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ac.isaacs.jpg/170px-Ac.isaacs.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ac.isaacs.jpg/255px-Ac.isaacs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ac.isaacs.jpg/340px-Ac.isaacs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Isaacs" title="Isaac Isaacs">Isaac Isaacs</a> was the first Australian born <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor General of Australia">Governor General of Australia</a> and was the first Jewish vice-regal representative in the British Empire.</figcaption></figure> <p>At least eight <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Convict" title="Convict">convicts</a> are believed to have been <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transported</a> to Sydney aboard the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a> in 1788, when the first British settlement was established on the continent. An estimated 110,000 Jews currently live in Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the majority being <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> descent, with many being refugees and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> survivors who arrived during and after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. </p><p>The Jewish population has increased slightly in recent times<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to immigration from South Africa and the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The largest Jewish community in Australia is in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, with about 60,000, followed by Sydney with about 45,000 members. Smaller communities are dispersed among the other state capitals. </p><p>Following the conclusion of the British colonial period, Jews have enjoyed formal equality before the law in Australia and have not been subject to civil <a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">disabilities</a> or other forms of state-sponsored <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> which exclude them from full participation in public life. </p><p>Sydney's gothic design <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Sydney)" title="Great Synagogue (Sydney)">Great Synagogue</a>, consecrated in 1878, is a notable place of Jewish worship in Australia. Notable Australian Jews have included the Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Monash" title="John Monash">John Monash</a>, the notable World War I general who opened the Maccabean Hall in Sydney in 1923 to commemorate Jews who fought and died in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> and who is currently featured on the Australian $100 note;<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Isaacs" title="Isaac Isaacs">Isaac Isaacs</a> who became the first Australian born governor general in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sir <a href="/wiki/Zelman_Cowen" title="Zelman Cowen">Zelman Cowen</a> also served as Governor-General, between 1977 and 1982. The <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Jewish_Museum" title="Sydney Jewish Museum">Sydney Jewish Museum</a> opened in 1992 to commemorate <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> "challenge visitors' perceptions of democracy, morality, social justice and human rights".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the 1930s, all synagogues in Australia were nominally <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a>, with most acknowledging leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom">Chief Rabbi of the United Kingdom</a>. To this day the vast majority of synagogues in Australia are Orthodox. However, there is a wide range of Orthodox congregations, including <a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)" title="Mizrachi (religious Zionism)">Mizrachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adass_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adass Israel (page does not exist)">Adass Israel</a> congregations. There are also <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardi</a> congregations. </p><p>There had been short-lived efforts to establish <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a> congregations as early as the 1890s. However, under the leadership of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ada_Phillips&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ada Phillips (page does not exist)">Ada Phillips</a>, a sustained liberal congregation, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_Beth_Israel_(Melbourne,_Australia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temple Beth Israel (Melbourne, Australia) (page does not exist)">Temple Beth Israel</a>, was established in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. Subsequently, another synagogue linked to the United States <a href="/wiki/Reform_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Movement">Reform Movement</a>, Temple Emanuel, was established in <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>. Following these two congregations, a number of other Liberal synagogues have been founded in other cities.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1992 <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> (Masorti) services have been held as an alternative service usually in the Neuweg, the smaller second synagogue within Temple Emanuel, Woollahra, Sydney. In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Kehilat_Nitzan" title="Kehilat Nitzan">Kehilat Nitzan</a>, Melbourne's first Conservative (Masorti) congregation was established, with foundation president <a href="/wiki/John_Rosenberg_(academic)" title="John Rosenberg (academic)">John Rosenberg</a>. The congregation appointed its first rabbi, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ehud_Bandel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ehud Bandel (page does not exist)">Ehud Bandel</a> in 2006. In 2010 Beit Knesset Shalom became Brisbane's first Conservative (Masorti) synagogue. </p><p>In 2012, the first <a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">humanistic Jewish</a> congregation, known as Kehilat Kolenu, was established in Melbourne with links to the cultural Jewish youth movement <a href="/wiki/Habonim_Dror" title="Habonim Dror">Habonim Dror</a>. Later in 2012, a similar congregation was established in Sydney, known as Ayelet HaShachar. The services are loosely based on the Humanistic Jewish movement in the United States and the musical-prayer group Nava Tehila in Israel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahaitemplesydney.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bahaitemplesydney.JPG/150px-Bahaitemplesydney.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bahaitemplesydney.JPG/225px-Bahaitemplesydney.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Bahaitemplesydney.JPG/300px-Bahaitemplesydney.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1662" data-file-height="2243" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Temple" title="Sydney Baháʼí Temple">Sydney Baháʼí Temple</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Australia" title="Baháʼí Faith in Australia">Baháʼí Faith in Australia</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> first arrived in Australia in 1922, and at less than 0.1% of the total population,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the smaller religious minorities. The <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Temple" title="Sydney Baháʼí Temple">Sydney Baháʼí Temple</a> is situated in <a href="/wiki/Ingleside,_New_South_Wales" title="Ingleside, New South Wales">Ingleside</a>, a northern suburb of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Taylor_(architect)" title="Jennifer Taylor (architect)">Jennifer Taylor</a>, a historian at <a href="/wiki/Sydney_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney University">Sydney University</a>, it is among Sydney's four most significant religious buildings constructed in the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-dict-syd_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict-syd-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dedicated in 1961, it was also the world's fourth <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_House_of_Worship" title="Baháʼí House of Worship">Baháʼí House of Worship</a> to be completed.<sup id="cite_ref-iranica_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iranica-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1996 <a href="/wiki/Australian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Census">Australian Census</a> lists Baháʼí membership at just under 9,000.<sup id="cite_ref-2nd_edition_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2nd_edition-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, the second edition of <i><a href="/wiki/A_Practical_Reference_to_Religious_Diversity_for_Operational_Police_and_Emergency_Services" title="A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services">A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services</a></i> added the Baháʼí Faith to its coverage of religions in Australia and noted that the community had grown to over 11,000.<sup id="cite_ref-2nd_edition_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2nd_edition-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Census data from 2016 reported a population of 13,988.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indian/Dharmic_religions"><span id="Indian.2FDharmic_religions"></span>Indian/Dharmic religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indian/Dharmic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Australia" title="Hinduism in Australia">Hinduism in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_vishnu_koyil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Shiva_vishnu_koyil.jpg/220px-Shiva_vishnu_koyil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Shiva_vishnu_koyil.jpg/330px-Shiva_vishnu_koyil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Shiva_vishnu_koyil.jpg/440px-Shiva_vishnu_koyil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Shiva Vishnu Temple in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Australia" title="Hinduism in Australia">Hindus</a> numbered 684,000 in the 2021 census, making <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Australia" title="Hinduism in Australia">Hinduism</a> the fourth largest religious or non-religious affiliation. It is one of the fastest growing religions in Australia (12.0% per year since 2011).<sup id="cite_ref-religion2021_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion2021-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Australia" title="Hinduism in Australia">Hindus</a> first came to Australia to work on cotton and sugar <a href="/wiki/Plantations" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantations">plantations</a>. Many who remained worked in small business, as camel drivers, merchants and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_(trade)" title="Hawker (trade)">hawkers</a>, selling goods between small rural communities. Their population increased dramatically from the 1960s and 1970s and more than doubled between the 1996 and 2006 census to around 148,000 people. Most were migrants from countries such as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Fiji" title="Hinduism in Fiji">Fiji</a>, India, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Hinduism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Malaysia" title="Hinduism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Singapore" title="Hinduism in Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_South_Africa" title="Hinduism in South Africa">South Africa</a>. At present many Hindus are well-educated professionals in fields such as medicine, engineering, commerce and information technology. Among Australia's best-known Hindus is the singer <a href="/wiki/Kamahl" title="Kamahl">Kamahl</a>. There are around forty-three <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Australia" title="Hinduism in Australia">Hindu</a> temples in Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sri_Mandir_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sri Mandir Temple (page does not exist)">Sri Mandir Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Auburn,_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="Auburn, Sydney">Auburn, Sydney</a> being the first established in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Buddhism in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1.-Nan_Tien_Temple_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1.-Nan_Tien_Temple_front.jpg/220px-1.-Nan_Tien_Temple_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1.-Nan_Tien_Temple_front.jpg/330px-1.-Nan_Tien_Temple_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/1.-Nan_Tien_Temple_front.jpg/440px-1.-Nan_Tien_Temple_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nan_Tien_Temple" title="Nan Tien Temple">Nan Tien Temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Buddhists began arriving in Australia in significant numbers during the <a href="/wiki/Goldrush" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldrush">goldrush</a> of the 1850s with an influx of Chinese miners. However, the population remained low until the 1960s. Buddhism is now one of the fastest growing religions in Australia. Immigration from Asia has contributed to this, but some people of non-Asian origin have also converted. The three main traditions of Buddhism—<a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a>, East Asian and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a>—are now represented in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-dfat.gov.au_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dfat.gov.au-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 2021 census, Buddhism has 615,800 adherents: 2.4% of the total population. </p><p>Buddhist temples can be very active. Quang Minh Temple in <a href="/wiki/Braybrook,_Victoria" title="Braybrook, Victoria">Braybrook</a>, Melbourne, Victoria gets about 2,000 people through every Sunday and gives a free vegetarian meal to about 600 people. For important events, more than 20,000 people come. Even more come to the <a href="/wiki/Nan_Tien_Temple" title="Nan Tien Temple">Nan Tien Temple</a>, or "Southern Paradise Temple", in <a href="/wiki/Wollongong" title="Wollongong">Wollongong</a>, New South Wales, began construction in the early 1990s, adopting the Chinese palace building style and is now the largest Buddhist temple in the Southern Hemisphere.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This temple follows the Venerable Master <a href="/wiki/Hsing_Yun" title="Hsing Yun">Hsing Yun</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fo_Guang_Shan" title="Fo Guang Shan">Fo Guang Shan</a> Buddhist order. <a href="/wiki/Bodhinyana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhinyana">Bodhinyana Monastery</a> is a Theravadin Buddhist monastery in the <a href="/wiki/Thai_Forest_Tradition" title="Thai Forest Tradition">Thai Forest Tradition</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Serpentine,_Western_Australia" title="Serpentine, Western Australia">Serpentine, Western Australia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GlenwoodNSWGurdwaraSahib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/GlenwoodNSWGurdwaraSahib.jpg/220px-GlenwoodNSWGurdwaraSahib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/GlenwoodNSWGurdwaraSahib.jpg/330px-GlenwoodNSWGurdwaraSahib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/GlenwoodNSWGurdwaraSahib.jpg/440px-GlenwoodNSWGurdwaraSahib.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Sri Guru Singh Sabha Gurudwara (Temple), <a href="/wiki/Glenwood,_New_South_Wales" title="Glenwood, New South Wales">Glenwood, New South Wales</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Sikhism in Australia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> has been one of the fastest growing religions in Australia in recent years. According to census data, Australia's Sikh population grew from 72,000 to 210,400 between 2011 and 2021, an average growth rate of 14.8% per year.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 42% of Australia's Sikhs live in the state of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_Australia" title="Jainism in Australia">Jainism in Australia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> is currently the fourth fastest growing religion in Australia, recording 4,050 adherents in 2016 and growing an average of 7.7% per year. The overwhelming majority (94.7%) of Jains live inside the state capitals, primarily Sydney, Melbourne and Perth.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_Australian_traditions">Indigenous Australian traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Indigenous Australian traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal mythology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dreaming_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreaming (spirituality)">Dreaming (spirituality)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corroboree_Barak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Corroboree_Barak.jpg/220px-Corroboree_Barak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Corroboree_Barak.jpg/330px-Corroboree_Barak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Corroboree_Barak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of an Aboriginal <a href="/wiki/Corroboree" title="Corroboree">corroboree</a> ceremony by <a href="/wiki/William_Barak" title="William Barak">William Barak</a> c.1898</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dreaming_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreaming (spirituality)">Dreaming (spirituality)</a>—the Dreaming or Dreaming—places significant emphasis on belonging to the land. It is at once a collection of stories of an ancient view of creation and present day <a href="/wiki/Dreaming_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreaming (spirituality)">Dreaming (spirituality)</a>. It shaped and continues to shape Aboriginal law and customs; and <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal art">Aboriginal art</a>, story and dance continue to draw on these spiritual traditions. </p><p>There were a great many different nations, each with their own individual culture, belief structure, and language. The <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Serpent" title="Rainbow Serpent">Rainbow Serpent</a> is a major dream spirit for Aboriginal people across Australia. The <a href="/wiki/Yowie_(cryptid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yowie (cryptid)">Yowie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bunyip" title="Bunyip">Bunyip</a> are other well known dream spirits. At the time of the British settlement, traditional religions were <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">animist</a> and tended to have elements of <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a>. </p><p>Aboriginal beliefs and spirituality, even among those Aboriginal peoples who identify themselves as members of a traditional organised religion, are intrinsically linked to the land generally and to certain sites of significance in particular. As <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a> put it, "There is a general belief among the [indigenous] Australians that the world, man, and the various animals and plants were created by certain Supernatural beings who afterwards disappeared, either ascending to the sky or entering the earth."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were and still are <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> systems, with an emphasis on life transitions such as <a href="/wiki/Adulthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Adulthood">adulthood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The spirituality and customs of <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a>, who inhabit the islands between Australia and New Guinea, reflected their <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesian</a> origins and dependence on the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_British_settlement">Since British settlement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Since British settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pastor_Sir_Douglas_and_Lady_Gladys_Nicholls_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pastor_Sir_Douglas_and_Lady_Gladys_Nicholls_Memorial.jpg/220px-Pastor_Sir_Douglas_and_Lady_Gladys_Nicholls_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pastor_Sir_Douglas_and_Lady_Gladys_Nicholls_Memorial.jpg/330px-Pastor_Sir_Douglas_and_Lady_Gladys_Nicholls_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pastor_Sir_Douglas_and_Lady_Gladys_Nicholls_Memorial.jpg/440px-Pastor_Sir_Douglas_and_Lady_Gladys_Nicholls_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Christian pastor, Aboriginal activist and former <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Douglas Nicholls</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> have had a significant impact on <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>. As in many <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> situations the churches both facilitated the loss of Indigenous Australian culture and religion and also facilitated its maintenance. The involvement of Christians in Aboriginal affairs has evolved significantly since 1788. Around the year 2000, many churches and church organisations officially apologised for past failures to adequately respect indigenous cultures and address the injustices of the dispossession of indigenous people.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coming_of_the_Light_Festival" title="Coming of the Light Festival">Coming of the Light Festival</a> marks the day the Christian missionaries first arrived on the islands on 1 July 1871 and introduced Christianity to the region. This is a significant festival for Torres Strait Islanders, who are predominantly Christian. Religious and cultural ceremonies are held across Torres Strait and mainland Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent Aboriginal activist <a href="/wiki/Noel_Pearson" title="Noel Pearson">Noel Pearson</a>, himself raised at a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> mission in <a href="/wiki/Cape_York_Peninsula" title="Cape York Peninsula">Cape York</a>, has written that missions throughout Australia's colonial history "provided a haven from the hell of life on the Australian frontier while at the same time facilitating colonisation".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent Aboriginal Christians have included Pastor <a href="/wiki/David_Unaipon" title="David Unaipon">David Unaipon</a>, the first Aboriginal author; Pastor Sir <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Nicholls" title="Douglas Nicholls">Douglas Nicholls</a>, athlete, activist and former Governor of <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mum_(Shirl)_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Mum (Shirl) Smith">Mum (Shirl) Smith</a>, a celebrated <a href="/wiki/Redfern,_New_South_Wales" title="Redfern, New South Wales">Redfern</a> community worker who, assisted by the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Australia" title="Sisters of Charity of Australia">Sisters of Charity</a>, work to assist Aboriginal peoples.;<sup id="cite_ref-cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and former Senator <a href="/wiki/Aden_Ridgeway" title="Aden Ridgeway">Aden Ridgeway</a>, the first Chairman of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aboriginal_Catholic_Ministry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aboriginal Catholic Ministry (page does not exist)">Aboriginal Catholic Ministry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent times, Christians such as Fr <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy_(priest)" title="Ted Kennedy (priest)">Ted Kennedy</a> of Redfern,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> human rights lawyer Fr <a href="/wiki/Frank_Brennan_(Jesuit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Brennan (Jesuit)">Frank Brennan</a><sup id="cite_ref-152.91.15.57_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152.91.15.57-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St_Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart">Josephite Sisters</a> have been prominent in working for Aboriginal rights and improvements to standards of living.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irreligion">Irreligion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Irreligion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion in Australia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-religious">Non-religious</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Non-religious"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australia is one of the least religious nations in the developed world, with religion not described as a central part in many people's lives.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is prominent among Australia's youth, who were ranked as the least religious worldwide in a 2008 survey conducted by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2021 census, the ABS categorised ~9,887,000 Australians (38.9%) as having no religion, up 16.6% in real terms from 4,796,800 (22.3%) in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-abs-2016_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs-2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This category includes <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a>, and people who are <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">unaffiliated</a> with any particular religion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atheism">Atheism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Atheism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While people with no religion are more than 30% of the Australian population,<sup id="cite_ref-abs-2016_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abs-2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Australian Bureau of Statistics does not provide information in the annual "1301.0 – Year Book Australia" on religious affiliation as to how many people fall into each sub-category.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data on religious affiliation is only collected by the ABS at the five yearly population census. Atheist interests in Australia are represented<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (August 2023)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> nationally by the <a href="/wiki/Atheist_Foundation_of_Australia" title="Atheist Foundation of Australia">Atheist Foundation of Australia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Humanist interests in Australia are represented<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (August 2023)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> nationally by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Australian_Humanist_Societies" title="Council of Australian Humanist Societies">Council of Australian Humanist Societies</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Rationalist interests in Australia are represented<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Please clarify the preceding statement or statements with a good explanation from a reliable source. (August 2023)">how?</span></a></i>]</sup> nationally by the <a href="/wiki/Rationalist_Society_of_Australia" title="Rationalist Society of Australia">Rationalist Society of Australia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Global_Atheist_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Atheist Convention">Global Atheist Convention</a>, a prominent atheist event, has been held in Melbourne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_religions_2">Other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 2006 census<sup id="cite_ref-2006_full_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2006_full-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows 53 listed groups down to 5000 members, most of them Christian denominations, many of them national versions such as <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Orthodox">Serbian Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Assyrian</a> Orthodox. Of the smaller religions, <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">Pagan</a> religions 29,328, the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> at 12,000, <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> about 7000. Between 1000 and 5000 are: <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creativity_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Creativity Alliance">Creativity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>. There are also adherents of <a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Dai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raelianism">Raelianism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, non-Christian religions and those with no religion have been growing in proportion to the overall population.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With fewer classifications, data from 1996 and 2001 showed <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal religion">Aboriginal religion</a> decreasing from 7000 to 5000 while Baháʼí grew from just under 9,000 to over 11,000 and the rest of the "Other" category growing from about 69,000 to about 92,000.<sup id="cite_ref-2nd_edition_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2nd_edition-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paganism">Paganism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Paganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early history of Australian Paganism is obscure. Theosophists and spiritualists arrived in Australia in the late 1800s and early 1900s. The <a href="/wiki/Ordo_Templi_Orientis" title="Ordo Templi Orientis">Ordo Templi Orientis</a> (OTO) had a lodge in Sydney from 1912 until the late 1920s, which was revived in 1982. In late 1960s and 1970s both Melbourne and Sydney saw various occult orders influenced by Western magical traditions, <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">British occultism</a>, and figures like <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a> however these groups were mostly small and secretive.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When exactly witchcraft arrived in Australia is a matter of debate however it’s commonly accepted that <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Wicca" title="Alexandrian Wicca">Alexandrian Wiccans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gardnerian_Wicca" title="Gardnerian Wicca">Gardnerian Wiccans</a> arrived in Australia from England and the United States around the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2001_Australian_census" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 Australian census">2001 Australian census</a>, 24,157 people identified with a Pagan religion, representing 0.12% of the population. This included 10,632 Pagans, 8,755 Wiccans, 2,225 nature religion adherents, 1,085 <a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheists</a>, 763 <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animists</a>, and 697 <a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druids</a>. </p><p>Comparatively, there are slightly more Pagans in Australia than Brethren, ten times more than Scientologists, and half the number of Seventh Day Adventists or Mormons, making Paganism a significant minority religion. Professor Douglas Ezzy suspects that 2001 census underestimates the number of Pagans, especially among teenagers whose parents may not have reported their Pagan beliefs due to the stigma associated with terms like “Witch”; many any who identified as “Pagan” on the census might identify as “Witch” in private.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2001 census (and <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Australia" title="Census in Australia">following censuses</a>) also showed that women dominate Australian Paganism, with 63% being female. The religion in Australia with the highest proportion of females to males is Wicca, with only 26 males for every 100 females, compared to the national ratio of 97 males for every 100 females.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2011_Australian_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Australian Census">2011 census</a>, 32,083 Australians identified their religion as a <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">pagan</a> religion including 8,413 people who identified their religion as <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_census" title="2016 Australian census">2016 census</a>, 27,194 Australians identified as pagan or other affiliated "<a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">nature religions</a>" including 6,616 people who identified their religion as Wicca or Neopagan witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/2021_Australian_census" title="2021 Australian census">2021 census</a>, 33,142 Australians identified their religion as nature religion including 18,630 people who identified their religion as pagan religion and 7,785 people who identified their religion as Wicca or Neopagan witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, the <i>Adelaide University Occult Club</i>, a student club at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Adelaide" title="University of Adelaide">University of Adelaide</a>, faced challenges in securing funding and access to campus facilities from <a href="/wiki/Students%27_union" title="Students' union">student union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_University_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Adelaide University Union">YouX</a> due to a delay in reregistering the club. The pagan club with multiple other clubs signed an open letter to the clubs committee. In 2022, controversy the club was reregistration was denied during an <a href="/wiki/In_camera" title="In camera">in camera</a> decision; rejection of registration was complaint over the club might summon <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">satan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, <i>Sacred Grove Society</i> (SGSFU), student club for pagans at <a href="/wiki/Flinders_University" title="Flinders University">Flinders University</a> was formed;<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flinders University used to have the pagan club from 1998 to 2008, <i>Flinders University Pagan Association</i> (FUPA)<i> used to produce a club newsletter called </i>The Grimoire<i> and host a radio show called </i>The Elements<i> on <a href="/wiki/Radio_Adelaide" title="Radio Adelaide">student radio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>Other <a href="/wiki/Student_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Student clubs">university pagan clubs</a> of the 2000s in Australia include <i>Pagans and Gnostics of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sydney" title="University of Sydney">University of Sydney</a></i> (<i>PAGUS</i>), <a href="/wiki/Monash_University" title="Monash University">Monash University</a>'s <i>Alternative Spiritualities Club</i>, Macquarie University Pagan Society and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a>'s <i>Pagan Network</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia inherited its <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Witchcraft laws">witchcraft laws</a> from British colonial rule, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_Act_1735" title="Witchcraft Act 1735">Witchcraft Act 1735</a>, was repealed in 1951. Australian witchcraft laws were gradually phased out in Australia, with New South Wales being the first state to repeal them in 1969. South Australia followed in 1991, Queensland in 2000, and Victoria in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_the_law">Religion and the law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Religion and the law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_status">Constitutional status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Constitutional status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Section_116_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia</a> provides that: </p> <blockquote><p>The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth.</p></blockquote> <p>Technically, this does not affect the states' authority to legislate on religion. Nor would it block federal legislation on religion, aside from that establishing an <a href="/wiki/Official_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Official religion">official religion</a> of Australia. In practice, though, federal governments have respected Section 116 and generally allowed the free practice of religions. Australia does not have explicit "separation of church and state"—the essence of a "secular state"—in the sense that countries like the USA do. In view of Section 116 of Australia's constitution ("The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance ..."), it is commonly believed that Australia is already a "secular state". This is a misconception: in 1981, the High Court determined that there is in fact no constitutional separation of church and state in Australia. However, there is no general "mood" to legislate establishment of religions.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_interactions">Other interactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Other interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1983, the High Court of Australia defined religion as "a complex of beliefs and practices which point to a set of values and an understanding of the meaning of existence". The <i>Australian Bureau of Statistics 2001 Census Dictionary</i> defines "no religion" as a category of religion which includes subcategories such as <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnosticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> (but the ABS also categorises these as "secular beliefs"). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_and_Equal_Opportunity_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission">Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission</a> (HREOC) is able to inquire into allegations of discrimination on religious grounds. </p><p>In 1998 the HREOC addressed the right to freedom of religion and belief in Australia against article 18 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, stating that "despite the legal protections that apply in different jurisdictions, many Australians suffer discrimination on the basis of religious belief or non-belief, including members of both mainstream and non-mainstream religions, and those of no religious persuasion."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of an HREOC response to such views is the IsmaU project, which examines possible prejudice against Muslims in Australia since the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">11 September 2001 attacks</a> in the US and the <a href="/wiki/2002_Bali_bombings" title="2002 Bali bombings">Bali bombings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interfaith_efforts">Interfaith efforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Interfaith efforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interfaith efforts between various religious institutions occur. Since the early 2000s, the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Conference" title="Abraham Conference">Abraham Conference</a> convenes as an annual interfaith event between Christians, Muslims, and Jews. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Australia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Practical_Reference_to_Religious_Diversity_for_Operational_Police_and_Emergency_Services" title="A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services">A Practical Reference to Religious Diversity for Operational Police and Emergency Services</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Association_for_Jewish_Studies" title="Australian Association for Jewish Studies">Australian Association for Jewish Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Rites" title="Broken Rites">Broken Rites</a> & <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases_in_Australia" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in Australia">Catholic Church sexual abuse cases in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Australia" title="Freedom of religion in Australia">Freedom of religion in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Church_Life_Survey" title="National Church Life Survey">National Church Life Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_into_Institutional_Responses_to_Child_Sexual_Abuse" title="Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse">Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_Australia" title="Separation of church and state in Australia">Separation of church and state in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-auto-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/community-profiles/2021/AUS/download/GCP_AUS.xlsx">"Australian Bureau of Statistics : 2021 Census of Population and Housing : General Community Profile"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XLSX)</span>. <i>Abs.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abs.gov.au&rft.atitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics+%3A+2021+Census+of+Population+and+Housing+%3A+General+Community+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fcensus%2Ffind-census-data%2Fcommunity-profiles%2F2021%2FAUS%2Fdownload%2FGCP_AUS.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2021-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-religion2021_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-religion2021_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/articles/religious-affiliation-australia">"Religious affiliation in Australia | Australian Bureau of Statistics"</a>. 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+affiliation+in+Australia+%26%23124%3B+Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2022-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Farticles%2Freligious-affiliation-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/special-dates-and-events/public-holidays">"Public holidays"</a>. <i>Australian government</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+government&rft.atitle=Public+holidays&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australia.gov.au%2Fabout-australia%2Fspecial-dates-and-events%2Fpublic-holidays&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hsight1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hsight1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hsight1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/rn/hindsight/stories/2009/2675480.htm">"Marrying Out – Part One: Not in Front of the Altar"</a>. <i>Hindsight</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_Radio_National" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC Radio National">ABC Radio National</a>. 11 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindsight&rft.atitle=Marrying+Out+%E2%80%93+Part+One%3A+Not+in+Front+of+the+Altar&rft.date=2009-10-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Frn%2Fhindsight%2Fstories%2F2009%2F2675480.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Carey" title="Hilary Carey">Carey, Hilary</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/religion">"Religion"</a>. <i>Dictionaryofsydney.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionaryofsydney.org&rft.atitle=Religion&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionaryofsydney.org%2Fentry%2Freligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cs.nga.gov.au/Detail.cfm?IRN=65617">"Aboriginal painting "Coming of the Macassan traders"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Cs.nga.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cs.nga.gov.au&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+painting+%22Coming+of+the+Macassan+traders%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcs.nga.gov.au%2FDetail.cfm%3FIRN%3D65617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aspen.conncoll.edu/politicsandculture/page.cfm?key=360">Article about Islam in Australia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929125327/http://aspen.conncoll.edu/politicsandculture/page.cfm?key=360">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_College" title="Connecticut College">Connecticut College</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071130003758/http://www.islamfortoday.com/australia03.htm">"A History of Islam in Australia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamfortoday.com/australia03.htm">the original</a> on 30 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Islam+in+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamfortoday.com%2Faustralia03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLake2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Meredith_Lake" title="Meredith Lake">Lake, Meredith</a> (2011). "Provincialising God: Anglicanism, Place, and the Colonisation of Australian Land". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Religious_History" title="Journal of Religious History">Journal of Religious History</a></i>. <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">72–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9809.2010.00972.x">10.1111/j.1467-9809.2010.00972.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religious+History&rft.atitle=Provincialising+God%3A+Anglicanism%2C+Place%2C+and+the+Colonisation+of+Australian+Land&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9809.2010.00972.x&rft.aulast=Lake&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._L._Sutter" class="citation book cs1">T. L. Sutter. "Plunkett, John Hubert (1802–1869)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A020299b.htm"><i>Biography – John Hubert Plunkett – Australian Dictionary of Biography</i></a>. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plunkett%2C+John+Hubert+%281802%E2%80%931869%29&rft.btitle=Biography+%E2%80%93+John+Hubert+Plunkett+%E2%80%93+Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.au=T.+L.+Sutter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadbonline.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA020299b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Robert Humphreys, and Rowland S. Ward, <i>Religious bodies in Australia: a comprehensive guide</i> (New Melbourne Press, 1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann1981" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Lehmann" title="Hartmut Lehmann">Lehmann, Hartmut</a> (1981). "South Australian German Lutherans in the second half of the nineteenth century: A case of rejected assimilation?". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Intercultural_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Journal of Intercultural Studies (page does not exist)">Journal of Intercultural Studies</a></i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07256868.1981.9963177">10.1080/07256868.1981.9963177</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intercultural+Studies&rft.atitle=South+Australian+German+Lutherans+in+the+second+half+of+the+nineteenth+century%3A+A+case+of+rejected+assimilation%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07256868.1981.9963177&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Hartmut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Babette_Smith" title="Babette Smith">Smith, Babette</a> (2014). "The Luck of the Irish: How a Shipload of Convicts Survived the Wreck of the Hive to Make a New Life in Australia".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Luck+of+the+Irish%3A+How+a+Shipload+of+Convicts+Survived+the+Wreck+of+the+Hive+to+Make+a+New+Life+in+Australia&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Babette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On Anglican history see B. Kaye, ed., <i>Anglicanism in Australia: a History</i> (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2002); D. Hilliard, <i>Godliness and Good Order: A History of the Anglican Church in South Australia</i> (Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 1986); S. Judd and K. J. Cable, <i>Sydney Anglicans: A History of the Diocese </i>(Sydney: Anglican Information Office, 1987); B. Porter, ed., <i> Melbourne Anglicans: The Diocese of Melbourne 1847–1978</i> (Melbourne: Mitre Books, 1997); T. Frame, <i>A Church for the Nation: a History of the Anglican Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn</i> (Sydney: Hale & Iremonger, 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStatistics2006" class="citation web cs1">Statistics (20 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/bb8db737e2af84b8ca2571780015701e/bfdda1ca506d6cfaca2570de0014496e!OpenDocument#:~:text=With%20the%20exception%20of%20a,%25%20professing%20non-Christian%20religions.">"Chapter - Religious affiliation"</a>. <i>www.abs.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.abs.gov.au&rft.atitle=Chapter+-+Religious+affiliation&rft.date=2006-01-20&rft.au=Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2Fbb8db737e2af84b8ca2571780015701e%2Fbfdda1ca506d6cfaca2570de0014496e%21OpenDocument%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWith%2520the%2520exception%2520of%2520a%2C%2525%2520professing%2520non-Christian%2520religions.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishhistoryaustralia.net/jha">"JewishHistoryAustralia.net"</a>. <i>JewishHistoryAustralia.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JewishHistoryAustralia.net&rft.atitle=JewishHistoryAustralia.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishhistoryaustralia.net%2Fjha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2011" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Graham (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=30w7AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA94"><i>In Search of a Better Life: British and Irish Migration</i></a>. The History Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752474601" title="Special:BookSources/9780752474601"><bdi>9780752474601</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+a+Better+Life%3A+British+and+Irish+Migration&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780752474601&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D30w7AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABS_Trends_in_Religious_Affiliation_2006-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ABS_Trends_in_Religious_Affiliation_2006_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa/10072ec3ffc4f7b4ca2570ec00787c40!OpenDocument">"Trends in Religious Affiliation 2006"</a>. <i>Abs.gov.au</i>. 27 May 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abs.gov.au&rft.atitle=Trends+in+Religious+Affiliation+2006&rft.date=1994-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2F2f762f95845417aeca25706c00834efa%2F10072ec3ffc4f7b4ca2570ec00787c40%21OpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primeministers.naa.gov.au/primeministers/scullin/fast-facts.aspx">"Fast facts – James Scullin – Fast facts – Australia's Prime Ministers"</a>. <i>Primeministers.naa.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Primeministers.naa.gov.au&rft.atitle=Fast+facts+%E2%80%93+James+Scullin+%E2%80%93+Fast+facts+%E2%80%93+Australia%27s+Prime+Ministers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimeministers.naa.gov.au%2Fprimeministers%2Fscullin%2Ffast-facts.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowen" class="citation book cs1">Cowen, Zelman. "Isaacs, Sir Isaac Alfred (1855–1948)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A090439b.htm"><i>Biography – Sir Isaac Alfred Isaacs – Australian Dictionary of Biography</i></a>. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Isaacs%2C+Sir+Isaac+Alfred+%281855%E2%80%931948%29&rft.btitle=Biography+%E2%80%93+Sir+Isaac+Alfred+Isaacs+%E2%80%93+Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.aufirst=Zelman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadbonline.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA090439b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/2903.0main%20features162011/$file/SAMPLE_PRINT_VERSION_F1.pdf">"Sample Census Form"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Abs.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abs.gov.au&rft.atitle=Sample+Census+Form&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2Flookup%2F2903.0main%2520features162011%2F%24file%2FSAMPLE_PRINT_VERSION_F1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abs-2016-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abs-2016_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abs-2016_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abs-2016_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abs-2016_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920073309/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Data%20Summary~25">"Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016 : Religion in Australia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main%20Features~Religion%20Data%20Summary~25">the original</a> on 20 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing%3A+Reflecting+Australia+-+Stories+from+the+Census%2C+2016+%3A+Religion+in+Australia&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLookup%2Fby%2520Subject%2F2071.0~2016~Main%2520Features~Religion%2520Data%2520Summary~25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/media-centre/media-releases/2021-census-shows-changes-australias-religious-diversity">"2021 Census shows changes in Australia's religious diversity | Australian Bureau of Statistics"</a>. <i>Abs.gov.au</i>. 28 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abs.gov.au&rft.atitle=2021+Census+shows+changes+in+Australia%27s+religious+diversity+%26%23124%3B+Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fmedia-centre%2Fmedia-releases%2F2021-census-shows-changes-australias-religious-diversity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-abs-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-abs_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425232111/http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/2071.0Main%20Features902012%E2%80%932013">"Cultural diversity in Australia"</a>. <i>2071.0 – Reflecting a Nation: Stories from the 2011 Census, 2012–2013</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a>. 21 June 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/2071.0Main%20Features902012%E2%80%932013">the original</a> on 25 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2071.0+%E2%80%93+Reflecting+a+Nation%3A+Stories+from+the+2011+Census%2C+2012%E2%80%932013&rft.atitle=Cultural+diversity+in+Australia&rft.date=2012-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2FLatestproducts%2F2071.0Main%2520Features902012%25E2%2580%25932013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yearbook2009-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yearbook2009_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Lookup/1301.0Feature+Article7012009%E2%80%9310">"Feature Article: Characteristics of the Population"</a>. <i>Yearbook 2009–10</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Table+Builder%3B+id&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauth.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2Fwebapi%2Fjsf%2FtableView%2FtableView.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span> Sorted Sikhism by State and Territory and calculated percentages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://auth.censusdata.abs.gov.au/webapi/jsf/tableView/tableView.xhtml">"Census Table Builder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Australian Bureau of Statistics">Australian Bureau of Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+Table+Builder&rft.pub=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauth.censusdata.abs.gov.au%2Fwebapi%2Fjsf%2FtableView%2FtableView.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span> Sorted Jainism by rest of State and Territory and calculated percentages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliade1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade, M.</a> (1973). <i>Australian Religions: An Introduction</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reconciliation.org.au&rft.atitle=Indigenous+and+non-Indigenous+reconciliation+for+the+wellbeing+of+the+Australian+nation+%E2%80%93+Reconciliation+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reconciliation.org.au%2Fhome%2Freconciliation-resources%2Fsignificant-events--anniversaries%2Freconciliation-timeline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071102182606/http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/events/coming-of-the-light.aspx">"Torres Strait Regional Authority"</a>. <i>Tsra.gov.au</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tsra.gov.au/the-torres-strait/events/coming-of-the-light.aspx">the original</a> on 2 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hreoc.gov.au&rft.atitle=Article+18+Freedom+of+religion+and+belief&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hreoc.gov.au%2Fhuman_rights%2Freligion%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/content/racial_discrimination/isma/report/pdf/exec_summary.pdf">"Executive Summary: Isma – Listen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Humanrights.gov.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanrights.gov.au&rft.atitle=Executive+Summary%3A+Isma+%E2%80%93+Listen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanrights.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcontent%2Fracial_discrimination%2Fisma%2Freport%2Fpdf%2Fexec_summary.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li>Berndt, R. M. <i>Australian Aboriginal Religion</i>, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 1974 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-03861-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-03861-2">90-04-03861-2</a></li> <li>Bouma, Gary, ed. <i>Many Religions All Australian: Religious Settlement, Identity and Cultural Diversity</i>. Melbourne: Christian Research Association, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-875223-14-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-875223-14-2">1-875223-14-2</a></li> <li>Carey, Hilary M. <i>Believing in Australia</i>. Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-950-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86373-950-5">1-86373-950-5</a></li> <li>Eliade, M., <i>Australian Religions: An Introduction</i>, Oxford University Press, London, 1973 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0729-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-0729-X">0-8014-0729-X</a></li> <li>Hilliard, David. "Popular Religion in Australia in the 1950s: A Study of Adelaide and Brisbane." <i>Journal of religious history</i> 15.2 (1988): 219–235.</li> <li>Hilliard, David. "The religious crisis of the 1960s: the experience of the Australian churches." <i>Journal of religious history</i> 21.2 (1997): 209–227.</li> <li>Humphreys, Robert, and Rowland S. Ward. <i>Religious bodies in Australia: a comprehensive guide</i> (New Melbourne Press, 1995).</li> <li>Hunt, A. D. <i>"For God, King, and country": A study of the attitudes of the Methodist and Catholic press in South Australia</i> (1979)</li> <li>Jupp, James, ed. <i>The Encyclopedia of Religion in Australia</i>, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86407-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86407-7">978-0-521-86407-7</a></li> <li>Lovat, Terence. <i>New Studies in Religion</i>. Social Science Press pg 148 (2002)</li> <li>O'Brien, Anne. <i>God's Willing Workers: Women and Religion in Australia</i> (University of New South Wales Press, 2005)</li> <li>O'Brien, Anne. "Historical overview spirituality and work Sydney women, 1920–1960." <i>Australian Historical Studies</i> 33.120 (2002): 373–388.</li> <li>Thompson, Roger C. <i>Religion in Australia: A history</i> (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1994), a standard scholarly survey</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglicans">Anglicans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Anglicans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>B. Kaye, ed., <i>Anglicanism in Australia: a History</i> (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2002)</li> <li>T. Frame, <i>A Church for the Nation: a History of the Anglican Diocese of Canberra and Goulburn</i> (Sydney: Hale & Iremonger, 2000).</li> <li>D. Hilliard, <i>Godliness and Good Order: A History of the Anglican Church in South Australia</i> (Adelaide: Wakefield Press, 1986)</li> <li>S. Judd and K. J. Cable, <i>Sydney Anglicans: A History of the Diocese </i>(Sydney: Anglican Information Office, 1987)</li> <li>B. Porter, ed., <i> Melbourne Anglicans: The Diocese of Melbourne 1847–1978</i> (Melbourne: Mitre Books, 1997)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholics">Catholics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Catholics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion_(historian)" title="Edmund Campion (historian)">Campion, Edmund</a>. <i>Rockchoppers: Growing Up Catholic in Australia</i> (1983)</li> <li>Dixon, Robert E. <i>The Catholics in Australia</i> (1996)</li> <li>Hamilton, Celia. "Irish-Catholics of New South Wales and the Labor Party, 1890–1910," <i>Historical Studies: Australia & New Zealand</i> (1958) 8(31): 254–267</li> <li>Laffin, Josephine. "'Sailing in Stormy Waters': Archbishop Matthew Beovich and the Catholic Archdiocese of Adelaide in the 1960s." <i>Journal of Religious History</i> 34.3 (2010): 289–311.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_McGrath" title="Sophie McGrath">McGrath, Sophie</a>. "Women Religious in the History of Australia 1888–1950: a Case Study – the Sisters of Mercy Parramatta," <i>Journal of the Royal Australian Historical Society</i> (1995) 81(2): 195–212</li> <li>Murtagh, James G. <i>Australia: The Catholic Chapter</i> (1959)</li> <li>O'Donoghue, Thomas A. <i>Upholding the Faith: The Process of Education in Catholic Schools in Australia, 1922–1965</i> (2001)</li> <li>O'Farrell, Patrick. <i>The Irish in Australia: 1798 to the Present Day</i> (3rd ed. Cork University Press, 2001)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestants">Protestants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Protestants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brauer, Alfred. <i>Under the Southern Cross: History of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Australia</i> (Lutheran Publishing House, 1985)</li> <li>Ellis, Julie-Ann. "'Cross-Firing over the Gulf': The Rift between Methodism and the Labour Movement in South Australia in the 1890s" <i>Labour History</i> (1993): 89–102. in JSTOR</li> <li>Hardgrave, Donald W. <i>For Such a Time: A History of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of Australia</i> (1988)</li> <li>Harrison, John. <i> Baptism of Fire: The first ten years of the Uniting Church in Australia</i> (1986)</li> <li>Hunt, Arnold Dudley. <i>This Side of Heaven: A History of Methodism in South Australia</i> (Lutheran Publishing House, 1985)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Australia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/EC58F62320E114F9CA25697E00184AC6?opendocument">Australian Standard Classification of Religious Groups (ASCRG), 1266.0, 1996</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/AD25AA55EB7FDC75CA25697E0018FD84?opendocument">1996 Census Dictionary – Religion category</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/B783FA5B03524218CA256B3B00149F9B?opendocument">2001 Census Dictionary – Religion category</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/abs@.nsf/0/BFDDA1CA506D6CFACA2570DE0014496E?opendocument">Year Book Australia, 2006. Religious Affiliation section</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2003/23821.htm">Australia in USA Department of State <i>International Religious Freedom Report</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey2008" class="citation web cs1">Carey, Hilary M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/religion">"Religion"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Sydney" title="Dictionary of Sydney">Dictionary of Sydney</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary+of+Sydney&rft.atitle=Religion&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Hilary+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionaryofsydney.org%2Fentry%2Freligion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span> (History of Religion in Sydney) [<a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons_license" title="Creative Commons license">CC-By-SA</a>]</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Australia" title="Christianity in Australia">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Australia" title="Catholic Church in Australia">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Christianity">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestantism in Australia">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglicanism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Women and government in Australia">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_dying_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted dying in Australia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Australia" title="Prostitution in Australia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Australia" title="Squatting in Australia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australia" title="Category:Australia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Oceania114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Oceania114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Religion in Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Religion in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tokelau" title="Religion in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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