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Iran Chamber Society
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> <html> <head> <title>Iran Chamber Society</title> <meta name="description" content="Iranian Historical & Cultural Information Center"> <meta name="keywords" content="Iran, Iran, Persia, Iran Chamber, IranChamber, Iran Chamber Society, Society, Iranian, Persian, Farsi, Persian History, Persian Empire, Achaemenid, Parthian, Sassanid, Safavid, Afsharid, Qajar, Pahlavi, Islamic Revolution, Cyrus, Darius, Shapur, Shapour, Shah, Khomeini, Persian Scripts, Persian Gulf, Caspian Sea, Persian Carpet, Persian Recipes"> <meta name="keywords" content="Iran, Iran, Persia, Middle East, Islam, Shiia, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Bahai, Judaism, Armenian, Assyrian, Persian Culture, Persian Art, Tehran, Shiraz, Tabriz, Mashhad, Esfahan, Isfahan, Yazd, Gilan, Gorgan, Golestan, Kerman, Rasht, Zabol, Zahedan, Qom, Abadan, Iran Guide, Kurdistan, Azerbaijan, Iranian National Flag, Saadi, Hafez, Shamloo"> <meta name="classification" content="Iran, Iran, Persia, Persian Gulf, Persian Culture, Persian Art, Persian History, Middle East, Islam, Shiia, Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Bahai, Judaism, Armenian, Assyrian, Tehran, Shiraz, Tabriz, Mashhad, Esfahan, Isfahan, Yazd, Gilan, Gorgan, Golestan, Kerman, Rasht, Zabol, Zahedan, Qom, Abadan, Iran Guide, Kurdistan, Azerbaijan, Iranian National Flag, Saadi, Hafez, Shamloo"> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="style/iran.css"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" /> <script language="JavaScript"> <!-- function openWindow(url, name, width, height) { popupWin = window.open(url, name, "width="+width+",height="+height+", toolbar=no, scrollbars=no, menubar=no, status=no, left=5, top=5"); } //--> </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/style/cookies.css" /> <script src="/javascripts/cookies.js"></script> <script> window.addEventListener("load", function(){ window.cookieconsent.initialise({ "palette": { "popup": { "background": "#edeff5", "text": "#838391" }, "button": { "background": "#4b81e8" } }, "content": { "message": "We use cookies to understand how you use our site and to improve your experience. 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", "href": "http://www.iranchamber.com/about_us/cookies.php" } })}); </script> </head> <body topmargin="5" leftmargin="0" marginheight="5" marginwidth="0" class="bodycolor"> <div align="center"><div id="header"> <table width="1210" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="900" align="center" valign="top"><table width="900" align="center" class="logobar" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="900" height="110" align="left" valign="bottom"><img src="/images/ics_logo900x110.jpg" border="0"></td> </tr> </table><table width="900" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="900" height="33" class="homenavigationbar" align="right" valign="middle"> <font class="fontnavigation"><a href="/index/art_culture.php" class="fontnavigation">Art & Culture</a><img src="/images/trans1x1.gif" width="5" height="1" border="0">|<img src="/images/trans1x1.gif" width="5" height="1" border="0"><a href="/history/history_periods.php" class="fontnavigation">History</a><img src="/images/trans1x1.gif" width="5" height="1" border="0">|<img src="/images/trans1x1.gif" width="5" height="1" border="0"><a href="/index/iran_guide.php" class="fontnavigation">Iran's Guide</a><img src="/images/trans1x1.gif" width="5" height="1" border="0">|<img src="/images/trans1x1.gif" width="5" height="1" border="0"><a href="/society/society.php" class="fontnavigation">Society</a><img src="/images/trans1x1.gif" width="10" height="1" border="0"></font></td> </tr> </table> <table width="900" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td> <table width="900" class="topborder" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="900" height="5" align="left" colspan="5"><img src="/images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="5" border="0"></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="10" height="25" align="left" valign="bottom"><img src="/images/trans1x1.gif" width="10" height="1" border="0"></td> <td width="290" height="25" class="fontdate" align="left" valign="middle"><script language="JavaScript" SRC="/javascripts/date_v3.js"></script></td> <td width="180" height="25" align="left"><img src="/images/trans1x1.gif" width="184" height="1" border="0"></td> <td width="410" height="25" align="right" valign="middle"> <!-- Google CSE Search Box Begins --> <script async src="https://cse.google.com/cse.js?cx=f1ffe42b8a57bd27a"></script> <div class="gcse-searchbox-only"></div> </td> <td width="10" height="25" align="right" valign="top"></td> <!-- Google CSE Search Box Ends --> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table></div> <div align="center"> <script src="javascripts/ac_runactivecontent.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <table width="900" class="body" align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="900" height="200" align="left" valign="top" background="images/flash/cyrus/cyrus1.jpg"><a href="history/cyrus/cyrus_charter.php"><img src="images/trans1x1.gif" width="900" height="200" border="0"></a></td> </tr> </table> <table width="900" class="tableborder" align="center" border="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="900" align="center" valign="top"> <table width="880" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="580" class="mainpage" align="left" valign="top"> <!--*** Body ***--> <img src="http://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="15" border="0"><br> <img src="http://www.iranchamber.com/images/mainpage/main_artculture0.jpg" width="580" height="70" border="0"><br> <br> <a href="index/art_culture.php" class="mainpagetitle">Art & Culture of Iran</a><br> This is a comprehensive section, which pays attention to Iran's culture, cultural events, music and musicians, visual arts and artists, Iranian cinema, Persian language and literature, writers, poets and their biographies. Iranian old scripts and their fonts, museums and galleries, Iranian cuisines and their recipes, religions and rituals, Persian carpet, architecture and monuments ...<br><br> <div align="right"> <a href="index/art_culture.php" class="moredetails"><em>Enter this section »»</em></a> </div> <img src="http://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="5" border="0"><br> <table width="580" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="580" height="3" background="images/point_3x3.gif"><img src="images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0"></td> </tr> </table> <img src="http://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="15" border="0"><br> <img src="http://www.iranchamber.com/images/mainpage/main_history0.jpg" width="580" height="70" border="0"><br> <br> <a href="history/history_periods.php" class="mainpagetitle"><b>History of Iran</b></a><br> This section covers the history of ancient Iran (Persia), birth of the Iranian (Persian) Empires, ancient Imperial Armies, historical inscriptions. Greek, Arab and Mongolian invasions, Iranian identity challenges, rebirth of Imperial Iranian dynasties, Persian Gulf and its history. Movements and revolutions, battles and wars, contemporary events and historic personalities. Articles and photos ...<br><br> <div align="right"> <a href="history/history_periods.php" class="moredetails"><em>Enter this section »»</em></a> </div> <img src="http://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="5" border="0"><br> <table width="580" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="580" height="3" background="images/point_3x3.gif"><img src="images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0"></td> </tr> </table> <img src="http://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="15" border="0"><br> <img src="http://www.iranchamber.com/images/mainpage/main_iranguide0.jpg" width="580" height="70" border="0"><br> <br> <a href="index/iran_guide.php" class="mainpagetitle"><b>Iran's Guide</b></a><br> In this section attention's gone to Iran's cities and provinces, geography, government and laws, Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran, flags and national anthem, Iranian embassies abroad, Iranian all times personalities, dialing codes, media and sport, education and higher education, universities in Iran, Iranian people and tribes ...<br> <div align="right"> <a href="index/iran_guide.php" class="moredetails"><em>Enter this section »»</em></a> </div> <img src="http://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="5" border="0"><br> </td> <td width="19" class="fontiran" align="left" valign="top" background="images/point_19x3.gif"><img src="images/trans1x1.gif" width="19" height="1" border="0"></td> <td width="281" class="fontiran" align="left" valign="top"> <img src="http://www.iranchamber.com/images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="7" border="0"><br> <img src="images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="8" border="0"><br /> <img src="index_include/images/alexander_mosaic.jpg" border="0"><br /> <img src="images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="5" border="0"><br /> <a href="history/articles/how_great_was_alexander1.php"><b>How 'Great' Was Alexander?</b></a><br /> How 'great' is a king who prefers constant warfare over consolidating conquered territories and long-term administration?<br /> <!--Professor Ian Worthington, University of Missouri-Columbia, aims to trace some reasons for questioning the greatness of Alexander. --> <div align="right"> <a href="history/articles/how_great_was_alexander1.php" class="moredetails"><em>More »»</em></a> </div> <img src="images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="5" border="0"><br> <table width="280" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="280" height="3" background="images/point_3x3.gif"><img src="images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0"></td> </tr> </table> <img src="images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="10" border="0"><br> <a href="http://www.iranchamber.com/calendar/converter/iranian_calendar_converter.php" title="Iranian Calendar Converter"><img src="index_include/images/iranian_calendar.jpg" border="0"></a><br> <img src="images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="10" border="0"><br> <table width="280" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td width="280" height="3" background="images/point_3x3.gif"><img src="images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="1" border="0"></td> </tr> </table> <img src="images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="8" border="0"><br /> <a href="geography/articles/persian_gulf_history.php" title="History of Persian Gulf"><img src="index_include/images/persian_gulf.jpg" border="0"></a><br /> <img src="images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="5" border="0"><br /> <a href="geography/articles/persian_gulf_history.php"><b>History of Persian Gulf</b></a><br /> The Latin term "Sinus Persicus" is equivalent to "Persischer Golf" in German, "Golf Persique", in French, "Golfo Persico" in Italian, that all mean "Persian Gulf"... <div align="right"> <a href="geography/articles/persian_gulf_history.php" class="moredetails"><em>More »»</em></a> </div> <img src="images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="5" border="0"><br> <img src="images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="5" border="0"><br> <!--*** Bottom ***--> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div id="footer"> <table width="900" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"> <tr> <td width="900" height="10" align="leftr" valign="top" colspan="2"><img src="/images/trans1x1.gif" width="1" height="10" border="0"></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="280" height="40" class="fontiranbottom" align="left" valign="middle"><img src="/images/trans1x1.gif" width="20" height="1" border="0"> <img src="/images/share_this.png" border="0"> <span class="st_email_large"></span> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://w.sharethis.com/button/buttons.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> stLight.options({ publisher:'12345' }); 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