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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_(%DB%B1%DB%B8%DB%B0%DB%B2)" title="غارت کربلا توسط وهابیون (۱۸۰۲) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غارت کربلا توسط وهابیون (۱۸۰۲)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillage_du_mausol%C3%A9e_de_l%27imam_Hussein" title="Pillage du mausolée de l'imam Hussein – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pillage du mausolée de l'imam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyerangan_Wahabi_ke_Karbala" title="Penyerangan Wahabi ke Karbala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyerangan Wahabi ke Karbala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%8F%D8%AA%DB%92_%D9%88%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%84%DB%81" title="کربلا اُتے وہابی حملہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کربلا اُتے وہابی حملہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Wahhabi sack of Karbala</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Karbala_City_1890_-_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Karbala_City_1890_-_1899.jpg/220px-Karbala_City_1890_-_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Karbala_City_1890_-_1899.jpg/330px-Karbala_City_1890_-_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Karbala_City_1890_-_1899.jpg/440px-Karbala_City_1890_-_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">shrine of Husayn ibn Ali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> in 1889</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:right;clear:right"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wahhabi sack of Karbala is located in Iraq"><img alt="Wahhabi sack of Karbala is located in Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Iraq_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Iraq_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Iraq_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Iraq_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Iraq_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Iraq_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1263" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.663%;left:53.641%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Karbala"><img alt="Karbala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Karbala</div></div></div></div><div style="font-size:91%;padding-top:3px">Wahhabi sack of Karbala (Iraq)</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">April 21, 1802<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1802-04-21</span>)</span> (or 1801)<sup id="cite_ref-LOC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">The shrine of Husayn ibn Ali</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Army" title="Army">Land army</a> attack</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">2,000<sup id="cite_ref-Seyyed_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyyed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74">: 74 </span></sup>–5,000<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> inhabitants of Karbala</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Assailants</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Saud_bin_Abdulaziz_Al_Saud_(1748%E2%80%931814)" title="Saud bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (1748–1814)">Saud bin Abdulaziz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> of participants</div></th><td class="infobox-data">12,000 soldiers<sup id="cite_ref-Alexei_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexei-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Wahhabi sack of Karbala</b> occurred on 21<span class="nowrap"> </span>April 1802 (1216 H), under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Muhammad_Al_Saud" title="Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud">Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud</a>, the second ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a>. Approximately 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabis</a> from <a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najd</a> attacked the city of <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 387">: 387 </span></sup> The raid was conducted in retaliation against attacks on <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> caravans by <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraqi</a> tribes<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and coincided with the anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seyyed_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyyed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74">: 74 </span></sup> </p><p>The Wahhabis killed between 2,000<sup id="cite_ref-Seyyed_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyyed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74">: 74 </span></sup>and 5,000<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the inhabitants and plundered the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, grandson of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and son of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Seyyed_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyyed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74">: 74 </span></sup> and destroyed its dome, seizing a large quantity of spoils, including gold, Persian carpets, money, pearls, and guns that had accumulated in the tomb, most of them donations. The attack lasted for eight hours, after which the Wahhabis left the city with more than 4,000 camels carrying their plunder.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexei_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexei-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Muntafiq_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Al-Muntafiq_Map.png/147px-Al-Muntafiq_Map.png" decoding="async" width="147" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Al-Muntafiq_Map.png/221px-Al-Muntafiq_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Al-Muntafiq_Map.png/294px-Al-Muntafiq_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2998" data-file-height="3054" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Al-Muntafiq" title="Al-Muntafiq">Al-Muntafiq</a> <a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a>, a union of Shiite clans based in the middle Euphrates region, was a major rival of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, the Wahhabis "sought to return to the fundamentals of the tradition – the Quran, and the Sunnah, and the <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> school's legal positions."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They condemned some of the shia islamic practices such as veneration of the graves of their holy figures and <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imams</a>, which they called <a href="/wiki/Bid%E2%80%98ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bid‘ah">bid‘ah</a>, and did not limit themselves to academic confrontation.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> According to the French <a href="/wiki/Orientalist_scholars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Orientalist scholars of Islam">orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Rousseau_(orientalist)" title="Jean-Baptiste Rousseau (orientalist)">Jean-Baptiste Rousseau</a>, it was also very well known that some of the shia shrines of Karbala were repositories of "incredible wealth", accumulated over centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexei_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexei-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Turkish Deputy of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> had concluded an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a> which ensured the safety of <i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i> pilgrims. However, in a bid to disrupt the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a>-Saudi treaty, Iraqi tribesmen were ordered to attack the caravans. In retaliation, <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Muhammad_Al_Saud" title="Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud">'Abd al-Azeez</a> launched a major offensive and by April 1801 the Saudi armies had reached <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_2020_29_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_2020_29-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Event">Event</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Event"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Date_of_attack">Date of attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Date of attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most European and Russian orientalists date the attack to March 1801, based on works by Rousseau, <a href="/wiki/Corancez" title="Corancez">Corancez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burckhardt" title="Burckhardt">Burckhardt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Mengin" title="Félix Mengin">Mengin</a>. Arab historians and <a href="/wiki/St_John_Philby" title="St John Philby">St John Philby</a> date the fall of Karbala to March – April 1802, based on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Bishr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Bishr (page does not exist)">Ibn Bishr</a>'s report of the event. The reports dating the attack to 1802, written soon after the attack, are accepted by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Sanad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn Sanad (page does not exist)">Ibn Sanad</a> and Raymond. <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Mikhailovich_Vasiliev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Mikhailovich Vasiliev">Alexei Vassiliev</a> argues that 1802 is correct, pointing out that the "dispatch" sent from Karbala reached the Russian <a href="/wiki/Embassy" class="mw-redirect" title="Embassy">embassy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> no later than 1803, and as Rousseau's book describing the attack is almost identical in wording with the text of the dispatch with the exception of accounted dates, the error could be due simply to "negligence" by the author, Rousseau, or the compositor.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexei_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexei-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attack">Attack</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Attack"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 18 Dhu al-Hijjah, coincident with the anniversary of <a href="/wiki/The_event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="The event of Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Seyyed_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyyed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74">: 74 </span></sup> Wahhabis of the Najd led by Abdulaziz bin Muhammad<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s son, Saud, attacked Karbala. The Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Garrison" title="Garrison">garrison</a> escaped, and the Wahhabis were left free to loot the city and the shrine and kill 2,000<sup id="cite_ref-Seyyed_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyyed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74">: 74 </span></sup>–5,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Describing the event as "a horrible example of Wahhabis' cruel fanaticism in the terrible fate of [mosque of] Imam Husayn," Rousseau, who was residing in Iraq at the time, wrote that an incredible amount of wealth, including donations of silver, gold, and jewels to Husayn ibn Ali's shrine and those brought by <a href="/wiki/Nadir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadir Shah">Nadir Shah</a> from his <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_invasion_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire">India campaign</a>, was known to have been gathered in the city of Karbala. According to Rousseau, 12,000 Wahhabis attacked the city, set fire to everything, and killed old people, women, and children. "... when ever they saw a pregnant woman, they disembowelled her and left the foetus on the mother's bleeding corpse," said Rousseau.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexei_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexei-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a Wahhabi chronicler, Uthman ibn Abdullah ibn Bishr: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Muslims scaled the walls, entered the city ... and killed the majority of its people in the markets and in their homes. [They] destroyed the dome placed over the grave of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a> [and took] whatever they found inside the dome and its surroundings ... the grille surrounding the tomb which was encrusted with emeralds, rubies, and other jewels ... different types of property, weapons, clothing, carpets, gold, silver, precious copies of the Qur'an."<sup id="cite_ref-Seyyed_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyyed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74">: 74 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Wahhabis such as Ibn Bishr referred to themselves simply as 'Muslims', since they believed that they were the true Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Seyyed_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyyed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74">: 74 </span></sup> </p><p>The leader of the attack, Saud bin Abdulaziz bin Muhammad bin Saud, has been known as the 'butcher of Karbala' since then.<sup id="cite_ref-Seyyed_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seyyed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 75">: 75 </span></sup> The plunder of Karbala took the Wahhabis almost eight hours, according to Mengin.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexei_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexei-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fath-Ali_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fath-Ali Shah">Fath-Ali Shah</a> of Iran offered military help, which was rejected by the Ottomans, and instead he sent "500 <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baluchi</a> families to settle in Karbala and defend it."<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_saudi_state.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/First_saudi_state.png/220px-First_saudi_state.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/First_saudi_state.png/330px-First_saudi_state.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/First_saudi_state.png/440px-First_saudi_state.png 2x" data-file-width="4740" data-file-height="4563" /></a><figcaption>Expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Diriyah" title="Emirate of Diriyah">Emirate of Diriyah</a> from 1744 to 1814</figcaption></figure> <p>The fall of Karbala was counted as a defeat for <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_of_Iraq#Sulayman_Pasha_the_Great_(1780–1802)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk dynasty of Iraq">Buyuk Sulayman Pasha</a>, creating an opportunity for the Ottoman sultan to "dismiss him", especially because his situation was further weakened after he was criticized by the Shah of Persia, Fath Ali Shah, for his inability to confront the Wahhabis.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexei_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexei-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The attack exposed the lack of a Shia "army" to mobilize against such attacks. It also led to a strengthening of the "sectarian identity" of Shia <i>ulama (i.e. scholars)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> The sack horrified the "Sunni scholarly establishment", but its aftermath also gave fundamentalism a degree of intellectual credibility in the Sunni literary salons of Baghdad, further heightening sectarian tensions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 200">: 200 </span></sup> Saudi ruler <a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_bin_Muhammad_Al_Saud" title="Abdulaziz bin Muhammad Al Saud">Abd al-Azeez</a> would soon be assassinated by a Shia in a revenge attack. Following 'Abd al-Azeez's death, further Wahhabi advances within Iraq were halted.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_2020_29_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed_2020_29-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_al-Baqi" title="Demolition of al-Baqi">Demolition of al-Baqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Nejd" title="Emirate of Nejd">Emirate of Nejd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Saudi_Arabia" title="List of wars involving Saudi Arabia">List of wars involving Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_War" title="Wahhabi War">Wahhabi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabi_Sack_of_Najaf_(1806)" title="Wahhabi Sack of Najaf (1806)">Wahhabi Sack of Najaf (1806)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wahhabi_sack_of_Karbala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LOC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LOC_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809123309/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/loc/sa/saud_wahhabi.htm">"The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam, 1500–1818"</a>. au.af.mil. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/loc/sa/saud_wahhabi.htm">the original</a> on 9 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Saud+Family+and+Wahhabi+Islam%2C+1500%E2%80%931818&rft.pub=au.af.mil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.au.af.mil%2Fau%2Fawc%2Fawcgate%2Floc%2Fsa%2Fsaud_wahhabi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabi+sack+of+Karbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seyyed-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyyed_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhatab2011" class="citation book cs1">Khatab, Sayed (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KBYnDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74"><i>Understanding Islamic Fundamentalism: The Theological and Ideological Basis of Al-Qa'ida's Political Tactics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789774164996" title="Special:BookSources/9789774164996"><bdi>9789774164996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Islamic+Fundamentalism%3A+The+Theological+and+Ideological+Basis+of+Al-Qa%27ida%27s+Political+Tactics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789774164996&rft.aulast=Khatab&rft.aufirst=Sayed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBYnDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabi+sack+of+Karbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvak2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Litvak, Meir (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/karbala">"Karbala"</a>. <i>Iranica Online</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karbala&rft.btitle=Iranica+Online&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Litvak&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fkarbala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabi+sack+of+Karbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexei-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alexei_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexei_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexei_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexei_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexei_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexei_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alexei_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVassiliev2013" class="citation book cs1">Vassiliev, Alexei (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lEIhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT81"><i>The History of Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Saqi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780863567797" title="Special:BookSources/9780863567797"><bdi>9780863567797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pub=Saqi&rft.date=2013-09&rft.isbn=9780863567797&rft.aulast=Vassiliev&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlEIhBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabi+sack+of+Karbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2003" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Richard C. (2003). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world</i> ([Online-Ausg.]. ed.). New York: Macmillan Reference USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865603-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865603-2"><bdi>0-02-865603-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52178942">52178942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+world&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=%5BOnline-Ausg.%5D.&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52178942&rft.isbn=0-02-865603-2&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabi+sack+of+Karbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2020" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Qeyamuddin (2020). "1: Genesis of the Wahhabi Movement in India". <i>The Wahhabi Movement in India</i> (Second Revised ed.). 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-51483-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-51483-9"><bdi>978-0-367-51483-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Genesis+of+the+Wahhabi+Movement+in+India&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Movement+in+India&rft.place=2+Park+Square%2C+Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon+OX14+4RN&rft.pages=29&rft.edition=Second+Revised&rft.pub=Routledge%3A+Taylor+and+Francis+Group&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-367-51483-9&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Qeyamuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabi+sack+of+Karbala" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2013" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Aaron W. (9 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95jSBFFaDkUC&dq=karbala&pg=PA235"><i>Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231531924" title="Special:BookSources/9780231531924"><bdi>9780231531924</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Identities%3A+An+Introduction+to+Islam&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013-04-09&rft.isbn=9780231531924&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Aaron+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95jSBFFaDkUC%26dq%3Dkarbala%26pg%3DPA235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabi+sack+of+Karbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrünnerr2004" class="citation book cs1">Brünnerr, Rainer (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jH5PyxCkeUkC&pg=PA85"><i>Islamic Ecumenism in the 20th Century: The Azhar And Shiism Between Rapprochement And Restraint</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004125485" title="Special:BookSources/9004125485"><bdi>9004125485</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Ecumenism+in+the+20th+Century%3A+The+Azhar+And+Shiism+Between+Rapprochement+And+Restraint&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9004125485&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCnnerr&rft.aufirst=Rainer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjH5PyxCkeUkC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabi+sack+of+Karbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed_2020_29-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_2020_29_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_2020_29_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2020" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Qeyamuddin (2020). "1: Genesis of the Wahhabi Movement in India". <i>The Wahhabi Movement in India</i>. 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN: Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-367-51483-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-367-51483-9"><bdi>978-0-367-51483-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Genesis+of+the+Wahhabi+Movement+in+India&rft.btitle=The+Wahhabi+Movement+in+India&rft.place=2+Park+Square%2C+Milton+Park%2C+Abingdon%2C+Oxon+OX14+4RN&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Routledge%3A+Taylor+and+Francis+Group&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-367-51483-9&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Qeyamuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabi+sack+of+Karbala" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakash2003" class="citation book cs1">Nakash, Yitzhak (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BXJqeTr6p78C&pg=PA28"><i>The Shi'is of Iraq</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691115753" title="Special:BookSources/0691115753"><bdi>0691115753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shi%27is+of+Iraq&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0691115753&rft.aulast=Nakash&rft.aufirst=Yitzhak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBXJqeTr6p78C%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabi+sack+of+Karbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakash2008" class="citation book cs1">Prakash, Gyan (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spacesofmodernci00gyan"><i>The Spaces of the Modern City: Imaginaries, Politics, and Everyday Life</i></a></span>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spacesofmodernci00gyan/page/200">200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691133430" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691133430"><bdi>978-0691133430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spaces+of+the+Modern+City%3A+Imaginaries%2C+Politics%2C+and+Everyday+Life&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0691133430&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=Gyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspacesofmodernci00gyan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabi+sack+of+Karbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_alrub2013" class="citation book cs1">Abu alrub, Jalal (2013). "Three: The First Saudi State (1744–1818)". In Mencke, Alaa (ed.). <i>Biography and Mission of Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab: Second Edition</i>. Madinah Punlishers and Distributors. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9856326-9-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9856326-9-4"><bdi>978-0-9856326-9-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Three%3A+The+First+Saudi+State+%281744%E2%80%931818%29&rft.btitle=Biography+and+Mission+of+Muhammad+ibn+Abdul+Wahhab%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Madinah+Punlishers+and+Distributors&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9856326-9-4&rft.aulast=Abu+alrub&rft.aufirst=Jalal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWahhabi+sack+of+Karbala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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