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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Civilian</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civilian-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Civilian subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Civilian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Airline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Automation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Automation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa_and_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa_and_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Africa and Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa_and_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unmanned_aerial_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unmanned_aerial_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Unmanned aerial vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unmanned_aerial_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pilot_certifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pilot_certifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pilot certifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pilot_certifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Life expectancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Aircraft pilot</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">74 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlie%C3%ABnier" title="Vlieënier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vlieënier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="طيار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طيار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilotu_d%27aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Pilotu d'aviación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pilotu d'aviación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot" title="Pilot – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pilot" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95" title="বিমান চালক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিমান চালক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hui-h%C3%AAng-o%C3%A2n" title="Hui-hêng-oân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hui-hêng-oân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Пилот – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пилот" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot" title="Pilot – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pilot" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviador" title="Aviador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aviador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot" title="Pilot – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pilot" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot" title="Pilot – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pilot" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot" title="Pilot – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pilot" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lendur" title="Lendur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lendur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πιλότος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πιλότος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piloto_de_aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Piloto de aviación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piloto de aviación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piloto" title="Piloto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Piloto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegazkinlari" title="Hegazkinlari – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegazkinlari" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خلبان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خلبان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilote_(aviation)" title="Pilote (aviation) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pilote (aviation)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piloat" title="Piloat – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Piloat" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paidhleat" title="Paidhleat – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Paidhleat" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piloto" title="Piloto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Piloto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%96%89%EC%82%AC" title="비행사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비행사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Օդաչու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օդաչու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95" title="वायुयान चालक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वायुयान चालक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot" title="Pilot – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pilot" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penerbang" title="Penerbang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penerbang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilota" title="Pilota – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pilota" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviatore" title="Aviatore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aviatore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1" title="טייס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טייס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juru_anggegana" title="Juru anggegana – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Juru anggegana" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მფრინავი კოსმონავტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მფრინავი კოსმონავტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AElot" title="Pîlot – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pîlot" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubernator_a%C3%ABroplani" title="Gubernator aëroplani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gubernator aëroplani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidot%C4%81js" title="Lidotājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lidotājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviatorius" title="Aviatorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aviatorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piloot_(l%C3%B3chvaart)" title="Piloot (lóchvaart) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Piloot (lóchvaart)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgolater" title="Sgolater – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sgolater" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="वैमानिक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वैमानिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juruterbang" title="Juruterbang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Juruterbang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot" title="Pilot – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Pilot" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piloot" title="Piloot – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Piloot" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95" title="विमान चालक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विमान चालक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%88_(%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA)" title="パイロット (航空) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パイロット (航空)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyger" title="Flyger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flyger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samolyot_uchuvchisi" title="Samolyot uchuvchisi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Samolyot uchuvchisi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F" title="ਪਾਇਲਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਇਲਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%B9" title="پائلٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پائلٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%AB%D8%B1" title="الوتګر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الوتګر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piloto_(avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Piloto (aviação) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Piloto (aviação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviator" title="Aviator – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aviator" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Пилот – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пилот" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Лётчик – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лётчик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_Avioni" title="Pilot Avioni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pilot Avioni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot" title="Pilot – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pilot" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BD" title="جھاز پائليٽ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جھاز پائليٽ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot" title="Pilot – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pilot" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot" title="Pilot – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pilot" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DA%95%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="فڕۆکەوان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فڕۆکەوان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Пилот – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пилот" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot" title="Pilot – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pilot" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent%C3%A4j%C3%A4" title="Lentäjä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lentäjä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot" title="Pilot – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pilot" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="வானோடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானோடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="వైమానికుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వైమానికుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot" title="Pilot – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pilot" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Льотчик – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Льотчик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ہواباز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہواباز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_c%C3%B4ng" title="Phi công – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phi công" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E8%A1%8C%E5%91%98" title="飞行员 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="飞行员" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%98" title="פילאט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פילאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E6%A9%9F%E5%B8%AB" title="飛機師 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="飛機師" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E5%93%A1" title="飛行員 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="飛行員" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukang_terbang" title="Tukang terbang – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tukang terbang" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2095549#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable plainlinks selfreference noprint selfref">For <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(technical_restrictions)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (technical restrictions)">technical reasons</a>, "Pilot #5" redirects here. For the 1943 film, see <a href="/wiki/Pilot_No._5" title="Pilot No. 5"><i>Pilot No. 5</i></a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Person controlling an aircraft in flight</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Aviator", "Jet pilot", and "Pilot" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Aviator_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Aviator (disambiguation)">Aviator (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_pilot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jet pilot (disambiguation)">Jet pilot (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pilot_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pilot (disambiguation)">Pilot (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Aviatrix" redirects here. For a discussion of the role of women in aviation and aeronautics, see <a href="/wiki/Women_in_aviation" title="Women in aviation">Women in aviation</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Aircraft_pilot" title="Special:EditPage/Aircraft pilot">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Aircraft+pilot%22">"Aircraft pilot"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Aircraft+pilot%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Aircraft+pilot%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Aircraft+pilot%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Aircraft+pilot%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Aircraft+pilot%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lt_Mike_Hunter_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lt_Mike_Hunter_1.jpg/220px-Lt_Mike_Hunter_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lt_Mike_Hunter_1.jpg/330px-Lt_Mike_Hunter_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lt_Mike_Hunter_1.jpg/440px-Lt_Mike_Hunter_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">U.S. Army Air Forces</a> test pilot <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lt.</a> F.W. "Mike" Hunter wearing a <a href="/wiki/Flight_suit" title="Flight suit">flight suit</a> in October 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>aircraft pilot</b> or <b>aviator</b> is a person who controls the flight of an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> by operating its <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">directional flight controls</a>. Some other <a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">aircrew members</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Navigator" title="Navigator">navigators</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">flight engineers</a>, are also considered aviators because they are involved in operating the aircraft's navigation and engine systems. Other aircrew members, such as drone operators, <a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">flight attendants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_technician" title="Aircraft maintenance technician">mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Line_technician_(aviation)" title="Line technician (aviation)">ground crew</a>, are not classified as aviators. </p><p>In recognition of the pilots' qualifications and responsibilities, most militaries and many airlines worldwide award <a href="/wiki/Aviator_badge" title="Aviator badge">aviator badges</a> to their pilots. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first recorded use of the term <i>aviator</i> (<i>aviateur</i> in French) was in 1887, as a variation of <i>aviation</i>, from the Latin <i>avis</i> (meaning <i>bird</i>), coined in 1863 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=G._J._G._de_La_Landelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. J. G. de La Landelle (page does not exist)">G. J. G. de La Landelle</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._J._G._de_La_Landelle" class="extiw" title="fr:G. J. G. de La Landelle">fr</a>]</span> in <i>Aviation Ou Navigation Aérienne</i> ("Aviation or Air Navigation"). The term <i>aviatrix</i> (<i>aviatrice</i> in French), now archaic, was formerly used for a female pilot. The term <i>aviator</i> (<i>aviateur</i> in French), now archaic, was formerly used for a male pilot. People who operate aircraft obtain a <i>pilot</i> licence. Aviation regulations referred to <i>pilots</i>. These terms were used more in the <a href="/wiki/Aviation_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Aviation history">early days of aviation</a>, when airplanes were extremely rare, and connoted bravery and adventure. For example, a 1905 reference work described the <a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a>' first airplane: "The weight, including the body of the aviator, is a little more than 700 pounds".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>To ensure the safety of people in the air and on the ground, early <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a> soon required that aircraft be under the operational control of a properly trained, certified pilot at all times, who is responsible for the safe and legal completion of the flight. The <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9ro-Club_de_France" title="Aéro-Club de France">Aéro-Club de France</a> delivered the first certificate to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bl%C3%A9riot" title="Louis Blériot">Louis Blériot</a> in 1908—followed by <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Curtiss" title="Glenn Curtiss">Glenn Curtiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Delagrange" title="Léon Delagrange">Léon Delagrange</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Esnault-Pelterie" title="Robert Esnault-Pelterie">Robert Esnault-Pelterie</a>. The British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Aero_Club" title="Royal Aero Club">Royal Aero Club</a> followed in 1910 and the <a href="/wiki/Aero_Club_of_America" title="Aero Club of America">Aero Club of America</a> in 1911 (Glenn Curtiss receiving the first). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civilian">Civilian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Civilian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transaero_777_landing_at_Sharm-el-Sheikh_Pereslavtsev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Transaero_777_landing_at_Sharm-el-Sheikh_Pereslavtsev.jpg/220px-Transaero_777_landing_at_Sharm-el-Sheikh_Pereslavtsev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Transaero_777_landing_at_Sharm-el-Sheikh_Pereslavtsev.jpg/330px-Transaero_777_landing_at_Sharm-el-Sheikh_Pereslavtsev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Transaero_777_landing_at_Sharm-el-Sheikh_Pereslavtsev.jpg/440px-Transaero_777_landing_at_Sharm-el-Sheikh_Pereslavtsev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>Pilots landing a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Civilian pilots fly aircraft of all types privately for pleasure, charity, or in pursuance of a business, or commercially for non-scheduled (charter) and scheduled passenger and cargo air carriers (airlines), corporate aviation, agriculture (crop dusting, etc.), forest fire control, law enforcement, etc. When flying for an airline, pilots are usually referred to as airline pilots, with the <a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">pilot in command</a> often referred to as the <i>captain</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airline">Airline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Airline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were 290,000 <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airline</a> pilots in the world in 2017 and aircraft simulator manufacturer <a href="/wiki/CAE_Inc." title="CAE Inc.">CAE Inc.</a> forecasts a need for 255,000 new ones for a population of 440,000 by 2027, 150,000 for growth and 105,000 to offset retirement and attrition: 90,000 in Asia-Pacific (average pilot age in 2016: 45.8 years), 85,000 in Americas (48 years), 50,000 in Europe (43.7 years) and 30,000 in Middle East & Africa (45.7 years).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> expects 790,000 new pilots in 20 years from 2018, 635,000 for <a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">commercial aviation</a>, 96,000 for <a href="/wiki/Business_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Business aviation">business aviation</a> and 59,000 for <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>: 33% in Asia Pacific (261,000), 26% in North America (206,000), 18% in Europe (146,000), 8% in the Middle East (64,000), 7% in Latin America (57,000), 4% in Africa (29,000) and 3% in Russia/ Central Asia (27,000).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November 2017, due a shortage of qualified pilots, some pilots were leaving <a href="/wiki/Corporate_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate aviation">corporate aviation</a> to return to airlines. In one example a <a href="/wiki/Global_6000" class="mw-redirect" title="Global 6000">Global 6000</a> pilot, making $250,000 a year for 10 to 15 flight hours a month, returned to <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> with full <a href="/wiki/Seniority_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Seniority list">seniority</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_G650" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulfstream G650">Gulfstream G650</a> or Global 6000 pilot might earn between $245,000 and $265,000, and recruiting one may require up to $300,000. At the other end of the spectrum, constrained by the available pilots, some small carriers hire new pilots who need 300 hours to jump to airlines in a year. They may also recruit non-career pilots who have other jobs or airline retirees who want to continue to fly.<sup id="cite_ref-AIN21nonv2017_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIN21nonv2017-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automation">Automation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Automation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of airline pilots could decrease as automation replaces copilots and eventually pilots as well. In January 2017 Rhett Ross, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Motors,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Motors, Inc.">Continental Motors</a> said "my concern is that in the next two decades—if not sooner—automated and autonomous flight will have developed sufficiently to put downward pressure on both wages and the number and kind of flying jobs available. So if a kid asks the question now and he or she is 18, 20 years from now will be 2037 and our would-be careerist will be 38—not even mid-career. Who among us thinks aviation and especially for-hire flying will look like it does now?" Christian Dries, owner of <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond Aircraft">Diamond Aircraft</a> Austria said "Behind the curtain, aircraft manufacturers are working on a single-pilot cockpit where the airplane can be controlled from the ground and only in case of malfunction does the pilot of the plane interfere. Basically the flight will be autonomous and I expect this to happen in the next five to six years for freighters."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2017 financial company <a href="/wiki/UBS" title="UBS">UBS</a> predicted pilotless <a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">airliners</a> are technically feasible and could appear around 2025, offering around $35bn of savings, mainly in pilot costs: $26bn for <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a>, $3bn for <a href="/wiki/Business_jet" title="Business jet">business jets</a> and $2.1bn for civil <a href="/wiki/Helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="Helicopters">helicopters</a>; $3bn/year from lower pilot training and <a href="/wiki/Aviation_insurance" title="Aviation insurance">aviation insurance</a> costs due to safer flights; $1bn from flight optimisation (1% of global airlines' $133bn <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a> bill in 2016); not counting revenue opportunity from increased <a href="/wiki/Capacity_utilization" title="Capacity utilization">capacity utilization</a>. </p><p>Regulations have to adapt with <a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">air cargo</a> likely at the forefront, but pilotless flights could be limited by <a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">consumer behaviour</a>: 54% of 8,000 people <a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">surveyed</a> are defiant while 17% are supportive, with acceptation progressively forecast.<sup id="cite_ref-UBS7Aug2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UBS7Aug2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AVweb reporter Geoff Rapoport stated, "pilotless aircraft are an appealing prospect for airlines bracing for the need to hire several hundred thousand new pilots in the next decade. Wages and training costs have been rapidly rising at regional U.S. airlines over the last several years as the major airlines have hired pilots from the regionals at unprecedented rates to cover increased air travel demand from economic expansion and a wave of retirements".<sup id="cite_ref-Rapoport07Aug17_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapoport07Aug17-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Going to pilotless airliners could be done in one bold step or in gradual improvements like by reducing the cockpit crew for long haul missions or allowing single pilot cargo aircraft. The industry has not decided how to proceed yet. Present <a href="/wiki/Automated" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated">automated</a> systems are not <a href="/wiki/Autonomous" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous">autonomous</a> and must be monitored; their replacement could require <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> with <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a> while present certified <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> is <a href="/wiki/Deterministic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deterministic">deterministic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A350" title="Airbus A350">Airbus A350</a> would only need minor modifications, <a href="/wiki/Air_Caraibes" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Caraibes">Air Caraibes</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Bee" title="French Bee">French Bee</a> parent Groupe Dubreuil see two-pilot crews in long-haul operations, without a third pilot for rotation, happening around 2024–2025.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Single-pilot freighters could start with regional flights.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Air_Line_Pilots_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Line Pilots Association">Air Line Pilots Association</a> believe removing pilots would threaten <a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">aviation safety</a> and opposes the April 2018 <a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a> Reauthorization Act's Section 744 establishing a <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> program to assist <a href="/wiki/Single-pilot_resource_management" title="Single-pilot resource management">single-pilot</a> cargo aircraft by remote and computer piloting.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For French aerospace research center <a href="/wiki/Onera" class="mw-redirect" title="Onera">Onera</a> and avionics manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Thales_Group" title="Thales Group">Thales</a>, artificial intelligence (AI) like consumer <a href="/wiki/Neural_network_(machine_learning)" title="Neural network (machine learning)">neural networks</a> learning from large datasets cannot explain their operation and cannot be certified for safe air transport. Progress towards ‘explainable’ AIs can be expected in the next decade, as the Onera expects "leads" for a certifiable AI system, along <a href="/wiki/European_Aviation_Safety_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a> standards evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-AvWeek26nov2018_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AvWeek26nov2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa_and_Asia">Africa and Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Africa and Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> nations, there is a strong relationship between the military and the principal national airlines, and many airline pilots come from the military; however, that is no longer the case in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> While the flight decks of U.S. and European airliners do have ex-military pilots, many pilots are civilians. Military training and flying, while rigorous, is fundamentally different in many ways from civilian piloting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Operating an aircraft in Canada is regulated by the <i><a href="/wiki/Aeronautics_Act" title="Aeronautics Act">Aeronautics Act</a></i> of 1985 and the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aviation_Regulations" title="Canadian Aviation Regulations">Canadian Aviation Regulations</a> provide rules for <a href="/wiki/Pilot_licensing_in_Canada" title="Pilot licensing in Canada">Pilot licensing in Canada</a>. </p><p>Retirement age is provided by each airline, with some set to age 60, but changes to the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Human_Rights_Act" title="Canadian Human Rights Act">Canadian Human Rights Act</a> have restricted the retirement age set by the airlines.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States in 2020, there were 691,691 active pilot certificates.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was down from a high of over 800,000 active pilots in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the active pilot certificate holders, there were 160,860 Private, 103,879 Commercial, 164,193 Airline Transport, and 222,629 Student.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, the <a href="/wiki/Air_Commerce_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Commerce Act">Air Commerce Act</a> established pilot licensing requirements for American civil aviation. </p><p>Commercial airline pilots in the United States have a mandatory retirement age of 65, having increased from age 60 in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAF_pilot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/USAF_pilot.jpg/220px-USAF_pilot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/USAF_pilot.jpg/330px-USAF_pilot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/USAF_pilot.jpg/440px-USAF_pilot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/F-16" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a> pilot in flight</figcaption></figure> <p>Military pilots fly with the armed forces, primarily the air forces, of a government or <a href="/wiki/Nation-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Nation-state">nation-state</a>. Their tasks involve <a href="/wiki/Combat" title="Combat">combat</a> and non-combat operations, including direct hostile engagements and support operations. Military pilots undergo specialized training, often with <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">weapons</a>. Examples of military pilots include <a href="/wiki/Fighter_pilot" title="Fighter pilot">fighter pilots</a>, bomber pilots, transport pilots, <a href="/wiki/Test_pilot" title="Test pilot">test pilots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronauts</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg/220px-Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg/330px-Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg/440px-Marcel_Louis_Courmes_en_fourrure_1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Captain <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Courmes" title="Marcel Courmes">Marcel Courmes</a>, French officer and pilot of the 2nd Bombardment Group GB 2, August 1915.</figcaption></figure> <p>Military pilots are trained with a different syllabus than civilian pilots, which is delivered by military instructors. This is due to the different aircraft, flight goals, flight situations and chains of responsibility. Many military pilots do transfer to civilian-pilot qualification after they leave the military, and typically their military experience provides the basis for a civilian pilot's license. </p><p>It was in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> that the world's first bombing group was created, on November 23, 1914. The <a href="/wiki/Voisin_III" title="Voisin III">Voisin III</a> were the only aircraft available for this mission. These could only carry very light loads (between 55-160 kg of bombs), the bombs were rudimentary and the aiming systems remained to be developed. Initially, the bombs were simply thrown overboard by the crew, with necessarily very limited accuracy. </p><p>Nevertheless, the beginnings of tactical and strategic bombing took place in the first days of the war. Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service" title="Royal Naval Air Service">Royal Naval Air Service</a> (RNAS) carried out bombing missions of the hangars of the airports of Düsseldorf, Cologne and Friedrichhafen during the autumn of 1914. The formation of the Brieftauben Abteilung Ostende ("Ostend Carrier Pigeon Detachment", name of code of the first German bombing units) carried out bombing missions over the English Channel in December 1914. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unmanned_aerial_vehicles">Unmanned aerial vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Unmanned aerial vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle#Degree_of_autonomy" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">Unmanned aerial vehicle § Degree of autonomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:6th_Reconnaissance_Squadron_-_Operator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/6th_Reconnaissance_Squadron_-_Operator.jpg/220px-6th_Reconnaissance_Squadron_-_Operator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/6th_Reconnaissance_Squadron_-_Operator.jpg/330px-6th_Reconnaissance_Squadron_-_Operator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/6th_Reconnaissance_Squadron_-_Operator.jpg/440px-6th_Reconnaissance_Squadron_-_Operator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>A United States Air Force RPA pilot.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Unmanned aerial vehicles">Unmanned aerial vehicles</a> (UAVs, also known as "drones") operate without a pilot on board and are classed into two categories: autonomous aircraft that operate without active human control during flight and remotely piloted UAVs which are operated remotely by one or more persons. The person controlling a remotely piloted UAV may be referred to as its pilot or operator. Depending on the sophistication and use of the UAV, pilots/operators of UAVs may require certification or training, but are generally not subject to the licensing/certification requirements of pilots of manned aircraft. </p><p>Most jurisdictions have restrictions on the use of UAVs which have greatly limited their use in controlled airspace; UAVs have mostly been limited to military and hobbyist use. In the United States, use of UAVs is very limited in controlled airspace (generally, above 400 ft/122m and away from airports), and the FAA prohibits nearly all commercial use. Once regulations are made to allow expanded use of UAVs in controlled airspace, there is expected to be a large surge of UAVs in use and, consequently, high demand for pilots/operators of these aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Space">Space</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronaut_Pilot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Astronaut_Pilot.jpg/220px-Astronaut_Pilot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Astronaut_Pilot.jpg/330px-Astronaut_Pilot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Astronaut_Pilot.jpg/440px-Astronaut_Pilot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1194" /></a><figcaption>Picture of astronaut going through pilot training exercise.</figcaption></figure> <p>The general concept of an airplane pilot can be applied to <a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a>, as well. The pilot is the <a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">astronaut</a> who directly controls the operation of a <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>. This term derives directly from the usage of the word "pilot" in aviation, where it is synonymous with "aviator". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pilot_certifications">Pilot certifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pilot certifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_Pilot_Training_in_Cockpit_of_Nimrod_Aircraft_MOD_45152088.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/RAF_Pilot_Training_in_Cockpit_of_Nimrod_Aircraft_MOD_45152088.jpg/220px-RAF_Pilot_Training_in_Cockpit_of_Nimrod_Aircraft_MOD_45152088.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/RAF_Pilot_Training_in_Cockpit_of_Nimrod_Aircraft_MOD_45152088.jpg/330px-RAF_Pilot_Training_in_Cockpit_of_Nimrod_Aircraft_MOD_45152088.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/RAF_Pilot_Training_in_Cockpit_of_Nimrod_Aircraft_MOD_45152088.jpg/440px-RAF_Pilot_Training_in_Cockpit_of_Nimrod_Aircraft_MOD_45152088.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Military aviation training in a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> Nimrod aircraft</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pilot_licensing_and_certification" title="Pilot licensing and certification">Pilot licensing and certification</a></div> <p>Pilots are required to go through many hours of <a href="/wiki/Flight_training" title="Flight training">flight training</a> and theoretical study, that differ depending on the country. The first step is acquiring the <a href="/wiki/Private_Pilot_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Pilot License">Private Pilot License</a> (PPL), or Private Pilot Certificate. In the United States of America, this includes a minimum of 35 to 40 hours of flight training, the majority of which with a <a href="/wiki/Flight_instructor" title="Flight instructor">Certified Flight Instructor</a>. </p><p>In the United States, an LSA (<a href="/wiki/Light-sport_aircraft" title="Light-sport aircraft">Light Sport Aircraft</a>) license can be obtained in at least 20 hours of flight time. </p><p>Generally, the next step in a pilot's progression is <a href="/wiki/Instrument_Rating" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument Rating">Instrument Rating</a> (IR), or Multi-Engine Rating (MEP) addons. Pilots may also choose to pursue a <a href="/wiki/Commercial_Pilot_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial Pilot License">Commercial Pilot License</a> (CPL) after completing their PPL. This is required if the pilot desires to pursue a professional career as a pilot. To captain an airliner, one must obtain an <a href="/wiki/Airline_Transport_Pilot_License" class="mw-redirect" title="Airline Transport Pilot License">Airline Transport Pilot License</a> (ATPL). In the United States after 1 August 2013, an ATPL is required even when acting as a first officer.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some countries/carriers require/use a <a href="/wiki/Multi-crew_cooperation" title="Multi-crew cooperation">multi-crew cooperation</a> (MCC) certificate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_expectancy">Life expectancy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Life expectancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a popular belief that airline pilots die earlier than the general population. This belief was not supported by studies of American Airlines and British Airways pilots.<sup id="cite_ref-Besco_1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besco_1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Besco_2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besco_2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Irvine_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irvine-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A hoax claiming to show an inverse relationship between retirement age and life expectancy was refuted by Boeing.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a study of several airline pilot associations' data found evidence of higher mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-Muhanna_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhanna-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1978 study of military pilots found increased longevity, which was attributed to "generally good socioeconomic background, the positive genetic influence of long-lived parents, the above average intelligence, and the health and fitness orientation of the military aviator".<sup id="cite_ref-MacIntyre_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacIntyre-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_pilot_uniforms" title="Airline pilot uniforms">Airline pilot uniforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Air safety">Air safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMSAFE" title="IMSAFE">IMSAFE</a> (mnemonic for pilot's fitness to fly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aerospace_engineers" title="List of aerospace engineers">List of aerospace engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aviators" title="List of aviators">List of aviators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_fatigue" title="Pilot fatigue">Pilot fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_logbook" title="Pilot logbook">Pilot logbook</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aircraft_pilot&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Aeronautics in 1904". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eb86AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA6"><i>Collier's Self-Indexing Annual</i></a>. 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links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aviators" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aviators">Aviators</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Pilot" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Pilot"><i>Pilot</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.womenofaviationweek.org/five-decades-of-women-pilots-in-the-united-states-how-did-we-do/">U.S. Women Pilots Statistics 1960–2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506005055/http://www.womenofaviationweek.org/five-decades-of-women-pilots-in-the-united-states-how-did-we-do/">Archived</a> May 6, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope2019" class="citation journal cs1">Pope, Stephen (October 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fhs.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1371204/FULLTEXT01">"AI, autonomy, and airpower: the end of pilots?"</a>. <i>Defence Studies</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 337–352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14702436.2019.1676156">10.1080/14702436.2019.1676156</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211404933">211404933</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Defence+Studies&rft.atitle=AI%2C+autonomy%2C+and+airpower%3A+the+end+of+pilots%3F&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=337-352&rft.date=2019-10-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14702436.2019.1676156&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211404933%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffhs.diva-portal.org%2Fsmash%2Fget%2Fdiva2%3A1371204%2FFULLTEXT01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+pilot" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharmanMann2021" class="citation web cs1">Charman, Mark; Mann, Katie (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=76506">"The Pilot Survey 2021"</a>. <i>FlightGlobal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FlightGlobal&rft.atitle=The+Pilot+Survey+2021&rft.date=2021-01&rft.aulast=Charman&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Mann%2C+Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fdownload%3Fac%3D76506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAircraft+pilot" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/List_of_charter_airlines" title="List of charter airlines">Charter airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">Flag carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_low-cost_airlines" title="List of low-cost airlines">Low-cost airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-scheduled_airline" title="Non-scheduled airline">Non-scheduled airline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_passenger_airlines" title="List of passenger airlines">Passenger airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_airlines" title="List of regional airlines">Regional airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_alliance" title="Airline alliance">Alliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oneworld" title="Oneworld">Oneworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_Alliance" title="Value Alliance">Value Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Alliance" title="Vanilla Alliance">Vanilla Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-FLY_Alliance" title="U-FLY Alliance">U-FLY Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Airline_Cooperative" title="The Airline Cooperative">ACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Action_Group" title="Air Transport Action Group">ATAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Travel_Agents_Network" title="International Association of Travel Agents Network">IATAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Air_Line_Pilots%27_Associations" title="International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations">IFALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Transport_Aircraft_Trading" title="International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading">ISTAT</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_America" title="Airlines for America">A4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Airline_Association" title="Regional Airline Association">RAA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_Europe" title="Airlines for Europe">A4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cockpit_Association" title="European Cockpit Association">ECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Business_Aviation_Association" title="European Business Aviation Association">EBAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Regions_Airline_Association" title="European Regions Airline Association">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Transport_Workers%27_Federation" title="European Transport Workers' Federation">ETWF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Air_Carriers%27_Organization" title="Arab Air Carriers' Organization">AACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Asia_Pacific_Airlines" title="Association of Asia Pacific Airlines">AAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Airlines_Association" title="African Airlines Association">AFRAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Aviation_Association_of_Australia" title="Regional Aviation Association of Australia">RAAA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">Aircrew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">Pilot in command (Captain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_officer_(aviation)" title="First officer (aviation)">First officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_officer_(aviation)" title="Second officer (aviation)">Second officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_officer_(aviation)" title="Third officer (aviation)">Third officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_crew_relief" title="In-flight crew relief">Relief crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">Flight attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">Flight engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadmaster" title="Loadmaster">Loadmaster</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aircraft pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purser#Aircraft" title="Purser">Purser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_class_(aviation)" title="First class (aviation)">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">Business class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_economy_class" title="Premium economy class">Premium economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">Economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_economy_class" title="Basic economy class">Basic economy class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">Aircraft cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_seat_map" title="Aircraft seat map">Aircraft seat map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_seat" title="Airline seat">Airline seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_on_board" title="Buy on board">Buy on board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_rest_compartment" title="Crew rest compartment">Crew rest compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">Inflight smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickness_bag" title="Sickness bag">Sickness bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">Aerodrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">Airline hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">Airport check-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_lounge" title="Airport lounge">Airport lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">Airport terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airside_pass" title="Airside pass">Airside pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstair" title="Airstair">Airstair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_airport" title="Domestic airport">Domestic airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_(airport)" title="Gate (airport)">Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">Jet bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier_terminal" title="Low-cost carrier terminal">Low-cost carrier terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_hotel" title="Transit hotel">Transit hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_card" title="Arrival card">Arrival card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">Border control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_border_control" title="Internal border control">internal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departure_card" title="Departure card">Departure card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timatic" title="Timatic">Timatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visa" title="Electronic visa">(Electronic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects of aviation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_agreement" title="Air transport agreement">Air transport agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_route_authority_between_the_United_States_and_China" title="Air route authority between the United States and China">Air route authority between the United States and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Agreement" title="Bermuda Agreement">Bermuda Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1946–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_II_Agreement" title="Bermuda II Agreement">Bermuda II Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1978–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_charter" title="Cross-strait charter">Cross-strait charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Convention" title="Beijing Convention">Beijing Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation">Chicago Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Marking_of_Plastic_Explosives" title="Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives">Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_permit" title="Flight permit">Flight permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">Freedoms of the air</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93US_Open_Skies_Agreement" title="EU–US Open Skies Agreement">EU–US Open Skies Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Hijacking_Convention" title="Hague Hijacking Convention">Hague Hijacking Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Protocol" title="Hague Protocol">Hague Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Convention" title="Montreal Convention">Montreal Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_of_1919" title="Paris Convention of 1919">Paris Convention of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_on_Damage_Caused_by_Foreign_Aircraft_to_Third_Parties_on_the_Surface" title="Rome Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface">Rome Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_Unlawful_Acts_against_the_Safety_of_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation">Sabotage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Convention" title="Tokyo Convention">Tokyo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Convention" title="Warsaw Convention">Warsaw Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Intergovernmental organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">ENCASIA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baggage" title="Baggage">Baggage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_tag" title="Bag tag">Bag tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_allowance" title="Baggage allowance">Baggage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_carousel" title="Baggage carousel">Baggage carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_reclaim" title="Baggage reclaim">Baggage reclaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handling_system" title="Baggage handling system">Baggage handling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_sizer" title="Baggage sizer">Baggage sizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_luggage" title="Hand luggage">Hand luggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_luggage" title="Lost luggage">Lost luggage</a> (<a href="/wiki/WorldTracer" title="WorldTracer">WorldTracer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luggage_lock" title="Luggage lock">Luggage lock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rage" title="Air rage">Air rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_service" title="Air traffic service">Air traffic service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_safety_card" title="Aircraft safety card">Aircraft safety card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_authority" title="Airport authority">Airport authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_police" title="Airport police">Airport police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspace_class" title="Airspace class">Airspace class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_control_center" title="Area control center">Area control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_position" title="Brace position">Brace position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_authority" title="Civil aviation authority">Civil aviation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_area_(aviation)" title="Control area (aviation)">Control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_zone" title="Control zone">Control zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_airspace" title="Controlled airspace">Controlled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_slide" title="Evacuation slide">Evacuation slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_region" title="Flight information region">Flight information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_service" title="Flight information service">Flight information service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules" title="Instrument flight rules">Instrument flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwing_exits" title="Overwing exits">Overwing exits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-flight_safety_demonstration" title="Pre-flight safety demonstration">Pre-flight safety demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_marshal" title="Sky marshal">Sky marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_use_airspace" title="Special use airspace">Special use airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visual_flight_rules" title="Special visual flight rules">Special visual flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_area" title="Terminal control area">Terminal control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal control center">Terminal control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_airspace" title="Uncontrolled airspace">Uncontrolled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_information_region" title="Upper information region">Upper information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_flight_rules" title="Visual flight rules">Visual flight rules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_booking_ploys" title="Airline booking ploys">Airline booking ploys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_reservations_system" title="Airline reservations system">Airline reservations system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_timetable" title="Airline timetable">Airline timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_flight" title="Bereavement flight">Bereavement flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_pass" title="Boarding pass">Boarding pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeshare_agreement" title="Codeshare agreement">Codeshare agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continent_pass" title="Continent pass">Continent pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_ticket" title="Electronic ticket">Electronic ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_basis_code" title="Fare basis code">Fare basis code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_cancellation_and_delay" title="Flight cancellation and delay">Flight cancellation and delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">Frequent-flyer program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_contract_flight" title="Government contract flight">Government contract flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_travel" title="One-way travel">One-way travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-jaw_ticket" title="Open-jaw ticket">Open-jaw ticket</a></li> <li>Overbooking (<a href="/wiki/Overselling" title="Overselling">Overselling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_name_record" title="Passenger name record">Passenger name record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_flight" title="Red-eye flight">Red-eye flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-the-world_ticket" title="Round-the-world ticket">Round-the-world ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standby_(air_travel)" title="Standby (air travel)">Standby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_tracking" title="Flight tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">Travel agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel website</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_crew" title="Ground crew">Ground crew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_technician" title="Aircraft maintenance technician">Aircraft maintenance technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ground_handling" title="Aircraft ground handling">Aircraft ground handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_dispatcher" title="Flight dispatcher">Flight dispatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">Air cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_taxation_and_subsidies" title="Aviation taxation and subsidies">Aviation taxation and subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_high_club" title="Mile high club">Mile high club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2095549#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85002673">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pilotes (aéronautique)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11937696p">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pilotes (aéronautique)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11937696p">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="letci"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122260&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="letkyně"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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