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<li id="toc-1700s–1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1700s–1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1700s–1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1700s–1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1918–1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1918–1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1918–1930s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1918–1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s–1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s–1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1940s–1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s–1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s–1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s–1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1960s–1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s–1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s–2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s–2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>2000s–2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s–2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Media and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Some_vowel_alternations_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Some_vowel_alternations_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Some vowel alternations and notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Some_vowel_alternations_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Syllable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absolute_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absolute_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Absolute state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absolute_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indefinite_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indefinite_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Indefinite state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indefinite_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definite_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definite_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Definite state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definite_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sorani</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%9B" title="ሶራኒኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሶራኒኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كردية سورانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كردية سورانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran_dili" title="Soran dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Soran dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سوران دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سوران دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Sorani" title="Tataramon na Sorani – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Sorani" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сорани – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сорани" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sor%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Sorání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sorání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani_keel" title="Sorani keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sorani keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF" title="Σορανί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σορανί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorana_lingvo" title="Sorana lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sorana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سورانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سورانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_kurda_central" title="Lingua kurda central – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua kurda central" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BBng_Kurd-ng%C3%AE" title="Chûng Kurd-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chûng Kurd-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%9D%BC%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B4" title="소라니어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소라니어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6" title="सेंट्रल कुर्दिश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेंट्रल कुर्दिश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralnokurdski_jezik" title="Centralnokurdski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Centralnokurdski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Soran" title="Bahasa Soran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Soran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сорани – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сорани" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran%C3%AE" title="Soranî – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Soranî" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სორანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სორანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran%C3%AE" title="Soranî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Soranî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سورانی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سورانی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran%C3%AE" title="Soranî – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soranî" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%A9%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC" title="ソラニー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソラニー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سورانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سورانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_curda_sentral" title="Lenga curda sentral – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga curda sentral" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_sorani" title="Język sorani – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język sorani" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sor%C3%A2ni" title="Sorâni – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sorâni" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Сорани – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сорани" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱳᱨᱟᱱᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="کوردیی ناوەندی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوردیی ناوەندی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soran%C3%AE" title="Soranî – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soranî" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sorani" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சொரானி மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சொரானி மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="سورانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سورانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Soran" title="Tiếng Soran – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Soran" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BA%AB%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" title="中庫爾德文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="中庫爾德文" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Sorani</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Kurdîy Nawendî / Soranî</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Sorani Kurdish-language text"><span lang="ckb" dir="rtl">کوردیی ناوەندی / سۆرانی</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Kurdish-Sorani_in_Naskh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Central_Kurdish-Sorani_in_Naskh.png/200px-Central_Kurdish-Sorani_in_Naskh.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Central_Kurdish-Sorani_in_Naskh.png/300px-Central_Kurdish-Sorani_in_Naskh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Central_Kurdish-Sorani_in_Naskh.png/400px-Central_Kurdish-Sorani_in_Naskh.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">Central Kurdish and Sorani written in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Sorani_alphabet" title="Kurdish alphabets">Sorani alphabet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">5.3 million (2020–2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages#Northwestern_Iranian" title="Western Iranian languages">Northwestern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Sorani</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li>Babanî (Silêmanî)</li> <li>Mukriyanî</li> <li>Erdelanî</li> <li>Germiyanî (Cafî)</li> <li>Arbilî (Hewlêrî)</li> <li>Xoşnaw</li> <li>Kerkukî</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdo-Arabic alphabet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian alphabet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Hawar alphabet</a> (occasionally)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/ckb" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:ckb">ckb</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/cent1972">cent1972</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=58-AAA-cae">58-AAA-cae</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_languages_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kurdish_languages_map.svg/320px-Kurdish_languages_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kurdish_languages_map.svg/480px-Kurdish_languages_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kurdish_languages_map.svg/640px-Kurdish_languages_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="560" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Geographic distribution of Kurdish and other Iranian languages spoken by Kurds <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ef6662; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a> (Northern Kurdish)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c63143; color:white;"> </span> Sorani (Central Kurdish)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a56c24; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c8a65d; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Southern Kurdish</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a> is included)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b3d423; color:black;"> </span> mixed dialect areas</div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="115" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/08/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWIKITONGUES-_Golala_speaking_Sorani_Kurdish.webm&lang=ku&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ku" label="kurdî ‪(ku)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A Sorani Kurdish speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sorani Kurdish</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sorani_Kurdish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorani Kurdish language">Sorani Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ckb" dir="rtl">کوردیی ناوەندی</span>, <span title="Kurdish-language text"><i lang="ku-Latn">Kurdî Nawendî</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <b>Central Kurdish</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> dialect<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a language<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackston2006vii_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston2006vii-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>, as well as the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Province">Kurdistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah_province" title="Kermanshah province">Kermanshah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_province" title="West Azerbaijan province">West Azerbaijan</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Sorani is one of the two official languages of Iraq, along with <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, and is in administrative documents simply referred to as "Kurdish".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term Sorani, named after the <a href="/wiki/Soran_Emirate" title="Soran Emirate">Soran Emirate</a>, is used especially to refer to a written, standardized form of Central Kurdish written in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Sorani_alphabet" title="Kurdish alphabets">Sorani alphabet</a> developed from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> in the 1920s by Sa'ed Sidqi Kaban and <a href="/wiki/Taufiq_Wahby" title="Taufiq Wahby">Taufiq Wahby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Tracing back the historical changes of Sorani is difficult. No predecessors of Kurdish are yet known from Old and Middle Iranian times. The extant Kurdish texts may be traced back to no earlier than the 16th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sorani originates from the <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Silêmanî</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021633-634_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021633-634-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1700s–1918"><span id="1700s.E2.80.931918"></span>1700s–1918</h3></div> <p>The oldest written <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_literature" title="Kurdish literature">literature</a> in Sorani is reported to have been <i>Mehdîname</i> (the book of Mahdi) from 1762 by Mulla Muhammed ibn ul Haj. Sorani thus only emerged as a written language after the decline of the <a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a> vernacular, the <a href="/wiki/Ardalan" title="Ardalan">Ardalan</a> state and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Baban" title="Baban">Baban</a> around Silêmanî. During the Baban era, Sorani emerged as an important literary vernacular and many poets such as <a href="/wiki/Nal%C3%AE" title="Nalî">Nalî</a> wrote in Sorani despite being proficient in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>. Nalî mentioned that he wrote in Sorani knowing his poetry might not receive the same <a href="/wiki/Dissemination" title="Dissemination">dissemination</a> as it might have done in the more prestigious Arabic or Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021637–638_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021637–638-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporaries of Nalî like <a href="/wiki/Salim_(poet)" title="Salim (poet)">Salim</a> and Mustefa Bêgî Kurdî also wrote in Sorani and their writings would become the foundation for the standard variety of Sorani. When the Baban dynasty was overthrown in 1850, the golden era of Sorani ended and poets including Nalî left the Silêmanî region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021638_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021638-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haji_Qadir_Koyi" title="Haji Qadir Koyi">Hacî Qadirî Koyî</a> continued the tradition of writing in Sorani and lamented the lack of promotion of Sorani among the Kurdish clergy and called those who did not do so 'bastards'. Beside Koyi, <a href="/wiki/Riza_Talabani" title="Riza Talabani">Riza Talebanî</a> also promoted Sorani as a literary language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021638–639_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021638–639-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the 20th century, only three non-poetic Sorani works are known to exist being <i>Mewlûdname</i> by Şêx Husên Qazî (1793-1871), a glossary of Arabic-Kurdish by Ehmedî from 1795 and a translation of the introduction to <a href="/wiki/Gulistan_(book)" title="Gulistan (book)">Gulistan</a> by <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi Shirazi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021639_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021639-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The language of these works heavily relied on Arabic and Persian, which prevented Sorani from enjoying further progress besides being a literary language. Only after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> did this change.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021639_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021639-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides poetry and the few other texts mentioned above, linguistic works on Sorani also existed. <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Chod%C5%BAko" title="Leonard Chodźko">Leonard Chodźko</a> wrote a sketch of the Silêmanî variety of Sorani in 1857; de Morgan wrote his "<i>Etudea linguistiques: Dialectee Kurdea</i> " in 1904, in which he compared eleven varieties of Kurdish to each other and with Persian and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. Later, in 1903, <a href="/wiki/Ely_Bannister_Soane" title="Ely Bannister Soane">Ely Bannister Soane</a> published a learner textbook and vocabulary list on Sorani for British personnel in Kurdistan, while Oskar Mann wrote <i>Die Mundart der Mukri Kurden</i> containing a grammar sketch of the Sorani variety of <a href="/wiki/Mukriyan" title="Mukriyan">Mukriyan</a> in 1906. Lastly, Ludvig Olsen Fossum published a grammar book in 1919 based on the Sorani variety spoken around <a href="/wiki/Mahabad" title="Mahabad">Mahabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021639_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021639-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1918–1930s"><span id="1918.E2.80.931930s"></span>1918–1930s</h3></div> <p>After the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, much of the Sorani-speaking region came under <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> rule in present-day Iraq. Sorani subsequently became the language for <a href="/wiki/Prose" title="Prose">prose</a>, media, and journalism, and a distinct alphabet was created for the vernacular. Sorani also gained a kurdified vocabulary by the 1950s. The British began publishing <a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">periodicals</a> in the language to mobilize Kurds, since the Sorani-speaking contingent of Iraq was more urbanized, better educated, and more inclined towards <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish nationalism</a> than the <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a>-speaking population around <a href="/wiki/Duhok" title="Duhok">Duhok</a>. Such nationalism was promoted to prevent any Turkish takeover of <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk" title="Kirkuk">Kirkuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosul" title="Mosul">Mosul</a>. To this end, the first government press in Sorani was established in <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a> in 1920, which propelled Sorani into becoming a language of media, education, and administration. The government press had by 1923 published six books, 118 issues of the weekly publication <i>Pêşkewtin</i> (Progress), fourteen issues of <i>Bangî Kurdistan</i> (The Call of Kurdistan), and sixteen issues of <i>Rojî Kurdistan</i> (The Day of Kurdistan).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021639–640_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021639–640-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period also saw the publication of Sorani works for schools, and courts began using the language as well. In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Taufiq_Wahby" title="Taufiq Wahby">Taufiq Wahby</a> was instructed to produce school books in Sorani by the Iraqi government, and his modified <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a> for the language would be implemented as the official Sorani script in school textbooks two decades later. His orthography included purging the Arabic letters (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ث/ذ/ص/ض/ط/ظ</span></span>) and creating the new letters (<span title="Kurdish-language text"><span lang="ku" dir="rtl">پ/ژ/چ/گ/ڤ/ڕ/ڵ/وو/ێ</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021640–641_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021640–641-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wahby also supported switching to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, but this idea was not accepted by the literary society or the state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021641_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021641-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1930s, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> urged Iraq to draft a law guaranteeing the use of the Kurdish language. The authorities reluctantly agreed, but the British knew the law would not be implemented once they left Iraq. This pushed the British to implement the law themselves in May 1931, which made Kurdish an official language in the governorates of <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah_Governorate" title="Sulaymaniyah Governorate">Sulaymaniyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kirkuk_Governorate" title="Kirkuk Governorate">Kirkuk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erbil_Governorate" title="Erbil Governorate">Erbil</a>. Kurds were, however, dissatisfied, since Kurdish was only allowed to be used in elementary schools and Iraq had fully <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">arabized</a> the education and administration systems in Kirkuk and Mosul. In subsequent years, linguistic rights for Kurds were either ignored or reluctantly implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021642–643_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021642–643-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of Sorani was slow in Iran and faced many challenges. The earliest use of the language was during the <a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt_(1918%E2%80%931922)" title="Simko Shikak revolt (1918–1922)">Simko Shikak revolt</a> of 1918 to 1922, which saw the use of Sorani side by side with Kurmanji as official languages in the area controlled by the rebels. After the defeat of the revolt, formal use of Sorani ceased until 1946. During the rule of <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> from 1925 to 1941, Iran was extremely centralist and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> was dominant to the detriment of other languages. A decree issued by the government in 1935 suppressed Kurdish and marked its end as a written language. Only a dozen handwritten poetic manuscripts in Sorani exist from this period, including works by Hassan Saifulquzzat, Said Kamil Imani, and Khalamin Barzanji.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021641–643_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021641–643-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s–1950s"><span id="1940s.E2.80.931950s"></span>1940s–1950s</h3></div> <p>By the 1940s, the Silêmanî variant of Sorani had become the standard variant of Sorani and even <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds in Iran</a> accepted this. The 1940s also saw the use of Sorani in radio broadcasting which elevated its prestige but also the urgency in proficiency since it was linked to current events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021644_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021644-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Iraq</b> </p><p>The 1940s experienced an intermittent suppression of Kurdish but Sorani still succeeded in becoming considerably standardized by the end of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021644_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021644-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">14 July Revolution</a> took place in 1958, Sorani had incorporated the norms of a standard language which had given it legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021646_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021646-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the new <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Republic_(1958%E2%80%931968)" title="Iraqi Republic (1958–1968)">Iraqi Republic</a> from 1958 to 1968, the number of journals in Sorani increased fast and a Kurdish department was established at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Baghdad" title="University of Baghdad">University of Baghdad</a> and moreover a Directorate General of Kurdish Studies was established to answer the growing Kurdish demands for mother tongue education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021647_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021647-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1960, the first Sorani-Arabic dictionary was published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021647_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021647-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Iran</b> </p><p>After the ousting of Reza Shah in 1941 and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet occupation of Iran</a>, nationalist movements among Kurds gained strength and Sorani became the formal language again, especially in <a href="/wiki/Mukriyan" title="Mukriyan">Mukriyan</a> where the <i>Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd</i> (KJK) used it as their official language. Sorani was also introduced in schools, administration and in mosques. <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds in Iraq</a> aided with this, for example by exporting school books to Iran. <a href="/wiki/Language_planning" title="Language planning">Language planning</a> was also in the works but rudimentary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021644–645_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021644–645-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a> fell, formal use of Sorani also ceased in Iran, however the new <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi</a> state under <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> would become more tolerant than that of Reza Shah. Researcher Hassanpour argues that the reason for this was the vulnerability of the new central government which had to approach the Kurds more relaxed. For this, some developments did take place including the publication of periodicals in Sorani but also state-sponsored radio broadcasting and teaching Kurdish at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">University of Tehran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021645_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021645-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, the Iranian authorities began restricting and controlling the tolerance towards Kurdish which continued towards the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> in 1979. No <a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">positive rights</a> were given and any written use was controlled. However, the restrictions had to be loosen since Kurds in Iran were receiving radio broadcasting from Iraq and <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Armenia</a>. Iran thus allowed for limited radio broadcasting in Mahabad, <a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a> which legitimized and popularized Sorani further.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021646_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021646-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s–1980s"><span id="1960s.E2.80.931980s"></span>1960s–1980s</h3></div> <p><b>Iraq</b> </p><p>The Kurdish Scientific Academy was established in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> in 1968 which devoted a significant part of their job to develop <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a>, grammar books, writing style guide-lines, a modified orthography and research in linguistics subjects. The <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> and its media also used Sorani as their official language despite its leader <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Barzani" title="Mustafa Barzani">Mustefa Barzanî</a> being a Kurmanji-speaker. Despite the deterioration of relations between the Kurds and Iraq in the 1970s, the state still sponsored the implementation of Sorani as language in secondary schools. However, this ended by 1978 when the Iraqi authorities embarked on an Arabization to quell Kurdish nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021648_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021648-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this, Hassanpour wrote in 1992 that:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021649_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021649-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Language-related aspects of Arabization include, among other things, the Arabization of Kurdish schools in the Autonomous region; the dissolution of the Kurdish Academy in 1978 and the formation of a 'Kurdish corporation' within the Iraqi Scientific Academy (the policy was to replace 'Kurdish' by 'Iraqi' in the name of organizations, institutions and unions); the removal of Sulaymanya University from Sulaymaniya, main center of Kurdish nationalism, to Arbil and partial Arabization of its faculty and curriculum; and the Arabization of Kurdish geographical names.</p></blockquote><p> Sorani continued as the main language in elementary and secondary schools in Iraqi Kurdistan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021649_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021649-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, the state sponsored publications in Sorani despite warring with the Kurds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021651_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021651-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Iran</b> </p><p>In the 1960s, schooling in Kurdish or teaching Kurdish was unthinkable, even in private. However, the University of Tehran began offering two courses in Kurdish even though one had to refrain from discussing Kurdish and had to call it a 'dialect'. The policy of the Pahlavi state in regard to Kurdish was like that of <a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">safety valve</a> where rights were restricted when the state felt threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021648–649_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021648–649-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> in 1979, the new Iranian constitution was ambiguous towards Kurdish but the new regime discouraged the use of Sorani both in private and in public. Limited media in Sorani was allowed in the subsequent years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021650_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021650-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy of safety valve continued throughout the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021652_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021652-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3></div> <p><b>Iraq</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region_Parliament" title="Kurdistan Region Parliament">Kurdistan Region Parliament</a> passed a provisional constitution in 1992 making Kurdish the official language of <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a>. 'Kurdish' would refer to Sorani which also became the language of instruction in Kurmanji– and Gorani–speaking areas until these linguistic communities demanded education in <a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a>, respectively. Sorani ceased as language of instruction in these areas in the mid-2000s. In 1997, the Kurdistan Sciency Academy was established in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a> with the goal of creating a unitary language in the autonomous region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021653_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021653-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Iran</b> </p><p>More leniency was given towards Kurdish, especially Sorani Kurdish in the 1990s, but use of Sorani in administration and education was still not allowed. The debate on mother tongue education entered the public sphere in the 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021653–654_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021653–654-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s–2010s"><span id="2000s.E2.80.932010s"></span>2000s–2010s</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> has had a significant impact on Sorani as thousands of Sorani-speakers have gotten free access to literature. It also became easier to listen to radio and watch television. The Internet moreover fostered the use of Sorani in Iran and the diaspora, where the language had no official status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021654_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021654-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a> remains a challenge for Sorani. In Iraq, Sorani orthography is moving towards being based on a single <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> while Sorani-speakers in Iran make longer words. An example is the word <i>to review</i> which can be spelled both <i>pêdaçûnewe and</i> <i>pê da çûnewe.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021654–656_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021654–656-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arabic and Persian words continue to be purged from written Sorani and are getting replaced by neologisms. Conversely, Sorani is borrowing words from the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021657_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021657-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Iraq</b> </p><p>After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> in 2003, Iraq declared Kurdish as the official language of the country beside Arabic. The first section of Article 4 secures this. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Duhok_Governorate" title="Duhok Governorate">Duhok</a> began using Kurmanji as their official language as a way of resisting Sorani. Fearing the loss of hegemony, 53 academics, writers and poets pushed the Kurdish Parliament to declare Sorani as the official language of the autonomous region. This attempt failed multiple times and Kurmanji remains the official Kurdish language in Duhok. In the 2010s, criticism arose due to the quality of the Sorani school textbooks, media texts and <a href="/wiki/Signage" title="Signage">signage</a>. In 2011, two journalism professors from <a href="/wiki/Salahaddin_University-Erbil" title="Salahaddin University-Erbil">Salahaddin University</a> criticized the state of Sorani in Kurdistan Region which could affect its use among the people. They also expressed dismay over the method of the Parliament in using the language, since the institution wrote their bills and laws in Arabic and then translated to Sorani.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021654–656_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021654–656-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Iran</b> </p><p>More flexibility was shown to Kurdish in the mid-2000s by the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_reformists" title="Iranian reformists">reformists</a>, likely to win the Kurdish vote. Kurds used the opportunity and began publishing more in Sorani, set up private language learning courses and also advocated for the implementation of Article 15 of the Constitution which would allow the use of regional languages. The use of Sorani in Iran has since then been revitalized by Kurdish book publishers like <i>Mang</i>. Nonetheless, the use of Sorani in the public school system is not supported by Iranian nationalists and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_principlists" title="Iranian principlists">conservatives</a> who believe it could damage the unity of the nation-state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021657_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheyholislami2021657-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Sorani_alphabet" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish alphabets § Sorani alphabet</a></div> <p>Sorani is mostly written with a modified version of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a>. The Latin-based <a href="/wiki/Hawar_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawar Alphabet">Hawar Alphabet</a> is also used increasingly, and there have been discussions about its adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Sorani writing system almost all vowels are always written as separate letters. This is in contrast to the original Arabic writing system and most other writing systems developed from it, in which certain vowels (usually "short" vowels) are shown by diacritics above and under the letters, and usually omitted. </p><p>The other major point of departure of the Sorani writing system from other Arabic-based systems is that the Arabic letters that represent sounds that are non-existent in Sorani are usually (but not always) replaced by letters that better represent their Kurdish pronunciation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackston20064_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20064-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_and_education">Media and education</h2></div> <p>Iraq is the only country in which a Kurdish language has enjoyed official or semi-official rights during the last few decades. Kurdish media outlets in Iraq mushroomed during the 1990s, spurred by the semi-autonomous status the region has enjoyed since the uprising against the Saddam regime in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of Kurdish in media and education is prevalent in Iraqi Kurdistan. Seven of the top 10 TV stations viewed by Iraqi Kurds are Kurdish-language stations,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the use of Arabic in Kurdistan schools has decreased to the extent that the number of Iraqi Kurds who speak Arabic fluently has dropped significantly over the past decades.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Kurdish media in Iraq seem to be aiming for constructing a cross-border Kurdish identity. The Kurdish-language satellite channel <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_TV" title="Kurdistan TV">Kurdistan TV</a> (KTV), owned by the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP), for example, employs techniques that expose audiences to more than one Kurdish variety in the same show or program.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that continuous exposure to different Kurdish varieties on KTV and other satellite television stations might make Kurdish varieties increasingly mutually intelligible.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Iran, state-sponsored regional TV stations air programs in both Kurdish and Persian. Kurdish press are legally allowed in Iran, but there have been many reports of a policy of banning Kurdish newspapers and arresting Kurdish activists.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_phonology" title="Kurdish phonology">Kurdish phonology</a></div> <p>Sorani has 9 phonemic vowels and 26 to 28 phonemic consonants (depending on whether the pharyngeal sounds /ħ/ and /ʕ/ are counted or not). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Sorani Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <p><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </p> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">velar.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labial.</a></span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">labial.</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">asp.</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">t͡ʃʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">vcls.</a> <a href="/wiki/Aspiration_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspiration (phonetics)">unasp.</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">qʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">sˠ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">xʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">zˠ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɣʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="3"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">  </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">rounded</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">øː</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑː</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> in parentheses are not <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemic</a>, but have been included in the table below because of their ubiquity in the language. Letters in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Sorani alphabet</a> take various forms depending on where they occur in the word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackston20061_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20061-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forms given below are letters in isolation. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Sorani Alphabet </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a> </th> <th>Example Word (Sorani) </th> <th>Example Word (English) </th></tr> <tr> <td>i </td> <td>ى </td> <td>î </td> <td>hiʧ = "nothing" </td> <td>"beet" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɪ </td> <td>- </td> <td>i </td> <td>gɪr'tɪn = "to take, to hold" </td> <td>"bit" </td></tr> <tr> <td>e </td> <td>ێ </td> <td>ê </td> <td>hez = "power" </td> <td>"bait" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɛ </td> <td>ه </td> <td>e </td> <td>bɛjɑni = "morning" </td> <td>"bet" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ə </td> <td>ە </td> <td>e </td> <td>ʃəw = night </td> <td>"but" </td></tr> <tr> <td>æ </td> <td>ه </td> <td>e </td> <td>tænæ'kæ = "tin can" </td> <td>"bat" </td></tr> <tr> <td>u </td> <td>وو </td> <td>û </td> <td>gur = "calf" </td> <td>"boot" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʊ </td> <td>و </td> <td>u </td> <td>gʊɾg = "wolf" </td> <td>"book" </td></tr> <tr> <td>o </td> <td>ۆ </td> <td>o </td> <td>gor = "level" </td> <td>"boat" </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɑ </td> <td>ا </td> <td>a </td> <td>mangɑ = "cow" </td> <td>"balm" ("father") </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Some_vowel_alternations_and_notes">Some vowel alternations and notes</h4></div> <p>The vowel [æ] is sometimes pronounced as [ə] (the sound found in the first syllable of the English word "above"). This <a href="/wiki/Phonological_rule" title="Phonological rule">sound change</a> takes place when [æ] directly precedes [w] or when it is followed by the sound [j] (like English "y") in the same syllable. If it, instead, precedes [j] in a context where [j] is a part of another syllable it is pronounced [ɛ] (as in English "bet").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackston20061_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20061-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vowels [o] and [e], both of which have slight <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">off-glides</a> in English, do not possess these <a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">off-glides</a> in Sorani.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackston20061_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20061-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <p>Letters in the Sorani alphabet take various forms depending on where they occur in the word.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackston20061–2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20061–2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forms given below are letters in isolation. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> </th> <th>Sorani Alphabet </th> <th>Romanization </th> <th>Example Word (Sorani) </th> <th>Example Word (English) </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>b </td> <td>ب </td> <td>b </td> <td>بەرز berz (high) </td> <td><i>b</i> in "bat" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>p </td> <td>پ </td> <td>p </td> <td>پیاو piyaw (man) </td> <td><i>p</i> in "pat" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>t </td> <td>ت </td> <td>t </td> <td>ته‌مه‌ن temen (age) </td> <td><i>t</i> in "tab" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d </td> <td>د </td> <td>d </td> <td>ده‌رگا derga (door) </td> <td><i>d</i> in "dab" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>k </td> <td>ک </td> <td>k </td> <td>کوڕ kurr (boy) </td> <td><i>c</i> in "cat" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>g </td> <td>گ </td> <td>g </td> <td>گه‌وره gewre (big) </td> <td><i>g</i> in "got" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>q </td> <td>ق </td> <td>q </td> <td>ڕەق req (solid) </td> <td>Like Eng. <i>k</i> but further back in the throat </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>f </td> <td>ف </td> <td>f </td> <td>فیلم fîlm (film) </td> <td><i>f</i> in "film" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>v </td> <td>ڤ </td> <td>v </td> <td>هەڤدە hevde (eleven) </td> <td><i>v</i> in "voice" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>s </td> <td>س </td> <td>s </td> <td>سوور sûr (red) </td> <td><i>s</i> in "sing" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>z </td> <td>ز </td> <td>z </td> <td>زەرد zerd (yellow) </td> <td><i>z</i> in "zipper" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>x </td> <td>خ </td> <td>x </td> <td>خۆر xor (sun) </td> <td>Like the <i>ch</i> in German "Bach" </td> <td>sometimes romanized as (kh) </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʃ </td> <td>ش </td> <td>ş </td> <td>شار şar (city) </td> <td><i>sh</i> in "shoe" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ʒ </td> <td>ژ </td> <td>j </td> <td>ژوور jûr (room) </td> <td><i>ge</i> in "beige" </td> <td>sometimes romanized as (zh) </td></tr> <tr> <td>t͡ʃ </td> <td>چ </td> <td>ç </td> <td>چاو çaw (eye) </td> <td><i>ch</i> in "cheap" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>d͡ʒ </td> <td>ج </td> <td>c </td> <td>جەژن cejn (holiday) </td> <td><i>j</i> in "jump" </td> <td>sometimes romanized as "j" </td></tr> <tr> <td>h </td> <td>ھ </td> <td>h </td> <td>هەشت heşt (eight) </td> <td><i>h</i> in "hat" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>m </td> <td>م </td> <td>m </td> <td>مەزن mezin (great) </td> <td><i>m</i> in "map" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>n </td> <td>ن </td> <td>n </td> <td>ناو naw (name) </td> <td><i>n</i> in "none" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>w </td> <td>و </td> <td>w </td> <td>وڵات wilat (country) </td> <td><i>w</i> in "water" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>j </td> <td>ى </td> <td>y </td> <td>یارمەتی yarmetî (help) </td> <td><i>y</i> in "yellow" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɾ </td> <td>ر </td> <td>r </td> <td>شێر şêr (lion) </td> <td><i>t</i> in Am. Eng. "water" </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>r </td> <td>ڕ </td> <td>rr/r (initial) </td> <td>ئەمڕۆ emrro (today) </td> <td>Like Spanish trilled <i>r</i> </td> <td>the "r" is always trilled when it's the initial letter </td></tr> <tr> <td>l </td> <td>ل </td> <td>l </td> <td>لێرە lêre (here) </td> <td><i>l</i> in "let" (forward in the mouth) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ɫ </td> <td>ڵ </td> <td>l </td> <td>دڵ dil (heart) </td> <td><i>l</i> in "all" (backward in the mouth) </td> <td>never occurs in initial positions </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An important allophonic variation concerns the two velar sounds /k/ and /g/. Similar to certain other languages of the region (e.g. Turkish and Persian), these consonants are strongly palatalized before the close and mid front vowels (/i/ and /e/) in Central Kurdish.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllable">Syllable</h3></div> <p>Sorani allows both complex onsets (e.g. spî: "white", kwêr: "blind") and complex codas (e.g. ferş: "carpet"). However, the two members of the clusters are arranged in such a way that, in all cases, the <a href="/wiki/Sonority_Sequencing_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonority Sequencing Principle">Sonority Sequencing Principle</a> (SSP) is preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many loanwords, an epenthetic vowel is inserted to resyllabify the word, omitting syllables that have codas that violate SSP. Originally mono-syllabic words such as /hazm/ ("digestion") and /zabt/ ("record") therefore become /hɛ.zɪm/ and /zɛ.bɪt/ respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primary stress always falls on the last syllable in nouns,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in verbs its position differs depending on tense and aspect. Some have suggested the existence of an alternating pattern of secondary stress in syllables in Sorani words.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absolute_state">Absolute state</h3></div> <p>A noun in the absolute state occurs without any suffix, as it would occur in a vocabulary list or dictionary entry. Absolute state nouns receive a generic interpretation,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as in "qawe reş e." ("Coffee is black.") and "befr spî ye." ("Snow is white").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackston20068_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20068-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indefinite_state">Indefinite state</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Indefinite</a> nouns receive an interpretation like English nouns preceded by <i>a, an</i>, <i>some</i>, or <i>any</i>. </p><p>Several modifiers may only modify nouns in the indefinite state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackston20068_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20068-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This list of modifiers includes: </p> <ul><li><i>çend</i> [ʧɛnd] "a few"</li> <li><i>hemû</i> [hɛmu] "every"</li> <li>çî [ʧi] "what"</li> <li>her [hɛɾ] "each"</li> <li>... i zor [ɪ zoɾ] "many"</li></ul> <p>Nouns in the indefinite state take the following endings:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackston20069_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20069-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Noun Ending with a Vowel</b> </td> <td>-yek </td> <td>-yan </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Noun Ending with a Consonant</b> </td> <td>-êk </td> <td>-an </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A few examples are given below showing how nouns are made indefinite:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackston20069_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20069-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>پیاو piyaw 'man' > پیاوێک piyaw<b>êk</b> 'a man'</li> <li>نامه name 'letter' > نامه‌یه‌ک name<b>yek</b> 'a letter'</li> <li>پیاو piyaw 'man' > پیاوان piyaw<b>an</b> '(some) men'</li> <li>ده‌رگا derga 'door' > ده‌رگایان derga<b>yan</b> '(some) doors'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Definite_state">Definite state</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">Definite</a> nouns receive an interpretation like English nouns preceded by <i>the</i>. </p><p>Nouns in the definite state take the following endings:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackston20069_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20069-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Noun Ending with a Vowel</b> </td> <td>-ke </td> <td>-kan </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Noun Ending with a Consonant</b> </td> <td>-eke </td> <td>-ekan </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When a noun stem ending with [i] is combined with the definite state suffix the result is pronounced [ekɛ] ( i + eke → ekɛ) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3></div> <p>Like many other Iranian languages, verbs have a present stem and a past stem in Sorani. The present simple tense, for example, is composed of the aspect marker "de" ("e" in Sulaymaniyah dialect) followed by the present stem followed by a suffixed personal ending. This is shown in the example below with the verb نووسین / nûsîn ("to write"), the present stem of which is نووس / nûs. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Verb </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>ده‌نووسم de<b>nûs</b>im </td> <td>I write </td></tr> <tr> <td>ده‌نووسی de<b>nûs</b>î </td> <td>You (sg.) write </td></tr> <tr> <td>ده‌نووسێ de<b>nûs</b>ê </td> <td>She/He/It writes </td></tr> <tr> <td>ده‌نووسین de<b>nûs</b>în </td> <td>We write </td></tr> <tr> <td>ده‌نووسن de<b>nûs</b>in </td> <td>You (pl.) write </td></tr> <tr> <td>ده‌نووسن de<b>nûs</b>in </td> <td>They write </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note that the personal endings are identical for the second person plural (Plural "you") and third person plural ("they"). </p><p>Similarly, the simple past verb is created using the past stem of the verb. The following example shows the conjugation of the intransitive verb هاتن hatin ("to come") in the simple past tense. The past stem of "hatin" is "hat". </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Verb </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>هاتم <b>hat</b>im </td> <td>I came </td></tr> <tr> <td>هاتی <b>hat</b>î </td> <td>You (sg.) came </td></tr> <tr> <td>هات <b>hat</b> </td> <td>She/He/It came </td></tr> <tr> <td>هاتین <b>hat</b>în </td> <td>We came </td></tr> <tr> <td>هاتن <b>hat</b>in </td> <td>You (pl.) came </td></tr> <tr> <td>هاتن <b>hat</b>in </td> <td>They came </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sorani is claimed by some to have split <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergative–absolutive language">ergativity</a>, with an ergative-absolutive arrangement in the past tense for transitive verbs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Others, however, have cast doubt on this claim, noting that the Sorani Kurdish past may be different in important ways from a typical ergative-absolutive arrangement.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, the transitive past tense in Sorani is special in that the agent affix looks like the possessive pronouns and usually precedes the verb stem (similar to how accusative pronouns in other tenses). In the following example, the transitive verb نووسین / nûsîn ("to write") is conjugated in the past tense, with the object "name" ("letter"). The past stem of the verb is "nûsî".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackston20068_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston20068-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Verb </th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td>نامه‌م نووسی namem nûsî </td> <td>I wrote a letter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>نامه‌ت نووسی namet nûsî </td> <td>You (sg.) wrote a letter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>نامه‌ی نووسی namey nûsî </td> <td>She/He/It wrote a letter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>نامه‌مان نووسی nameman nûsî </td> <td>We wrote a letter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>نامه‌تان نووسی nametan nûsî </td> <td>You (pl.) wrote a letter. </td></tr> <tr> <td>نامه‌یان نووسی nameyan nûsî </td> <td>They wrote a letter. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note in the example above that the clitics attaching to the objects are otherwise interpreted as possessive pronouns. The combination "name-m" therefore is translated as "my letter" in isolation, "name-t" as "your letter", and so on. </p><p>The agent affix is a clitic that must attach to a preceding word/morpheme. If the verb phrase has words other than the verb itself (as in the above example), it attaches to first word in the verb phrase. If no such pre-verbal matter exists, it attaches to the first morpheme of the verb. In the progressive past, for example, where the aspect marker "de" precedes the verb stem, the clitic attaches to "de".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThackston200616_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThackston200616-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kurdistan" title="Portal:Kurdistan">Kurdistan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets" title="Kurdish alphabets">Kurdish alphabets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani_grammar" title="Sorani grammar">Sorani grammar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ckb">Sorani</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/12/AR2005101201450.html">"Full Text of Iraqi Constitution"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. 12 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rudaw.net&rft.atitle=%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88+%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C+%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8C+%D9%BE%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%DB%95%DB%8C+%D8%AE%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95%DB%8C+%D9%87%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C+%D8%A8%DB%95+%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF+%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%95%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8E%D8%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rudaw.net%2Fsorani%2Fkurdistan%2F02032024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonds2012" class="citation web cs1">Edmonds, Alexander Johannes (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3692325">"Dialects of Kurdish"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dialects+of+Kurdish&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Edmonds&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3692325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAziz2011" class="citation book cs1">Aziz, Mahir A. (2011-01-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hiWXVjTIIucC&q=sorani+dialect&pg=PA51"><i>The Kurds of Iraq: Ethnonationalism and National Identity in Iraqi Kurdistan</i></a>. 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Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-74655-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-74655-0"><bdi>978-1-136-74655-0</bdi></a>. <q>However, it was the southern dialect of Kurdish, Central Kurdish, the majority language of the Iraqi Kurds, which received sanction as an official language of Iraq.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yezidi+Oral+Tradition+in+Iraqi+Kurdistan&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-74655-0&rft.aulast=Allison&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGTg6tSFTQ98C%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024244/http://kurdishacademy.org/?q=node%2F194">"Kurdish language issue and a divisive approach"</a>. Kurdish Academy of Language. 5 March 2016. 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USA: Mellen Research University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Language+in+Kurdistan+1918%E2%80%931985&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=Mellen+Research+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hassanpour&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorani" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNebez1976" class="citation book cs1">Nebez, Jemal (1976). <i>Toward a Unified Kurdish Language</i>. NUKSE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toward+a+Unified+Kurdish+Language&rft.place=NUKSE&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Nebez&rft.aufirst=Jemal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorani" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran2021" class="citation book cs1">Baran, Murat (2021). <i>Kurdish Grammar: SORANI Reference Book</i>. Silêmanî: Amazon publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8560643522" title="Special:BookSources/979-8560643522"><bdi>979-8560643522</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kurdish+Grammar%3A+SORANI+Reference+Book&rft.place=Sil%C3%AAman%C3%AE&rft.pub=Amazon+publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=979-8560643522&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Murat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorani" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheyholislami2021" class="citation cs2">Sheyholislami, Jaffer (2021), "The History and Development of Literary Central Kurdish", in Bozarslan, Hamit (ed.), <i>The Cambridge History of the Kurds</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, pp. 633–662, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108623711.026">10.1017/9781108623711.026</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108623711" title="Special:BookSources/9781108623711"><bdi>9781108623711</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:235541104">235541104</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+and+Development+of+Literary+Central+Kurdish&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+Kurds&rft.pages=633-662&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A235541104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108623711.026&rft.isbn=9781108623711&rft.aulast=Sheyholislami&rft.aufirst=Jaffer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorani" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackston2006" class="citation cs2">Thackston, W.M. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227111912/https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/sorani_1_grammar.pdf">"—Sorani Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Harvard Faculty of Arts & Sciences</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/sorani_1_grammar.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Faculty+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=%E2%80%94Sorani+Kurdish%E2%80%94+A+Reference+Grammar+with+Selected+Readings&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Thackston&rft.aufirst=W.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.fas.harvard.edu%2F~iranian%2FSorani%2Fsorani_1_grammar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASorani" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ckb:"> Sorani Kurdish edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.vejin.net">VejinBooks, collection of Kurdish literary and historical texts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lex.vejin.net">Vejin Dictionaries, collection of Kurdish dictionaries</a> (written in Arabic script)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kurdishacademy.org/">The Kurdish Academy of Language</a> (unofficial)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diyako.yageyziman.com/">Yagey Ziman, the Kurdish language school</a> (Sorani)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inkurdish.com/">inKurdish: English–Kurdish Translation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictio.kurditgroup.org">Dictio: English–Kurdish (Sorani) Dictionary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a> (Northern)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sorani</a> (Central)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a> (Southern)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_languages" title="Template talk:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Old_Iranian" title="Iranian languages">Old Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Middle_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Middle Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#New_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">New Iranian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language">Ishkashimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushani_language" title="Rushani language">Rushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanglechi_language" title="Sanglechi language">Sanglechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartangi_language" title="Bartangi language">Bartangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroshori_dialect" title="Oroshori dialect">Oroshori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanji_language" title="Vanji language">Vanji</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazghulami_language" title="Yazghulami language">Yazghulami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachi_language" title="Parachi language">Parachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pashto" title="Central Pashto">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pashto" title="Northern Pashto">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarghulami" title="Sarghulami">Sarghulami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a></i> <ul><li><i>Alanian</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_Ossetian" title="Digor Ossetian">Digor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Ossetian" title="Iron Ossetian">Iron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jassic_dialect" title="Jassic dialect">Jassic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtiani_language" title="Ashtiani language">Ashtiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makrani_dialect" title="Makrani dialect">Makrani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daylami_language" title="Daylami language">Daylami</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Fars" title="Dialects of Fars">Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgani_language" title="Gorgani language">Gorgani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karingani_language" title="Karingani language">Karingani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordali_language" title="Kordali language">Kordali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaroid_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaroid dialects (page does not exist)">Tabaroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Azeri" title="Old Azeri">Old Azeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_languages" title="Semnani languages">Semnani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lasgerdi_language" title="Lasgerdi language">Lasgerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangsari_language" title="Sangsari language">Sangsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_language" title="Semnani language">Semnani proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorkhei_language" title="Sorkhei language">Sorkhei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatoid_dialects" title="Tatoid dialects">Tatoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Dari_language" title="Zoroastrian Dari language">Zoroastrian Dari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkardi_language" title="Bashkardi language">Bashkardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmsiri_language" title="Garmsiri language">Garmsiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhmareyi_language" title="Kuhmareyi language">Kuhmareyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_language" title="Kumzari language">Kumzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_dialect" title="Bakhtiari dialect">Bakhtiari</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavani_language" title="Pahlavani language">Pahlavani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Caucasian Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct</a> or <a href="/wiki/Historical_language" title="Historical language">historical languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Languages_of_Iraq" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Iraq" title="Template:Languages of Iraq"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Iraq" title="Template talk:Languages of Iraq"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Iraq" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Iraq"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iraq&#124;link=Iraq_Languages_of_Iraq" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Languages of Iraq</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Standard</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a> (Main)</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Kurdish" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Kurdish">Sorani</a> (Main)</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian Neo-Aramaic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens#Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani (Hawrami)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Southern Kurdish (Xwarin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mandaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Mandaic language">Neo-Mandaic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaki_language" title="Shabaki language">Shabaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Sign_Language" title="Iraqi Sign Language">Iraqi Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Sign_Language" title="Kurdish Sign Language">Kurdish Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Iran" title="Template:Languages of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Languages of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Persian" title="Iranian Persian">Iranian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_language" title="Semnani language">Semnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zargari_Romani" title="Zargari Romani">Zargari Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Sign Language">Persian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qahveh_Khaneh_Sign_Language" title="Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language">Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36811#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36811#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36811#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorani&oldid=1256513181">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorani&oldid=1256513181</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kurdish_language" title="Category:Kurdish language">Kurdish language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Kurdistan" title="Category:Languages of Kurdistan">Languages of Kurdistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Iran" title="Category:Languages of Iran">Languages of Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Iraq" title="Category:Languages of 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