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etymology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pagan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pagan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Pagan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pagan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hellene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hellene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hellene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hellene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heathen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heathen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Heathen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heathen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnocentrism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnocentrism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ethnocentrism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnocentrism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Prehistoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age_to_Early_Iron_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age_to_Early_Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Bronze Age to Early Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age_to_Early_Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Ancient history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Classical antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Antiquity_and_Christianization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Antiquity_and_Christianization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Late Antiquity and Christianization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Antiquity_and_Christianization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postclassical_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postclassical_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Postclassical history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postclassical_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam_in_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam_in_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Islam in Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam_in_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Modern_Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern_Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Early Modern Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Modern_Romanticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Modern_Romanticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Late Modern Romanticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Modern_Romanticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Late 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern paganism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_paganism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern paganism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_religions_of_pre-Christian_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_religions_of_pre-Christian_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ethnic religions of pre-Christian Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_religions_of_pre-Christian_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstructionist_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstructionist_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Reconstructionist groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstructionist_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Paganism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">96 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme" title="Paganisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Paganisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidentum" title="Heidentum – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Heidentum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD)" title="وثنية (مصطلح) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وثنية (مصطلح)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paqanizm" title="Paqanizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Paqanizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="پاقانیزم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پاقانیزم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="পৌত্তলিকতাবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পৌত্তলিকতাবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%99%D0%B6%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Мәжүсилек – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мәжүсилек" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Язычніцтва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Язычніцтва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Паганства – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паганства" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Езичество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Езичество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidntum" title="Heidntum – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Heidntum" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganizam" title="Paganizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paganizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganiezh" title="Paganiezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Paganiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme" title="Paganisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paganisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%80-%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%80_%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BD%C4%95" title="Ыр-хаяр тĕнĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ыр-хаяр тĕнĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohanstv%C3%AD" title="Pohanství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pohanství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganiaeth" title="Paganiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Paganiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedenskab" title="Hedenskab – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hedenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidentum" title="Heidentum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heidentum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganlus" title="Paganlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Paganlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Παγανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganismo" title="Paganismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Paganismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganismo" title="Paganismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paganismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganismo" title="Paganismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paganismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="پاگانیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاگانیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme" title="Paganisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Paganisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidendom" title="Heidendom – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Heidendom" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1g%C3%A1ntacht" title="Págántacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Págántacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganismo" title="Paganismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Paganismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B7%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌸𐌽𐌰𐌲𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌱𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EA%B5%90_(%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90)" title="이교 (종교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이교 (종교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հեթանոսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեթանոսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8" title="पेगन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेगन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poganstvo" title="Poganstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poganstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganeso" title="Paganeso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Paganeso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme" title="Paganisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paganisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hei%C3%B0ni" title="Heiðni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Heiðni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganesimo" title="Paganesimo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Paganesimo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פגניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פגניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="წარმართობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წარმართობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Паганизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Паганизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upagani" title="Upagani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Upagani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan%C3%AE" title="Paganî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Paganî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganismus" title="Paganismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Paganismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag%C4%81nisms" title="Pagānisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pagānisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagonyb%C4%97" title="Pagonybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pagonybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidend%C3%B3m" title="Heidendóm – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Heidendóm" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme" title="Paganisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Paganisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganesim" title="Paganesim – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Paganesim" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pog%C3%A1nys%C3%A1g" title="Pogányság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pogányság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Паганство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Паганство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisma" title="Paganisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Paganisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="പഗനിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഗനിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme" title="Paganisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paganisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidendom" title="Heidendom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heidendom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ペイガニズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ペイガニズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme" title="Paganisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Paganisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidenskap" title="Heidenskap – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Heidenskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagannisme" title="Pagannisme – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pagannisme" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganisme" title="Paganisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paganisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganizm" title="Paganizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Paganizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="پاګانیزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پاګانیزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidendom" title="Heidendom – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Heidendom" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poga%C5%84stwo" title="Pogaństwo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pogaństwo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganismo" title="Paganismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Paganismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83g%C3%A2nism" title="Păgânism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Păgânism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Язычество – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Язычество" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauganism" title="Pauganism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pauganism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heedendum" title="Heedendum – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Heedendum" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganizmi" title="Paganizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Paganizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan%C3%A8simu" title="Paganèsimu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Paganèsimu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Paganism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohanstvo" title="Pohanstvo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pohanstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poganstvo" title="Poganstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poganstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Паганизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Паганизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganizam" title="Paganizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paganizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakanuus" title="Pakanuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pakanuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedendom" title="Hedendom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hedendom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganismo" title="Paganismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paganismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பாகால் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாகால்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4c%C3%BCsilek" title="Mäcüsilek – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Mäcüsilek" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%82" title="పాగనిజం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాగనిజం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="ลัทธินอกศาสนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธินอกศาสนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganizm" title="Paganizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Paganizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Язичництво – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Язичництво" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="پاگانیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاگانیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_gi%C3%A1o" title="Pagan giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pagan giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payinnisse" title="Payinnisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Payinnisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganismo" title="Paganismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paganismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E6%95%99" title="异教 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="异教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%92%D7%90%D7%98" title="אפגאט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפגאט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E6%95%99" title="異教 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="異教" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganizm" title="Paganizm – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Paganizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paguon%C4%ABb%C4%97" title="Paguonībė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Paguonībė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E6%95%99" title="異教 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="異教" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasaniah" title="Wasaniah – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Wasaniah" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29536#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pagan&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">Pagan</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Polytheistic religious groups</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pagan" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pagan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pagan (disambiguation)">Pagan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre-Lens-_Jupiter_roi_des_dieux_romains_-_Italie_vers_150.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Louvre-Lens-_Jupiter_roi_des_dieux_romains_-_Italie_vers_150.jpg/250px-Louvre-Lens-_Jupiter_roi_des_dieux_romains_-_Italie_vers_150.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Louvre-Lens-_Jupiter_roi_des_dieux_romains_-_Italie_vers_150.jpg/330px-Louvre-Lens-_Jupiter_roi_des_dieux_romains_-_Italie_vers_150.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Louvre-Lens-_Jupiter_roi_des_dieux_romains_-_Italie_vers_150.jpg/500px-Louvre-Lens-_Jupiter_roi_des_dieux_romains_-_Italie_vers_150.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3681" data-file-height="5673" /></a><figcaption>A marble statue of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a>, king of the gods in <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman paganism</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Paganism</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> pāgānus</i> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">rural, rustic</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>, later 'civilian') is a term first used in the fourth century by <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">early Christians</a> for people in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> who practiced <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bowersock1999p625_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowersock1999p625-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religions</a> other than <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. In the time of the Roman Empire, individuals fell into the pagan class either because they were increasingly rural and provincial relative to the Christian population, or because they were not <i><a href="/wiki/Milites_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Milites Christi">milites Christi</a></i> (soldiers of Christ).<sup id="cite_ref-CF_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative terms used in Christian texts were <i><a href="/wiki/Hellene" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellene">hellene</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a></i>, and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heathen" class="extiw" title="wikt:heathen">heathen</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowersock1999p625_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowersock1999p625-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ritual_sacrifice" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual sacrifice">Ritual sacrifice</a> was an integral part of ancient <a href="/wiki/Classical_mythology" title="Classical mythology">Greco-Roman religion</a><sup id="cite_ref-James2014_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was regarded as an indication of whether a person was pagan or Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-James2014_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James2014-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paganism has broadly connoted the "religion of the <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasantry</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Bowersock1999p625_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowersock1999p625-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies2011p1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies2011p1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During and after the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the term <i>paganism</i> was applied to any non-Christian religion, and the term presumed a belief in <a href="/wiki/False_god" title="False god">false gods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the application of the term <i>"pagan"</i> to polytheism is debated.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies,_Owen_2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies,_Owen_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, paganism was adopted as a self-descriptor by members of various artistic groups inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient world">ancient world</a>. In the 20th century, it came to be applied as a self-descriptor by practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">modern pagan movements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionists</a>. Modern pagan traditions often incorporate beliefs or practices, such as <a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">nature worship</a>, that are different from those of the largest world religions.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary knowledge of old pagan religions and beliefs comes from several sources, including <a href="/wiki/Anthropological" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropological">anthropological</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">field research</a> records, the evidence of <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological artifacts</a>, and the historical accounts of ancient writers regarding cultures known to <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a>. Most <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern pagan religions</a> existing today express a <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Pantheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheistic">pantheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panentheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Panentheistic">panentheistic</a>, polytheistic, or <a href="/wiki/Animistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Animistic">animistic</a>, but some are <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201128,_30_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201128,_30-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature_and_etymology">Nomenclature and etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akropolis-detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Akropolis-detail.jpg/220px-Akropolis-detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Akropolis-detail.jpg/330px-Akropolis-detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Akropolis-detail.jpg/440px-Akropolis-detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Acropolis_of_Athens" title="Acropolis of Athens">Acropolis of Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pagan">Pagan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pagan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">Pagus</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is crucial to stress right from the start that until the 20th century, people did not call themselves pagans to describe the religion they practiced. The notion of paganism, as it is generally understood today, was created by the early Christian Church. It was a label that Christians applied to others, one of the antitheses that were central to the process of Christian self-definition. As such, throughout history it was generally used in a derogatory sense.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Owen_Davies_(historian)" title="Owen Davies (historian)">Owen Davies</a>, Paganism: A Very Short Introduction, 2011<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2011_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2011-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The term <i>pagan</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paganus" class="extiw" title="wikt:paganus">paganus</a></i></span>, revived during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Latin" title="Renaissance Latin">Renaissance</a>. Itself deriving from <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pagus" class="extiw" title="wikt:pagus">pagus</a></i></span> which originally meant 'region delimited by markers', <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">paganus</i></span> had also come to mean 'of or relating to the countryside', 'country dweller', 'villager'; by extension, '<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rustic" class="extiw" title="wikt:rustic">rustic</a>', 'unlearned', '<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yokel" class="extiw" title="wikt:yokel">yokel</a>', '<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bumpkin" class="extiw" title="wikt:bumpkin">bumpkin</a>'; in Roman military <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a>, 'non-combatant', 'civilian', 'unskilled soldier'. It is related to <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pangere" class="extiw" title="wikt:pangere">pangere</a></i></span> ('to fasten', 'to fix or affix') and ultimately comes from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> <i>*pag-</i> ('to fix' in the same sense):<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline_pagan_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline_pagan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The adoption of <i>paganus</i> by the Latin Christians as an all-embracing, pejorative term for polytheists represents an unforeseen and singularly long-lasting victory, within a religious group, of a word of Latin slang originally devoid of religious meaning. The evolution occurred only in the Latin west, and in connection with the Latin church. Elsewhere, Hellene or gentile (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ethnicon" class="extiw" title="wikt:ethnicon">ethnikos</a></i>) remained the word for pagan; and paganos continued as a purely secular term, with overtones of the inferior and the commonplace.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)" title="Peter Brown (historian)">Peter Brown</a>, <i>Late Antiquity</i>, 1999<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_Brown_1999_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_Brown_1999-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">Medieval</a> writers often assumed that <i>paganus</i> as a religious term was a result of the conversion patterns during the <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of Europe">Christianization of Europe</a>, where people in towns and cities were converted more easily than those in remote regions, where old ways tended to remain. However, this idea has multiple problems. First, the word's usage as a reference to non-Christians pre-dates that period in history. Second, paganism within the Roman Empire centred on cities. The concept of an urban Christianity as opposed to a rural paganism would not have occurred to Romans during <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a>. Third, unlike words such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rusticitas" class="extiw" title="wikt:rusticitas"><i>rusticitas</i></a>, <i>paganus</i> had not yet fully acquired the meanings (of uncultured backwardness) used to explain why it would have been applied to pagans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201114–15_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201114–15-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Paganus</i> more likely acquired its meaning in Christian nomenclature via <a href="/wiki/Roman_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman military">Roman military</a> jargon (see above). Early Christians adopted military motifs and saw themselves as <i><a href="/wiki/Milites_Christi" class="mw-redirect" title="Milites Christi">Milites Christi</a></i> (soldiers of Christ).<sup id="cite_ref-etymonline_pagan_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymonline_pagan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201114–15_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201114–15-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A good example of Christians still using <i>paganus</i> in a military context rather than a religious one is in <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>'s <i>De Corona Militis</i> XI.V, where the Christian is referred to as <i>paganus</i> (<i>civilian</i>):<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201114–15_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201114–15-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-left: 6em; padding-right: 1em;"><i>Apud hunc [Christum] tam miles est paganus fidelis quam paganus est miles fidelis.</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="padding-left: 1em; padding-right: 6em;">With Him [Christ] the faithful citizen is a soldier, just as the faithful soldier is a citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>Paganus</i> acquired its religious connotations by the mid-4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201114–15_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201114–15-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as the 5th century, <i>paganos</i> was metaphorically used to denote persons outside the bounds of the Christian community. Following the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">sack of Rome</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> just over fifteen years after the <a href="/wiki/Christian_persecution_of_paganism_under_Theodosius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian persecution of paganism under Theodosius I">Christian persecution of paganism under Theodosius I</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> murmurs began to spread that the old gods had taken greater care of the city than the Christian God. In response, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God"><i>De Civitate Dei Contra Paganos</i></a> ('The City of God against the Pagans'). In it, he contrasted the fallen "city of Man" with the "city of God", of which all Christians were ultimately citizens. Hence, the foreign invaders were "not of the city" or "rural".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term pagan was not attested in the English language until the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infidel" class="extiw" title="wikt:infidel">infidel</a></i> and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heretic" class="extiw" title="wikt:heretic">heretic</a></i>, it was used as one of several <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> Christian counterparts to <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/goy" class="extiw" title="wikt:goy">goy</a></i> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%99" class="mw-redirect" title="גוי">גוי</a></span></span> / <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">נכרי</span></span>) as used in Judaism, and to <i><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">kafir</a></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كافر</span></span>, 'unbeliever') and <i><a href="/wiki/Mushrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushrik">mushrik</a></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مشرك</span></span>, 'idolater') as in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hellene">Hellene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hellene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thyrsus,_YSEE_e_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Thyrsus%2C_YSEE_e_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile.jpg/220px-Thyrsus%2C_YSEE_e_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Thyrsus%2C_YSEE_e_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile.jpg/330px-Thyrsus%2C_YSEE_e_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Thyrsus%2C_YSEE_e_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile.jpg/440px-Thyrsus%2C_YSEE_e_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Meeting between Thyrsus, <a href="/wiki/YSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="YSEE">YSEE</a>, and Pietas Comunità Gentile</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hellenes_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenes (religion)">Hellenes (religion)</a></div> <p>In the Latin-speaking <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> of the newly <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianization of the Roman Empire">Christianizing Roman Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> became associated with the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in ancient Greece">traditional polytheistic religion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and was regarded as a foreign language (<i>lingua peregrina</i>) in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the latter half of the 4th century in the Greek-speaking <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Empire">Eastern Empire</a>, pagans were—paradoxically—most commonly called <i>Hellenes</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἕλληνες</span></span>, lit. "Greeks") The word had almost entirely ceased being used in a cultural sense.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron93_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron93-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201116–17_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201116–17-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It retained that meaning for roughly the first millennium of Christianity. </p><p>This was influenced by Christianity's early members, who were <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish</a>. The Jews of the time distinguished themselves from foreigners according to religion rather than <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethno</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> standards, and early Jewish Christians would have done the same. Since Hellenic culture was the dominant pagan culture in the Roman east, they referred to pagans as Hellenes. Christianity inherited Jewish terminology for non-Jews and adapted it to refer to non-Christians with whom they were in contact. This usage is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>, <i>Hellene</i> is almost always juxtaposed with <i>Hebrew</i> regardless of actual ethnicity<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201116–17_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201116–17-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The usage of Hellene as a religious term was initially part of an exclusively Christian nomenclature, but some Pagans began to defiantly call themselves Hellenes. Other pagans even preferred the narrow meaning of the word from a broad cultural sphere to a more specific religious grouping. However, there were many Christians and pagans alike who strongly objected to the evolution of the terminology. The influential <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Constantinople" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Constantinople">Archbishop of Constantinople</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a>, for example, took offence at imperial efforts to suppress Hellenic culture (especially concerning spoken and written Greek) and he openly criticized the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron93_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron93-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The growing religious stigmatization of Hellenism had a <a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">chilling effect</a> on Hellenic culture by the late 4th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Cameron93_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cameron93-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By late antiquity, however, it was possible to speak Greek as a primary language while not conceiving of oneself as a Hellene.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The long-established use of Greek both in and around the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> ironically allowed it to instead become central in enabling the spread of Christianity—as indicated for example, by the use of Greek for the <a href="/wiki/Epistles_of_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Epistles of Paul">Epistles of Paul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first half of the 5th century, Greek was the standard language in which bishops communicated,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Acta Conciliorum</i> ("Acts of the Church Councils") were recorded originally in Greek and then translated into other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heathen">Heathen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Heathen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Heathen" comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>: <i lang="ang">hæðen</i> (not Christian or Jewish); cf. <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hei%C3%B0inn" class="extiw" title="wikt:heiðinn">heiðinn</a></i></span>. This meaning for the term originated from <a href="/wiki/Gothic_language" title="Gothic language">Gothic</a> <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hai%C3%BEno" class="extiw" title="wikt:haiþno">haiþno</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">gentile</a> woman) being used to translate Hellene<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Bible" title="Gothic Bible">Wulfila's Bible</a>, the first translation of the Bible into a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic language</a>. This may have been influenced by the Greek and Latin terminology of the time used for pagans. If so, it may be derived from Gothic <span title="Gothic-language text"><i lang="got"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hai%C3%BEi" class="extiw" title="wikt:haiþi">haiþi</a></i></span> (dwelling on the <a href="/wiki/Heath" title="Heath">heath</a>). However, this is not <a href="/wiki/Attested_language" title="Attested language">attested</a>. It may even be a borrowing of Greek <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%94%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἔθνος">ἔθνος</a></span></span> (<span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">ethnos</i></span>) via <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> <span title="Armenian-language text"><span lang="hy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD#Armenian" class="extiw" title="wikt:հեթանոս">hethanos</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term has recently been revived in the forms "Heathenry" and "Heathenism" (often but not always capitalized), as alternative names for the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Germanic_pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Germanic pagan">modern Germanic pagan</a> movement, adherents of which may self-identify as Heathens.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is perhaps misleading even to say that there was such a religion as paganism at the beginning of [the Common Era] ... It might be less confusing to say that the pagans, before their competition with Christianity, had no religion at all in the sense in which that word is normally used today. They had no tradition of discourse about ritual or religious matters (apart from philosophical debate or antiquarian treatise), no organized system of beliefs to which they were asked to commit themselves, no authority-structure peculiar to the religious area, above all no commitment to a particular group of people or set of ideas other than their family and political context. If this is the right view of pagan life, it follows that we should look on paganism quite simply as a religion invented in the course of the second to third centuries AD, in competition and interaction with Christians, Jews and others.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>J A North 1992, 187–88, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201126–27_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201126–27-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Defining paganism is very complex and problematic. Understanding the context of its associated terminology is important.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2011Defining_paganism_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2011Defining_paganism-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">Early Christians</a> referred to the diverse array of <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cults</a> around them as a single group for reasons of convenience and <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201126_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201126-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While paganism generally implies <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, the primary distinction between classical pagans and Christians was not one of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> versus polytheism, as not all pagans were strictly polytheist. Throughout history, many of them believed in a <a href="/wiki/Creator_deity" title="Creator deity">supreme deity</a>. However, most such pagans believed in a class of subordinate gods/<a href="/wiki/Daimon" title="Daimon">daimons</a>—see <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheism</a>—or divine <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">emanations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201128,_30_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201128,_30-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Christians, the most important distinction was whether or not someone worshipped the <i><a href="/wiki/One_true_God" class="mw-redirect" title="One true God">one true God</a></i>. Those who did not (polytheist, monotheist, or <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>) were outsiders to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a> and thus considered pagan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201127,_31_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201127,_31-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, classical pagans would have found it peculiar to distinguish groups by the number of <a href="/wiki/Deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities">deities</a> followers venerate. They would have considered the priestly colleges (such as the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">College of Pontiffs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Epulones" title="Epulones">Epulones</a>) and cult practices more meaningful distinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201129_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201129-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Referring to paganism as a pre-Christian indigenous religion is equally untenable. Not all historical pagan traditions were pre-Christian or indigenous to their places of worship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2011Defining_paganism_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2011Defining_paganism-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owing to the history of its nomenclature, paganism traditionally encompasses the collective pre- and non-Christian cultures in and around the <a href="/wiki/Classical_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical world">classical world</a>; including those of the Greco-Roman, Celtic, Germanic, and Slavic tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201128_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201128-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, modern parlance of <a href="/wiki/Folklorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklorist">folklorists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary pagan">contemporary pagans</a> in particular has extended the original four millennia scope used by early Christians to include similar religious traditions stretching far into <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2011Chapter_1:_The_ancient_world_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2011Chapter_1:_The_ancient_world-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perception">Perception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paganism came to be equated by Christians with a sense of hedonism, representing those who are sensual, materialistic, self-indulgent, unconcerned with the future, and uninterested in more mainstream religions. Pagans were usually described in terms of this worldly <a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotype</a>, especially among those drawing attention to what they perceived as the limitations of paganism.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> wrote: "The pagan set out, with admirable sense, to enjoy himself. By the end of his civilization he had discovered that a man cannot enjoy himself and continue to enjoy anything else."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In sharp contrast, <a href="/wiki/Swinburne" class="mw-redirect" title="Swinburne">Swinburne</a> the poet would comment on this same theme: "Thou hast conquered, O pale Galilean; the world has grown grey from thy breath; We have drunken of things Lethean, and fed on the fullness of death."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ethnocentrism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recently, the <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocentric">ethnocentric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutist" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral absolutist">moral absolutist</a> origins of the common usage of the term pagan have been proposed,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with scholar David Petts noting how, with particular reference to Christianity, "...local religions are defined in opposition to privileged 'world religions'; they become everything that world religions are not, rather than being explored as a subject in their own right."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Petts notes how various spiritual, religious, and metaphysical ideas branded as "pagan" from diverse cultures were studied in opposition to Abrahamism in early anthropology, a binary he links to ethnocentrism and colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric">Prehistoric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prehistoric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bronze_Age_to_Early_Iron_Age">Bronze Age to Early Iron Age</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bronze Age to Early Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egyptian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Ancient Semitic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Ancient Iranian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Gartenlaube_(1887)_b_016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Die_Gartenlaube_%281887%29_b_016.jpg/220px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281887%29_b_016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Die_Gartenlaube_%281887%29_b_016.jpg/330px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281887%29_b_016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Die_Gartenlaube_%281887%29_b_016.jpg/440px-Die_Gartenlaube_%281887%29_b_016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2216" data-file-height="3223" /></a><figcaption>Depiction from 1887 showing two Roman women offering a <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a> to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="List of deities">goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">Ancient Roman religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Roman imperial cult</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a> defined the paganism of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, which he termed <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Heidentum</i></span> ('heathenry') as "the unity of religion and politics, of spirit and nature, of god and man",<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> qualified by the observation that man in the pagan view is always defined by <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>, i.e., As a result, every pagan tradition is also a national tradition. Modern historians define paganism instead as the aggregate of cult acts, set within a civic rather than a national context, without a written creed or sense of <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Antiquity_and_Christianization">Late Antiquity and Christianization</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Late Antiquity and Christianization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Greco-Roman_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism">Decline of Greco-Roman polytheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_philosophy_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic philosophy and Christianity">Hellenic philosophy and Christianity</a></div> <p>The developments in the religious thought of the far-flung <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> during <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> need to be addressed separately, because this is the context in which <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> itself developed as one of several monotheistic cults, and it was in this period that the concept of <i>pagan</i> developed in the first place. As Christianity emerged from <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a>, it stood in competition with other religions advocating pagan monotheism, including the cults of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manichaeanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manichaeanism">Manichaeanism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> in particular exhibits significant parallels with Christ, so that numerous scholars have concluded that the recasting of <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Jesus the wandering rabbi</a> into the image of <a href="/wiki/Christ_the_Logos" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ the Logos">Christ the Logos</a>, the divine saviour, reflects the cult of Dionysus directly. They point to the symbolism of wine and the importance it held in the mythology surrounding both Dionysus and Jesus Christ;<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wick argues that the use of wine <a href="/wiki/Religious_symbolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious symbolism">symbolism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a>, including the story of the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_at_Cana" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage at Cana">Marriage at Cana</a> at which Jesus turns water into wine, was intended to show Jesus as superior to Dionysus.<sup id="cite_ref-Wick_2004_179–198_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wick_2004_179–198-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scene in <i>The Bacchae</i> wherein Dionysus appears before King Pentheus on charges of claiming divinity is compared to the New Testament scene of Jesus being interrogated by <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wick_2004_179–198_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wick_2004_179–198-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Powell_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Powell-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gjama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gjama.jpg/220px-Gjama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gjama.jpg/330px-Gjama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Gjama.jpg/440px-Gjama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>Men of <a href="/wiki/Theth" title="Theth">Theth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shala_(tribe)" title="Shala (tribe)">Shala</a>) practicing the <a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A2m%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Gjâmë">gjâmë</a> – the <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> lamentation of the dead – in 1937. The earliest figurative representations of this practice in traditional Albanian-inhabited regions appear on <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardanian</a> funerary stelae of classical antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephDedvukaj20241–3_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephDedvukaj20241–3-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Proto-Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Albanian">Proto-Albanian</a> speakers were Christianized under the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> sphere of influence, specifically in the 4th century CE, as shown by the basic <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> terms in Albanian, which are of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> origin and entered Proto-Albanian before the <a href="/wiki/Gheg" class="mw-redirect" title="Gheg">Gheg</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tosk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosk">Tosk</a> dialectal diversification.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199836–38_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199836–38-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischerSchmitt202216_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischerSchmitt202216-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the Christianization, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">ancient paganism persisted among Albanians</a>, and especially within the inaccessible and deep interior<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris199334_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris199334-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – where <a href="/wiki/Albanian_folklore" title="Albanian folklore">Albanian folklore</a> evolved over the centuries in a relatively isolated <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">tribal culture and society</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2001vii–viii_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2001vii–viii-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – it has continued to persist, or at most it was partially transformed by the Christian, and later Muslim and Marxist beliefs, that were either to be introduced by choice or imposed by force.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Albanian traditional customary law (<a href="/wiki/Kanun_(Albania)" title="Kanun (Albania)">Kanun</a>) has held a sacred – although secular – longstanding, unwavering and unchallenged authority with a cross-religious effectiveness over the Albanians, which is attributed to an earlier pagan code common to all the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_tribes" title="Albanian tribes">Albanian tribes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarifa200811_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarifa200811-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, the Christian clergy has vigorously fought, but without success, the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism#Rituals_and_practices" title="Albanian paganism">pagan rituals</a> practiced by Albanians for <a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism#Traditional_festivals" title="Albanian paganism">traditional feasts</a> and particular events, especially the fire rituals (<a href="/wiki/Zjarri_(Albanian_paganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zjarri (Albanian paganism)">Zjarri</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta2004250_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta2004250-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafleshi201149_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafleshi201149-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postclassical_history">Postclassical history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Postclassical history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Pagan Continuity in Mani and Mistra (800–1100) Christianity was introduced late in Mani, with the first Greek temples converted into churches during the 11th century. Byzantine monk <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nikon_the_Metanoeite" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Nikon the Metanoeite">Nikon "the Metanoite"</a> (Νίκων ὁ Μετανοείτε) was sent in the 10th century to convert the predominantly <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> Maniots. Although his preaching began the conversion process, it took over 200 years for the majority to accept Christianity fully by the 11th and 12th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Leigh_Fermor" title="Patrick Leigh Fermor">Patrick Leigh Fermor</a> noted that the Maniots, isolated by mountains, were among the last Greeks to abandon the old religion, doing so towards the end of the 9th century: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Sealed off from outside influences by their mountains, the semi-<a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">troglodytic</a> Maniots themselves were the last of the Greeks to be converted. They only abandoned the old religion of Greece towards the end of the ninth century. It is surprising to remember that this peninsula of rock, so near the heart of the Levant from which Christianity springs, should have been baptised three whole centuries after the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">St. Augustine</a> in far-away <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/De_Administrando_Imperio" title="De Administrando Imperio">De Administrando Imperio</a></i>, the Maniots were referred to as 'Hellenes' and only fully <a href="/wiki/Christianized" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianized">Christianized</a> in the 9th century, despite some church ruins from the 4th century indicating early Christian presence. The region's mountainous terrain allowed the Maniots to evade the Eastern Roman Empire's Christianization efforts, thus preserving pagan traditions, which coincided with significant years in the life of <a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Gemistos Plethon</a>. </p><p>Another safe area for the pagans was the city of Harran which, Despite the persecution of its pagan inhabitants by Byzantine Emperor Maurice, remained a largely pagan city well into the early Islamic period. When the city was besieged by the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> in 639–640, it was the pagan community that negotiated its peaceful surrender. Under the subsequent rule of the caliphates, Harran became a major settlement within the <a href="/wiki/Diyar_Mudar" title="Diyar Mudar">Diyar Mudar</a> region and retained a significant degree of autonomy. During the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a>, the people of Harran sided with <a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a> over <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a> in 657, which allegedly resulted in a brutal retaliation by Ali, who massacred much of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPingree200217_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPingree200217-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (661–750), Harran prospered and was selected as the capital by the last Umayyad caliph, <a href="/wiki/Marwan_II" title="Marwan II">Marwan II</a>, from 744 to 750. This move may have been influenced by the city's pagan sympathies and its strategic position near the empire's eastern provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth200313–14_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth200313–14-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city's prominence under Umayyad rule saw it grow as a cultural and scholarly center, with the establishment of the first Muslim university in 717 under <a href="/wiki/Umar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar II">Umar II</a>, attracting scholars from across the Islamic world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrew1999_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrew1999-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Harran lost its capital status under the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, it continued to flourish, particularly during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid" title="Harun al-Rashid">Harun al-Rashid</a> (786–809), when its university became a key center for translation and intellectual activity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzdenizBekleyenGönülGönül1998478_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzdenizBekleyenGönülGönül1998478-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local religion, blending elements of Mesopotamian paganism and Neoplatonism, persisted into the 10th century, though periodic decrees enforced conversions to Islam, especially under <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">Al-Ma'mun</a> in 830.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPingree200223_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPingree200223-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Harran retained its heterogeneity, with a population that included Muslims, Christians, Jews, and a variety of other religious groups. </p><p>The medieval church accused sects deemed heretical such as the <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> and Cathars of participating in pagan fertility rites.<sup id="cite_ref-Byrne_2017_p._626_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrne_2017_p._626-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam_in_Arabia">Islam in Arabia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islam in Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></div> <p>Arab paganism gradually disappeared during <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s era through <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sealednectar2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sealednectar2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-online_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-online-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sacred months of the Arab pagans were the 1st, 7th, 11th, and 12th months of the Islamic calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Sealed_Nectar_Free_Version_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Sealed_Nectar_Free_Version-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Muhammad had conquered <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> he set out to convert the pagans.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mufti_Dec_2007_103_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mufti_Dec_2007_103-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the last military campaigns that Muhammad ordered against the Arab pagans was the <a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Dhul_Khalasa" title="Demolition of Dhul Khalasa">Demolition of Dhul Khalasa</a>. It occurred in April and May 632 AD, in 10AH of the Islamic Calendar. <a href="/wiki/Dhul_Khalasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul Khalasa">Dhul Khalasa</a> is referred to as both an idol and a temple, and it was known by some as the <a href="/wiki/Ka%27ba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ka'ba">Ka'ba</a> of Yemen, built and worshipped by polytheist tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-b3_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b3-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b2_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b2-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Modern_Renaissance">Early Modern Renaissance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Early Modern Renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celebrazione_del_2777_Natale_di_Roma_-_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Celebrazione_del_2777_Natale_di_Roma_-_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile_2.jpg/220px-Celebrazione_del_2777_Natale_di_Roma_-_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Celebrazione_del_2777_Natale_di_Roma_-_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile_2.jpg/330px-Celebrazione_del_2777_Natale_di_Roma_-_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Celebrazione_del_2777_Natale_di_Roma_-_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile_2.jpg/440px-Celebrazione_del_2777_Natale_di_Roma_-_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Celebration of the 2777th <a href="/wiki/Natale_di_Roma" title="Natale di Roma">Natale di Roma</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Maximus" title="Circus Maximus">Circus Maximus</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Interest in reviving <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman">ancient Roman</a> religious traditions can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, with figures such as <a href="/wiki/Gemistus_Pletho" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemistus Pletho">Gemistus Pletho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Pomponius_Laetus" title="Julius Pomponius Laetus">Julius Pomponius Laetus</a> advocating for a revival,<sup id="cite_ref-marre_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marre-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance magic</a> was practiced as a revival of <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman magic">Greco-Roman magic</a>. Gemistus Plethon, who was from Mistras (near the <a href="/wiki/Mani_Peninsula" title="Mani Peninsula">Mani Peninsula</a>—where paganism had endured until the 12th century) encouraged the Medici, descendants of the Maniot Latriani dynasty, to found the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy_(Florence)" title="Platonic Academy (Florence)">Neoplatonic Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, helping to spark the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. In addition Julius Pomponius Laetus (student of Pletho) established the <a href="/wiki/Roman_academies" title="Roman academies">Roman academy</a> which secretly celebrated the <a href="/wiki/Natale_di_Roma" title="Natale di Roma">Natale di Roma</a>, a festival linked to the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation of Rome">foundation of Rome</a>, and the birthday of <a href="/wiki/Romulus" title="Romulus">Romulus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Academy was dissolved in 1468 when <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Pope Paul II</a> ordered the arrest and execution of some of the members, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a> allowed Laetus to open the academy again until the <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Sack of Rome</a> of the 1527. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the French lawyer <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Andr%C3%A9_Aucler" title="Gabriel André Aucler">Gabriel André Aucler</a> (mid 1700s–1815) adopted the name <b>Quintus Nautius</b> and sought to <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">revive paganism</a>, styling himself as its leader. He designed <a href="/wiki/Religious_clothing" title="Religious clothing">religious clothing</a> and performed pagan rites at his home. In 1799, he published <i>La Thréicie</i>, presenting his religious views. His teachings were later analyzed by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_de_Nerval" title="Gérard de Nerval">Gérard de Nerval</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Illumin%C3%A9s" title="Les Illuminés">Les Illuminés</a></i> (1852).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamoureux1843397_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamoureux1843397-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admiring <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, Aucler supported the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and saw it as a path to restoring an ancient republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaume1856208_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaume1856208-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He took the name Quintus Nautius, claimed Roman priestly lineage, and performed <a href="/wiki/Orphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orphic">Orphic</a> rites at his home.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGérardin1974226_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGérardin1974226-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His followers were mainly his household.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamoureux1843397_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamoureux1843397-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1799, he published <i>La Thréicie</i>, advocating a revival of paganism in France, condemning Christianity, and promoting <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">universal animation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerkin2014a257_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkin2014a257-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, the description of paganism turned from a theological aspect to an <a href="/wiki/Ethnological" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnological">ethnological</a> one, and religions began to be understood as part of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> identities of peoples, and the study of the religions of so-called primitive peoples triggered questions as to the ultimate historical <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of religion">origin of religion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a> viewed pagan mythology as a distorted version of Christian truths.<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_2017_p._413_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin_2017_p._413-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Fabri_de_Peiresc" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Fabri de Peiresc">Nicolas Fabri de Peiresc</a> saw the pagan <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions of Africa">religions of Africa</a> of his day as relics that were in principle capable of shedding light on the historical paganism of Classical Antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Modern_Romanticism">Late Modern Romanticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Late Modern Romanticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 19th century also saw much scholarly interest in the reconstruction of pagan mythology from folklore or fairy tales. This was notably attempted by the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Brothers Grimm</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> in his <i>Teutonic Mythology</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Elias_L%C3%B6nnrot" title="Elias Lönnrot">Elias Lönnrot</a> with the compilation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kalevala" title="Kalevala">Kalevala</a></i>. The work of the Brothers Grimm influenced other collectors, both inspiring them to collect tales and leading them to similarly believe that the fairy tales of a country were particularly representative of it, to the neglect of cross-cultural influence. Among those influenced were the Russian <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Afanasyev" title="Alexander Afanasyev">Alexander Afanasyev</a>, the Norwegians <a href="/wiki/Peter_Christen_Asbj%C3%B8rnsen" title="Peter Christen Asbjørnsen">Peter Christen Asbjørnsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Moe" title="Jørgen Moe">Jørgen Moe</a>, and the Englishman <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs" title="Joseph Jacobs">Joseph Jacobs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Romanticist interest in non-classical antiquity coincided with the rise of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a> and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> in the context of the <a href="/wiki/1848_revolutions" class="mw-redirect" title="1848 revolutions">1848 revolutions</a>, leading to the creation of <i><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epics</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">national myths</a> for the various newly formed states. Pagan or folkloric topics were also common in the <a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">musical nationalism</a> of the period. Paganism resurfaces as a topic of fascination in 18th to 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, in particular in the context of the literary <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic reconstructionism">Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viking_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Revival">Viking</a> revivals, which portrayed historical <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic polytheism">Germanic</a> polytheists as <a href="/wiki/Noble_savage" title="Noble savage">noble savages</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>Great God! I'd rather be<br />A Pagan suckled in a creed outworn;<br />So might I, standing on this pleasant lea,<br />Have glimpses that would make me less forlorn;<br />Have sight of <a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a> rising from the sea;<br />Or hear old <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a> blow his wreathèd horn.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_World_Is_Too_Much_with_Us" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Is Too Much with Us">The World Is Too Much with Us</a>", lines 9–14</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In Italy, with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> the process of <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> fostered <a href="/wiki/Anti-clerical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-clerical">anti-clerical</a> sentiment among the intelligentsia. Intellectuals like archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)" title="Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)">Giacomo Boni</a> and writer <a href="/wiki/Roggero_Musmeci_Ferrari_Bravo" title="Roggero Musmeci Ferrari Bravo">Roggero Musmeci Ferrari Bravo</a> promoted the restoration of Roman religious practices.<sup id="cite_ref-giudice_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-giudice-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, philosopher and esotericist <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Gruppo_di_Ur" class="mw-redirect" title="Gruppo di Ur">Gruppo di Ur</a> in Rome, along with its journal <i>Ur</i> (1927–1928), involving figures like <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Reghini" title="Arturo Reghini">Arturo Reghini</a>. In 1928, Evola published <i><a href="/wiki/Imperialismo_Pagano" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperialismo Pagano">Imperialismo Pagano</a></i>, advocating Italian political paganism to oppose the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Pacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Pacts">Lateran Pacts</a>. The journal resumed in 1929 as <i>Krur</i>. </p><p>A mysterious document published in <i>Krur</i> in 1929, attributed to orientalist <a href="/wiki/Leone_Caetani" title="Leone Caetani">Leone Caetani</a>, suggested that Italy's <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> victory and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> were influenced by Etruscan-Roman rites.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Late 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1960s and 1970s saw a resurgence in <a href="/wiki/Neo-Druidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Druidism">neo-Druidism</a> as well as the rise of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Germanic paganism">modern Germanic paganism</a> in the United States and in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>. In the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> was notably influenced by feminism, leading to the creation of an eclectic, <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a>-worshipping movement known as <a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006178–239_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006178–239-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1979 publication of <a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Drawing_Down_the_Moon_(book)" title="Drawing Down the Moon (book)">Drawing Down the Moon</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spiral_Dance" title="The Spiral Dance">The Spiral Dance</a></i> opened a new chapter in public awareness of paganism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006ix_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006ix-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the growth and spread of large, pagan gatherings and festivals in the 1980s, public varieties of <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> continued to further diversify into additional, eclectic sub-denominations, often heavily influenced by the <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-culture">counter-culture</a> movements. These open, unstructured or loosely structured traditions contrast with <a href="/wiki/British_Traditional_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="British Traditional Wicca">British Traditional Wicca</a>, which emphasizes secrecy and initiatory lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006429–456_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006429–456-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The public appeal for pre-Christian Roman spirituality in the years following <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> was largely driven by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Julius Evola</a>. By the late 1960s, a renewed "operational" interest in pagan Roman traditions emerged from youth circles around Evola, particularly concerning the experience of the <i>Gruppo di Ur</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evola's writings incorporated concepts from outside classical Roman religion, such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexual_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual magic">sexual magic</a>, and private <a href="/wiki/Ritual_nudity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritual nudity">ritual nudity</a>. This period saw the rise of the <i>Gruppo dei Dioscuri</i> in cities like Rome, Naples, and Messina, which published a series of four booklets, including titles such as <i>L'Impeto della vera cultura</i> and <i>Rivoluzione Tradizionale e Sovversione</i>, before fading from public view.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Evolian journal <i>Arthos</i>, founded in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> in 1972 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renato_del_Ponte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renato del Ponte (page does not exist)">Renato del Ponte</a>, expressed significant interest in Roman religion. In 1984, the <i>Gruppo Arx</i> revived Messina's <i>Dioscuri</i> activities, and Reghini's <i>Pythagorean Association</i> briefly resurfaced in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> from 1984 to 1988, publishing <i>Yghìeia</i>. </p><p>Other publications include the Genoese <i>Il Basilisco</i> (1979–1989), which released several works on pagan studies, and <i>Politica Romana</i> (1994–2004), seen as a high-level Romano-pagan journal. One prominent figure was actor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Corbiletto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Corbiletto (page does not exist)">Roberto Corbiletto</a>, who died in a mysterious fire in 1999.The 1980s and 1990s also saw an increasing interest in serious academic research and <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">reconstructionist pagan</a> traditions. The establishment and growth of the Internet in the 1990s brought rapid growth to these, and other pagan movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006429–456_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006429–456-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse</a> of the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1991, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> was legally established across Russia and a number of other newly independent states, allowing for the growth in both Christian and non-Christian religions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200545_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200545-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_paganism">Modern paganism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Modern paganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Neopaganism"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ritual_of_the_summer_solstice_-_2023_YSEE_%26_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ritual_of_the_summer_solstice_-_2023_YSEE_%26_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile.jpg/220px-Ritual_of_the_summer_solstice_-_2023_YSEE_%26_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ritual_of_the_summer_solstice_-_2023_YSEE_%26_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile.jpg/330px-Ritual_of_the_summer_solstice_-_2023_YSEE_%26_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Ritual_of_the_summer_solstice_-_2023_YSEE_%26_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile.jpg/440px-Ritual_of_the_summer_solstice_-_2023_YSEE_%26_Pietas_Comunit%C3%A0_Gentile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Summer Solstice Ritual held in collaboration by <a href="/wiki/YSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="YSEE">YSEE</a> and Pietas Comunità Gentile (2023)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2000s, Associazione Tradizionale Pietas began reconstructing temples across Italy and sought legal recognition from the state, drawing inspiration from similar groups like <a href="/wiki/YSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="YSEE">YSEE</a> in Greece. In 2023, Pietas participated in the <a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">ECER</a> meeting, resulting in the signing of the Riga Declaration, which calls for the recognition of European ethnic religions.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public rituals, such as those celebrating the ancient festival of the <a href="/wiki/Natale_di_Roma" title="Natale di Roma">Natale di Roma</a>, have also resumed in recent years.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Congresso_Europeo_delle_Religioni_Etniche_(ECER)_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Congresso_Europeo_delle_Religioni_Etniche_%28ECER%29_2023.jpg/250px-Congresso_Europeo_delle_Religioni_Etniche_%28ECER%29_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Congresso_Europeo_delle_Religioni_Etniche_%28ECER%29_2023.jpg/330px-Congresso_Europeo_delle_Religioni_Etniche_%28ECER%29_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Congresso_Europeo_delle_Religioni_Etniche_%28ECER%29_2023.jpg/500px-Congresso_Europeo_delle_Religioni_Etniche_%28ECER%29_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="1102" /></a><figcaption>2023 <a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of the Ethnic Religions</a> (ECER) in Riga</figcaption></figure><p> The idea of practicing Roman religion in the modern era has spread beyond Italy, with practitioners found in countries across Europe and the Americas. The most prominent international organization is <a href="/wiki/Nova_Roma" title="Nova Roma">Nova Roma</a>, founded in 1998, with active groups worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/250px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/330px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/500px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Some <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a> are believed to have religious significance.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_of_Cornwall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lady_of_Cornwall.jpg/220px-Lady_of_Cornwall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lady_of_Cornwall.jpg/330px-Lady_of_Cornwall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Lady_of_Cornwall.jpg/440px-Lady_of_Cornwall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Children standing with <i>The Lady of Cornwall</i> in a neopagan ceremony in England</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paganavebury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Paganavebury.jpg/250px-Paganavebury.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Paganavebury.jpg/330px-Paganavebury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Paganavebury.jpg/500px-Paganavebury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Neopagan <a href="/wiki/Handfasting_(Neopaganism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Handfasting (Neopaganism)">handfasting</a> ceremony at Avebury (Beltane 2005)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a>, or Neopaganism, includes <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">reconstructed practice</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Roman Polytheistic Reconstructionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic Native Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism">Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">heathenry</a>, as well as modern eclectic traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> and its many offshoots, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Druidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Druidism">Neo-Druidism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a>. </p><p>However, there often exists a distinction or separation between some polytheistic reconstructionists such as Hellenism and revivalist neopagans like Wiccans. The divide is over numerous issues such as the importance of accurate <a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">orthopraxy</a> according to ancient sources available, the use and concept of magic, which calendar to use and which holidays to observe, as well as the use of the term pagan itself.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sceh_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sceh-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-heath_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heath-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1717 <a href="/wiki/John_Toland" title="John Toland">John Toland</a> became the first Chosen Chief of the Ancient Druid Order, which became known as the British Circle of the Universal Bond.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_2002_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_2002-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the revivals, Wicca and Neo-Druidism in particular, have their roots in 19th century <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a> and retain noticeable elements of <a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">occultism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> that were current then, setting them apart from historical rural (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">paganus</i></span>) folk religion. Most modern pagans, however, believe in the divine character of the natural world and paganism is often described as an Earth religion.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_copy_of_the_Thor%27s_hammer_from_Sk%C3%A5ne_-_Nachbildung_des_Thorshammers_von_Sk%C3%A5ne_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/A_copy_of_the_Thor%27s_hammer_from_Sk%C3%A5ne_-_Nachbildung_des_Thorshammers_von_Sk%C3%A5ne_02.jpg/220px-A_copy_of_the_Thor%27s_hammer_from_Sk%C3%A5ne_-_Nachbildung_des_Thorshammers_von_Sk%C3%A5ne_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/A_copy_of_the_Thor%27s_hammer_from_Sk%C3%A5ne_-_Nachbildung_des_Thorshammers_von_Sk%C3%A5ne_02.jpg/330px-A_copy_of_the_Thor%27s_hammer_from_Sk%C3%A5ne_-_Nachbildung_des_Thorshammers_von_Sk%C3%A5ne_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/A_copy_of_the_Thor%27s_hammer_from_Sk%C3%A5ne_-_Nachbildung_des_Thorshammers_von_Sk%C3%A5ne_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>The hammer <a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a> is one of the primary symbols of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic neopaganism">Germanic neopaganism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are a number of neopagan authors who have examined the relation of the 20th-century movements of polytheistic revival with historical polytheism on one hand and contemporary traditions of folk religion on the other. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bonewits" title="Isaac Bonewits">Isaac Bonewits</a> introduced a terminology to make this distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-Defs_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Defs-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Neopaganism</dt> <dd>The overarching contemporary pagan revival movement which focuses on nature-revering/living, pre-Christian religions and/or other nature-based spiritual paths, and frequently incorporating contemporary liberal values<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. This definition may include groups such as <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a>, Neo-Druidism, Heathenry, and Slavic Native Faith.</dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kruszwica_kolegiata_swastyka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kruszwica_kolegiata_swastyka.jpg/250px-Kruszwica_kolegiata_swastyka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kruszwica_kolegiata_swastyka.jpg/330px-Kruszwica_kolegiata_swastyka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Kruszwica_kolegiata_swastyka.jpg/500px-Kruszwica_kolegiata_swastyka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Tursaansyd%C3%A4n" title="Tursaansydän">Tursaansydän</a></i> symbol, part of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish neopaganism</a>.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Paleopaganism"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Paleopaganism</span></span></dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Retronym" title="Retronym">retronym</a> coined to contrast with <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</a>, original polytheistic, nature-centered faiths, such as the pre-Hellenistic <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> and pre-imperial <a href="/wiki/Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman religion">Roman religion</a>, pre-Migration period <a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> as described by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic polytheism</a> as described by <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>.</dd> <dt><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238216509" /><span class="vanchor"><span id="Mesopaganism"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Mesopaganism</span></span></dt> <dd>A group, which is, or has been, significantly influenced by monotheistic, dualistic, or nontheistic worldviews, but has been able to maintain an independence of religious practices. This group includes <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal Americans">aboriginal Americans</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">Norse paganism</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> spirituality. Influences include: <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">Spiritualism</a>, and the many Afro-Diasporic faiths like <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a> and Espiritu religion. <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bonewits" title="Isaac Bonewits">Isaac Bonewits</a> includes <a href="/wiki/British_Traditional_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="British Traditional Wicca">British Traditional Wicca</a> in this subdivision.</dd></dl> <p>Prudence Jones and Nigel Pennick in their <i>A History of Pagan Europe</i> (1995) classify pagan religions as characterized by the following traits: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a>: Pagan religions recognise a plurality of divine beings, which may or may not be considered aspects of an underlying unity (the <a href="/wiki/Polytheism#Soft_versus_hard" title="Polytheism">soft and hard polytheism</a> distinction).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_religion" title="Earth religion">Nature-based</a>: Some pagan religions have a concept of the divinity of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>, which they view as a manifestation of the divine, not as the fallen creation found in <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">dualistic cosmology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_feminine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred feminine">Sacred feminine</a>: Some pagan religions recognize the female divine principle, identified as <a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">the Goddess</a> (as opposed to individual <a href="/wiki/Goddesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Goddesses">goddesses</a>) beside or in place of the male divine principle as expressed in the Abrahamic God.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In modern times, Heathen and Heathenry are increasingly used to refer to those branches of modern paganism inspired by the pre-Christian religions of the Germanic, Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, the members of <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%81satr%C3%BAarf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0" title="Ásatrúarfélagið">Ásatrúarfélagið</a></i> account for nearly 2% of the total population,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore being nearly six thousand people. In <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, many people practice <a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a>, a revived version of the pre-Christian religion of that country. Lithuania was among the last areas of Europe to be Christianized. <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a> has been established on a formal basis in Australia since at least the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_religions_of_pre-Christian_Europe">Ethnic religions of pre-Christian Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ethnic religions of pre-Christian Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_paganism" title="Albanian paganism">Albanian paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscan mythology">Etruscan mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnic_mythologies" title="Finnic mythologies">Finnic mythologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Religion in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian religion</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reconstructionist_groups">Reconstructionist groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Reconstructionist groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-paganism" title="Crypto-paganism">Crypto-paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayawism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayawism">Dayawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmic_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic religions">Dharmic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungian_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungian psychology">Jungian psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pagans" title="List of pagans">List of pagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">List of modern pagan movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_temples" title="List of modern pagan temples">List of modern pagan temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">List of religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_pantheism" title="Naturalistic pantheism">Naturalistic pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentientism" title="Sentientism">Sentientism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totemism" class="mw-redirect" title="Totemism">Totemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Worship of heavenly bodies</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bowersock1999p625-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowersock1999p625_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowersock1999p625_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowersock1999p625_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrown1999" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Peter (1999). "Pagan". In Bowersock, Glen Warren; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (eds.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe"><i>Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lateantiquitygui00bowe/page/625">625</a>–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-51173-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-51173-6"><bdi>978-0-674-51173-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pagan&rft.btitle=Late+Antiquity%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Postclassical+World&rft.pages=625-26&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-674-51173-6&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flateantiquitygui00bowe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CF-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CF_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. J. O'Donnell (1977), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.georgetown.edu/jod/paganus.html"><i>Paganus</i>: Evolution and Use</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329170344/http://faculty.georgetown.edu/jod/paganus.html">Archived</a> 29 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Classical Folia</i>, <b>31</b>: 163–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Augustine, Divers. Quaest. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James2014-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James2014_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James2014_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Christopher P. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TG22AgAAQBAJ&q=pagan+sacrifice&pg=PT74"><i>Between Pagan and Christian</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72520-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-72520-1"><bdi>978-0-674-72520-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Pagan+and+Christian&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-674-72520-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Christopher+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTG22AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpagan%2Bsacrifice%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies2011p1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies2011p1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwen_Davies2011" class="citation book cs1">Owen Davies (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pjP8Cr28GCIC"><i>Paganism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162001-0"><bdi>978-0-19-162001-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paganism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162001-0&rft.au=Owen+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpjP8Cr28GCIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAitamurto2016" class="citation book cs1">Aitamurto, Kaarina (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5c4eDAAAQBAJ"><i>Paganism, Traditionalism, Nationalism: Narratives of Russian Rodnoverie</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">12–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-08443-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-08443-3"><bdi>978-1-317-08443-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paganism%2C+Traditionalism%2C+Nationalism%3A+Narratives+of+Russian+Rodnoverie&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E12-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-08443-3&rft.aulast=Aitamurto&rft.aufirst=Kaarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5c4eDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwen_Davies2011" class="citation book cs1">Owen Davies (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pjP8Cr28GCIC"><i>Paganism: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>6, <span class="nowrap">70–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162001-0"><bdi>978-0-19-162001-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paganism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162001-0&rft.au=Owen+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpjP8Cr28GCIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies,_Owen_2011-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies,_Owen_2011_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, Owen (2011). <i>Paganism: A Very Short Introduction</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0191620010" title="Special:BookSources/978-0191620010">978-0191620010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114225/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/paganism">Paganism</a>, Oxford Dictionary (2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199754670.001.0001/acref-9780199754670-e-659?rskey=Uq4ZiB&result=9">Paganism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625021530/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199754670.001.0001/acref-9780199754670-e-659?rskey=Uq4ZiB&result=9">Archived</a> 25 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature</i>, Bron Taylor (2010), Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199754670" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199754670">978-0199754670</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. Lewis (scholar)">Lewis, James R.</a> (2004). <i>The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514986-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-514986-6"><bdi>0-19-514986-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-514986-6&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanegraff1006" class="citation book cs1">Hanegraff, Wouter J. (1006). <i>New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought</i>. Brill. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10696-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10696-0"><bdi>90-04-10696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Age+Religion+and+Western+Culture%3A+Esotericism+in+the+Mirror+of+Secular+Thought&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1006&rft.isbn=90-04-10696-0&rft.aulast=Hanegraff&rft.aufirst=Wouter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201128,_30-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201128,_30_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201128,_30_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2011">Cameron 2011</a>, pp. 28, 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2011-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2011_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2011">Davies 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymonline_pagan-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline_pagan_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymonline_pagan_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=pagan&allowed_in_frame=0">"pagan (n.)"</a>. <i>The Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=pagan+%28n.%29&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dpagan%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter_Brown_1999-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peter_Brown_1999_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Brown, in Glen Warren Bowersock, Peter Robert Lamont Brown, Oleg Grabar, eds., <i>Late Antiquity: a guide to the postclassical world</i>, 1999, <i>s.v.</i> Pagan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201114–15-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201114–15_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201114–15_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201114–15_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201114–15_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2011">Cameron 2011</a>, pp. 14–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:De_corona_militis#11" class="extiw" title="s:la:De corona militis"><i>De Corona Militis</i> XI.V</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Ante-Nicene_Fathers/Volume_III/Apologetic/The_Chaplet,_or_De_Corona/Chapter_XI" class="extiw" title="s:Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume III/Apologetic/The Chaplet, or De Corona/Chapter XI">Ante-Nicene Fathers III, De Corona XI</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14577d.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Theodosius I",<i> The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, 1912"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Theodosius+I%22%2C+The+Catholic+Encyclopedia%2C+1912&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F14577d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The City of God". <a href="/wiki/Britannica_Ultimate_Reference_Suite_DVD" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite DVD">Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite DVD</a>, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orosius <u>Histories 1. Prol.</u> <i>"ui alieni a civitate dei..pagani vocantur."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Mohrmann, <i>Vigiliae Christianae</i> 6 (1952) 9ff; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>, (online) 2nd Edition (1989)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060625103623/http://dictionary.oed.com/">Archived</a> 25 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">OED</a></i> instances <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a></i>, Vol. II, "Chapter XXI: Persecution of Heresy, State of the Church. Part VII" (1776): "The divisions of Christianity suspended the ruin of Paganism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eisenstadt, S.N. (1983). "Transcendental Visions – Other-Worldliness – and Its Transformations: Some More Comments on L. Dumont. <i>Religion</i>" 13:1–17, at p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Augustine, <i>Confessions</i> 1.14.23; Moatii, "Translation, Migration, and Communication", p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cameron93-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron93_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron93_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cameron93_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCameronLongSherry1993" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Alan G.; Long, Jacqueline; Sherry, Lee (1993). "2: Synesius of Cyrene; VI: The <i>Dion</i>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9780520065505"><i>Barbarians and Politics at the Court of Arcadius</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06550-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06550-5"><bdi>978-0-520-06550-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Synesius+of+Cyrene%3B+VI%3A+The+Dion&rft.btitle=Barbarians+and+Politics+at+the+Court+of+Arcadius&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06550-5&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan+G.&rft.au=Long%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=Sherry%2C+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D9780520065505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201116–17-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201116–17_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201116–17_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2011">Cameron 2011</a>, pp. 16–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simon Swain, "Defending Hellenism: Philostratus, in Honour of Apollonius", in <i>Apologetics,</i> p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Treadgold, <i>A History of the Byzantine State,</i> p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millar, <i>A Greek Roman Empire,</i> pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millar, <i>A Greek Roman Empire,</i> p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Mark#7:26" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Mark">Mark 7:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=heathen&allowed_in_frame=0">"heathen (n.)"</a>. <i>The Online Etymology Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=heathen+%28n.%29&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dheathen%26allowed_in_frame%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201126–27-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201126–27_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2011">Cameron 2011</a>, pp. 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2011Defining_paganism-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2011Defining_paganism_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2011Defining_paganism_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2011">Davies 2011</a>, Defining paganism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201126-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201126_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2011">Cameron 2011</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201127,_31-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201127,_31_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2011">Cameron 2011</a>, pp. 27, 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201129-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201129_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2011">Cameron 2011</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron201128-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECameron201128_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCameron2011">Cameron 2011</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2011Chapter_1:_The_ancient_world-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2011Chapter_1:_The_ancient_world_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2011">Davies 2011</a>, Chapter 1: The ancient world.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antonio Virgili, Culti misterici ed orientali a Pompei, Roma, Gangemi, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Heretics_(book)" title="Heretics (book)">Heretics</a></i>, G. K. Chesterton, 2007, Hendrickson Publishers Inc., p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Hymn to Proserpine'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHanegraaff2016" class="citation journal cs1">Hanegraaff, Wouter (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44505310">"Reconstructing "Religion" from the Bottom Up"</a>. <i>Numen</i>. <b>63</b> (5/6): <span class="nowrap">576–</span>605. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685276-12341439">10.1163/15685276-12341439</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11245.1%2F8b66dd94-5e6c-4c56-95ec-dbf822201e46">11245.1/8b66dd94-5e6c-4c56-95ec-dbf822201e46</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44505310">44505310</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171686966">171686966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+%22Religion%22+from+the+Bottom+Up&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=5%2F6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E576-%3C%2Fspan%3E605&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11245.1%2F8b66dd94-5e6c-4c56-95ec-dbf822201e46&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171686966%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44505310%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685276-12341439&rft.aulast=Hanegraaff&rft.aufirst=Wouter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44505310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlumberg2016" class="citation news cs1">Blumberg, Antonia (27 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/what-not-to-say-when-you-meet-someone-who-is-pagan_n_57474735e4b055bb11719b22">"What Not To Say When You Meet Someone Who Is Pagan"</a>. Huffington Post<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+Not+To+Say+When+You+Meet+Someone+Who+Is+Pagan&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft.aulast=Blumberg&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fwhat-not-to-say-when-you-meet-someone-who-is-pagan_n_57474735e4b055bb11719b22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPetts2011" class="citation book cs1">Petts, David (26 May 2011). <i>Pagan and Christian: Religious Change in Early Medieval Europe</i>. London: Bristol Classical Press. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3754-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-3754-8"><bdi>978-0-7156-3754-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pagan+and+Christian%3A+Religious+Change+in+Early+Medieval+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Bristol+Classical+Press&rft.date=2011-05-26&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-3754-8&rft.aulast=Petts&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKourbage" class="citation web cs1">Kourbage, Melanie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/35008/reviews/42650/kourbage-petts-pagan-and-christian-religious-change-early-medieval">"Kourbage on Petts, 'Pagan and Christian: Religious Change in Early Medieval Europe'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Humanities and Social Sciences Online</i>. H-German<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanities+and+Social+Sciences+Online&rft.atitle=Kourbage+on+Petts%2C+%27Pagan+and+Christian%3A+Religious+Change+in+Early+Medieval+Europe%27&rft.aulast=Kourbage&rft.aufirst=Melanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnetworks.h-net.org%2Fnode%2F35008%2Freviews%2F42650%2Fkourbage-petts-pagan-and-christian-religious-change-early-medieval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. the civil, natural and mythical theologies of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Marcus Terentius Varro</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A summary of the modern view is given in Robin Lane Fox, <i>Pagans and Christians</i> 1989, pp. 31 <i>ff.</i>: "The modern emphasis on paganism's cult acts was also acknowledged by pagans themselves. It shaped the way they tried and tested Christians."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Kessler, <i>Dionysian Monotheism in Nea Paphos, Cyprus</i> "two monotheistic religions, Dionysian and Christian, existed contemporaneously in Nea Paphos during the 4th century C.E. [...] the particular iconography of Hermes and Dionysos in the panel of the Epiphany of Dionysos [...] represents the culmination of a Pagan iconographic tradition in which an infant divinity is seated on the lap of another divine figure; this Pagan motif was appropriated by early Christian artists and developed into the standardized icon of the Virgin and Child. Thus the mosaic helps to substantiate the existence of Pagan monotheism." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y1-hBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>, <i>Description of Greece</i> 6. 26. 1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>, <i>Deipnosophistae</i> 2. 34a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wick_2004_179–198-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wick_2004_179–198_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wick_2004_179–198_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWick2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wick, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsw.org/?l=71851&a=Comm06.html">"Jesus gegen Dionysos? Ein Beitrag zur Kontextualisierung des Johannesevangeliums"</a>. <i>Biblica</i>. <b>85</b> (2). Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute: <span class="nowrap">179–</span>98<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblica&rft.atitle=Jesus+gegen+Dionysos%3F+Ein+Beitrag+zur+Kontextualisierung+des+Johannesevangeliums&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Wick&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsw.org%2F%3Fl%3D71851%26a%3DComm06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0fLPOx1B-AwC&dq=%22dionysus+had+been+at+home+in+palestine+for+a+long+time%22&pg=PA331">Studies in Early Christology</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Martin Hengel</a>, 2005, p. 331 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0567042804" title="Special:BookSources/0567042804">0567042804</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Powell_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell, Barry B., <i>Classical Myth</i> Second ed. With new translations of ancient texts by Herbert M. Howe. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJosephDedvukaj20241–3-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJosephDedvukaj20241–3_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJosephDedvukaj2024">Joseph & Dedvukaj 2024</a>, pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199836–38-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199836–38_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, pp. 36–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischerSchmitt202216-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischerSchmitt202216_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFischerSchmitt2022">Fischer & Schmitt 2022</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorris199334-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorris199334_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris1993">Norris 1993</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsie2001vii–viii-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsie2001vii–viii_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsie2001">Elsie 2001</a>, pp. vii–viii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorris1993">Norris 1993</a>, p. 34; <a href="#CITEREFQafleshi2011">Qafleshi 2011</a>, pp. 43–71; <a href="#CITEREFHykolliKrasniqi2020">Hykolli & Krasniqi 2020</a>, p. 78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETarifa200811-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETarifa200811_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTarifa2008">Tarifa 2008</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETirta2004250-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETirta2004250_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTirta2004">Tirta 2004</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQafleshi201149-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQafleshi201149_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFQafleshi2011">Qafleshi 2011</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeigh_Fermor1958" class="citation book cs1">Leigh Fermor, Patrick (1958). <i>Mani: Travels in the Southern Peloponnese</i>. John Murray. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mani%3A+Travels+in+the+Southern+Peloponnese&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Leigh+Fermor&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPingree200217-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPingree200217_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPingree2002">Pingree 2002</a>, p. 17.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPingree2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth200313–14-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth200313–14_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth2003">Bosworth 2003</a>, pp. 13–14.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFBosworth2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrew1999-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrew1999_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrew1999">Frew 1999</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFFrew1999 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖzdenizBekleyenGönülGönül1998478-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖzdenizBekleyenGönülGönül1998478_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÖzdenizBekleyenGönülGönül1998">Özdeniz et al. 1998</a>, p. 478.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFÖzdenizBekleyenGönülGönül1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPingree200223-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPingree200223_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPingree2002">Pingree 2002</a>, p. 23.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFPingree2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byrne_2017_p._626-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Byrne_2017_p._626_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFByrne2017" class="citation book cs1">Byrne, J.P. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5_kmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA626"><i>The World of Renaissance Italy: A Daily Life Encyclopedia [2 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 626. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-2960-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-2960-4"><bdi>978-1-4408-2960-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Renaissance+Italy%3A+A+Daily+Life+Encyclopedia+%5B2+volumes%5D&rft.pages=626&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-2960-4&rft.aulast=Byrne&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5_kmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA626&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sealednectar2-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sealednectar2_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMubarakpuri2005" class="citation cs2">Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r_80rJHIaOMC&pg=PA245"><i>The sealed nectar: biography of the Noble Prophet</i></a>, Darussalam Publications, pp. <span class="nowrap">245–</span>46, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9960-899-55-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9960-899-55-8"><bdi>978-9960-899-55-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sealed+nectar%3A+biography+of+the+Noble+Prophet&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Darussalam+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-9960-899-55-8&rft.aulast=Mubarakpuri&rft.aufirst=Saifur+Rahman+Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr_80rJHIaOMC%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-online-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-online_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nmUrN0B8cvQC&pg=PA139">Tafsir Ibn Kathir Juz' 2 (Part 2): Al-Baqarah 142 to Al-Baqarah 252 2nd Edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102164909/https://books.google.com/books?id=nmUrN0B8cvQC&pg=PA139">Archived</a> 2 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 139, MSA Publication Limited, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1861796765" title="Special:BookSources/1861796765">1861796765</a>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090529214150/http://www.fda.gov/fsrscripts/triggerParams.js">online</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Sealed_Nectar_Free_Version-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Sealed_Nectar_Free_Version_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mubarakpuri, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA129">The Sealed Nectar (Free Version)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSa'd1967" class="citation book cs1">Sa'd, Ibn (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dfnXAAAAMAAJ&q=Hatim"><i>Kitab al-tabaqat al-kabir, By Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2</i></a>. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 380. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0007JAWMK">B0007JAWMK</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitab+al-tabaqat+al-kabir%2C+By+Ibn+Sa%27d%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=380&rft.pub=Pakistan+Historical+Society&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0007JAWMK%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Sa%27d&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdfnXAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DHatim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRahman_al-Mubarakpuri2005" class="citation cs2">Rahman al-Mubarakpuri, Saifur (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ppPqzawIrIC&pg=PA269"><i>The Sealed Nectar</i></a>, Darussalam Publications, p. 269, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9798694145923" title="Special:BookSources/9798694145923"><bdi>9798694145923</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sealed+Nectar&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Darussalam+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9798694145923&rft.aulast=Rahman+al-Mubarakpuri&rft.aufirst=Saifur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ppPqzawIrIC%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mufti_Dec_2007_103-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mufti_Dec_2007_103_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMufti2007" class="citation cs2">Mufti, M. Mukarram Ahmed (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiAtbfbHgVoC&pg=PA103"><i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i></a>, Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd, p. 103, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-261-2339-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-261-2339-1"><bdi>978-81-261-2339-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Anmol+Publications+Pvt+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-261-2339-1&rft.aulast=Mufti&rft.aufirst=M.+Mukarram+Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoiAtbfbHgVoC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b3-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b3_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobertson_Smith2010" class="citation book cs1">Robertson Smith, William (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VHufEXRlR6EC&pg=PA297"><i>Kinship and Marriage in Early Arabia</i></a>. Forgotten Books. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-8379-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4400-8379-2"><bdi>978-1-4400-8379-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kinship+and+Marriage+in+Early+Arabia&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4400-8379-2&rft.aulast=Robertson+Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVHufEXRlR6EC%26pg%3DPA297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b2-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b2_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS._Salibi2007" class="citation book cs1">S. Salibi, Kamal (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yWzcsddrx_wC&pg=PA146"><i>Who Was Jesus?: Conspiracy in Jerusalem</i></a>. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-314-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-314-8"><bdi>978-1-84511-314-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Jesus%3F%3A+Conspiracy+in+Jerusalem&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke+Paperbacks&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-314-8&rft.aulast=S.+Salibi&rft.aufirst=Kamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyWzcsddrx_wC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMubarakpuri2002" class="citation book cs1">Mubarakpuri, Saifur Rahman Al (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xJL6gxPUV4EC&pg=PA296"><i>When the Moon Split</i></a>. DarusSalam. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9960-897-28-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-9960-897-28-8"><bdi>978-9960-897-28-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+the+Moon+Split&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=DarusSalam&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-9960-897-28-8&rft.aulast=Mubarakpuri&rft.aufirst=Saifur+Rahman+Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxJL6gxPUV4EC%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marre-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marre_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: The named reference <code>marre</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raphael Volaterranus, in his Commentaries presented to <a href="/wiki/Julius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius II">Julius II</a>, declared that the enthusiasms of these initiates were "the first step towards doing away with the Faith" (Pastor IV 1894:44).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003347/http://www.castelsantangelo.com/tl_3a.asp">"La 'conguira' degli umanisti: Platina e Pomponio Leto"</a>. <i>Castel Sant'Angelo</i> (in Italian). Rome: castelsantangelo.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.castelsantangelo.com/tl_3a.asp">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Castel+Sant%27Angelo&rft.atitle=La+%27conguira%27+degli+umanisti%3A+Platina+e+Pomponio+Leto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.castelsantangelo.com%2Ftl_3a.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamoureux1843397-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamoureux1843397_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamoureux1843397_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLamoureux1843">Lamoureux 1843</a>, p. 397.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFLamoureux1843 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaume1856208-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaume1856208_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaume1856">Gaume 1856</a>, p. 208.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGaume1856 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGérardin1974226-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGérardin1974226_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGérardin1974">Gérardin 1974</a>, p. 226.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFGérardin1974 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerkin2014a257-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerkin2014a257_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerkin2014a">Merkin 2014a</a>, p. 257.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMerkin2014a (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin_2017_p._413-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_2017_p._413_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2017" class="citation book cs1">Franklin, J.H. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkQrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA413"><i>Jean Bodin</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-56179-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-56179-2"><bdi>978-1-351-56179-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean+Bodin&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-56179-2&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=J.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkQrDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It would be a great pleasure to make the comparison with what survives to us of ancient paganism in our old books, in order to have better [grasped] their spirit." Peter N. Miller, "History of Religion Becomes Ethnology: Some Evidence from Peiresc's Africa" <i>Journal of the History of Ideas</i> 67.4 (2006) 675–96.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_the_history_of_ideas/v067/67.4miller.html">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Zipes, <i>The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm</i>, p. 846, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97636-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97636-X">0-393-97636-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-giudice-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-giudice_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiudice2012" class="citation journal cs1">Giudice, Christian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9521300">"Pagan Rome was Rebuilt in a Play: Roggero Musmeci Ferrari Bravo and the Representation of Rumon"</a>. <i>The Pomegranate</i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">212–</span>232. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Fpome.v14i2.212">10.1558/pome.v14i2.212</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1743-1735">1743-1735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pomegranate&rft.atitle=Pagan+Rome+was+Rebuilt+in+a+Play%3A+Roggero+Musmeci+Ferrari+Bravo+and+the+Representation+of+Rumon&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E212-%3C%2Fspan%3E232&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Fpome.v14i2.212&rft.issn=1743-1735&rft.aulast=Giudice&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F9521300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBuscemi2019" class="citation book cs1">Buscemi, Francesco (2019). "The Sin of Eating Meat: Fascism, Nazism and the Construction of Sacred Vegetarianism". In Gentilcore, David; Smith, Matthew (eds.). <i>Proteins, Pathologies and Politics: Dietary Innovation and Disease from the Nineteenth Century</i>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-05686-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-05686-2"><bdi>978-1-350-05686-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Sin+of+Eating+Meat%3A+Fascism%2C+Nazism+and+the+Construction+of+Sacred+Vegetarianism&rft.btitle=Proteins%2C+Pathologies+and+Politics%3A+Dietary+Innovation+and+Disease+from+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-350-05686-2&rft.aulast=Buscemi&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConsolato2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Consolato, Sandro (18 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tempi.it/la-grande-guerra-degli-esoteristi/">"La Grande Guerra degli esoteristi"</a>. <i>Tempi</i> (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tempi&rft.atitle=La+Grande+Guerra+degli+esoteristi&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft.aulast=Consolato&rft.aufirst=Sandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tempi.it%2Fla-grande-guerra-degli-esoteristi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006178–239-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006178–239_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler 2006</a>, pp. 178–239.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAdler2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006ix-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006ix_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler 2006</a>, p. ix.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAdler2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler2006429–456-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006429–456_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdler2006429–456_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler 2006</a>, pp. 429–456.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFAdler2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiudice2016" class="citation book cs1">Giudice, Christian (2016). <i>Occultism and Traditionalism: Arturo Reghini and the Antimodern Reaction in Early Twentieth-Century Italy</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gothenburg" title="University of Gothenburg">University of Gothenburg</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Occultism+and+Traditionalism%3A+Arturo+Reghini+and+the+Antimodern+Reaction+in+Early+Twentieth-Century+Italy&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=University+of+Gothenburg&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Giudice&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDel_Ponte1990" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Del Ponte, Renato (1990). <i>Studi su Evola e la Tradizione</i> (Thesis) (in Italian). Indipendente.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Studi+su+Evola+e+la+Tradizione&rft.inst=Indipendente&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Del+Ponte&rft.aufirst=Renato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200545-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStrmiska200545_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStrmiska2005">Strmiska 2005</a>, p. 45.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFStrmiska2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecer-org.eu/?s=riga+declaration">"Riga Declaration"</a>. 4 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turismo+Roma&rft.atitle=Gruppo+Storico+Romano+for+the+2777th+Natale+di+Roma&rft.date=2024-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.turismoroma.it%2Fit%2Feventi%2Fgruppo-storico-romano-il-2777esimo-natale-di-roma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museoetru.it/natale-di-roma-alletru">"Natale di Roma all'ETRU"</a>. <i>Museo ETRU</i> (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museo+ETRU&rft.atitle=Natale+di+Roma+all%27ETRU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museoetru.it%2Fnatale-di-roma-alletru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chryssides, George D. <i>Historical Dictionary of New Religious Movements</i> (2011, 2nd ed.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecauldron.net/dc-faq.php#4">"Hellenismos FAQ"</a>. <i>The Cauldron: A Pagan Forum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Cauldron%3A+A+Pagan+Forum&rft.atitle=Hellenismos+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecauldron.net%2Fdc-faq.php%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sceh-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sceh_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ysee.gr/index-eng.php?type=english&f=faq#24">"Pagans"</a>. Supreme Council of Ethnikoi Hellenes<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wyrdwords.vispa.com/heathenry/callusheathen.html">the original</a> on 12 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Pagan+Federation&rft.atitle=Call+us+Heathens%21&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Ansch%C3%BCtz&rft.aufirst=Arlea&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Stormerne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wyrdwords.vispa.com%2Fheathenry%2Fcallusheathen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_2002-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_2002_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/paganism/history/modern_1.shtml">"History of modern Paganism"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 2 October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=History+of+modern+Paganism&rft.date=2002-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fpaganism%2Fhistory%2Fmodern_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/0/20693321">"Pagan beliefs: nature, druids and witches"</a>. <i>BBC Religion & Ethics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Religion+%26+Ethics&rft.atitle=Pagan+beliefs%3A+nature%2C+druids+and+witches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2F0%2F20693321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Defs-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Defs_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neopagan.net/PaganDefs.html">"Defining Paganism: Paleo-, Meso-, and Neo-"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050403210554/http://neopagan.net/PaganDefs.html">Archived</a> 3 April 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>(Version 2.5.1) 1979, 2007 c.e., Isaac Bonewits</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Prudence; Pennick, Nigel (1995). <i>A History of Pagan Europe</i>. p. 2. Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/paganism/subdivisions/heathenry_1.shtml">"Paganism: Heathenry"</a>. <i>BBC – Religions</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Religions&rft.atitle=Paganism%3A+Heathenry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fpaganism%2Fsubdivisions%2Fheathenry_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistics Iceland – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statice.is/?PageID=1180&src=/temp_en/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=MAN10001%26ti=Populations+by+religious+organizations+1990-2008+%26path=../Database/mannfjoldi/Trufelog/%26lang=1%26units=Number">Statistics >> Population >> Religious organisations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090609140557/http://www.statice.is/?PageID=1180&src=%2Ftemp_en%2FDialog%2Fvarval.asp%3Fma%3DMAN10001%26ti%3DPopulations+by+religious+organizations+1990-2008+%26path%3D..%2FDatabase%2Fmannfjoldi%2FTrufelog%2F%26lang%3D1%26units%3DNumber">Archived</a> 9 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odinicriteofaustralia.wordpress.com/">"The Odinic Rite of Australia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Odinic+Rite+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodinicriteofaustralia.wordpress.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCameron2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Cameron_(classical_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Cameron (classical scholar)">Cameron, Alan G.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NHgvpINWV_QC"><i>The Last Pagans of Rome</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978091-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-978091-4"><bdi>978-0-19-978091-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/553365192">553365192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Pagans+of+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F553365192&rft.isbn=978-0-19-978091-4&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNHgvpINWV_QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies2011" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Owen (2011). <i>Paganism: A Very Short Introduction</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162001-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-162001-0"><bdi>978-0-19-162001-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paganism%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-162001-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Owen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElsie2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Elsie, Robert</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N_IXHrXIsYkC"><i>A Dictionary of Albanian Religion, Mythology and Folk Culture</i></a>. London: Hurst & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-570-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-570-7"><bdi>1-85065-570-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Albanian+Religion%2C+Mythology+and+Folk+Culture&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85065-570-7&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN_IXHrXIsYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFischerSchmitt2022" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Bernd J.; Schmitt, Oliver Jens (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KbqVEAAAQBAJ"><i>A Concise History of Albania</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-925490-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-925490-8"><bdi>978-1-00-925490-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Albania&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-00-925490-8&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Bernd+J.&rft.au=Schmitt%2C+Oliver+Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKbqVEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hua, Yih-Fen. book review to: Maria Effinger / Cornelia Logemann / Ulrich Pfisterer (eds): Götterbilder und Götzendiener in der Frühen Neuzeit. Europas Blick auf fremde Religionen. In: sehepunkte 13 (2013), Nr. 5 [15 May 2013], URL: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sehepunkte.de/2013/05/21410.html">http://www.sehepunkte.de/2013/05/21410.html</a>. (Book review in English).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHykolliKrasniqi2020" class="citation journal cs1">Hykolli, Atdhe; Krasniqi, Seniha (2020). "The Phenomenon of Calendar Lyrical Poetry and Its Genesis". <i>Journal of Awareness</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">77–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26809%2Fjoa.5.007">10.26809/joa.5.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EISSN (identifier)">eISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2149-6544">2149-6544</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Awareness&rft.atitle=The+Phenomenon+of+Calendar+Lyrical+Poetry+and+Its+Genesis&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2020&rft.eissn=2149-6544&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26809%2Fjoa.5.007&rft.aulast=Hykolli&rft.aufirst=Atdhe&rft.au=Krasniqi%2C+Seniha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJosephDedvukaj2024" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_D._Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian D. Joseph">Joseph, Brian D.</a>; Dedvukaj, Lindon (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fplsa.v9i1.5681">"Turning night into day: Milieu and semantic change in Albanian"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America</i>. <b>9</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Society_of_America" title="Linguistic Society of America">Linguistic Society of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3765%2Fplsa.v9i1.5681">10.3765/plsa.v9i1.5681</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Linguistic+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Turning+night+into+day%3A+Milieu+and+semantic+change+in+Albanian&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3765%2Fplsa.v9i1.5681&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Brian+D.&rft.au=Dedvukaj%2C+Lindon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3765%252Fplsa.v9i1.5681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1998" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (1998). <i>Kosovo: A Short History</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-41224-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-41224-7"><bdi>978-0-330-41224-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+A+Short+History&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-330-41224-7&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorris1993" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Harry Thirlwall (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RGmzir-ITtUC&pg=PA34"><i>Islam in the Balkans: Religion and Society Between Europe and the Arab World</i></a>. Columbia, S.C: University of South Carolina Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-977-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87249-977-5"><bdi>978-0-87249-977-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/28067651">28067651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+Balkans%3A+Religion+and+Society+Between+Europe+and+the+Arab+World&rft.place=Columbia%2C+S.C&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F28067651&rft.isbn=978-0-87249-977-5&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Harry+Thirlwall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRGmzir-ITtUC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQafleshi2011" class="citation book cs1">Qafleshi, Muharrem (2011). <i>Opoja dhe Gora ndër shekuj</i> [<i>Opoja and Gora During Centuries</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Albanological_Institute_of_Pristina" title="Albanological Institute of Pristina">Albanological Institute of Pristina</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9951-596-51-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9951-596-51-0"><bdi>978-9951-596-51-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opoja+dhe+Gora+nd%C3%ABr+shekuj&rft.pub=Albanological+Institute+of+Pristina&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9951-596-51-0&rft.aulast=Qafleshi&rft.aufirst=Muharrem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robert, P. & Scott, N. (1995). <i>A History of Pagan Europe</i>. New York, Barnes & Noble Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-1210-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7607-1210-7">0-7607-1210-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTarifa2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tarifa, Fatos (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.oraltradition.org/wp-content/uploads/files/articles/23i/02_23.1tarifa.pdf">"Of Time, Honor, and Memory: Oral Law in Albania"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oral Tradition</i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fort.0.0017">10.1353/ort.0.0017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oral+Tradition&rft.atitle=Of+Time%2C+Honor%2C+and+Memory%3A+Oral+Law+in+Albania&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fort.0.0017&rft.aulast=Tarifa&rft.aufirst=Fatos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.oraltradition.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2Farticles%2F23i%2F02_23.1tarifa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTirta2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tirta, Mark (2004). Petrit Bezhani (ed.). <i>Mitologjia ndër shqiptarë</i> (in Albanian). Tirana: Mësonjëtorja. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/99927-938-9-9" title="Special:BookSources/99927-938-9-9"><bdi>99927-938-9-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitologjia+nd%C3%ABr+shqiptar%C3%AB&rft.place=Tirana&rft.pub=M%C3%ABsonj%C3%ABtorja&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=99927-938-9-9&rft.aulast=Tirta&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APaganism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>York, Michael (2003). <i>Pagan Theology: Paganism as a World Religion</i> NYU Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-9708-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-9708-3">0-8147-9708-3</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paganism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/20px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pagan" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:pagan"><i>heathen</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Paganism" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Paganism">Paganism</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paganism" title="Template:Paganism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paganism" title="Template talk:Paganism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paganism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paganism_(and_modern_paganism)315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paganism</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">modern paganism</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical <br /><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">ethnic religions</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_religions" title="List of ethnic religions">list</a>)<br /> (existing and <br />extinct)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox0" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asian0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asian</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainu religion">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Altaic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Altaic religion (page does not exist)">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austroasiatic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Austroasiatic religion (page does not exist)">Austroasiatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia" title="Mythology of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momolianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Momolianism">Momolianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Hindu mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_mythology" title="Tamil mythology">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalash religion">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjabi folk religion">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tai_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tai religion (page does not exist)">Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibeto-Burman_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibeto-Burman religion (page does not exist)">Tibeto-Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="European0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatolian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatolian religion (page does not exist)">Anatolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_religion" title="Lydian religion">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phrygian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phrygian religion (page does not exist)">Phrygian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li>Caucasian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_paganism" title="Circassian paganism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_mythology" title="Ossetian mythology">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_polytheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic polytheism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish mythology">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Hero cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Sacred mysteries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusinian_Mysteries" title="Eleusinian Mysteries">Eleusinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothracian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iberian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iberian religion (page does not exist)">Iberian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_mythology" title="Cantabrian mythology">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castro_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castro religion (page does not exist)">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gallaecian_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gallaecian religion (page does not exist)">Gallaecian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitanian_mythology" title="Lusitanian mythology">Lusitanian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italic <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camunni_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camunni religion (page does not exist)">Camunnian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ligures_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ligures religion (page does not exist)">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umbri_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umbri religion (page does not exist)">Umbrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_religion" title="Minoan religion">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuragic_religion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuragic religion (page does not exist)">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian religion">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cybele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_paganism" title="Baltic Finnic paganism">Baltic Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mari Native Religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_shamanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami shamanism">Sami</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle-Eastern_and_North_African0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle-Eastern and North African</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Ancient Near Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushite_religion" title="Kushite religion">Nubian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Oceanian_and_Pacific_Islander0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Oceanian and Pacific Islander</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_indigenous_religion" title="Nauruan indigenous religion">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sub-Saharan_African0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Sub-Saharan African</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Dahomean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_animism" title="Hausa animism">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_mythology" title="Malagasy mythology">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern paganism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">movements</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox0" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ethnic0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ausar_Auset_Society" title="Ausar Auset Society">Ausar Auset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexicayotl" title="Mexicayotl">Mexicayotl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Native_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Native Faith">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Habze" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe Habze">Adyghe Habze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uatsdin" class="mw-redirect" title="Uatsdin">Uatsdin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Reconstructionist_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Reconstructionist Paganism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenism (religion)">Hellenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_folklore" title="Romani folklore">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_neopaganism" title="Semitic neopaganism">Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a></li> <li>Turko-Mongolic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordvin_Native_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordvin Native Religion">Mordvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt Vos</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochrane%27s_Craft" title="Cochrane's Craft">Cochrane's Craft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feri_Tradition" title="Feri Tradition">Feri Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stregheria" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Congress_of_Ethnic_Religions" title="European Congress of Ethnic Religions">European Congress of Ethnic Religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_paganism" title="Secular paganism">Secular paganism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Veneration of the dead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_worship" title="Bear worship">Bear worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying_and_rising_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dying and rising deity">Dying and rising deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos">Ethos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">Idolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megalith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Myth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Sacred grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Supernatural magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trees_in_mythology" title="Trees in mythology">Trees in mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">Tree of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_tree" title="World tree">World tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_worship" title="Animal worship">Animal worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_paganism" title="Christianity and paganism">Christianity and paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_saints_and_feasts" title="Christianization of saints and feasts">Christianization of saints and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinian_shift" title="Constantinian shift">Constantinian shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religio_licita" title="Religio licita">Religio licita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtuous_pagan" title="Virtuous pagan">Virtuous pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pagan_studies439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pagan_studies" title="Template:Pagan studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pagan_studies" title="Template talk:Pagan studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pagan_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pagan studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pagan_studies439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pagan_studies" title="Pagan studies">Pagan studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;"><div> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paganism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paganism_(contemporary)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paganism (contemporary)">Contemporary paganism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nature_religion" title="Nature religion">Nature religion</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Anthropological and<br />folkloristic approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Luhrmann" title="Tanya Luhrmann">Luhrmann's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Persuasions_of_the_Witch%27s_Craft" title="Persuasions of the Witch's Craft">Persuasions of the Witch's Craft</a></i> (1989)</li> <li>Orion's <i><a href="/wiki/Never_Again_the_Burning_Times" title="Never Again the Burning Times">Never Again the Burning Times</a></i> (1995)</li> <li>Hume's <i><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_Paganism_in_Australia" title="Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia">Witchcraft and Paganism in Australia</a></i> (1997)</li> <li>Greenwood's <i><a href="/wiki/Magic,_Witchcraft_and_the_Otherworld" title="Magic, Witchcraft and the Otherworld">Magic, Witchcraft and the Otherworld</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabina_Magliocco" title="Sabina Magliocco">Magliocco's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Witching_Culture" title="Witching Culture">Witching Culture</a></i> (2004)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Historical approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pagan_Religions_of_the_Ancient_British_Isles" title="The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles">The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hutton" title="Ronald Hutton">Hutton's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_the_Moon" title="The Triumph of the Moon">The Triumph of the Moon</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chas_S._Clifton" title="Chas S. Clifton">Clifton's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Her_Hidden_Children" title="Her Hidden Children">Her Hidden Children</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Religious studies<br /> and theological approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Salomonsen's <i><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Feminism" title="Enchanted Feminism">Enchanted Feminism</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattias_Gardell" title="Mattias Gardell">Gardell's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Gods_of_the_Blood" title="Gods of the Blood">Gods of the Blood</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_York_(religious_studies_scholar)" title="Michael York (religious studies scholar)">York's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pagan_Theology" title="Pagan Theology">Pagan Theology</a></i> (2003)</li> <li>Davy's <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Introduction_to_Pagan_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Introduction to Pagan Studies (page does not exist)">Introduction to Pagan Studies</a></i> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Sociological approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Adler's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Drawing_Down_the_Moon_(book)" title="Drawing Down the Moon (book)">Drawing Down the Moon</a></i> (1979, 1986, 1996, 2006)</li> <li>Scarboro, Campbell and Stave's <i><a href="/wiki/Living_Witchcraft" title="Living Witchcraft">Living Witchcraft</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_A._Berger" title="Helen A. Berger">Berger's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Community_of_Witches" title="A Community of Witches">A Community of Witches</a></i> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Interdisciplinary<br />edited volumes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pearson, Roberts and Samuel's <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Religion_Today" title="Nature Religion Today">Nature Religion Today</a></i> (1998)</li> <li>Strmiska's <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism_in_World_Cultures" title="Modern Paganism in World Cultures">Modern Paganism in World Cultures</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;;width:1%">Academic, peer-reviewed<br /> journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aries_(journal)" title="Aries (journal)">Aries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pomegranate_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pomegranate (journal)">The Pomegranate</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magic,_Ritual,_and_Witchcraft" title="Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft">Magic, Ritual, and Witchcraft</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Religio" title="Nova Religio">Nova Religio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffd068;box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #FFFF00, inset -1px -1px 0 #FFFF00;;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Pagan_studies_books" title="Category:Pagan studies books">Pagan studies books</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azalism" title="Azalism">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_shamanism" title="Gurung shamanism">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li>Demographics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">World</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_and_religion" title="Intersex people and religion">Intersex people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_slurs145" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_slurs" title="Template:Religious slurs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_slurs" title="Template talk:Religious slurs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_slurs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious slurs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_slurs145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_slurs" title="List of religious slurs">Religious</a> slurs</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Butprast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(non-<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Heathen">Heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidel" title="Infidel">Infidel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pagan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravādins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hīnayāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyānists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hīnayāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giaour" title="Giaour">Giaour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_freak" title="Jesus freak">Jesus freak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemite" title="Nicodemite">Nicodemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creeping_Jesus" title="Creeping Jesus">Creeping Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs#D" title="List of ethnic slurs">Dogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel_snapper" title="Mackerel snapper">Mackerel snapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Papist">Papist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanism" title="Romanism">Romanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taig" title="Taig">Taig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundie" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundie">Fundie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roller" title="Holy Roller">Holy Roller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_and_abominable_church" title="Great and abominable church">Great and abominable church</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter-Day Saint</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Society of Friends)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakers" title="Shakers">Shakers</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(United Society of Believers)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaun" title="Malaun">Malaun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthika" title="Tirthika">Tīrthika/Titthiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kike" title="Kike">Kike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhyd" title="Zhyd">Zhyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yid" title="Yid">Yid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">Misnagdim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cryptos</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirzai" title="Mirzai">Mirzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiani" title="Qadiani">Qadiani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grave_worshipper" title="Grave worshipper">Grave worshipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafida" title="Rafida">Rafida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakriyyah" title="Bakriyyah">Bakriyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takfiri" title="Takfiri">Takfiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahabi">Wahabi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-believers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">Pagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infidel" title="Infidel">Infidel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-<a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">Kafir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giaour" title="Giaour">Giaour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zind%C4%ABq" class="mw-redirect" title="Zindīq">Zindīq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Jewish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shegetz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shegetz">Shegetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiksa" title="Shiksa">Shiksa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Buddhists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthika" title="Tirthika">Tīrthika/Titthiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabr" title="Gabr">Gabr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majus" title="Majus">Majoos/Majus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">Atheists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fedora" title="Fedora">Fedora</a> tipper</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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