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2020</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2020/urban-growth-2020" >Urban Growth 2020</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2020/sustainable-city-2020" >Sustainable City 2020</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2020/friar-2020" >FRIAR 2020</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2020/urban-agriculture-2020" >Urban Agriculture 2020</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2020/water-pollution-2020" >Water Pollution 2020</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2020/bem-43" >BEM/MRM 43</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown dropdown-submenu parent"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"href="/conferences/2019" >2019</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/conferences/2019/water-resources-management-2019" >Water Resources Management 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/river-basin-management-2019" >River Basin Management 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/multiphase-flow-2019" >Multiphase Flow 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/materials-characterisation-2019" >Materials Characterisation 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/cmem-2019" >CMEM 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/eres-2019" >ERES 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/urban-transport-2019" >Urban Transport 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/air-pollution-2019" >Air Pollution 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/bem-42" >BEM/MRM 42</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/energy-and-sustainability-2019" >Energy and Sustainability 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/maritime-transport-2019" >Maritime Transport 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/coastal-cities-2019" >Coastal Cities 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/safe-2019" >SAFE 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/disaster-management-2019" >Disaster Management 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/sustainable-city-2019" >Sustainable City 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/water-and-society-2019" >Water and Society 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/stremah-2019" >STREMAH 2019</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2019/bim-2019" >BIM 2019</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown dropdown-submenu parent"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"href="/conferences/2018" >2018</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/conferences/2018/islamic-heritage-2018" >Islamic Heritage 2018 </a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/sustainable-tourism-2018" >Sustainable Tourism 2018 </a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/urban-growth-2018" >Urban Growth 2018 </a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/complex-systems-2018" >Complex Systems 2018 </a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/water-pollution-2018" >Water Pollution 2018 </a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/friar-2018" >FRIAR 2018 </a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/susi-2018" >SUSI 2018 </a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/risk-analysis-2018" >Risk Analysis 2018 </a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/air-pollution-2018" >Air Pollution 2018 </a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/environmental-impact-2018" >Environmental Impact 2018 </a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/comprail-2018" >COMPRAIL 2018 </a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/afm-2018" >AFM 2018 </a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/hpsm-opti-2018" >HPSM/OPTI 2018 </a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/sustainable-development-and-planning-2018" >Sustainable Development and Planning 2018 </a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/energy-quest-2018" >Energy Quest 2018</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/bem-41" >BEM/MRM 41</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/waste-management-2018" >Waste Management 2018</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/urban-transport-2018" >Urban Transport 2018</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/eco-architecture-2018" >Eco-Architecture 2018 </a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2018/urban-agriculture-2018" >Urban Agriculture 2018 </a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown dropdown-submenu parent"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"href="/conferences/2017" >2017</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/conferences/2017/coastal-cities-2017" >Coastal Cities 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/air-pollution-2017" >Air Pollution 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/ecosud-2017" >ECOSUD 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/stremah-2017" >STREMAH 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/bim-2017" >BIM 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/complex-systems-2017" >Complex Systems 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/water-and-society-2017" >Water and Society 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/disaster-management-2017" >Disaster Management 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/timber-structures-2017" >Timber Structures 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/multiphase-flow-2017" >Multiphase Flow 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/materials-characterisation-2017" >Materials Characterisation 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/sustainable-development-and-planning-2017" >Sustainable Development and Planning 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/cmem-2017" >CMEM 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/eres-2017" >ERES 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/water-resources-management-2017" >Water Resources Management 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/river-basin-management-2017" >River Basin Management 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/urban-transport-2017" >Urban Transport 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/safe-2017" >SAFE 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/bem-mrm-40" >BEM/MRM 40</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/sustainable-city-2017" >Sustainable City 2017</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2017/energy-and-sustainability-2017" >Energy and Sustainability 2017</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown dropdown-submenu parent"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"href="/conferences/2016" >2016</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/conferences/2016/big-data-2016" >Big Data 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/defence-heritage-2016" >Defence Heritage 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/islamic-heritage-architecture-2016" >Islamic Heritage Architecture 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/sustainable-tourism-2016" >Sustainable Tourism 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/susi-2016" >SUSI 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/risk-analysis-2016" >Risk Analysis 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/complex-systems-2016" >Complex Systems 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/waste-management-2016" >Waste Management 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/environmental-impact-2016" >Environmental Impact 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/air-pollution-2016" >Air Pollution 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/urban-transport-2016" >Urban Transport 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/urban-water-2016" >Urban Water 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/water-pollution-2016" >Water Pollution 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/friar-2016" >FRIAR 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/sustainable-city-2016" >Sustainable City 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/eco-architecture-2016" >Eco-Architecture 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/comprail-2016" >COMPRAIL 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/afm-2016" >AFM 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/energy-quest-2016" >Energy Quest 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/heat-transfer-2016" >Heat Transfer 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/design-and-nature-2016" >Design and Nature 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/hpsm-opti-2016" >HPSM/OPTI 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/bem-mrm-39" >BEM/MRM 39</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/maras-2016" >MARAS 2016</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2016/sustainable-development-and-planning-2016" >Sustainable Development and Planning 2016</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown dropdown-submenu parent"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"href="/conferences/2015" >2015</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/conferences/2015/multiphase-flow-2015" >Multiphase Flow 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/contact-and-surface-2015" >Contact and Surface 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/materials-characterisation-2015" >Materials Characterisation 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/cmem-2015" >CMEM 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/safe-2015" >SAFE 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/complex-systems-2015" >Complex Systems 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/sustainable-development-and-planning-2015" >Sustainable Development and Planning 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/disaster-management-2015" >Disaster Management 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/air-pollution-2015" >Air Pollution 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/urban-transport-2015" >Urban Transport 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/ecosud-2015" >ECOSUD 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/water-resources-management-2015" >Water Resources Management 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/river-basin-management-2015" >River Basin Management 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/eres-2015" >ERES 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/ravage-of-the-planet-iv" >Ravage of the Planet IV</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/coastal-cities-2015" >Coastal Cities 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/stremah-2015" >STREMAH 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/water-and-society-2015" >Water and Society 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/sustainable-city-2015" >Sustainable City 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/energy-and-sustainability-2015" >Energy and Sustainability 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/bim-2015" >BIM 2015</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2015/bem-mrm-38" >BEM/MRM 38</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown dropdown-submenu parent"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"href="/conferences/2014" >2014</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/conferences/2014/energy-quest-2014" >Energy Quest 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/waste-management-2014" >Waste Management 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/environmental-impact-2014" >Environmental Impact 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/water-pollution-2014" >Water Pollution 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/urban-water-2014" >Urban Water 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/urban-transport-2014" >Urban Transport 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/susi-2014" >SUSI 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/risk-analysis-2014" >Risk Analysis 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/hpsmopti-2014" >HPSM/OPTI 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/maras-2014" >MARAS 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/sustainable-irrigation-2014" >Sustainable Irrigation 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/friar-2014" >FRIAR 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/comprail-2014" >COMPRAIL 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/afm-2014" >AFM 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/heat-transfer-2014" >Heat Transfer 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/air-pollution-2014" >Air Pollution 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/sustainable-tourism-2014" >Sustainable Tourism 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/design-and-nature-2014" >Design and Nature 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/bemmrm-37" >BEM/MRM 37</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/defence-heritage-2014" >Defence Heritage 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/sustainable-city-2014" >Sustainable City 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/eco-architecture-2014" >Eco-Architecture 2014</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2014/energy-and-sustainability-2014" >Energy and Sustainability 2014</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown dropdown-submenu parent"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"href="/conferences/2013" >2013</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/conferences/2013/coastal-processes-2013" >Coastal Processes 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/fluid-structure-interaction-2013" >Fluid Structure Interaction 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/food-and-environment-2013" >Food and Environment 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/environmental-health-risk-2013" >Environmental Health Risk 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/biomed-2013" >BIOMED 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/data-2013" >DATA 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/water-resources-management-2013" >Water Resources Management 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/river-basin-management-2013" >River Basin Management 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/sustainable-development-and-planning-2013" >Sustainable Development and Planning 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/urban-transport-2013" >Urban Transport 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/air-pollution-2013" >Air Pollution 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/materials-characterisation-2013" >Materials Characterisation 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/contact-and-surface-2013" >Contact and Surface 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/bem-mrm-2013" >BEM / MRM 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/ecosud-2013" >ECOSUD 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/energy-and-sustainability-2013" >Energy and Sustainability 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/stremah-2013" >STREMAH 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/cmem-2013" >CMEM 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/multiphase-flow-2013" >Multiphase Flow 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/eres-2013" >ERES 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/disaster-management-2013" >Disaster Management 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/water-and-society-2013" >Water and Society 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/safe-2013" >SAFE 2013</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/bemmrm-36" >BEM/MRM 36</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2013/sustainable-city-2013" >Sustainable City 2013</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown dropdown-submenu parent"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"href="/conferences/2012" >2012</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/conferences/2012/urban-water-2012" >Urban Water 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/sustainable-city-2012" >Sustainable City 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/urban-transport-2012" >Urban Transport 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/airpollution-2012" >Air Pollution 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/forest-fires-2012" >Forest Fires 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/debris-flow-2012" >Debris Flow 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/friar-2012" >FRIAR 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/defence-sites-heritage-and-future-2012" >Defence Sites: Heritage and Future 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/12-designnature" >Design and Nature 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/12-sustourism" >Sustainable Tourism 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/12-hpsm" >HPSM 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/opti-2012" >OPTI 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/bemmrm-2012" >BEM/MRM 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/afm-2012" >AFM 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/heat-transfer-2012" >Heat Transfer 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/environmental-impact-2012" >Environmental Impact 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/waste-management-2012" >Waste Management 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/water-pollution-2012" >Water Pollution 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/tribology-and-design-2012" >Tribology and Design 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/susi-2012" >SUSI 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/eco-architecture-2012" >Eco-Architecture 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/comprail-2012" >COMPRAIL 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/islands-2012" >Islands 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/risk-analysis-2012" >Risk Analysis 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/petroleum-2012" >Petroleum 2012</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2012/sustainable-irrigation-2012" >Sustainable Irrigation 2012</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown dropdown-submenu parent"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"href="/conferences/2011" >2011</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/conferences/2011/energy-2011" >Energy 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/ecosud-2011" >ECOSUD 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/coastalprocesses-2011" >Coastal Processes 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/fluidstructureinteraction-2011" >Fluid Structure Interaction 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/disaster-management-2011" >Disaster Management 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/light-2011" >Light 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/waterresourcesmanagement-2011" >Water Resources Management 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/riverbasinmanagement-2011" >River Basin Management 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/cmem-2011" >CMEM 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/urbantransport-2011" >Urban Transport 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/materialscharacterisation-2011" >Materials Characterisation 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/multiphase-flow-2011" >Multiphase Flow 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/foodandenvironment-2011" >Food and Environment 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/bemmrm-2011" >BEM/MRM 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/safe-2011" >SAFE 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/sustainablechemistry-2011" >Sustainable Chemistry 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/sdp-2011" >Sustainable Development and Planning 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/environmentalhealthrisk-2011" >Environmental Health Risk 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/biomed-2011" >BIOMED 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/stremah-2011" >STREMAH 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/eres-2011" >ERES 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/lakesustainability-2011" >Lake Sustainability 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/airpollution-2011" >Air Pollution 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/contact-and-surface-2011" >Contact and Surface 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/waterandsociety-2011" >Water and Society 2011</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2011/ravageoftheplanet-2011" >Ravage of the Planet 2011</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown dropdown-submenu parent"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"href="/conferences/2010" >2010</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/conferences/2010/eco-architecture-2010" >Eco-Architecture 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/the-sustainable-city-2010" >The Sustainable City 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/islands-2010" >Islands 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/environmental-economics-2010" >Environmental Economics 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/environmental-toxicology-2010" >Environmental Toxicology 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/urban-transport-2010" >Urban Transport 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/tribology-and-design-2010" >Tribology and Design 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/debris-flow-2010" >Debris Flow 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/friar-2010" >FRIAR 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/sustainable-irrigation-2010" >Sustainable Irrigation 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/water-pollution-2010" >Water Pollution 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/air-pollution-2010" >Air Pollution 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/forest-fires-2010" >Forest Fires 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/design-and-nature-2010" >Design and Nature 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/sustainable-tourism-2010" >Sustainable Tourism 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/waste-management-2010" >Waste Management 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/heat-transfer-2010" >Heat Transfer 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/hpsm-2010" >HPSM 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/susi-2010" >SUSI 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/comprail-2010" >COMPRAIL 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/bem-mrm-32-2010" >BEM / MRM 32</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/risk-analysis-2010" >Risk Analysis 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/brownfields-2010" >Brownfields 2010</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2010/afm-2010" >AFM 2010</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown dropdown-submenu parent"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"href="/conferences/2009" >2009</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/conferences/2009/eres-2009" >ERES 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/sustainable-development-2009" >Sustainable Development 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/fluid-structure-interaction-2009" >Fluid Structure Interaction 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/biomed-2009" >BIOMED 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/data-mining-2009" >Data Mining 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/opti-2009" >OPTI 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/contactsurface-2009" >Contact/Surface 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/cmem-2009" >CMEM 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/multiphase-flow-2009" >Multiphase Flow 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/materials-characterisation-2009" >Materials Characterisation 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/urban-transport-2009" >Urban Transport 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/energy-and-sustainability-2009" >Energy and Sustainability 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/electrocor-2009" >ELECTROCOR 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/safe-2009" >SAFE 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/ecosud-2009" >ECOSUD 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/air-pollution-2009" >Air Pollution 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/stremah-2009" >STREMAH 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/bemmrm-31-2009" >BEM/MRM 31</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/river-basin-management-2009" >River Basin Management 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/water-resources-management-2009" >Water Resources Management 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/coastal-processes-2009" >Coastal Processes 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/environmental-health-risk-2009" >Environmental Health Risk 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/disaster-management-2009" >Disaster Management 2009</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/regional-airports-seminar-2009" >Regional Airports Seminar</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2009/ravage-of-the-planet-2009" >Ravage of the Planet 2009</a></li></ul></li><li class="dropdown dropdown-submenu parent"><a class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown"href="/conferences/2008" >2008</a> <ul class="dropdown-menu"><li><a href="/conferences/2008/risk-analysis-2008" >Risk Analysis 2008</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2008/brownfields-2008" >Brownfields 2008</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2008/hpsm-2008" >HPSM 2008</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2008/susi-2008" >SUSI 2008</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2008/coastal-environment-2008" >Coastal Environment 2008</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2008/afm-2008" >AFM 2008</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2008/data-mining-2008" >Data Mining 2008</a></li><li><a href="/conferences/2008/computational-finance-2008" >Computational Finance 2008</a></li><li><a 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navbar-right"> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container wessex-main"> <div class="row"> <div class="cols-xs-12 col-md-3 reduce-pad col-md-push-9"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div class="column-right"> <div class="right-menu card menu"> <h3 class="card-header ">Research</h3> <div class="card-body"> <ul class="nav nav-pills nav-stacked" > <li class="item-5309 current active deeper parent"><a href="/research" aria-current="page">Research</a></li><li class="item-5275"><a href="/research/wit-staff" >WIT Staff</a></li><li class="item-5310"><a href="/research/industrial-research" >Industrial Research</a></li><li class="item-444"><a href="/images/research/Annual_Report_2023.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">2023 Annual Report</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="cols-xs-12 col-md-9 col-md-pull-3"> <div class="main-content"> <div class="com-content-article item-page" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"> <meta itemprop="inLanguage" content="en-GB"> <div class="page-header"> <h1 itemprop="headline"> Research Activities </h1> </div> <div itemprop="articleBody" class="com-content-article__body"> <p><a href="/images/research/Annual_Report_2023.pdf" target="_blank"><img src="/images/research/Annual_Report_2023_cover.jpg" alt="Annual Report 2023" width="300" height="211" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%; float: right;" /></a></p> <p>The Wessex Institute is very active in research covering a number of specialised fields including environmental and electromagnetics, ecology, fluid mechanics, corrosion, damage and fracture, damage tolerance and many others.</p> <p>The following case studies give an idea of the type of work undertaken by the Institute.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <hr style="clear: both;" /> <h3><strong>Antibacterial and Antifungal Medical Textiles based on a sono chemical process</strong></h3> <p>A large scale integrated project involving 17 institutions from Europe. As part of the European Commission 7th Framework Programme, the project focused on the application of nanotechnology in medicine. The main objective of this project was to build a pilot line based on the sonochemical process to produce biocidal textiles by impregnating fabrics with antibacterial nanoparticles. The design of the pilot sonochemical reactor was aided by employing computational modelling, which was the main task at WIT. The developed models were used for optimisation of a prototype and for the design of a full scale production line.</p> <div class="jce_caption" style="width: 250px; margin: 5px; display: inline-block;"><img src="/images/research/sono.jpg" alt="sono" width="250" style="float: right;" /> <div style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">The pilot plant produced by CEDRAT, France, using piezoelectric transducers.</span></div> </div> <hr style="clear: both;" /> <h3><strong>Reactor Model</strong></h3> <p>The project included modelling of the mechanical mixing and species transport with reaction and heat transfer in a sonoreactor. The effects of acoustic streaming were included in the model together with the mechanical mixing due to fluid recirculation supported by a pump. The results obtained from these studies provided crucial information for the understanding of the various processes taking place simultaneously inside the reactor. This information was further used for reactor’s operation optimisation.</p> <div class="jce_caption" style="width: 300px; margin: 5px; display: inline-block;"><img src="/images/research/reactor.jpg" alt="reactor" width="300" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /> <div style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Reactor’s cross section showing mixing in the reactor due to acoustic streaming and mechanical mixing (the white bar represents one of the transducers).</span></div> </div> <hr style="clear: both;" /> <h3><strong>Food Quality and Safety</strong></h3> <p>The main goal of this work, suppored by the European Commission, was the improvement of quality and safety information, transparency and traceability of the chilled/frozen supply food chain by developing cost effective technologies, devices and approaches for continuous monitoring and recording of the relevant data and processing the data for information management throughout the entire supply chain.</p> <p>The Risk Assessment Work coordinated by WIT included the following specific tasks (i) Risk assessment of microbial and he development of a software tool; Implementation of novel/quantitative modules in the Decision Support System;(ii) Improvement of packaging design, transport and storage (3D models of heat and mass transfer including food structure and mixed culture modelling); (iii) Risk assessment for the concept; (iv) Supply Chain Assessment. </p> <p><img src="/images/research/cod_temp.jpg" alt="cod temp" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /></p> <hr /> <h3><strong>Exposure of the Human Eye to HF Electromagnetic Field </strong></h3> <p>This research involved the developement of efficient methods and codes for the calculation of high frequency electromagnetic fields in lossy media such as human tissue. These codes help to understand certain often overlooked effects, such as the effect of EM fields in the eye at frequencies lower than those present in the visible range. This investigation has identified the focussing effect of such radiation which causes ‘hot spots’, that is temperature gradients exceeding agreed standards.</p> <p><img src="/images/research/eye%20cotout.jpg" alt="eye" width="400" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /></p> <p> </p> <hr /> <h3><strong>Multiple Bubble Dynamics</strong></h3> <p>Cavitation in liquids is a very important phenomenon which can be considered as a means for energy concentration in the liquid. The collapse of the bubbles can be so rapid that temperatures of thousands of degrees Kelvin and pressures of thousands of atmospheres can be achieved. Such high pressures and temperatures can help the chemical reactions.</p> <p>Modelling of the bubble dynamics is a moving boundary problem where the interface between the liquid and the gas changes very rapidly. The numerical solution is based on the boundary element method as only the gas-liquid interface needs to be taken into account.</p> <p><img src="/images/research/bubbles.jpg" alt="bubbles" width="550" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /></p> <hr /> <h3><strong>“Life Span Prediction of Hydraulic Turbine Rotors” in collaboration with the University of Sulainmani (Iraq)</strong></h3> <p>The project required 3D simulations of water flow in the Francis turbine runner for different operating conditions combined with stress analysis with the aim to identify possible crack locations in turbine blades.</p> <p>The pressure distributions on the runner were obtained from this analysis and the results for different boundary conditions were incorporated into a FEM model to calculate the stress distributions. The results indicated that the maximum stresses were situated at the transition between the blades and the crown on the trailing edge, which was verified by the appearance of cracks in these areas.</p> <p>The models were used for synthetic data generation of the vibration of the turbine runner. The changes in the vibration of the turbine runner were analyzed using the principal component analysis (PCA) combined with artificial neural networks (ANN) and multiple adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) in order to identify the size and position of the crack.</p> <p><img src="/images/research/Velocity1.png" alt="Velocity1" width="200" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /></p> <hr /> <h3><strong>Forest Fires</strong></h3> <p>The project was devoted to the computational modelling of forest fires propagation processes in highly heterogeneous landscapes such as the New Forest National Park where WIT is located. The model is based on a bottom-up approach, i.e. gigascopic characteristics of burning forests such as fire front speed, drying front, and fire-branches in a scale of several kilometres, are derived in terms of microscopic fundamental laws of combustion, heat transfer and fluid dynamics. </p> <p><img src="/images/research/fire_wind1b.jpg" alt="Forest Fire Map" width="350" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /></p> <hr /> <h3><strong>Risk Assessment of Pharmaceutical Products</strong></h3> <p>WIT is the leader of the work on Risk Assessment of pharmaceutical products based on regional, socio-economic and gender factors. Development and employment of novel methods for assessing their origin, fate and effects on human fecundity. It integrated research groups from different disciplines (risk assessors & managers, clinical epidemiologist, endocrinologist, biochemists, as well as experts in biochemical and chemical diagnostics) for a better understanding of the extent of the problem. WIT’s part in the project focused on the risk assessment of Pharmaceutical Products in food and in the environment. </p> <p><img src="/images/research/food.jpg" alt="Risk Assessment of Pharmaceutical Products Diagram" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /></p> <hr /> <h3><strong>“Sustainable management of the international waters – Prespa Lake”, sponsored by NATO</strong></h3> <p>The Lakes Prespa and Ohrid form a unique hydrological system where the water from the Prespa Lake, which is at 850 m above sea level, drains through the carbonate rocks of the Galichica Mountain into Ohrid Lake, which is at 695 m above sea level. The research study concentrated on experiments to obtain more accurate information on the hydraulic connection between the lakes and on the numerical modelling for a better understanding of the hydrology of the catchment area. </p> <p><img src="/images/research/prespa.jpg" alt="prespa" width="500" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /></p> <hr /> <h3><strong>Cathodic Protection</strong></h3> <p>This research, supported by many industry organisations, concentrates on the simulation of cathodic protection to develop optimum corrosion control systems to protect structures and predict their performance over their life-cycle. This work leads the world in simulating galvanic corrosion, optimising CP system design, reducing interference, and in electric and magnetic field protection. There are many important applications of this work in the offshore, oil & gas Industry and naval fields as well as underground infrastructure systems such as pipelines. </p> <p><img src="/images/research/cathodic-protection.jpg" alt="Cathodic Protection Diagram" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /></p> <hr /> <h3><strong>Fracture Mechanics and Crack Propagation</strong></h3> <p>This work is of fundamental importance for product durability prediction. It is based on original methodologies developed at WIT. The resulting software products provide a comprehensive tool for the assessment of the residual strength of damaged structures and the risk of failure. It can be used as part of the design process to predict the impact on components and structure of defects and damage caused by service loads, manufacturing and production process as well as material defects. </p> <p><img src="/images/research/ABAQUS%202.jpg" alt="ABAQUS 2" width="600" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /></p> <hr /> <h3><strong>Aircraft Corrosion</strong></h3> <p>This research aimed to develop numerical models capable of simulating corrosion in aircraft structures and was a key part of an EU project. A number of different types of models covering typical corrosion found in aircraft were developed and upscaled for application to structural elements of aircraft. The influence of surface treatment on modelling results was included with regard to inhibitor release from protection systems, role of clad layer and oxide degrading effects. The project provided models that are an essential part of future predictive maintenance concepts to avoid unanticipated and unscheduled maintenance with high costs. Data from monitoring systems and non-destructive inspection can be used as model input. The output from the models can be utilised for the repair decision process to calculate the structural impact of corrosion. </p> <p><img src="/images/research/Helecopter.jpg" alt="Helecopter" width="350" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /><img src="/images/research/Heli%20gear%20on%20transp.jpg" alt="Heli gear on transp" width="200" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /></p> <hr /> <h3><strong>Human Body exposure to ELF Electromagnetic Fields</strong></h3> <p>The project involved the development of different computational models and algorithms for the assessment of human exposure to Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) Electromagnetic fields. Accurate and efficient computational simulation allowed us to detect common situations in which the induced currents inside the body are well above agreed standards. </p> <p><img src="/images/research/room%20electro.jpg" alt="room electro" width="400" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /><img src="/images/research/preg3.jpg" alt="preg3" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /></p> <hr /> <h3><strong>“Development of direct approaches to tectonic stresses modelling”</strong></h3> <p>The main aim of this project is the development of analytical and numerical tools for the identification of stress fields in the earth’s crust. This project developed alternative theoretical foundations and algorithms to identify tectonic stresses, which involved formulation of mechanically consistent models based on the analysis of observations of stress orientations. Resulting data contributed to the development of new approaches for the prediction of natural and man-induced hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and tsunami initiation (including developments of early warning systems).</p> <div class="jce_caption" style="margin: 5px; display: inline-block;"><img src="/images/research/fig1.jpg" alt="fig1" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-bottom: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /><span style="text-align: center; font-size: 8pt;"><br />Pattern of stress trajectories (left) and a map of maximum shear stress (right) near Sumatra.</span></div> <hr /> <h3><strong>Pipeline Integrity Management</strong></h3> <p>The main objective of the project was to prepare European countries for the hydrogen technology as a source energy using existing infrastructures for natural gas to distribute Hydrogen. The focus of the work was in two areas. Computational modelling of the Cathodic protection system for long transmission pipelines (-600km) connected to a Remote Monitoring System which aims to evaluate the level of protection of the pipeline against corrosion in real time.</p> <p>The model is capable of forward modelling for analysing what-if scenarios and inverse modelling to detect the size and location of defects in the pipeline coating using data measured at the anodes and other reference cell locations. Prediction of interference with other metallic structures buried in the ground, as well as with other cathodic protection systems is also possible. The model is based on a non-uniform terrain as well as heterogeneous multi-layered media. </p> <p><img src="/images/research/r7c.jpg" alt="Pipeline Diagram" width="450" style="margin: 5px; max-width: 100%;" /></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container wessex-footer"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-12"> <div id="mod-custom401" class="mod-custom custom"> <p><strong><img src="/images/wit_logo.png" alt="wit logo" style="margin-right: 5px; float: left;" />Wessex Institute</strong><br /> Ashurst Lodge, Ashurst, Southampton <span style="white-space: nowrap;">SO40 7AA</span>, UK <br /><span style="color: white; white-space: nowrap; margin-right: 15px;">Tel: +44 (0)238 029 3223</span> <span style="color: white; white-space: nowrap; margin-right: 15px;">Fax: +44 (0)238 029 2853</span> <span style="white-space: nowrap;">Email: wit@wessex.ac.uk<a href="mailto:wit@wessex.ac.uk"></a></span></p> <p style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 8pt;">Translation tool powered by Google. 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